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2 Chapter 1 | Leadership and Management Principles

KEY TERMS
 authoritarian leadership style, p. 10  learning organizations, p. 16
 chaos theory, p. 32  management, p. 21
 commitment, p. 15  negligence, p. 26
 complexity theory, p. 16  nurse manager, p. 5
 contingency theory, p. 31  nursing management, p. 22
 controlling, p. 26  organizing, p. 24
 coordinating, p. 26  planning, p. 23
 democratic leadership style, p. 10  quantum leadership, p. 16
 directing, p. 25  servant leadership, p. 16
 empowerment, p. 5  Situational Leadership theories, p. 12
 Fiedler’s contingency theory, p. 12  strategic planning, p. 23
 followership, p. 5  systems theory, p. 30
 interactive planning, p. 24  tactical planning, p. 23
 laissez-faire leadership style, p. 10  transactional leader, p. 14
 leadership, p. 4  transformational leader, p. 14
 leadership styles, p. 5

NURSING CURRICULUM STANDARDS
QSEN
 Patient-Centered Care
o Clinical Leadership, pp. 16-17
 Teamwork and Collaboration
o Process Part 4: Communication, p. 6
o Leadership Styles: Democratic, p. 10
o Servant Leadership, p. 16
o Effective Leadership, pp. 17-18
o Followership, pp. 18-19
o Leadership and Management Implications, pp. 19-20
o Practices That Ensure That the Whole Organization Feels Responsible and Accountable,
pp. 22-23
 Evidence-Based Practice
o Leadership and Care Management Differentiated, pp. 1-3
o Research Note, p. 32
 Quality Improvement
o Leadership Skills, p. 4
o Transactional and Transformational Leadership, pp. 14-16
o Controlling, p. 26
o Research Note, p. 32
o Current Issues and Trends, p. 35
 Safety
o Clinical Leadership, pp. 16-17
o Leadership and Management Implications, pp. 19-20
o Research Note, p. 32
o Leadership and Management Implications, pp. 34-35

Leadership and Nursing Care Management, 5th ed.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Huber
 Chapter 1Leadership and Management Principles 3

CONCEPTS
The following conceptual themes and specific concepts match those presented in Giddens, J. R. (2013).
Concepts for nursing practice. St. Louis: Elsevier.
THEME: Attributes/Roles of Nurse
 Concept: Professionalism
o Exemplar: Ethics
 Characteristics of Leadership, pp. 7-8
 Leadership and Management Implications, pp. 34-35
 Concept: Leadership
o Exemplar: Clinical Agency—Operational Level
 Leadership and Care Management Differentiated, pp. 1-3
 The Leadership Role, p. 3
 Leadership Overview, pp. 3-4
 Leadership and Management Roles, p. 5
 Background on Leadership, p. 5
 Leadership: Five Interwoven Aspects, p. 5
 Leadership Theories, pp. 7-11
 Attitudinal Leadership Theories, pp. 11-14
 Transactional and Transformational Leadership, pp. 14-16
 Contemporary Leadership, p. 16
 Clinical Leadership, pp. 16-17
 Effective Leadership, pp. 17-18
 Leadership and Management Implications, pp. 19-20
 Management Overview, p. 21
 Background: The Management Process, pp. 22-26
 Management in Nursing Practice, pp. 26-27
 Management in Organizations, pp. 27-34
 Leadership and Management Implications, pp. 34-35
THEME: Care Competencies
 Concept: Collaboration
o Exemplar: Nurse–Nurse Collaboration
 Leadership and Care Management Differentiated, pp. 1-3
 The Leadership Role, p. 3
 Leadership Overview, pp. 3-4
 Leadership and Management Roles, p. 5
 Background on Leadership, p. 5
 Leadership: Five Interwoven Aspects, p. 5
 Leadership Theories, pp. 7-11
 Attitudinal Leadership Theories, pp. 11-14
 Transactional and Transformational Leadership, pp. 14-16
 Contemporary Leadership, p. 16
 Clinical Leadership, pp. 16-17
 Effective Leadership, pp. 17-18
 Leadership and Management Implications, pp. 19-20
 Management Overview, p. 21
 Management in Nursing Practice, pp. 26-27
 Leadership and Management Implications, pp. 34-35

Leadership and Nursing Care Management, 5th ed.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Huber
4 Chapter 1 | Leadership and Management Principles

 Concept: Safety
o Exemplar: Systems Level
 Clinical Leadership, pp. 16-17
 Leadership and Management Implications, pp. 19-20
 Research Note, p. 32
 Leadership and Management Implications, pp. 34-35
 Concept: Evidence
o Exemplar: Qualitative Research Studies
 Research Note, p. 32
 Concept: Health Care Quality
o Exemplar: Quality Plans and Philosophies
 Leadership Skills, p. 4
 Transactional and Transformational Leadership, p. 14
 Controlling, p. 26
 Research Note, p. 32
 Current Issues and Trends, p. 35
BSN Essentials
 Essential II: Basic Organizational and Systems Leadership for Quality Care and Patient Safety
o Leadership and Care Management Differentiated, pp. 1-3
o The Leadership Role, p. 3
o Leadership Overview, pp. 3-4
o Leadership and Management Roles, p. 5
o Background on Leadership, p. 5
o Leadership: Five Interwoven Aspects, pp. 5-7
o Leadership Theories, pp. 7-11
o Attitudinal Leadership Theories, pp. 11-14
o Transactional and Transformational Leadership, pp. 14-16
o Contemporary Leadership, p. 16
o Clinical Leadership, pp. 16-17
o Effective Leadership, pp. 17-18
o Leadership and Management Implications, pp. 19-20 and 34-35
o Current Issues and Trends, pp. 20-21
o Controlling, p. 26
o Research Note, p. 32
o Current Issues and Trends, p. 35
 Essential III: Scholarship for Evidence-Based Practice
o Leadership and Care Management Differentiated, pp. 1-3
o Research Note, p. 32
 Essential V: Health Care Policy, Finance, and Regulatory Environments
o Current Issues and Trends, pp. 20-21, 35
 Essential VI: Interprofessional Communication and Collaboration for Improving Patient Health
Outcomes
o Process Part 4: Communication, p. 6
o Leadership Styles: Democratic, p. 10
o Servant Leadership, p. 16
o Effective Leadership, pp. 17-18
o Followership, pp. 18-19

Leadership and Nursing Care Management, 5th ed.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Huber
 Chapter 1Leadership and Management Principles 5

o Leadership and Management Implications, pp. 19-20

o Practices That Ensure That the Whole Organization Feels Responsible and Accountable,
pp. 22-23
 Essential VIII: Professionalism and Professional Values
o Characteristics of Leadership, pp. 7-8
o Current Issues and Trends, pp. 20-21, 35
o Leadership and Management Implications, pp. 34-35
 Essential IX: Baccalaureate Generalist Nursing Practice
o Clinical Leadership, pp. 16-17

STUDENT CHAPTER RESOURCES

Chap. 1 READ – Textbook (pp. 1-36)
* Chapter 1 NCLEX Review Questions

INSTRUCTOR CHAPTER RESOURCES

TB Test Bank
 To access the ExamView format, go to the Downloads section.

