06 Lecture Outline

Physics for
Scientists and
Engineers
A Strategic Approach
with Modern Physics
Fourth Edition
Global Edition
Chapter 6 Lecture
RANDALL D. KNIGHT
Chapter 6 Dynamics I: Motion Along a Line
IN THIS CHAPTER, you will learn to solve linear force-and-

motion problems.
Slide 6-2
© 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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Chapter 6 Preview
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Chapter 6 Preview
Slide 6-8
Chapter 6 Reading Questions
Slide 6-9
Reading Question 6.1
Newton’s first law can be applied to
A. Static equilibrium.
B. Inertial equilibrium.
C. Dynamic equilibrium.
D. Both A and B.
E. Both A and C.
Slide 6-10
Newton’s first law can be applied to
A. Static equilibrium.
B. Inertial equilibrium.
C. Dynamic equilibrium.
D. Both A and B.
E. Both A and C.
Slide 6-11
Mass is
A. An intrinsic property.
B. A force.
C. A measurement.
Slide 6-12
Mass is
B. A force.
C. A measurement.
Slide 6-13
Gravity is
B. A force.
C. A measurement.
Slide 6-14
Gravity is
B. A force.
C. A measurement.
Slide 6-15
Weight is
B. A force.
C. A measurement.
Slide 6-16
Weight is
B. A force.
C. A measurement.
Slide 6-17
The coefficient of static friction is
A. Smaller than the coefficient of kinetic friction.

B. Equal to the coefficient of kinetic friction.
C. Larger than the coefficient of kinetic friction.
D. Not discussed in this chapter.
Slide 6-18
The coefficient of static friction is
A. Smaller than the coefficient of kinetic friction.

B. Equal to the coefficient of kinetic friction.
C. Larger than the coefficient of kinetic friction.
D. Not discussed in this chapter.
Slide 6-19
The force of friction is described by
A. The law of friction.

B. The theory of friction.
C. A model of friction.
D. The friction hypothesis.
Slide 6-20
The force of friction is described by
A. The law of friction.

B. The theory of friction.
C. A model of friction.
D. The friction hypothesis.
Slide 6-21
When an object moves through the air, the

magnitude of the drag force on it
A. Increases as the object’s speed increases.

B. Decreases as the object’s speed increases.
C. Does not depend on the object’s speed.
Slide 6-22
When an object moves through the air, the

magnitude of the drag force on it
A. Increases as the object’s speed increases.

B. Decreases as the object’s speed increases.
C. Does not depend on the object’s speed.
Slide 6-23
Terminal speed is
A. Equal to the speed of sound.

B. The minimum speed an object needs to escape the
earth’s gravity.
C. The speed at which the drag force cancels the
gravitational force.
D. The speed at which the drag force reaches a
minimum.
E. Any speed that can result in a person’s death.
Slide 6-24
Terminal speed is
A. Equal to the speed of sound.

B. The minimum speed an object needs to escape the
earth’s gravity.
C. The speed at which the drag force cancels the
gravitational force.
D. The speed at which the drag force reaches a
minimum.
E. Any speed that can result in a person’s death.
Slide 6-25
Chapter 6 Content, Examples, and
QuickCheck Questions
Slide 6-26
The Equilibrium Model
 In the absence of a net force,

an object is at rest or moves
with constant velocity.
 Its acceleration is zero, and
we say that it is in
equilibrium.
 The concept of equilibrium is essential for the engineering

analysis of stationary objects such as bridges.
 When the acceleration is zero, then Newton’s second law in
two dimensions becomes:
Slide 6-27
Mechanical Equilibrium
Slide 6-28
QuickCheck 6.1
The figure shows the view looking down onto a sheet of
frictionless ice. A puck, tied with a string to point P, slides on the
ice in the circular path shown and has made many revolutions. If
the string suddenly breaks with the puck in the position shown,
which path best represents the puck’s subsequent motion?
Slide 6-29
QuickCheck 6.1
The figure shows the view looking down onto a sheet of
frictionless ice. A puck, tied with a string to point P, slides on the
ice in the circular path shown and has made many revolutions. If
the string suddenly breaks with the puck in the position shown,
which path best represents the puck’s subsequent motion?
Newton’s first law!
Slide 6-30
QuickCheck 6.2
A ring, seen from above, is pulled

on by three forces. The ring is not
moving. How big is the force F?
A. 20 N
B. 10cosθ N
C. 10sinθ N
D. 20cosθ N
E. 20sinθ N
Slide 6-31
QuickCheck 6.2
A ring, seen from above, is pulled

on by three forces. The ring is not
moving. How big is the force F?
A. 20 N
B. 10cosθ N
C. 10sinθ N
D. 20cosθ N
E. 20sinθ N
Slide 6-32
Example 6.2 Towing a Car up a Hill
Slide 6-33
Slide 6-34
Slide 6-35
Slide 6-36
Slide 6-37
QuickCheck 6.3
A car is parked on a hill.

