24th International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), Mansoura University, Egypt 19-21 December 2023
Empirical Techniques for Improving Reliability of
High Voltage Mica-based Insulation Systems
Davoud E. Moghadam 1
2023 24th International Middle East Power System Conference (MEPCON) | 979-8-3503-5846-9/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/MEPCON58725.2023.10462454
1 2 Senior
Senior Engineer of Electrical insulation,
Valeo eAutomotive Germany GmbH
Erlangen, Germany
davoud.esmaeil-moghadam@valeo.com
Diaa-Eldin A. Mansour 3, 4, *
3 Electrical
Power Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Egypt-Japan University of Science and
Technology
Alexandria, Egypt
4 Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University
Tanta, Egypt
diaa.mansour@ejust.edu.eg;
mansour@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
Abstract— Mica-based insulation systems are an essential
part of high voltage (HV) electric motors and generators.
Accordingly, the performance and reliability of the machine are
directly impacted by the dependability of the insulation. This
paper aims to assess the impact of different design factors on
various dielectric indices. These indices include breakdown
voltage, dissipation factor, and partial discharge measurements,
collected from empirical tests to assess insulation system
resilience and endurance. All these evaluation measurements
are carried out for fresh samples and thermally aged samples.
Thermal aging is performed with different temperatures and
durations. After that all samples are tested for voltage
endurance in accordance with IEC 60034-18-32 and IEEE 1553,
to evaluate their lifetimes. Analyzing the test outcomes, a
number of practical methods and techniques are identified that
help engineers improve their design and ensure higher longevity
of HV electrical machines.
Keywords— HV insulation system design, mica-based
insulation, reliability, vacuum pressure impregnations, aging,
voltage breakdown, partial discharge.
I. INTRODUCTION
Large high voltage electric generators and motors are
crucial for energy conversion in the industrial sector, and their
reliability directly impacts the industry’s economic health and
prosperity [1]. Reliable electric machines prevent unplanned
and excessive downtime and reduce costly production
disruptions. Furthermore, high voltage insulation, as a key
component of the machine, ensures reliable and safe operation
of the machine and prevents potential equipment damage.
Failure rates of high voltage (HV) insulation systems can
differ due to age, level of thermal, electrical, and mechanical
stressors, and other environmental factors [2]. Especially, in
high voltage mica-based insulation systems, minor design
variations or material changes can significantly affect
resistance against corona and partial discharge, with resin
notably influencing partial discharge activity and the lifetime
of the insulation [3], [4]. Considering the utmost importance
of reliability, the concept of reliability-oriented design has
979-8-3503-5846-9/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: SLUB Dresden. Downloaded on June 10,2024 at 19:35:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Shahram Negari 2
Vice President of Engineering, Integrated Power
Services (IPS), Senior Member IEEE
Cleveland, Ohio, USA
s.negari@ieee.org;
snegari@ips.us
Mohamed M. F. Darwish 5, *
5 Department
of Electrical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Benha University
Cairo, Egypt
mohamed.darwish@feng.bu.edu.eg
become more prevalent in recent years [5], [6], and various
probabilistic and statistical models have been developed to
model the behavior of faults and conduct failure analysis in
electrical power systems [7], [8]. Further, more advanced
insulating materials for many electrical applications with
enhanced thermal, dielectric, and mechanical properties were
utilized [9–13].
This paper explores the impact of variations in mica tape
compositions and the intensity of electrical field stress on
insulation dependability. This insight allows design engineers
to make informed choices and employ balanced cost-benefit
strategies to boost machine efficiency. The study draws from
authentic experimental results of three trial insulation system
designs, considering eight control variables and two primary
factors vital in the design of vacuum-pressure impregnated
insulation systems: electrical stress and mica content [14]. In
conclusion, we offer pragmatic guidance on methods to
enhance the insulation system's quality and reliability.
II. HIGH VOLTAGE INSULATION
The main cause of failure in HV insulation is electrical
breakdown, which is a very complex phenomenon, influenced
by various factors and the interplay of several stressors. A
breakdown may occur due to high electrical field stress, which
is sufficiently strong to accelerate free electrons to energies
high enough to free additional electrons from the material
atoms via collisions and create an avalanche like stream of
electrons. Aging of insulation due to thermal and mechanical