PPT PowerPoint Presentation

IC Image Collection
 Figure 1-1. Components of a leadership moment.
 Figure 1-2. Continuum of leader behavior.
 Figure 1-3. Expanded Situational Leadership® model.
 Figure 1-4. Transactional and transformational leadership.
 Figure 1-5. Systems view of management.
 Figure 1-6. Four steps of the management process.
 Figure 1-7. Linkage of clinical and management domains.
 Figure 1-8. Mintzberg's 10 managerial roles.
 Figure 1-9. Mintzberg's Model of Managerial Work.

ETC. Chapter 1: In-Class/Online Case Study (below)

Leadership and Nursing Care Management, 5th ed.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Huber
6 Chapter 1 | Leadership and Management Principles
TEACHING STRATEGIES
CONTENT FOCUS
LEADERSHIP AND CARE
MANAGEMENT
DIFFERENTIATED, p. 1
THE TWO ROLES OF A
NURSE, p. 3
THE LEADERSHIP ROLE,
p. 3
LEADERSHIP OVERVIEW,
p. 3
Leadership Skills, p. 4
DEFINITIONS, p. 4
LEADERSHIP AND
MANAGEMENT ROLES,
p. 5
BACKGROUND ON
LEADERSHIP, p. 5
LEADERSHIP: FIVE
INTERWOVEN ASPECTS,
p. 5
Process Part 1: The
Leader, p. 6
Process Part 2: The
Follower, p. 6
Process Part 3: The
Situation, p. 6
Process Part 4:
Communication, p. 6
Process Part 5: Goals, p. 7
LEADERSHIP THEORIES,
p. 7
Trait Theories, p. 7
Feminist Leadership
Perspective, p. 11
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
CONTENT HIGHLIGHTS
Distinguish leadership from
management: Management
focuses on accomplishing tasks,
and leadership focuses on
human relationship aspects.
Discuss how providing and
coordinating care are separate
and overlap.
Discuss why nurses and health
care delivery systems both need
leaders. Compare formal and
informal leadership.
Explain that leadership can be
understood as the ability to
inspire confidence and support
among followers.
Define leadership, management,
and professionalism.
Discuss the differences in
leadership and management
roles.
Define leadership styles,
followership, and
empowerment. Discuss how
leadership is a process.
Review Figure 1-1 on the
components of a leadership
moment and discuss each.
Suggest how critical thinking can
be applied to:
1. Diagnosing and analyzing the
five elements, 2. Adapting to the
situation, and 3. Communicating
for effectiveness.
Review characteristics of
leadership, including the
importance of vision and trust.
Discuss dos and don’ts of
leadership. Examine leadership
styles: democratic,
authoritarian, and laissez faire.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
 Discussion Topic: Ask students to provide a single
word to define leadership. Ask students to
summarize management in one sentence.
 Online Activity: Have students visit the ANCC web
site and report on an aspect of certification that
they investigated: www.nursecredentialing.org
 Discussion Topic: How does leadership fit into
providing and coordinating care?
 Discussion Topic: Ask students why inspiration,
trust, communication, and action are each a
component of leadership.
 Discussion Topic: Discuss the characteristics of
exceptional leaders. Be sure to cover diagnosing,
adapting, and communicating; as well as self-
awareness, self-management, social awareness,
and relationship management.
 Discussion Topic: What does the term
professionalism mean in relationship to leadership
and management?
 Activity: Have students identify nurse leaders in
their community and describe their professional
contributions.
 Discussion Topic: Ask students to give specific
examples of how they can be empowered as a
nurse.
 Discussion Topics: Ask students, “How do you see
leadership assessment now, versus how do you
anticipate seeing it once you are practicing?”
“Why is communication an important part of
leadership?”
 Discussion Topic: Ask students to discuss the
differences between male and female leadership
styles.
Leadership and Nursing Care Management, 5th ed.
Huber

