Test Bank for College Algebra: Graphs

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Ellenbogen, Judith A. Penna
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The Graphs and Models series by Bittinger, Beecher, Ellenbogen, and Penna is

known for helping students “see the math” through its focus on visualization and

technology. These books continue to maintain the features that have helped students

succeed for years: focus on functions, visual emphasis, side-by-side algebraic and

graphical solutions, and real-data applications. With the Fifth Edition, visualization

is taken to a new level with technology, and students find more ongoing review. In

addition, ongoing review has been added with new Mid-Chapter Mixed Review

exercise sets and new Study Guide summaries to help students prepare for tests.

This package contains:

College Algebra: Graphs and Models, Fifth Edition

"synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.

About the Author:

Marvin Bittinger For over thirty-eight years, Professor Marvin L. Bittinger has been

teaching math at the university level. Since 1968, he has been employed at Indiana

University - Purdue University Indianapolis, and is now professor emeritus of

mathematics education. Professor Bittinger has authored over 190 publications on

topics ranging from basic mathematics to algebra and trigonometry to applied

calculus. He received his BA in mathematics from Manchester College and his PhD

in mathematics education from Purdue University. Special honors include

Distinguished Visiting Professor at the United States Air Force Academy and his

election to the Manchester College Board of Trustees from 1992 to 1999. His

hobbies include hiking in Utah, baseball, golf, and bowling.

Professor Bittinger has also had the privilege of speaking at many mathematics

conventions, most recently giving a lecture entitled "Baseball and Mathematics." In

addition, he also has an interest in philosophy and theology, in particular,

apologetics. Professor Bittinger currently lives in Carmel, Indiana with his wife

Elaine. He has two grown and married sons, Lowell and Chris, and four

granddaughters. David Ellenbogen David Ellenbogen has taught math at the college

level for twenty-two years, spending most of that time in the Massachusetts and

Vermont community college systems, where he has served on both curriculum and

developmental math committees. He has also taught at St. Michael's College and

The University of Vermont. Professor Ellenbogen has been active in the

Mathematical Association of Two Year Colleges since 1985, having served on its

Developmental Mathematics Committee and as a delegate, and has been a member

ofthe Mathematical Association of America since 1979.

He has authored dozens of publications on topics ranging from prealgebra to

calculus and has delivered lectures at numerous conferences on the use of language

in mathematics. Professor Ellenbogen received his BA in mathematics from Bates

College and his MA in community college mathematics education from The

University of Massachusetts at Amherst. A co-founder of the Colchester Vermont

Recycling Program, Professor Ellenbogen has a deep love for the environment and

the outdoors, especially in his home state of Vermont. In his spare time, he enjoys

playing keyboard in the band Soularium, volunteering as a community mentor,

hiking, biking, and skiing. He has two sons, Monroe and Zack.
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of any adhesions that may Fig. 305.—Inguinal hernia in a
exist. young pig.
Fourth stage. Resection
of the sac and obliteration of
the peritoneal orifice by suture and ligature.
Fifth stage. Suturing of the muscles and skin, and application of
a surgical dressing.
In practice, the deep sutures should be of bichromatised catgut or
silk, and the skin sutures of catgut ligature or aseptic silk.

INGUINAL HERNIA IN YOUNG PIGS.

One of the most frequent forms of hernia which the practitioner is

called on to treat is inguinal hernia in young pigs. Although this
allows little tendency towards strangulation it is always desirable to
operate, as otherwise the patients develop badly. There is no
difficulty in this, though the animals must be cast and placed on their
backs, the hind quarters being raised (Fig. 305).
First stage. A longer or shorter cutaneous incision over the neck
of the hernia and along its greater curvature.
Second stage. Isolation of the hernial sac, consisting of the
dilated internal sheath.
Third stage. Direct reduction of the hernia without opening the
sac, provided no adhesions occur, or, in the event of adhesions, after
incision of the sac.
Fourth stage. Torsion of the hernial sac and of the testicular cord
up to the inguinal ring. Application of a catgut or silk ligature around
the sac and cord at the level of the inguinal ring.
Fifth stage. Fixation of the ligature to the lips of the ring. Suture
of the skin wound, and drainage of the wound with a strip of
iodoform gauze.