stresses, impurities inside the insulation material leading to
formation of a low-resistance path in the insulation, radiation,
and treeing and tracking are among well-known factors.
However, high voltage insulation can additionally suffer from
corona and partial discharge induced breakdowns.
Partial discharge (PD) consists of localized electrical
discharges that cause degradation over time. Various models
are developed to simulate PD in large electric machines and
methods to eliminate its magnitude. In a simple geometrical
case, the inception voltage can be calculated as follows:
V =3
where Vi denotes the inception voltage, Ɛ0 and Ɛr show the
permittivity of free space and relative permittivity of the
material, d is the total distance between the electrodes, and
finally, r means the radius of the void or cavity.
However, in practical applications, multiple mechanisms
operate simultaneously, which lead to the aging of mica and
the eventual breakdown of the insulation.
A. Insulating Aging
The aging of insulation systems is a well-studied area due
to its significant impact on the reliability and longevity of
electrical machines. As mentioned, the degradation
mechanisms are complex. A short overview of some aging
models suffices for this introductory discussion.
Arrhenius Model is frequently used to describe the thermal
aging of materials. It's based on the Arrhenius equation, which
relates the rate of a chemical reaction to temperature as
indicated by the following equation (2):
= Ae
Where Ra is the rate of aging, A is the multiplication factor
measured empirically for different materials, Ea denotes the
activation energy, K stands for the Boltzmann constant, and
finally, T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin. Experimental
results have been applied to insulation aging, and the widely
accepted rule-of-thumb is that every 8 to 10 o C increase in
operating temperature reduces the insulation life by half.
Another famous model for thermal aging is the Eyring
model that yields better approximations for certain materials
and conditions. His model also takes Gibbs free energy of
activation (G), universal gas constant (R), and Planck’s
constant (h) into account, as shown in the following Eq. (3):
= e
It is notable that the relationship between the life
expectancy of an insulating system and any type of stress can
often be modeled by the inverse power formula. That is if the
life expectancy – or time to failure – is shown by tf, electrical
stress by E, and finally empirically measured constants C and
n that vary for each material, the relationship can be
formulated as in equation (4):
t =
Therefore, Arrhenius model and the impact of electrical
stress can be combined in one formula as follows in equation
(5):
(1)
t = Ce E #
(5)
Nonetheless, it should be borne in mind that there are a
multitude of other factors that affect aging, more complex
models might consider multiple variables. Detrimental effects
of radiation, vibration, humidity, mechanical stresses due to
expansion and contraction, or exposure to certain chemicals
are usually derived from extensive testing under various
conditions. In motors and generators with operating voltages
higher than 6 kV, PD can significantly accelerate the aging of
insulation. For this reason, proper application of conductive
and semi-conductive material to control the corona inside the
magnetic core slots and overhang section of form-wound
windings becomes critical.
Since no single model can capture the entire complexity of
insulation aging, empirical data are often obtained from
accelerated aging tests. In the next section, the experimental
setting for trial insulation systems, accelerated test results, and
findings are discussed in details.
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
(2)
A. Trial High Voltage Insulation System Designs
Most mica tapes used in the high voltage industry are
produced from mica minerals, mainly muscovite or
phlogopite, which have distinct crystal structures and
chemical compositions, leading to variations in their dielectric
strength, breakdown voltage, and aging characteristics. Both
the binder and the impregnating resin used to impregnate mica
tapes under vacuum and pressure (VPI) play vital roles in
enhancing the mechanical strength, and electrical properties
of the insulation system, as different types of resins, such as
epoxy, silicone, or polyester, exhibit diverse and dissimilar
behaviors. It is shown that resin has a substantial impact on
partial discharge activity and lifetime of the insulation system
(3)
[3], hence epoxy resin is used in three sample systems. The
details of the three designs of mica-based systems used for
experimental values and variations in their respective
components are outlined in the following Table 1.
B. Experimental Setup
To evaluate the impact of the varying design factors a
series of tests are conducted on numerous samples of the three
systems under investigation. The tests are performed in
accordance with IEC standards partial discharge levels and
(4) magnitudes, dissipation factor (tan delta), and finally