ATTITUDINAL LEADERSHIP
THEORIES, p. 11
Situational Theories,
p. 11
TRANSACTIONAL AND
TRANSFORMATIONAL
LEADERSHIP, p. 14
CONTEMPORARY
LEADERSHIP:
Interactional and
Relationship-Based,
p. 16
Quantum Leadership,
p. 16
Servant Leadership, p. 16
CLINICAL LEADERSHIP,
p. 16
EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP,
p. 17
FOLLOWERSHIP, p. 18
Types of Followers, p. 18
LEADERSHIP AND
MANAGEMENT
IMPLICATIONS, p. 19
CURRENT ISSUES AND
TRENDS, p. 20
MANAGEMENT
OVERVIEW, p. 21
DEFINITIONS, p. 21
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 1Leadership and Management Principles 7
Discuss how concern for task
and relationship influences
attitudinal leadership theories.
Review Fiedler’s as well as
Hersey and Blanchard’s models,
and explain how situational
models differ from attitudinal
models.
Define and distinguish
transactional versus
transformational leadership.
Explain that health care
demands that nurses maintain
the expertise and information
necessary to take action to solve
problems; they need leadership
that is interactional, relational,
and transformational at all
levels. Define and contrast
quantum versus servant
leadership.
Define clinical leadership and
discuss how the IOM’s goals
relate to it.
Describe characteristics of
effective leadership. Review
Table 1-1 on Tornabeni’s advice.
Emphasize that leadership
effectiveness is based on the
ability to adapt in a complex and
chaotic environment.
Specify the linkage between
followership and leadership.
Discuss types of followers.
Discuss how the size of the
profession and the complexity
of nursing tasks require
leadership.
Review demographic data and
trends that affect nursing.
The recruitment, deployment,
development, motivation, and
leveraging of nurses as scarce
resources and prime assets are
critical management issues for
nursing and health care.
Define and describe
management.
 Activity: After discussing the theories, have
students journal (during or outside of class) about
which theory fits their own perspective, why, and
how they see themselves using that theory in
practice.
 Discussion Topic: Is a transactional or
transformational leadership style most effective?
 Small Group Activity: Have groups of students act
out different leadership styles for a particular
scenario that you describe. Then have a group
discussion about what actions revealed each style.
 Discussion Topic: What are the major leadership
styles? Which style is optimal to use in which
situation?
 Discussion Topic: What practices are common to
most exceptional leadership achievements?
 Activity: Provide names of nurse leaders in your
community and describe their professional
contributions.
 Online Activity: Have students visit
http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/survlea
d.html to access a Leadership Self-Assessment
Activity. Ask students how leaders can use this
assessment to identify strengths and areas of
improvement.
 Discussion Topic: What are characteristics of an
effective leader? Give an example of an effective
leader you know, and explain why and how s(he)
is effective.
 Discussion Topic: Define the characteristics of
followership and leadership and then have
students describe how they are connected.
 Discussion Topic: How does nurses’ variety of
educational backgrounds affect nursing’s need for
leadership?
 Discussion Topic: Ask students, “What current
issues in leadership concern you?”
 Discussion Topic: Ask students if all managers are
leaders.
 Discussion Topic: Have students provide
examples of management practices that they
have seen in clinical situations.
 Discussion Topic: Ask students what tasks are
common to both leadership and management.
Leadership and Nursing Care Management, 5th ed.
Huber
8 Chapter 1 | Leadership and Management Principles
BACKGROUND: THE
MANAGEMENT
PROCESS, p. 22
Practices That Give
Executives the
Knowledge They Need,
p. 22
Practices That Help
Executives Convert
Knowledge to Action,
p. 22
Practices That Ensure That
the Whole Organization
Feels Responsible and
Accountable, p. 22
Planning, p. 23
Organizing, p. 24
Directing, p. 25
Controlling, p. 26
MANAGEMENT IN
NURSING PRACTICE,
p. 26
Two Roles of the Nurse,
p. 26
MANAGEMENT IN
ORGANIZATIONS, p. 27
The Nature of Managerial
Work, p. 27
Contemporary
Management Theories,
p. 29
LEADERSHIP AND
MANAGEMENT
IMPLICATIONS, p. 34
CURRENT ISSUES AND
TRENDS, p. 35
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Define nursing management and
describe the practices involved.
Define and review the four steps
of the management process
(Figure 1-6). Discuss the
balancing of competing needs:
the needs of the staff related to
growth, efficiency, motivation,
morale, and accomplishment
with the outcome of staff
satisfaction; and the needs of
the employer for productivity,
quality, and cost-effectiveness
with the outcome of
productivity.
Discuss the roles of nurse as
care provider and integrator.
Explain that managers in nursing
perform functions that provide
an environment and climate to
facilitate delivery of client
services.
The manager's role is distinct
and important for individual and
organizational outcomes
because of its direct impact on
how and what gets done.
Discuss Mintzberg’s managerial
skills (Fig. 1-8) and Mintzberg’s
model of managerial work (Fig.
1-9). Review the contingency,
systems, complexity, and chaos
theories of management.
Discuss the different duties of a
nurse manager versus nurse
executive. Review challenges of
balancing day-to-day operations
with transformative
management and leadership.
Review issues and trends in
access, cost, and quality.
 Large Group Activity: Quiz Show! Divide the class
into two groups. Have students decide within
each group who will write out each key term and
its definition on an index card. At the next class
period, have students sit together as groups.
Collect the cards, and read the definitions
alternately to the two groups. When a group
correctly provides the key term for the definition
you read, award a point to that group. Let the
group members talk amongst themselves before
giving the answer. Choose in advance what prize
the winning team will receive, such as no
homework for a night or the losing team will write
out the definitions for the next quiz show.
 Discussion Topic: How does management in
nursing practice differ from management in
general?
 Activity: Invite an exceptional nurse manager as a
speaker for the class. Have the manager discuss
his or her role.
 Activity: Divide the class into three groups. Assign
Group 1 to the three interpersonal roles
(figurehead, leader, and liaison), Group 2 to the
three informational roles (monitor, disseminator,
and spokesperson), and Group 3 to the four
decisional roles (entrepreneur, disturbance
handler, resource allocator, and negotiator). Have
each group discuss each of the assigned roles, the
purpose and function for each, and then role-play
each assigned role for the entire class.
 Activity: Have each student choose one of the
contemporary management theories, describe it,
and explain its advantages and disadvantages in a
short paper.
 Activity: Have students work in small groups to
present a video (posted on YouTube if desired)
explaining Mintzberg’s model or another
contemporary management theory.
 Discussion Topic: Which of Curtin’s 10 ethical
values in the text is most important for nurse
managers?
 Activity: Have students complete one of the case
studies below and then host a group discussion of
the answers and rationales to the questions.
Discussion Topic: Ask students, “What current
issues in management concern you?”
Leadership and Nursing Care Management, 5th ed.
Huber
 Chapter 1Leadership and Management Principles 9

IN-CLASS/ONLINE CASE STUDY

CASE STUDY

Lucille Brown is a nurse manager for a 26-bed critical care unit for a major teaching hospital in New
York. She is very relationship- and people-oriented. Nurse Brown encourages and facilitates group
discussion and group decision making. Teamwork is the focus for all projects on her unit, and she
provides needed resources to the team. Nurse Brown makes sure that everyone has a role on the unit
and input into decision making.

1. (a) What style of leadership does Nurse Brown seem to exhibit most of the time? (b) Where do you
predict this places her leadership style in terms of Tannenbaum and Schmidt’s behavioral style
continuum?
Answer: (a) Nurse Brown most often exhibits a “relationship behavior” leadership style. (b) This predicts
that her leadership will be more democratic than authoritarian.
Rationale: The way people influence others through actions taken and the perspectives of other people
is related to leadership efforts and constitutes leadership style. The two major leadership terms are task
behavior and relationship behavior, and a leader's leadership style is some combination of task and
relationship behavior. Tannenbaum and Schmidt (1973) suggested that a leader might select one of
many behavior styles arrayed along a continuum. The continuum ranges from democratic to
authoritarian (or subordinate-centered to leader-centered).

2. In what situations may this leadership style be inefficient?

Answer: This type of leadership may take longer to implement than authoritarian style, which can
sometimes slow things down. It can also be very challenging to get a diverse group of people to come to
a consensus and thus take action. Instead, differences can get in the way of focusing on the problem at
hand.
Rationale: The democratic style makes output appear to move more slowly and is thought to take
longer than using an authoritarian style. Group consensus needs time and facilitation to be fostered.
Furthermore, the needs of disenfranchised minority groups must be balanced. Intergroup cohesion is a
focus with this style. The challenge of the democratic style is to get people with different professional
backgrounds, personal biases, and psychological needs together to focus on the problem and next
action steps. Motivating participation is a constant challenge.

3. What type of leadership style do you prefer your boss to use?

Answer and Rationale: Because this is an issue of personal style, answers will vary somewhat. Use
differences in responses as a jumping-off point in a class discussion of leadership styles.