Which is the correct
free-body diagram?
Slide 6-38
QuickCheck 6.3
A car is parked on a hill.

Which is the correct
free-body diagram?
Slide 6-39
QuickCheck 6.4
A car is towed to the right

at constant speed. Which
is the correct free-body
diagram?
Slide 6-40
QuickCheck 6.4
A car is towed to the right

at constant speed. Which
is the correct free-body
diagram?
Slide 6-41
Using Newton’s Second Law
 The essence of Newtonian mechanics can be

expressed in two steps:
• The forces on an object determine its
acceleration .
• The object’s trajectory can be determined by using
in the equations of kinematics.
Slide 6-42
Problem-Solving Strategy: Newtonian Mechanics
Slide 6-43
Problem-Solving Strategy: Newtonian Mechanics
Slide 6-44
QuickCheck 6.5
The cart is initially at rest. Force is applied to the cart

for time Δt, after which the car has speed v. Suppose the
same force is applied for the same time to a second cart
with twice the mass. Friction is negligible. Afterward, the
second cart’s speed will be
1
A. v
4
B. 1v
2
C. v
D. 2v
E. 4v
Slide 6-45
QuickCheck 6.5
The cart is initially at rest. Force is applied to the cart

for time Δt, after which the car has speed v. Suppose the
same force is applied for the same time to a second cart
with twice the mass. Friction is negligible. Afterward, the
second cart’s speed will be
1
A. v
4
B. 1v
2
C. v
D. 2v
E. 4v
Slide 6-46
Example 6.3 Speed of a Towed Car
Slide 6-47
Slide 6-48
Slide 6-49
Slide 6-50
Slide 6-51
Slide 6-52
QuickCheck 6.6
The box is sitting on the floor

of an elevator. The elevator is
accelerating upward. The
magnitude of the normal
force on the box is
A. n > mg.
B. n = mg.
C. n < mg.
D. n = 0.
E. Not enough information to tell.
Slide 6-53
QuickCheck 6.6
The box is sitting on the floor

of an elevator. The elevator is
accelerating upward. The
magnitude of the normal
force on the box is
A. n > mg.
Upward acceleration
B. n = mg.
requires a net upward force.
C. n < mg.
D. n = 0.
E. Not enough information to tell.
Slide 6-54
Constant Force
Slide 6-55
Mass: An Intrinsic Property
 A pan balance, shown in

the figure, is a device for
measuring mass.
 The measurement
does not depend on
the strength of gravity.
 Mass is a scalar
quantity that describes
an object’s inertia.
 Mass describes the
amount of matter in an object.
 Mass is an intrinsic property of an object.
Slide 6-56
Gravity: A Force
 Gravity is an attractive,
long-range force between
any two objects.
 The figure shows two
objects with masses m1
and m2 whose centers are
separated by distance r.
 Each object pulls on the
other with a force:
where G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2/kg2 is the gravitational

constant.
Slide 6-57
Gravity: A Force
 The gravitational force between

two human-sized objects
is very small.
 Only when one of the
objects is planet-sized
or larger does gravity
become an important force.
 For objects near the surface of the planet earth,
where M and R are the mass and radius of the earth,

and g = 9.80 m/s2.
Slide 6-58
Gravity: A Force
 The magnitude of the gravitational force is FG = mg,

where
 The figure shows the free-body diagram of an object in

free fall near the surface of a planet.
 With , Newton’s
second law predicts the
acceleration to be
 All objects on the same planet, regardless of mass,

have the same free-fall acceleration!
Slide 6-59
Weight: A Measurement
 When you weigh yourself, you stand on a spring scale
and compress a spring.
 The reading of a spring scale is FSp, the magnitude of
the upward force the spring is exerting.
 Let’s define the weight of an object to be the reading
FSp of a calibrated spring scale when the object is at
rest relative to the scale.
 That is, weight is a measurement, the result of
“weighing” an object.
 Because FSp is a force, weight is measured in newtons.
Slide 6-60
 A bathroom scale uses compressed

springs which push up.
 When any spring scale measures
an object at rest, .
 The upward spring force
exactly balances the
downward gravitational
force of magnitude mg:
 Weight is defined as the magnitude of FSp when the

object is at rest relative to the stationary scale:
Slide 6-61
QuickCheck 6.7
An astronaut takes her bathroom scales to the moon,

where g = 1.6 m/s2. On the moon, compared to at
home on earth,
A. Her weight is the same and her mass is less.