Table 1: Insulation materials used in the trails

Insulation System Design A Insulation System Design B Insulation System Design C
i. Strand insulation: enameled MW 0.03 mm single build + one turn half-lapped mica tape 0.065 mm.
ii. Total strand insulation thickness: 0.160 mm.
iii. Catalyzed, class F uncalcined Muscovite with film backing.
iv. Tape thickness: 0.135 (+/–) 0.05 mm.
Control Variables: v. Ground wall insulation four half-lapped layers.
vi. Outer Corona Protection: 0.08 mm tape impregnated with electrically conductive varnish, half-lapped.
vii. Stress Grading: 0.24 mm tape impregnated with silicon carbide resin, half-lapped.
viii. Impregnating resin: epoxy with glass transition temperature of 140 °C.
a) Mica 170 g/m2 + film 42 g/m2 a) Mica 160 g/m2 + film 42 g/m2 a) Mica 155 g/m2 + film 42 g/m2
Random Variables: b) Design Electrical Stress: 66.75 b) Design Electrical Stress: 71.20 b) Design Electrical Stress: 67.2
volt/mil ≈ 2.6 kV/mm volt/mil ≈ 2.8 kV/mm volt/mil ≈ 2.65 kV/mm

Authorized licensed use limited to: SLUB Dresden. Downloaded on June 10,2024 at 19:35:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
breakdown voltage values are measured, prior and after aging Dissipation Factor - Aged @ 230°C
process. The breakdown voltage tests are conducted at various 5
voltage levels to assess the dielectric strength of the insulation System-A
system under accelerated aging. Time to failure for each 4
System-B
sample until the breakdown is illustrated in the following

tanδ (‰)
3 System-C
Table 1 and illustrated in the next plot.
C. Thermal Aging 2

The 6.6 kV sample coils and formettes, representative of 1

each insulation system specification, are subjected to a
thermal aging examination. This procedure is executed in 0
compliance with IEEE 275 [15] and IEC 60034-18-31 [16] 0 250 500 750
standards. A sequence of non-destructive insulation Aging time (h)
characteristics tests performed at various stages of the thermal Fig. 1. Dissipation factor – Aging time @ 230 ˚C.
aging progression.
Dielectric dissipation factor (tan δ) and maximum partial PD Activity Variation _ Aged @ 230°C
discharge (PD) amplitude (Qmax) are evaluated, alongside the 20000
measurement of residual breakdown voltage. The thermal
aging is carried out over a specified duration, as detailed

PD Amplitude (pC)
16000

below.
12000
230 ℃: 250 h, 500 h
210 ℃: 500 h, 1000 h, 1500 h 8000
In line with the guidelines set by IEC 60034-27-1 [17],
IEC 60270 [18], and IEEE 1434 [19], the partial discharge 4000
activity of the specimens is evaluated subsequent to each heat
cycling process. Concurrently, the dissipation factor is 0
3 4 5 6 7
assessed in accordance with IEC 60034-27-3 [20] and IEEE Voltage (kV)
286 [21]. Subsequent to these assessments, insulation
breakdown voltage tests are conducted following the IEC A-250h A-500h B-250h