Leadership and Nursing Care Management, 5th ed.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Huber
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 Originated by Theodore Williams of Benson, Nebraska.
Edith. Americana. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:269. 1900.
A seedling of Iowa Beauty grown by E. L. Hayden, Oakville, Iowa,
about 1895. Tree upright, vigorous; fruit medium in size, globular;
suture indistinct; dark red; dots numerous; bloom thick; good; stone
of medium size; mid-season.
Edle Early. Domestica. 1. Oberdieck Deut. Obst. Sort. 411. 1881. 2.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 428. 1889.
Edle Frühpflaume 1, 2. Noble Précoce 2.
Found in a garden in Brunswick, Germany. Tree large, productive;
fruit small, oval; suture a line; brownish-red, with gold-colored dots;
flesh golden-yellow, tender, juicy, sweet; freestone; early.
Edouard Seneclauze. Domestica. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 361. 1866.
Fruit very small, obovate, golden-yellow; flesh sweet, richly
flavored; freestone; early.
Eggles. Triflora × Hortulana. 1. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 14:271. 1901.
Sent out by A. L. Bruce, Texas. Fruit large, round; suture indistinct;
bright red; dots many, minute, yellow; flesh yellow; stone oval,
compressed, clinging; poor.
Eldora. Americana. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 333. 1894. 2. Waugh Plum
Cult. 148. 1901.
A seedling raised by Judge Samuel Miller of Missouri. Tree rapid
in growth; fruit medium to large.
Eldorado. Americana. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:269. 1900. 2. Ill. Hort. Soc.
Rpt. 135. 1903. 3. Ibid. 426. 1905.
A seedling grown by H. A. Terry of Crescent, Iowa, who introduced
it in 1899. Fruit small, round; suture lacking; yellow overlaid with red;
dots small, grayish; bloom thin; skin thick; flesh firm, yellow, subacid;
clingstone; late.
Eldridge. Americana. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 42. 1883.
 A variety from Wisconsin listed for eight years by the American
Pomological Society.
Elfrey. Domestica. 1. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 234. 1817. 2. Prince Pom.
Man. 2:98. 1832. 3. Horticulturist 7:403. 1852. 4. Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 429. 1889.
Elfrey’s Prune 2. Elfreth’s Prune 2. Elfry’s Plum 4.
Of unknown origin; quite widely disseminated and highly
recommended in the South about fifty years ago. Tree vigorous; fruit
medium in size, oval, blue; flesh greenish, firm, rich, slightly dry; mid-
season.
Elisabeth Pflaume. Domestica. Mentioned in Mathieu Nom. Pom.
429. 1889.
Elisabeth d’Elsner. Elsner’s Elisabeth Pflaume.
Ella. Domestica. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2d Ser. 3:52. 1900.
A seedling of the Peach plum grown at the British Columbia
Experimental Station; not introduced; closely resembles the parent.
Ellis. Munsoniana × Hortulana. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:79. 1892. 2.
Waugh Plum Cult. 231. 1901.
Ellis is said to be a cross between Wild Goose and Golden Beauty,
and to have originated in northern Texas; introduced by T. L. Ellis.
Fruit large, round; skin very thin, red; good; semi-clinging.
Ellwood. Domestica. 1. Col., O., Hort. Soc. Rpt. 31. 1892. 2. Ohio
Sta. Bul. 162:254, 255. 1905.
Elwood 1.
Introduced by Augustine and Company, Normal, Illinois; very
similar to Lombard if not identical with it.
Elmore. Domestica. 1. Gard. & For. 7:243. 1894.
An early variety from Shasta, Sacramento County, California.
Elsner Grüne Zwetsche. Domestica. Mentioned in Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 429. 1889.
 Elsner’s Von Gronow Grüne Zwetsche. Prune Celeste.
Elton. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 147. 1831.
Grown on the grounds of the London Horticultural Society.
Emerald. Domestica. 1. Can. Hort. 12:265. 1889. 2. Am. Pom. Soc.
Rpt. 101. 1891. 3. Smith Cat. 35. 1898. 4. Can. Hort. 22:340.
1899.
Early Green 1, 2, 4.
Originated with Warren Holton, Hamilton, Ontario; supposedly a
seedling of Reine Claude. It was first called Early Green but was
introduced by E. D. Smith of Winona, Ontario, under the name
Emerald. Tree hardy and productive; fruit large, roundish; stem
slender; suture medium deep; yellowish-green; very good; stone
free, smooth; very early.
Emerald. Triflora × Americana. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:270. 1900. 2.
Waugh Plum Cult. 209. 1901. 3. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man.
296. 1903. 4. Ia. Sta. Bul. 114:133. 1910.
Burwood 4.
Emerald came from a cross between Brittlewood and Burbank
made by Theodore Williams, Benson, Nebraska, in 1895. Tree
resembles an Early Richmond cherry, hardy, productive; buds
conspicuous; fruit large, roundish, yellow marbled with coppery-red;
flesh yellowish, tender, fibrous, juicy, mild subacid; good.
Emerald Drop. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 275. 1845. 2.
Ibid. 913. 1869. 3. Mas Le Verger 6:125. 1866-73.
Goutte Emeraude 3.
Emerald Drop is a seedling of Washington grown sometime
previous to 1845 by A. J. Downing, Newburgh, New York. Tree
moderately vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, oval; cavity
small; suture distinct, sides unequal; yellowish-green; flesh greenish-
yellow, juicy; good; clingstone; mid-season.
Emerson. Angustifolia varians. 1. Kan. Sta. Bul. 101:131. 1901. 2.
Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:63. 1892. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 195. 1901.
 Emerson’s Early 3.
Found wild in northern Texas; introduced by A. L. Bruce. Fruit
small, round to oval, bright red, with many white dots; flesh yellow,
soft; stone rough, clinging; early.
Emerson. Americana. 1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 127. 1890.
Originated near Dubuque, Iowa. Tree productive; fruit large,
roundish, red, thickly dotted with small gray spots; flesh firm;
valuable for preserving.
Emerson Yellow. Angustifolia varians. 1. Kerr Cat. 20. 1897. 2.
Waugh Plum Cult. 195. 1901.
A seedling of the Emerson from Texas. Fruit of medium size,
round, yellow; inferior.
Emigrant. Domestica. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 126. 1889. 2. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 25. 1897.
A seedling of Lombard. Fruit large, oval, purple; quality fair; mid-
season.
Emily May. Domestica. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:269. 1900.
A large attractive plum of the Pond type grown by Lillian A. Trotter,
Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada. Fruit large, oval; suture well marked;
clear light yellow; bloom thin; flesh firm, juicy, delicate; good; stone
small, rough, free.
Emma. Americana. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:269. 1900. 2. Terry Cat. 1900.