IMPERFORATE ANUS.

This anomaly of development, which is not uncommon, presents

two different degrees of development.
 In the first degree the rectum is well formed, and extends as far as
the skin below the base of the tail.
In the second the rectum is incomplete or non-existent, the
floating colon terminating in a blind end at the entrance to the pelvis.
In calves, lambs, and young pigs very often imperforate anus is not
diagnosed until the second or third day after birth. Defæcation
cannot occur, and death is inevitable unless an artificial anus be
established.
First Degree.—The patient loses appetite, the abdomen remains
distended, and on examination of the anal region a doughy swelling
is felt, which projects backwards when the animal strains. The
operation is quite elementary, and always proves successful.
First stage. The skin beneath the tail is incised vertically; the
rectal cul-de-sac projects towards the incision.
Second stage. The rectal cul-de-sac is punctured, the contents
are removed, and the rectum and skin united by a few sutures. An
anus is thus established, though there is no sphincter.
Second Degree.—The general symptoms are similar, though very
often the little patient shows symptoms of atrophy or arrest in
development. The operation is somewhat complicated.
First stage. Vertical incision through the skin at the base of the
tail.
Second stage. Digital exploration of the cavity of the pelvis after
breaking down of the layers of connective tissue, and search for the
blind end of the floating colon. When discovered, the colon is
grasped between the jaws of a clamp or large forceps with smooth
jaws, and gently drawn towards the opening.
Third stage. Puncture of the blind end of the colon, and suture of
the latter to the cutaneous wound, as in the former case.
A third condition may exist, where the extremity of the colon
remains within the abdomen. Operation by way of the pelvis then
proves unsuccessful. If considered advisable, an opening may be
made through the right flank, so that the floating colon may be
brought to the surface and an artificial anus produced in this region.
An incision 1 or 2 inches in length is made below the haunch, to
allow of the introduction of the index finger, with which the loop is
 sought. The colon is
withdrawn, and the
operation thenceforth is
as above described.

PROLAPSUS AND
INVERSION OF THE
RECTUM.

This condition occurs

in young pigs in various
degrees. The necessity
for reduction depends
on the extent to which
tearing or gangrene of
the mucous membrane
has progressed. The
inverted portion is
carefully washed, freely
dressed with some non-
irritant fatty substance
Fig. 306.—1. Prolapse of the rectum and such as vaseline, and
vagina; 2, schema showing the relations progressively pushed
of the layers of the rectum in prolapse; 3, back with the thumbs
first phase, showing manner of fixing the and index fingers of
superposed layers of tissue by inserting both hands applied flat
four sutures—the left index finger is on either side of the
inserted into the rectum in order to anus. To facilitate
manipulate the parts; 4, interrupted reduction it is best to
sutures inserted around the bowel after check the animal’s
amputation. expulsive efforts by
placing a gag in the
mouth.
In more aggravated cases, when prolapsus of the rectum has
returned several times and the mucous membrane is gangrenous in
places so that such a complication as peritonitis of the pelvic cavity is
to be feared, it is better to amputate the prolapsed portion.
 The animal is secured either standing or lying down, and a large
enema is administered to remove the contents of the rectum. The
herniated portion of bowel is carefully examined, for it sometimes
happens that loops of intestine have become lodged in the dilated
peritoneal sac, produced by displacement of the rectum. In such
cases reduction should be effected before anything more is done, and
for this purpose the patient’s hind quarters should be lifted or even
suspended.
The operation for removal comprises two stages:
(1.) Fixation of the two layers of bowel by the passage of either two
or four sutures about ½ an inch behind the anus.
(2.) Circular amputation of the sutured tissues; insertion of
interrupted silk sutures through the lips of the wound; reduction.
The patient is restricted to milk diet for a week. Laxative gruels, etc.,
may then be given.
The complication to be feared is peritonitis of the pelvic cavity
owing to the sutures tearing out and allowing infective material to
pass from the bowel into the cavity.
Slight cases of prolapsus might possibly be treated by the injection
in lines of melted paraffin wax beneath the mucous membrane of the
last part of the bowel. The injection is made by means of a large
syringe provided with a long needle, the needle being gradually
withdrawn as the melted wax is expressed. Four “pillars” of wax are
usually injected at equidistant points. As they solidify they support
the bowel and prevent the recurrence of the prolapse. The operation,
however, is delicate, and scarcely to be recommended in pigs.
Moreover, in man, in whom it has chiefly been practised, the
deferred results have not always proved satisfactory.
 CHAPTER V.
RESPIRATORY APPARATUS.