B. Her weight is less and her mass is less.
C. Her weight is less and her mass is the same.
D. Her weight is the same and her mass is the same.
E. Her weight is zero and her mass is the same.
Slide 6-62
QuickCheck 6.7
An astronaut takes her bathroom scales to the moon,

where g = 1.6 m/s2. On the moon, compared to at
home on earth,
A. Her weight is the same and her mass is less.

B. Her weight is less and her mass is less.
C. Her weight is less and her mass is the same.
D. Her weight is the same and her mass is the same.
E. Her weight is zero and her mass is the same.
Slide 6-63
 The figure shows a man weighing

himself in an accelerating
elevator.
 Looking at the free-body diagram,
the y-component of Newton’s
second law is:
 The man’s weight as he accelerates vertically is
 You weigh more as an elevator accelerates upward!

Slide 6-64
QuickCheck 6.8
A 50-kg student (mg = 490 N) gets in a 1000-kg

elevator at rest and stands on a metric
bathroom scale. As the elevator accelerates
upward, the scale reads
A. > 490 N
B. 490 N
C. < 490 N but not 0 N
D. 0 N
Slide 6-65
QuickCheck 6.8

upward, the scale reads
A. > 490 N
B. 490 N
D. 0 N
Slide 6-66
QuickCheck 6.9

upward, the student’s weight is
A. > 490 N
B. 490 N
D. 0 N
Slide 6-67
QuickCheck 6.9

upward, the student’s weight is
A. > 490 N Weight is reading of a

B. 490 N scale on which the
object is stationary
relative to the scale.
D. 0 N
Slide 6-68
Weightlessness
 The weight of an object which accelerates
vertically is
 If an object is accelerating downward with ay = –g,

then w = 0.
 An object in free fall
has no weight!
 Astronauts while
orbiting the earth
are also weightless.
 Does this mean that
they are in free fall? Astronauts are weightless as they orbit the earth.
Slide 6-69
QuickCheck 6.10

elevator at rest and stands on a metric bathroom
scale. Sadly, the elevator cable breaks. What is the
student’s weight during the few second it takes the
student to plunge to his doom?
A. > 490 N
B. 490 N
D. 0 N
Slide 6-70
QuickCheck 6.10

elevator at rest and stands on a metric bathroom
scale. Sadly, the elevator cable breaks. What is the
student’s weight during the few second it takes the
student to plunge to his doom?
The bathroom scale would read 0 N.
A. > 490 N Weight is reading of a scale on which the
B. 490 N object is stationary relative to the scale.

D. 0 N
Slide 6-71
QuickCheck 6.11
A 50-kg astronaut (mg = 490 N) is orbiting the

earth in the space shuttle. Compared to on earth,
A. His weight is the same and his mass is less.

B. His weight is less and his mass is less.
C. His weight is less and his mass is the same.
D. His weight is the same and his mass is the same.
E. His weight is zero and his mass is the same.
Slide 6-72
QuickCheck 6.11
A 50-kg astronaut (mg = 490 N) is orbiting the

earth in the space shuttle. Compared to on earth:
A. His weight is the same and his mass is less.

B. His weight is less and his mass is less.
C. His weight is less and his mass is the same.
D. His weight is the same and his mass is the same.
E. His weight is zero and his mass is the same.
Slide 6-73
Static Friction
 A shoe pushes on a wooden
floor but does not slip.
 On a microscopic scale, both
surfaces are “rough” and high
features on the two surfaces
form molecular bonds.
 These bonds can produce a
force tangent to the surface,
called the static friction force.
 Static friction is a result of many
molecular springs being
compressed or stretched ever
so slightly.
Slide 6-74
Static Friction
 The figure shows a rope
pulling on a box that, due
to static friction, isn’t moving.
 Looking at the free-body
diagram, the x-component
of Newton’s first law requires
that the static friction force
must exactly balance the
tension force:
 points in the direction opposite to the

way the object would move if there were no static friction.
Slide 6-75
Static Friction
 Static friction acts in response to an applied force.
Slide 6-76
QuickCheck 6.12
A box on a rough surface is

pulled by a horizontal rope
with tension T. The box is
not moving. In this situation,
A. fs > T
B. fs = T
C. fs < T
D. fs = μsmg
E. fs = 0
Slide 6-77
QuickCheck 6.12
A box on a rough surface is