Grown by H. A. Terry, Crescent, Iowa, in 1896. Fruit medium in
size, almost round; skin thin, reddish color; good; stone large,
clinging.
Engle. Domestica. 1. Mich Sta. Bul. 129:32, 33. 1896. 2. Ibid.
187:77, 78. 1901. 3. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 311. 1903.
Fruit below medium size, roundish-oval; suture obscure; skin
yellow; flesh firm, yellow, flavor rich; very good; very early.
Empereur. Domestica. 1. Mas Le Verger 6:63. 1866-73. 2. Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 429. 1889.
 Empereur de Mas 2.
Grown by M. Mas, France, from a seed of Golden Drop sown in
1850; reported in 1861 under the name Empereur. Fruit large,
obovate; suture indistinct; skin tender, purple, streaked with deeper
purple; flesh clear yellow, melting, juicy, sweet; stone small, clinging;
early.
Emperor of Japan. Domestica. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 429. 1889.
Empereur du Japan 1. Emperor of Japan 1. Kaiser Von Japan 1.
Mathieu found reference to it in Pomologische Monatshefte 134.
1882 and Obst-Garten 322. 1882.
Esjum Erik. Domestica. 1. U. S. Dept. Agr. Pom. Bul. 10:21. 1901.
Esjum Erik is an Old World variety imported by the United States
Department of Agriculture in 1900. As tested at this Station it
appears to be of little value for New York growers. Tree vigorous,
unproductive; fruit small, obovate, necked; cavity nearly lacking;
suture a line; purplish-black; bloom thick; dots inconspicuous; flesh
greenish-yellow, juicy, firm, sweetish, mild; quality not high; stone
small, oval, dark colored, clinging; mid-season.
Essex Bullace. Insititia. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 144. 1831. 2. Hogg
Fruit Man. 689. 1884. 3. Rivers Cat. 37. 1909.
New Large Bullace 1, 3. New Large Bullace 2.
Tree vigorous, very productive; fruit large, roundish, greenish-
yellow; flesh juicy; late.
Esslinger Fruhzwetsche. Domestica. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 429.
1889. 2. Lucas Vollst. Hand. Obst. 473. 1894. Quetsche
Précoce d’Esslingen 1.
Tree vigorous; an early and abundant bearer; fruit of medium size,
bluish-black; bloom light; valuable for dessert and drying.
Esther. Hortulana mineri. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 287. 1887. 2. Cornell
Sta. Bul. 38:79. 1892. 3. Terry Cat. 1900. 4. Waugh Plum
Cult. 173. 1901.
 A seedling of Miner, grown by H. A. Terry, Crescent, Iowa; first
fruited in 1885. Fruit medium in size, round-oval; suture a line; dark
red; dots numerous; bloom thin; flesh yellow; good; stone oval,
clinging; late.
Etopa. Prunus besseyi × Triflora. Cir. S. Dak. Exp. Sta. 1910.
Introduced in 1908 by the originator, N. E. Hansen of the South
Dakota Experiment Station. It is a cross of Occident with Prunus
besseyi in which the dark purplish flesh of the male parent is
conspicuous.
Etta. Americana. 1. Kerr Cat. 1900. 2. Terry Cat. 1900. 3. Wis. Sta.
Bul. 85:13. 1901.
A seedling first fruited in 1895 by H. A. Terry, Iowa. Fruit large,
nearly round; suture distinct; skin yellow, striped and splashed with
red; flesh sweet, rich; good; stone oval, free; mid-season.
Eureka. Nigra. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:270. 1900.
Grown in 1896 by Theodore Williams, Benson, Nebraska, from
seed of Cheney. Tree upright, vigorous, unproductive; fruit large;
roundish, yellowish-red to purple; flesh firm, juicy; good; clingstone;
very early.
Eureka. Munsoniana. 1. Am. Jour. Hort. 5:148. 1869.
Similar to Wild Goose.
Eva. Nigra. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 426. 1900.
From Manitoba; tested at the Indian Head Experimental Farm,
Northwest Territory, Canada. Fruit small, red; excellent; mid-season.
Evelyn. Domestica. 1. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 73. 1894. 2. Can.
Exp. Farms Rpt. 137. 1894.
A seedling grown in the neighborhood of Owen’s Sound, Canada;
of local reputation.
Excelsior Damson. Insititia. 1. Green River Cat. 1899.
A freestone introduced in 1892 by the Green River Nursery
Company and described in their catalog as being a particularly fine
strain of the Damson.
Fairchild. Americana. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:271. 1900. 2. Waugh Plum
Cult. 148. 1901.
A seedling of De Soto supposed to have been fertilized by a wild
plum; grown by J. H. Fairchild, Iowa, in 1894 and offered for sale in
1899 by Snyder and Son, Center Point, Iowa. Fruit above medium,
roundish-oval, yellowish-red with whitish dots; flesh yellow, firm,
juicy; quality fair; mid-season.
Fancy. Munsoniana. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:271. 1900.
From a sprout of Wild Goose, originating with John Brown,
Oakville, Louisa County, Iowa, in 1885. Tree vigorous, very prolific;
fruit large, oblong, yellow with shading of red; bloom thin; flesh
sweet, juicy; good; stone small, clinging; mid-season.
Fanning. Munsoniana. 1. Waugh Plum Cult. 185. 1901.
A chance seedling found in the yard of a Mr. Fanning, Rockdale,
Texas. Fruit medium in size, round-oval, bright red; dots numerous;
flesh yellow; quality fair; stone oval, clinging; mid-season.
Fawn. Munsoniana. 1. Waugh Plum Cult. 231. 1901.
A variety first grown by David Miller of Camp Hill, Cumberland
County, Pennsylvania. Fruit of medium size, roundish; suture a line;
bright red; dots numerous, large, yellow, giving a dappled or fawn
color; bloom very thin; flesh yellow; quality fair; stone oval, clinging.
Femmonzi. Species? 1. Coates Cat. 1910-11.
A variety first grown by Frank Femmons of Ahwahnee, California,
and introduced by the Leonard Coates Nursery Company,
Morganhill, California, in the fall of 1910. Said to be large and
handsome.
Field Marshall. Domestica. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 257. 1832. 2.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 293. 1845. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 426.
1854.
Corse’s Field Marshall 1, 2. Corse’s Field Marshal 3.
 A seedling raised by Henry Corse of Montreal, Canada. Fruit
large, oval, bright purplish-red; cavity shallow; flesh greenish-yellow,
juicy, subacid; stone long, pointed, clinging.
Figue Grosse Rouge. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 147.
1831.
Wilmots Early 1.
Fruit large, obovate; purple; freestone; quality medium; mid-
season.
Fin de Siecle. Nigra. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 426. 1900.
A seedling raised at Indian Head Experimental Farm, Northwest
Territory, Canada. Tree productive; fruit large; red; flavor fair; early.
Fine Bonte. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 913. 1869. 2.
Mas Le Verger 6:35. 1866-73. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 429.
1889.
Feine und Gute 3. Fine Bonte 3.
Originated in the nurseries of Simon Louis, Moselle, France. Fruit