60243 and IEEE standards. B-500h C-250h C-500h

At a temperature of 230 °C (Fig. 1), it is observed that the
dissipation factor values of system A experienced a substantial
increase post 500 hours of thermal aging, whereas designs B
and C retained stability. Notably, design C consistently
demonstrated lower values. It is worth mentioning that the
behavior of the dissipation factor values remained consistent
for the systems aged under 210 °C.
The partial discharge amplitude (Qmax) of each system,
prior to and following thermal aging, is quantified at three
distinct voltage levels ((Un/√3, 1.25 Un/√3, Un), as shown in
Fig. 2. System C consistently exhibited a substantially lower
PD amplitude, both pre-aging and subsequent to each aging
duration. Conversely, the corresponding values for design A
exhibited an increase post each phase of the aging process.
Moreover, system B demonstrated marginally elevated values
in comparison to design C, which could be attributed to its
reduced thickness. In general, the escalation in PD amplitude
post 500 hours of thermal aging may be correlated to the post-
curing process of the resin. For design A, the observed
behavior is indicative of a delamination process brought about
by thermal aging, hence the increment in values with each
level. It's noteworthy that the thermal aging process at 210 °C
reflected identical behavior across all systems.
Upon the completion of each phase of the thermal aging
process, the specimens successfully endured breakdown
voltage testing, as illustrated in Fig.3-a. Before the aging
process is applied to samples, the initial Breakdown Voltage
(BDV) values for the samples showed similar patterns and
readings.
However, upon analysis of the results, it is found that post
thermal aging, the BDV values for systems B and C remained
relatively consistent across each phase for the respective
Fig. 2. PD Amplitude – Applied voltage, system without aging,
and aged @ 230˚C.
systems (Fig. 3-c & d). On the other hand, after each stage of
the process, System A exhibits a change in its value range.
This change could possibly be linked to the delamination
caused by thermal aging (see Fig. 3-b). This particular
behavior is also mirrored in the measured values for the
dissipation factor and PD amplitudes pertaining to design A.
Additionally, system C records marginally elevated values
in comparison to design B, despite demonstrating lower
reliability against system B. It should also be noted that
despite possessing a thinner insulation layer, system B
maintained values almost parallel to design C, and in fact
displayed enhanced reliability.
D. Heat Endurance Cycle Test
Each system is subjected to a Heat Endurance Cycle
evaluation test executed in adherence to the standards set by
IEC 60034-18-34 [22] and IEEE 1310 [23]. The apparatus for
the heat cycle test comprised an electrical transformer, a
cooling fan, and a temperature control panel.
The procedure involves conducting a heat endurance cycle
test using a test coil and a temperature control coil. The
regulation of the temperature is achieved by affixing a
thermocouple to the coil. The conditions specified for the
heat-resistance cycle are as follows:
• The heat-endurance cycle entails the repetition of 40 °C
and 155 °C temperatures.
• Standard one-cycle conditions encompass heating for a
duration ranging from 30 to 60 minutes, followed by a
cooling period of the same duration.

Authorized licensed use limited to: SLUB Dresden. Downloaded on June 10,2024 at 19:35:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