TREPHINING THE FACIAL SINUSES.

This operation is necessary when pus, tumours, or parasites exist

within the sinuses, and in some cases where tumours form within the
nasal cavities, etc.

TREPHINING THE HORN CORE.

This cavity is opened in front, at the base of the horn, about ¾ of

an inch above the keratogenous band.

FRONTAL SINUS.

The frontal sinus may be trephined at one of two points, that is,
either towards its highest or lowest extremity.
In the former case the point selected is in the direction of the axis
of the horn core, about ¾ of an inch nearer the middle line than the
base of the horn itself.
The animal should be cast.
First stage. A V-shaped incision ¾ of an inch long on each side is
made through the skin and subjacent tissues, exposing the bone.
Second stage. The skin and periosteum are dissected away and
reflected upwards.
Third stage. Trepanation.
The lower portion of the cavity is trephined within the angle
formed by a transverse line uniting the upper margin of the orbits
and the inner margin of the super-orbital foramen.
The stages are precisely the same as those above described.

MAXILLARY SINUS.
 In adult animals the maxillary sinus is opened immediately above
the maxillary tuberosity. In the young the point selected is ¾ of an
inch higher.

TRACHEOTOMY.

In bovine animals tracheotomy is only performed in urgent cases,

in order to ward off asphyxia or to facilitate some other operation on
the upper air passages. It is performed exactly as in the horse, the
animal either standing or lying down. In the former case, the animal
may be placed in the trevis, but two strong assistants holding the
animal’s head and nose by means of “bulldogs” are often sufficient.
To prevent the animal from striking out with the front legs, a rope
is passed above and around the knees in the form of the figure 8; the
animal is backed into a corner, and operation is then quite safe.
Large animals must be cast or placed in the trevis.
The seat of operation should be washed, shaved, and disinfected.
The operation may be divided into four stages.
First stage. Vertical median incision about 2 inches long through
the skin at the height of the upper third of the trachea.
Second stage. Separation with a blunt director of the muscles
covering the trachea. Incision through the pretracheal connective
tissue.
Third stage. Circular or elliptical opening through the trachea of
a size corresponding to that of the tracheotomy tube.
Fourth stage. Insertion of the tracheotomy tube.
 CHAPTER VI.
GENITO-URINARY ORGANS.

In the domestic ruminants the penis exhibits a peculiar S-shaped

curve, situated in the subpubic region (Fig. 226), so that when
operation on the urethra, or even on the extremity of the penis,
becomes necessary the organ must first of all be withdrawn.
The manipulation is as follows:—
The animal having been fixed by the head and front legs in a
standing position, and if possible thrust against a wall, the operator
stands on its left side. With his right hand he seizes the penis and the
skin immediately in front of the scrotum and pushes them forward in
the direction of the opening of the sheath.
The extremity is nipped between the first fingers of the left hand,
and to prevent the glans slipping or escaping when the right hand is
removed (for the purpose of taking a fresh hold of the body of the
penis further back) the operator may reverse the free extremity of the
penis so that it forms a loop, and thus secure a firmer hold. With the
right hand the skin is thrust backward, a new portion of the sheath
fixed, and the organ again pushed forward. In this way the penis is
gradually extended. When the animal is cast, this manipulation is
much easier.

URETHROTOMY IN THE OX.

Urethrotomy consists in incising the urethra, usually for the

purpose of extracting a foreign body or calculus which impedes
micturition. In the ox, calculi may become fixed either in the intra-
pelvic portion of the urethra, though this is very rare; in the ischial
curvature, or more commonly at some point in the S-shaped curve of
the penis; or sometimes even within the sheath itself.
Urethrotomy is performed in the ischial or scrotal region,
according to the point where the obstruction exists.