pulled by a horizontal rope
with tension T. The box is
not moving. In this situation,
A. fs > T
B. fs = T
C. fs < T
D. fs = μsmg
E. fs = 0
Newton’s first law.
Slide 6-78
Static Friction
 Static friction force has a maximum possible size

fs max.
 An object remains at rest as long as fs < fs max.
 The object just begins to slip when fs = fs max.
 A static friction force fs > fs max is not physically
possible:
where the proportionality constant μs is called

the coefficient of static friction.
Slide 6-79
QuickCheck 6.13
A box with a weight of 100 N

is at rest. It is then pulled by
a 30 N horizontal force.
Does the box move?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Not enough information to say.
Slide 6-80
QuickCheck 6.13
A box with a weight of 100 N

is at rest. It is then pulled by
a 30 N horizontal force.
Does the box move?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Not enough information to say.
Slide 6-81
Kinetic Friction
 The kinetic friction force is

proportional to the magnitude
of the normal force:
where the proportionality

constant μk is called the
coefficient of kinetic
friction.
 The kinetic friction direction is
opposite to the velocity of the
object relative to the surface.
 For any particular pair of
surfaces, μk < μs. Slide 6-82
QuickCheck 6.14
A box is being pulled to the right
over a rough surface. T > fk, so the
box is speeding up. Suddenly the
rope breaks.
What happens? The box
A. Stops immediately.
B. Continues with the speed it had when the rope broke.
C. Continues speeding up for a short while, then slows
and stops.
D. Keeps its speed for a short while, then slows and stops.
E. Slows steadily until it stops.
Slide 6-83
QuickCheck 6.14
over a rough surface. T > fk, so the
box is speeding up. Suddenly the
rope breaks.
What happens? The box
A. Stops immediately.
B. Continues with the speed it had when the rope broke.
C. Continues speeding up for a short while, then slows
and stops.
D. Keeps its speed for a short while, then slows and stops.
E. Slows steadily until it stops.
Slide 6-84
QuickCheck 6.15

at steady speed by a rope that
angles upward. In this situation:
A. n > mg
B. n = mg
C. n < mg
D. n = 0
E. Not enough information to judge the size of the normal force.
Slide 6-85
QuickCheck 6.15

at steady speed by a rope that
angles upward. In this situation:
A. n > mg
B. n = mg
C. n < mg
D. n = 0
E. Not enough information to
judge the size of the normal force.
Slide 6-86
QuickCheck 6.16
A box is being pulled to the right by
a rope that angles upward. It is
accelerating. Its acceleration is
A. T (cosθ + μ sinθ) – μ g
k k
m
B. T (cosθ – μksinθ) – μkg
m You’ll have to work this
C. T (sinθ + μkcosθ) – μkg one out.
m Don’t just guess!
D. T – μkg
m
E. T cosθ – μkg
m
Slide 6-87
QuickCheck 6.16
A box is being pulled to the right by
a rope that angles upward. It is
accelerating. Its acceleration is
A. T (cosθ + μ sinθ) – μ g
k k
m
B. T (cosθ – μksinθ) – μkg
m You’ll have to work this
C. T (sinθ + μkcosθ) – μkg one out.
m Don’t just guess!
D. T – μkg
m
E. T cosθ – μkg
m
Slide 6-88
Rolling Motion
 If you slam on the brakes
hard enough, your car
tires slide against the
road surface and leave
skid marks. This is kinetic
friction.
 A wheel rolling on a
surface also experiences
friction, but not kinetic
friction.
 The portion of the wheel that contacts the surface is
stationary with respect to the surface, not sliding.
 The interaction of this contact area with the surface
causes rolling friction.
Slide 6-89
Rolling Friction
 A car with no engine or

brakes applied does not
roll forever; it gradually
slows down.
 This is due to rolling
friction.
 The force of rolling friction can be calculated as
where μr is called the coefficient of rolling friction.

 The rolling friction direction is opposite to the velocity
of the rolling object relative to the surface.
Slide 6-90
Coefficients of Friction
Slide 6-91
A Model of Friction
Slide 6-92
Causes of Friction
 All surfaces are very rough
on a microscopic scale.
 When two surfaces are
pressed together, the high
points on each side come
into contact and form
molecular bonds.
 The amount of contact
depends on the normal
force n.
 When the two surfaces are
sliding against each other, the
bonds don’t form fully, but they
do tend to slow the motion.
Slide 6-93
Drag
 The air exerts a drag force on objects as they move

through the air.
 Faster objects experience a greater drag force than
slower objects.
 The drag force on
a high-speed
motorcyclist is
significant.
 The drag force
direction is opposite
the object’s velocity.
Slide 6-94
Drag
 For normal-sized objects on earth traveling at a
speed v which is less than a few hundred meters
per second, air resistance can be modeled as
 A is the cross-section area of the object.