(a) Breakdown probability of the systems prior aging
(b) Breakdown probability of the system A aged @ 230°C
(c) Breakdown probability of the system B aged @ 230°C
(d) Breakdown probability of the system C aged @ 230°C
Fig. 3. Probability of breakdown voltage of the system under
various thermal aging conditions.
• The heating phase is initiated by applying an electrical
current to the coil wire conductor.
• The cooling phase is facilitated by a fan installed
externally to the coil.
Authorized licensed use limited to: SLUB Dresden. Downloaded on June 10,2024 at 19:35:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Following the well-known guidelines established in the
IEC 60034-18-34 [22] standard, the temperature increase and
decrease intervals are integral components of the heat-
endurance cycle test conditions. Throughout the course of the
heat endurance cycle test, insulation diagnostic assessments
are performed at defined intervals, specifically post the initial,
10th, 50th, 100th, 250th, and 500th cycles. The diagnostic tests
conducted included the tan δ test and partial discharge test.
Upon examination of the PD amplitude variation at three
voltage levels ((Un/√3, 1.25 Un/√3, Un) post each thermal
cycle, it is observed that trails A and C demonstrated less
variation with increasing voltage and thermal cycles, in
contrast to system B, which displayed a more significant
variation (Fig. 4). This discrepancy could potentially be
attributed to System B's thinner insulation system [24].
However, the dissipation factor values and breakdown
voltages displayed stability throughout the thermal cycling
process (Fig. 5 and Fig. 6). The observed variations in the
early stages of heat cycling could be associated with the post-
curing process of the systems.
Fig. 4. PD amplitude of the systems measured after Heat
Endurance Cycles.
Fig. 5. tan δ of the systems measured after Heat Endurance Cycles.
Fig. 6. Breakdown Voltage of the systems measured after Heat
Endurance Cycles.
 Given the insights obtained from the PD activity and
dissipation factor values, it can be conjectured that the BDV
values of the systems post-500 cycles may be predictable. The
results indicate a superior performance by system C compared
to the other systems. Additionally, the impact of PD amplitude
variation during the thermal cycling process is distinctly
reflected in the BDV probability graph, and the corresponding
values for design B demonstrated lower reliability.
E. Electrical Lifetime Test
The Voltage Endurance Testing (VET) on each system is
conducted in accordance with IEC 60034-18-32 [25] & IEEE
1553 [26]. Pursuant to the IEC’s guidelines, the overvoltage is
configured to three distinct voltage levels as follows.
• 4E (26.4 kV): Room temperature - in oil
• 3E (19.8 kV): Room temperature – oil
• 2.17E (14.3 kV): room temperature - air
Fig. 7 illustrates the Weibull distribution of the Voltage -
Time to Failure (V-T) test outcomes, estimated at the
cumulative breakdown rates of 63.2% and 1.0%. The retention
time at the cumulative breakdown rate of 63.2% is evaluated
as the mean of the results obtained for each coil. Concurrently,
the retention time at the cumulative breakdown rates of 63.2%
and 1.0 % is assessed at the juncture where insulation
breakdown commences in each coil, marking the initiation of
its lifespan. When the projected lifespan is assessed using the
mean value, no significant distinction is observed between the
systems. However, a rigorous evaluation reveals a deviation
in the sample coil of design B, thus suggesting a potentially
shortened lifespan. The Voltage-Temperature (V-T)
assessment is conducted in compliance with the IEC60034-
18-32 standard [25], with the criterion, as delineated in Table
1 of IEEE 1553 [26], also KEMA requirements (Table 2),
being a duration exceeding required hours at desired voltage
levels. This finding confirms outstanding voltage endurance
life characteristics across all systems, significantly exceeding
the set evaluative standard.
The VET outcomes, presented in terms of electric field
strength (E[kV/mm]), have been illustrated independently for
each system considering IEEE 1553 and KEMA requirements
(see Fig. 8). The VET graph, represented in terms of electric
field strength (E [kV/mm]), to counter the disparities in
insulation thickness, depicts that systems B and C exhibit
nearly identical lifetime behaviors under conditions of
elevated voltage (see Fig. 9). However, at diminished voltage
levels, design B shows superior lifetime characteristics. When
factoring in the imposed voltage, trial design A continues to
demonstrate an extended lifespan at higher voltages, Fig. 7. Weibull distribution of the Voltage - Time to Failure (V-T).
potentially attributable to its enhanced insulation thickness.
Conversely, under lower voltage conditions, the lifespan of
system A remains the least extended amongst the systems, IV. PRACTICAL TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE INSULATION
with design B outperforming with a more prolonged lifespan. RELIABILITY AND QUALITY
While all three experimental systems display similar aging
Table 2. Required durability at certain voltage levels based on IEEE and behaviors, the presented figure distinctly shows that system A,
KEMA
having the highest mica content, exhibits the least variability
Standard Min. durability Voltage
over time. From the results observed, the relationship between
250 2.5 Un mica content and the durability of a set slot dimension is not
IEEE 1553
400 2.17 Un directly linear. This research contrasts three insulation
10 3 Un systems with varying designs, named as design systems A, B,
KEMA and C, respectively. Systems A and C target almost identical
1000 2 Un
electrical stress values of 67 (+/–) 5 volt/mil, but with differing