small, irregularly ovate; suture indistinct; purple; bloom thin; stem
very short, thick; flesh greenish yellow; very good; stone small, free;
very early.
Fine Early Plum. Domestica. Mentioned in Forsyth Treat Fr. Trees
21. 1803.
Firba Konigspflaume. Domestica. Mentioned in Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 429. 1889.
Firbas Frühe Schuttenhoferin. Domestica. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
429. 1889.
Mathieu found mention of it in Wiener Garten-Zeitung 287. 1884.
First. Species? 1. Burbank Cat. 1899. 2. Ibid. 1901. 3. Ga. Sta. Bul.
68:36. 1905.
No. 31,288 1.
According to the originator, Luther Burbank, this variety is one of
the second generation of a combination cross of Hawkeye, Hammer,
Milton, Wyant, Wayland and Burbank. It was introduced in 1899
under the breeding number 31,288, but grafting wood was not
offered for sale until 1900. This is probably one of the earliest plums,
ripening in California about three weeks before Red June. Fruit
medium in size, roundish; stem short, slender; yellow with faint
blush; flesh yellow, sweet, juicy; earliest.
First Best. Species? 1. Childs Cat. 136. 1910.
 First Best was grown by R. D. Hoyt of Clearwater, Florida, in 1894
from seed marked “Hill Plum” received from W. Gollen of Saharanfur,
India. The tree first fruited in 1904 and was introduced in the spring
of 1910 by John Lewis Childs, Floral Park, New York, who states that
it is an unusually early, yellow variety.
First Sweet. Nigra? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 426. 1900.
A seedling raised at the Experimental Farm, Northwest Territory,
Canada. Tree productive; fruit of medium size; skin red, thin; flavor
excellent; early.
Fitzroy. Americana. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 119. 1904.
A seedling of Rollingstone grown at the Central Experimental
Farm, Canada. Fruit above medium, roundish, slightly heart-shaped;
suture a line; skin yellow washed with red; dots many; bloom
moderate; flesh pale yellow, juicy, sweet; good; stone nearly free;
cracks when ripe.
Flora Plena. Americana 1. Kerr Cat. 1894-97.
J. W. Kerr, the introducer, found this plum in the yard of a friend in
York County, Pennsylvania, it having been brought from Iowa. Tree
dwarf; blooms profusely with beautiful pure white, very double
flowers; no fruit.
Flushing Bulleis. Domestica. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 576. 1629.
Noted by Parkinson as a variety producing fruit in clusters like a
bunch of grapes.
Foote. Insititia. 1. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bul. 35:21. 1906.
Fruit small, roundish-oblong; skin black; flesh rather dry, greenish-
yellow; stone small, oval, clinging; mid-season.
Foote. Domestica. 1. Horticulturist 20:324. 1865. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 913. 1869. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 2:77. 1873.
Foote’s Early Orleans 3. Foote’s Early Orleans 1, 2, 3. Monsieur
Hâtif de Foote 3.
 A seedling of Wilmot’s Early Orleans raised in 1852 by Asahel
Foote of Williamstown, Massachusetts. Tree large and vigorous; fruit
of medium size, roundish-oval; suture absent; very black; flesh
greenish, juicy; good; stone oval, flattened, clinging; very early.
Foote Golden Gage. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 914.
1869.
Raised by Asahel Foote, Williamstown, Massachusetts. Tree very
vigorous; shoots slightly downy; fruit large, nearly round; suture
shallow; stalk slender; cavity small; skin golden-yellow, obscurely
splashed with green and tinged with red; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet,
slightly vinous; very good; stone slightly adherent; mid-season.
Forest Rose Improved. Hortulana mineri. 1. Ohio Sta. Bul. 113:154.
1899.
An improved strain of Forest Rose somewhat larger than the
original.
Forewattamie. Hortulana mineri × Munsoniana. 1. Vt. Sta. Bul.
67:11. 1898. 2. Kerr Cat. 1900.
A cross between Forest Garden and Pottawattamie grown by
Theodore Williams, Benson, Nebraska. J. W. Kerr, after testing it,
states that it disclosed no special merits; fruit below medium, oval,
dull red; flesh watery; poor.
Formosa. Triflora ×? 1. Fancher Creek Nur. Cat. 7. 1907-8. 2.
Fancher Creek Nur. Cat., Burbank’s Late Introductions. fig.
1909.
Wickson Challenge 1.
Grown by Luther Burbank, who states that it is of mixed
parentage, including probably from fifteen to eighteen varieties. Tree
very vigorous and productive; fruit large, oval to slightly cordate;
suture very prominent; cavity medium; rich yellow with light bloom
turning to clear red at maturity; flesh pale yellow, firm, sweet, rich,
apricot flavor; good; stone semi-clinging; mid-season.
Forward Damask. Domestica. Mentioned in Quintinye Com. Gard.
70. 1699.
Frankfort Peach. Domestica. 1. Koch Deut. Obst. 572. 1876. 2.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 180. 1881. 3. Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 430. 1889.
Francfort Peach 3. Frankfurter Pfirschen Zwetsche 3. Kuchen
Pflaume 3. Quetsche de Francfort 3. Quetsche-Pêche de Francfort
3.
Tree spreading, productive; fruit of medium size, oval,
compressed; suture shallow; cavity small; black; bloom thick; flesh
yellow, coarse, juicy, sweet, good; stone oval, thin, free; mid-season.
Franklin. Triflora ×? 1. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:223. 1899. 2. Waugh
Plum Cult. 210, 211 fig. 1901.
Originated with A. L. Bruce, Texas, from Abundance crossed with
an unknown variety. Fruit of medium size, oblate; suture a line; bright
crimson over yellow; dots numerous; bloom thin; flesh yellow; good;
clingstone.
Fraser. Domestica. 1. Am. Gard. 22:606. 1901. 2. Gard. Chron.
30:120. 1901.
Fraser’s Early Yellow 1.
Raised in the nursery of John Fraser, Woodford, England, about
1895. Tree small; fruit very small, oval; skin bright yellow; flesh soft;
flavor poor; freestone; valuable because of its earliness.
Freeman. Munsoniana. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 276. 1893. 2. Wis. Sta.
Bul. 87:13. 1901.
Freeman’s Favorite 1.
Originated in 1885 with H. A. Terry, Crescent, Iowa, from seed of
Wild Goose. Tree vigorous, fairly productive; fruit above medium,
roundish-oblong; suture distinct; bright crimson, numerous dots on
the lower half; flesh very tender, sprightly; good; clingstone; early.
Freestone. Species? 1. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 424. 1905.
An inferior native variety; fruit small; clingstone; mid-season.
Freestone. Americana. 1. Terry Cat. 1900.
 A seedling grown by H. A. Terry from seed of Harrison. Fruit large,
pale yellow becoming light red at full maturity; good; stone semi-
clinging.
Freestone Goose. Munsoniana. 1. Stark Cat. 29. 1910.
Originated by Theodore Williams, Benson, Nebraska, and
introduced by Stark Brothers, Louisiana, Missouri, in 1910. The fruit