 ρ is the density of the air, which is 1.3 kg/m3, at
atmospheric pressure and 0ºC, a common
reference point of pressure and temperature.
 C is the drag coefficient, which is a dimensionless
number that depends on the shape of the object.
Slide 6-95
Drag
 Cross-section areas for objects of different shape.
Slide 6-96
Example 6.7 Air Resistance Compared to
Rolling Friction
Slide 6-97
Rolling Friction
Slide 6-98
Rolling Friction
Slide 6-99
Rolling Friction
Slide 6-100
Terminal Speed
 The drag force from the

air increases as an object
falls and gains speed.
 If the object falls
far enough, it will
eventually reach a
speed at which Fdrag = FG.
 At this speed, the net force is zero, so the object falls
at a constant speed, called the terminal speed vterm:
Slide 6-101
Example 6.10 Make Sure the Cargo Doesn’t
Slide
Slide 6-102
Slide
EXAMPLE 6.10 Make sure the cargo doesn’t slide
MODEL
 Let the box, which we’ll model as a particle, be the object of interest.
 Only the truck exerts contact forces on the box.
 The box does not slip relative to the truck.
 If the truck bed were frictionless, the box would slide backward as
seen in the truck’s reference frame as the truck accelerates.
 The force that prevents sliding is static friction.
 The box must accelerate forward with the truck: abox = atruck.
Slide 6-103
Slide
Slide 6-104
Slide
Slide 6-105
Slide
Slide 6-106
Slide
Slide 6-107
Chapter 6 Summary Slides
Slide 6-108
General Principles
Slide 6-109
General Principles
Slide 6-110
Important Concepts
Slide 6-111
Important Concepts
Slide 6-112
Applications
Slide 6-113
Applications
Slide 6-114

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Physics for

IN THIS CHAPTER, you will learn to solve linear force-and-

Newton’s first law can be applied to

Newton’s first law can be applied to

The coefficient of static friction is

A. Smaller than the coefficient of kinetic friction.

The coefficient of static friction is

A. Smaller than the coefficient of kinetic friction.

The force of friction is described by

A. The law of friction.

The force of friction is described by

A. The law of friction.

When an object moves through the air, the

A. Increases as the object’s speed increases.

When an object moves through the air, the

A. Increases as the object’s speed increases.

A. Equal to the speed of sound.

A. Equal to the speed of sound.

 In the absence of a net force,

 The concept of equilibrium is essential for the engineering

Newton’s first law!

A ring, seen from above, is pulled

A ring, seen from above, is pulled

A car is parked on a hill.

A car is parked on a hill.

A car is towed to the right

A car is towed to the right

 The essence of Newtonian mechanics can be

The cart is initially at rest. Force is applied to the cart

The cart is initially at rest. Force is applied to the cart

The box is sitting on the floor

The box is sitting on the floor

 A pan balance, shown in

where G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2/kg2 is the gravitational

 The gravitational force between

where M and R are the mass and radius of the earth,

 The magnitude of the gravitational force is FG = mg,

 The figure shows the free-body diagram of an object in

 All objects on the same planet, regardless of mass,

 A bathroom scale uses compressed

 Weight is defined as the magnitude of FSp when the

An astronaut takes her bathroom scales to the moon,

A. Her weight is the same and her mass is less.

An astronaut takes her bathroom scales to the moon,

A. Her weight is the same and her mass is less.

 The figure shows a man weighing

 The man’s weight as he accelerates vertically is

 You weigh more as an elevator accelerates upward!

A 50-kg student (mg = 490 N) gets in a 1000-kg

A 50-kg student (mg = 490 N) gets in a 1000-kg

A 50-kg student (mg = 490 N) gets in a 1000-kg

A 50-kg student (mg = 490 N) gets in a 1000-kg

A. > 490 N Weight is reading of a

 If an object is accelerating downward with ay = –g,

A 50-kg student (mg = 490 N) gets in a 1000-kg

A 50-kg student (mg = 490 N) gets in a 1000-kg

C. < 490 N but not 0 N

A 50-kg astronaut (mg = 490 N) is orbiting the

A. His weight is the same and his mass is less.

A 50-kg astronaut (mg = 490 N) is orbiting the

A. His weight is the same and his mass is less.

 points in the direction opposite to the

A box on a rough surface is

A box on a rough surface is