Authorized licensed use limited to: SLUB Dresden. Downloaded on June 10,2024 at 19:35:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Fig. 8. Durability of the system based on electrical field strength.
mica contents of 170 gram/m2 and 155 gram/m2, respectively,
to assess its effect on shape and scale parameters. Even with a
similar design foundation, limited resin penetration in design
A is noted, suggesting insufficient impregnation during the
Vacuum Pressure Impregnation (VPI) process. This limitation
leads to rapid delamination during thermal aging, as
evidenced by the changes in tan δ, partial discharge, and
breakdown voltage values obtained from thermal aging
evaluations.
Conversely, trial design B, which has a mica content
between the other two systems (160 gram/m2), features a more
robust electrical stress design foundation and a greater gap
between the slot and the coil's straight section. This
configuration provided more space within the slot for resin
impregnation, resulting in the formation of tiny air bubbles, as
confirmed by cross-sectional analyses and the occurrence of
partial discharge during various evaluations.
To optimize the insulation properties of system A, it would
be necessary to increase the clearance between the coil arms
and the slot to facilitate impregnation. This, in turn, could
either decrease the power output of the motor within the same
motor size or require an increase in the motor's dimensions for
Authorized licensed use limited to: SLUB Dresden. Downloaded on June 10,2024 at 19:35:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Fig. 9. Comparison lifespan of the systems based on field strength
and applied voltage.
the same output power. Conversely, reducing the clearance
between coil arms and slots would be an appropriate approach
for improving the performance of design B. This reduction not
only lowers the material costs but also reduces the overall
motor costs by shrinking the motor size while maintaining the
same output power.
Considering the results and the impact of slot dimensions,
system C emerges as the most reliable and durable option with
favorable properties. However, as discussed, the performance
and durability of the insulation system not only depends on the
composition of the system materials, but also external factors
and even the geometry of the machine’s slot size, and
parameters of the VPI cycle.
V. CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, this research demonstrates the significant
impact of design factors such as electrical stress and mica tape
variations on the performance and reliability of the system.
The test results. The following list summarizes the findings:
1) Variation of mica content and design factors significantly
impact failure rate and parameters of the Weibull curve.
2) Higher mica content results in less variability in the shape
and scale of the Weibull curve, but a tradeoff exists
between performance, expected lifespan, and costs.
3) Higher shape parameters offer higher reliability but
increase susceptibility to initial failures and steeper aging
at the end of machine’s life.
4) Lower values of shape parameter led to a slower again and
gradual failure rate; however, it entails lower overall
reliability.
5) Electrical field stress heavily affects distribution
parameters, mean time to failure (MTTF) values, and also
survival/hazard functions. Thus, design engineers must
consider application requirements.
6) Failure analysis techniques based on Weibull-Bayesian
methods improve fault detection and lifespan analysis of
high voltage mica-based insulation systems for large
electric machines.
REFERENCES
[1] R. Hemmati, F. Wu and A. El-Refaie, "Survey of Insulation Systems
in Electrical Machines," 2019 IEEE International Electric Machines
& Drives Conference (IEMDC), San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 2069-
2076, 2019.
[2] M. Borghei and M. Ghassemi, "Insulation materials and systems for
more-and all-electric aircraft: A review identifying challenges and
future research needs.," IEEE Transactions on Transportation
Electrification, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1930-1953, 2021.
[3] D. E. Moghadam, C. Herold, and R. Zbinden, "Effects of resins on
partial discharge activity and lifetime of insulation systems used in
eDrive motors and automotive industries," 2020 IEEE Electrical
Insulation Conference (EIC), Knoxville, TN, USA, pp. 221-224,
2020.
[4] F. Tian, J. Cao, and Y. Li, “Enhanced Mechanic Strength and
Thermal Conductivities of Mica Composites with Mimicking Shell
Nacre Structure,” Nanomaterials, vol. 12, no. 13, p. 2155, 2022.
[5] P. Giangrande, V. Madonna, S. Nuzzo and M. Galea, "Moving
toward a reliability-oriented design approach of low-voltage
electrical machines by including insulation thermal aging
considerations," IEEE Transactions on Transportation
Electrification, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 16-27, 2020.
[6] G. Turabee, M. R. Khowja, P. Giangrande, V. Madonna, G. Cosma,
G. Vakil, C. Gerada and M. Galea, "The role of neural networks in
predicting the thermal life of electrical machines.," IEEE Access,
vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 40283-40297, 2020.
[7] S. Negari and D. Xu, "Fault Detection in Active Hybrid Distribution