is said to be larger and darker colored than the Wild Goose.
Freestone Quetsche. Domestica. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 152:209. 1898.
Imported by the Department of Agriculture and noted as vigorous.
Friedheim Damascene. Species? Mentioned in Mathieu Nom. Pom.
430. 1889.
Friedheim’s Rote Früh Damascene. Damas Rouge de Friedheim.
Fritze Herrnpflaume. Domestica. Mentioned in Mathieu Nom. Pom.
430. 1889.
Frostproof. Cerasifera. 1. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 13:369. 1900. 2. Waugh
Plum Cult. 231. 1901.
Grown and introduced by J. H. G. Jenkins, Spring Garden,
Missouri, about 1896. Fruit small, spherical; suture a fine line; dark
crimson; dots minute; bloom thin; flesh yellow; good; clingstone; very
early; blossoms resistant to frosts.
Frühe Englische Zwetsche. Domestica. Listed in Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 430. 1889.
Frühe Gelbe Reine Claude. Domestica. Mentioned in Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 430. 1889.
Frühe Gelbe Kaiser Pflaume.
Frühe Grüne Zwetsche. Domestica. 1. Oberdieck Deut. Obst. Sort.
445. 1881. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 430. 1889.
Bischtin Erik 2. Herr Pflaume 2.
A German variety said to be suitable for moist soils.
Frühe Leipziger Damascene. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 430.
1889.
Damas de Leipsick 1. Fondante Noire 1.
Mathieu suggests that this may possibly be identical with Précoce
de Tours.
Fuller. Species? 1. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:37. 1897.
Fuller’s Egg 1.
Reported by B. A. Matthews, Knoxville, Iowa, as a large, oval
plum.
Fulton. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 382. 1857. 2.
Cultivator 5:373. 1857.
A variety of uncertain origin found at Johnstown, Fulton County,
New York. Tree vigorous and productive; fruit of medium size, oval;
suture distinct; bright yellow; juicy; good; late and hangs to the tree
well.
Funk. Triflora ×? 1. Munson Cat. 8. 1902. 2. Tex. Dept. Agr. Rpt.
12:102. 1910.
Funk’s Early 2.
An accidental cross of Abundance raised by J. M. Funk, Grayson
County, Texas. Tree vigorous, upright, prolific; fruit medium, heart-
shaped, bright red; clingstone; very early.
Fürst Damson. Insititia. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 361. 1866. 2. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 913. 1869. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 127, 129.
1901. 4. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2d Ser. 3:51. 1900.
Eugene Fürst 1, 2. Eugen Fürst 3. Fürst’s Damson 4. Quetsche
Précoce de Fürst 2. Sweet Damson 1, 2.
This plum is frequently confused with the Furst. The origin of the
name and variety is unknown. According to Waugh, it is a German
variety introduced in America about sixty years ago. Foliage
Damson-like; fruit small, pear-shaped, with a neck; cavity shallow,
abrupt; stem slender; suture obsolete; apex slightly pointed; skin
tough, purplish-black; flesh greenish-yellow, juicy, slightly acid;
quality fair to good; stone nearly free.
Gabriel Combes. Domestica. 1. Rev. Hort. 332, Pl. 1895.
Prune Reine-Claude Gabriel Combes 1.
Of French origin, probably a seedling of the Reine Claude; first
mentioned in 1895. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit spheroidal-ovoid,
large, purple; cavity very small; suture slight; apex pointed; flesh
amber-yellow, fine, juicy, sweet, aromatic, excellent; stone small,
free; ripens after Reine Claude.
Galbraith. Domestica. 1. Horticulturist 8:536. 1853. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 382. 1857.
Said to have originated with a Mr. Galbraith near Boalsburg,
Pennsylvania. Tree straggling; fruit of medium size, oval, purple;
flesh tender, juicy; good; clingstone; early.
Gale. Americana. 1. Kerr Cat. 1897-1900. 2. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:37.
1897. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 149. 1901.
Gale Seedling 2. Gale Seedling 3. Gale’s No. 3 1.
Introduced about 1890 by I. Gale & Son, Waukesha, Wisconsin.
Tree overbears; fruit below medium, roundish, compressed; suture
distinct; apex slightly truncate; dull red; skin thin; flesh yellow, soft;
quality fair; stone thick, rounded, nearly free; very early.
Galena. Americana. 1. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:37. 1897. 2. Waugh Plum
Cult. 149. 1901.
Introduced by Charles Luedloff, Cologne, Minnesota. Fruit large,
oval; yellow ground covered with red.
Galopin. Domestica. 1. Guide Prat. 160, 367. 1895. 2. Waugh Plum
Cult. 102. 1901.
Violette de Galopin 2. Violette Galopin 1.
A European variety. Tree poor; fruit of medium size, roundish;
cavity shallow; stem short, thick; suture shallow; blue; many
conspicuous dots; flesh yellow; quality medium; stone of medium
size, oval, slightly necked, nearly free.
Garden King. Americana. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:273. 1900. 2. Waugh
Plum Cult. 149. 1901.
Found wild in 1853; in 1861 it was put under cultivation by Judge
Elias Topliff of De Soto, Wisconsin, and subsequently turned over to
A. R. Prescott, Postville, Iowa, who introduced it in 1896. Tree
vigorous, productive; fruit medium, oval, scarlet; flesh sweet, juicy;
freestone.
Garfield. Hortulana. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:48, 86. 1892. 2. Waugh
Plum Cult. 179. 1901. 3. Ohio Sta. Bul. 162:254, 255. 1905.
Reported to have been found wild in Ohio; introduced by Leo
Welz, Wilmington, Ohio, in 1887. Tree unproductive, lacking in
hardiness; fruit small, oval; stem slender; cavity shallow; suture a
line; bright red; bloomless; flesh yellow, juicy, acid; quality fair; stone
small, long-oval, pointed, clinging; late.
Garlick. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 147. 1831. 2. Mag.
Hort. 9:164. 1843.
Garlick’s Early 1, 2.
Fruit small, obovate, purple; good; freestone; obsolete.
Garnet. Triflora × Cerasifera. 1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. Pom. 45. 1895. 2.
Waugh Plum Cult. 211. 1901.
Found by J. L. Breece, Fayetteville, North Carolina, under a
Kelsey tree which was probably pollinated from a Pissardi growing
near, the foliage showing the reddish color of the Pissardi; first
fruited in 1892. Fruit large, roundish-oval, dark garnet-red with
minute russet dots; cavity small; suture indistinct; skin thin and bitter;
flesh yellow with a tinge of red; flavor mild; stone medium, oval,
clinging; more valuable as an ornamental than for its fruit.
Gates. Americana. 1. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:38. 1897.
Originated at Owatonna, Minnesota. Fruit medium in size,
flattened; suture distinct; very dull red; dots numerous, yellow; skin
thick; flesh yellow; quality fair; stone distinctly margined; late.
Gaunt. Domestica. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 576, 577 fig. 1629. 2. Rea
Flora 208. 1676.
Described in 1629 by Parkinson as “large, reddish, waterish, late.”
Gaviota. Triflora × Americana. 1. Fancher Creek Nur. Cat. 1907. 2.
Fancher Creek Nur. Cat., Burbank’s Late Introductions. fig.
1909.
Rice Seed 1.
Originated with Luther Burbank about 1900; probably contains
admixtures of other species than the ones mentioned above. Tree
vigorous, productive, late blooming; fruit very large, oval; suture
shallow; cavity medium; dark red over yellow ground; flesh yellow,
firm, sweet, aromatic; good; stone extremely small; mid-season.
Gaylord. Americana. 1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 441. 1889. 2. Wis. Sta. Bul.
63:24, 38 fig. 1897. 3. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:273. 1900.
Found growing wild by David Hardman, Nora Springs, Iowa, in
1854; introduced by Edson Gaylord of the same place about 1890.
Tree vigorous with a tendency to overbear; fruit of medium size, oval;
cavity small; stem short; suture a line; apex slightly pointed; dull red
over yellow; bloom thin; dots numerous, minute; skin thick, bitter;
flesh yellow, melting; good; stone large, oval, flat, semi-clinging; mid-
season.
Gaylord Gold. Americana. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:273. 1900.
Found wild in Rock Grove, Iowa, about 1870 by John Henry, Nora
Springs, Iowa; cions subsequently distributed by Edson Gaylord.
Fruit of medium size, golden yellow; good; stone small, free; mid-
season.
Gelbe Damascener Pflaume. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 431.
1889.
Reference taken by Mathieu from Obst-Garten 315. 1883.
Gelbe Jerusalempflaume. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 431.
1889.
 Jaune de Jerusalem 1. Prune de Jerusalem 1.
A variety of doubtful merit and different from Yellow Jerusalem.
Gelbe Kirschpflaume. Cerasifera. Mentioned in Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 432. 1889.
Cerisette Blanche. Myrobalan Jaune. Prunus Cerasifera
Zanthocarpa. Serdali Irek.
Gelbe Spatzwetsche. Species? Listed in Mathieu Nom. Pom. 432.
1889.
Reitzensteiner Gelbe Zwetsche incor. Quetsche Jaune Tardive.
Gem. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 915. 1869.
Originated near Albany, New York. Fruit small, round; suture and
cavity shallow; mottled with purple; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet;
clingstone.
Gem. Americana. 1. Meneray Cat.
The Gem 1.
A seedling of Lottie grown by H. A. Terry; introduced by P. W.
Meneray, Council Bluffs, Iowa. Fruit of medium size, oblong, red and
yellow, with whitish bloom; good; freestone.
Gemeiner Gelbe Spilling. Species? Mentioned in Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 432. 1889.
Bauern Pflaume. Gelber Bidling. Krieke. Prunus Lutea. Spelge.
Spilge. Spindel Pflaume.
Gentleman. Domestica. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 2:41. 1873.
Probably of American origin as it was sent by Downing to M. Mas,
but was not described by the American author. Tree vigorous,
productive; fruit medium, oval; suture indistinct; skin thick, intense
purple; bloom abundant; stem short; flesh yellowish, juicy, vinous;
good; freestone; early.
Georgia. Triflora ×? 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 175:153. 1899. 2. Waugh
Plum Cult. 212. 1901.
 Normand No. 20 1, 2.
One of the several seedlings sent out by J. L. Normand,
Marksville, Louisiana. Named by L. H. Bailey in 1899. Fruit small,
oval, greenish-yellow covered with bright red; flesh yellow, watery,
fibrous, sweet; stone large, strongly clinging; fruit drops while green;
worthless.
Gerishes Seedling. Domestica. Mentioned in Johnson Cat.
Early Bradshaw.
Gersepflaume. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 431. 1889.
Reference taken by Mathieu from Wiener Garten-Zeitung 287.
1884.
Ghiston. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 276. 1845. 2. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 222, 244. 1858.
Ghiston’s Early 1, 2.
Fruit large, oval, yellow; bloom thin; flesh yellow; quality poor;
freestone; season early; rejected by the American Pomological
Society in 1858.
Gibson. Domestica. 1. Horticulturist 25:319. 1870.
Gibson’s Seedling.
A seedling from W. L. Gibson of Elmira, New York. Tree vigorous,
productive; fruit of medium size, deep amber color; bloom slight; skin
thick, very astringent; flesh sweet, juicy, mild; good.
Gill. Domestica. 1. Ohio Sta. Bul. 94:58. 1909.
Introduced by S. R. Gill, Port Clinton, Ohio, who received it in 1882
from a nursery with Golden Drop trees. Tree vigorous, spreading and
productive; fruit medium in size, round, reddish-purple; bloom light;
flesh firm, sweet, rich; good; mid-season; excellent for canning.
Gisborne. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 147. 1831. 2.
Horticulturist 10:16. 1855. 3. Mas Pom. Gen.. 2:49. 1873. 4.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 432. 1889.
 De Gisborne 3. Gisborne’s 1. Gisborne’s 3. Gisborne’s Early 2.
Gisborne’s Early 2, 4. Gisborne’s Zwetsche 3. Gisbornes Zwetsche
4. Ovalrunde Spreckel Pflaume 4. Paterson’s 1, 4.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, oval; suture
indistinct; skin golden-yellow, dotted with cherry-red on the sunny
side, with pale bloom; flesh bright yellow, juicy, sweet; stone large,
oval, free; mid-season.
Glaister. Domestica. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 358. 1891.
A variety from California introduced by Leonard Coates of Napa,
California. Fruit very similar to Yellow Egg, but two weeks earlier.
Gloire d’Epinay. Domestica. 1. Rev. Hort. 444. 1898. 2. Ibid. 86.
1899.
A sucker from a chance seedling found about 1850 by M. Donon
of Epinay, France; named and presented to the National Society of
Horticulture in 1898 by M. Gorion. Fruit above medium size,
roundish-oval; suture shallow; deep blue; similar to Monsieur, but is
later and ripens over a period of nearly two months.
Gloire de Louveciennes. Insititia. 1. Rev. Hort. 650. 1900. 2. Ibid.
476, fig. 1901.
Mirabelle Gloire de Louveciennes 1, 2.
Noted in the Revue Horticole as a Mirabelle introduced in 1900 by
M. Lecointe. Fruit similar to Mirabelle de Nancy in shape and form,
but larger; skin citron-yellow, dotted and shaded with red on the
sunny side; flesh firm, very sweet, like the Apricot in flavor.
Gloria. Americana mollis. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 119. 1904.
A seedling of Wolf; fruit large, oval; cavity narrow; suture a line;
bright red or yellow mottled with red; dots few; bloom light; skin thick,
tough; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet; good; stone large, nearly free;
variety promising.
Gloucestershire Violet. Domestica. 1. Jour. Hort. 17:285. 1888.
Minsterworth 1. Prince 1.