Networks: Overcoming Uncertainty," IEEE 2nd International
Conference on Smart Power & Internet Energy Systems, Bangkok,
Thailand, pp. 120-125, 2020.
[8] S. Kumar, R. K. Saket, D. Kumar Dheer, J. Bo Holm‐Nielsen and
P. Sanjeevikumar, "Reliability enhancement of electrical power
system including impacts of renewable energy sources: a
comprehensive review," IET Generation, Transmission &
Distribution, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 1799-1815, 2020.
[9] D. A. Mansour et al., “Recent Advances in Polymer
Nanocomposites Based on Polyethylene and Polyvinylchloride for
Power Cables,” Materials, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 66, 2020.
[10] M. M. Abdalla, L. S. Nasrat, A. H. I. Mansour, E. A. Othman,
"Evaluation of the dielectric strength behavior of rubber blends
using feed-forward neural network in different environmental
conditions," J. Al-Azhar Univ. Eng. Sect., vol. 17, pp. 1002–1012,
2022.
[11] H. S. Karaman, H. M. Ahmed, M. M. F. Darwish and D. E. A.
Mansour, "The Effect of Graphene on the Thermal and Dielectric
Properties of Epoxy Resin," IEEE International Symposium on
Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM), Tokyo, Japan, pp. 103-106,
2020.
[12] N. M. K. Abdel-Gawad et al., "Experimental measurements of
partial discharge activity within LDPE/TiO2 nanocomposites," 2017
IEEE Nineteenth International Middle East Power Systems
Conference (MEPCON), Cairo, Egypt, pp. 811-816, 2017.
Authorized licensed use limited to: SLUB Dresden. Downloaded on June 10,2024 at 19:35:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
[13] H. M. Ahmed et al., “A Novel Polyester Varnish Nanocomposites
for Electrical Machines with Improved Thermal and Dielectric
Properties Using Functionalized TiO2 Nanoparticles,” Materials,
vol. 16, no. 19, p. 6478, Sep. 2023.
[14] D. E. Moghadam, C. Herol and R. Zbinden, "Dielectric Parameters
of Unimpregnated Mica Tape under Humid Condition," IEEE 3rd
International Conference on Dielectrics, Valencia, Spain, pp. 605-
608, 2020.
[15] IEEE Standard (275-1992), "IEEE Recommended Practice for
Thermal Evaluation of Insulation Systems for Alternating-Current
Electric Machinery Employing Form-Wound Preinsulated Stator
Coils for Machines Rated 6900 V and Below," Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers Inc., NY, USA, pp.1-14, Oct. 1992.
[16] IEC Standard (60034-18-31), “Rotating electrical machines - Part
18-31: Functional evaluation of insulation systems - Test
procedures for form-wound windings - Thermal evaluation and
classification of insulation systems used in rotating machines,” The
International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland,
Edition 3.0, 2012.
[17] IEC Standard (60034-27-1), “Rotating electrical machines - Part 27-
1: Off-line partial discharge measurements on the winding
insulation,” The International Electrotechnical Commission,
Geneva, Switzerland, Edition 3.0, 2017.
[18] IEC Standard (IEC 60270), “High-voltage test techniques - Partial
discharge measurements,” The International Electrotechnical
Commission, Geneva, Switzerland, Edition 2.0, pp. 13-31, 2000.
[19] IEEE Standard (1434-2014), "IEEE Guide for the Measurement of
Partial Discharges in AC Electric Machinery," (Revision of IEEE
Std 1434-2000), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Inc., NY, USA, pp.1-89, Dec. 2014.
[20] IEC Standard (60034-27-3), “Rotating electrical machines - Part 27-
3: Dielectric dissipation factor measurement on stator winding
insulation of rotating electrical machines,” The International
Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland, 2015.
[21] IEEE Standard (286-2000), "IEEE Recommended Practice for
Measurement of Power Factor Tip-Up of Electric Machinery Stator
Coil Insulation," Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Inc., NY, USA, pp. 1-29, March 2001.
[22] IEC Standard (60034-18-34), “Rotating electrical machines - Part
18-34: Functional evaluation of insulation systems - Test
procedures for form-wound windings - Evaluation of
thermomechanical endurance of insulation systems,” The
International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland,
Edition 3.0, 2012.
[23] IEEE Standard (1310-2012), "IEEE Recommended Practice for
Thermal Cycle Testing of Form-Wound Stator Bars and Coils for
Large Rotating Machines," (Revision of IEEE Std 1310-1996),
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., NY, USA,
pp.1-30, May 2012.
[24] A. Gegenava and A. Khazanov, "Statistical Review of Voltage
Endurance Test of Insulation for High Voltage Rotating Machines
Stator Windings with Combined Standard and Accelerated Tests.
“Three Steps Test” TST," 2023 IEEE Electrical Insulation
Conference (EIC), Quebec City, QC, Canada, pp. 1-4, 2023.
[25] IEC Standard (60034-18-32) CMV Commented version, “Rotating
electrical machines - Part 18-32: Functional evaluation of insulation
systems (Type II) - Electrical endurance qualification procedures
for form-wound windings,” The International Electrotechnical
Commission, Geneva, Switzerland, Edition 1.0, 2022.
[26] IEEE Standard (1553-2002), "IEEE Standard for Voltage Endurance
Testing of Form-Wound Coils and Bars for Hydrogenerators,"
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., NY, USA,
pp.1-12, March 2003.