ISCHIAL URETHROTOMY.
 Urethrotomy is performed in the ischial region either to displace
or indirectly to abstract a foreign body fixed in the membranous
portion of the urethra, or directly to remove one from the spongy
portion opposite the ischial curve.
Calculi fixed in the intra-pelvic region are detected by rectal
exploration.
The exact position of the foreign body is determined by inspection
and palpation, whilst distension of the urethra by urine may be noted
even before more striking symptoms appear.
The urethra can be incised by one of three methods.
The animal should be secured, if possible, in the standing position.
The first method, which dates back to very early times, consists
in puncturing the urethra at one stroke with the fleam or lancet, and
opening it more freely, after introducing a grooved director. This
method is very useful where rupture of the bladder is imminent.
The extraction of a calculus fixed in the ischial region, or the
manipulation of an obstruction at any other point, can afterwards be
undertaken.
Second method. A second method consists in incising the
subcutaneous tissues, layer by layer, until the urethra is reached at
the ischial arch.
The operation is terminated by puncturing the urethra and
enlarging the incision in an upward direction after passing a grooved
director. This method minimises hæmorrhage and urinary
infiltration. By previously injecting cocaine, the operation may be
made practically painless.
Third method. Puncture of the urethra by a single stroke with a
straight bistoury at the ischial arch.
The opening is enlarged in an upward direction with the same
instrument.

SCROTAL URETHROTOMY.

Scrotal urethrotomy is necessary when the calculus is situated in

one of the S-shaped curves of the penis or nearer the glans.
 The operation is facilitated by casting the animal and withdrawing
the penis from the sheath, but as there is considerable danger of
rupturing the bladder when casting an animal with marked
distension of that organ, the more serious operation should be
preceded by puncturing the urethra with a fleam at the ischial arch.
By repeated moderate traction on the extremity of the glans, the S-
shaped curve can be obliterated and the anterior portion of the penis
withdrawn beyond the sheath.
One of two conditions may exist.
First case. Where the calculus is in the anterior, extra-prepubic
portion, it is removed through an incision made directly over it. After
extraction and disinfection, one or two sutures are inserted.
Second case. Should the calculus be situated in that portion of
the penis which remains within the sheath after the fullest
withdrawal of the organ, it is necessary to proceed as follows:—
(1.) The skin covering the sheath, the subcutaneous tissue, and the
mucous membrane are first incised for a length of from 1¼ to 1¾
inches.
(2.) The penis is drawn through this opening; an incision is made
directly over the calculus, dividing the fibrous layer, erectile tissue
and mucous membrane of the urethra; the parts are disinfected and
the wounds closed with sutures.
With ordinary antiseptic precautions little danger is to be feared.
Even should infiltration of urine occur, the operator need not be
unduly anxious, for, provided the parts are punctured or scarified
early, recovery usually follows.

PASSAGE OF THE CATHETER AND URETHROTOMY IN THE

RAM.

Obstruction of the urethra in rams is more commonly caused by

deposits of gravel than by single large calculi. It is generally found in
highly-fed animals, in which gravel accumulates and becomes
massed together at some point in the canal, often near the free
extremity, where it forms a plug, causing complete retention of urine.
In other cases this retention is due to a mass of sediment formed by
vesical mucus and fine gravel which collects about the neck of the
bladder.
Three operations have been advised for the removal of this
condition:—
(1.) Section of the Appendix of the Penis.—When the disease
is just appearing the sedimentary material may be collected at the
anterior extremity of the penis behind the appendix. The shepherds
in such cases remove the extremity of the penis. The resistance
disappears, the plug formed of gravel yields to the pressure of urine,
and micturition occurs as usual. Excision of the appendix, however,
incapacitates the ram for service.
(2.) Passage of the Catheter.—Passage of the catheter has been
recommended for the removal of deposits of gravel in the urethra,
but it seems a very questionable method.
Should it be determined on, the animal must be placed on its back.
The penis is then withdrawn and the double S-shaped curve is
obliterated. An incision is made over the canal behind the appendix
and a soft gutta-percha sound is passed. The sabulous accumulation
is thus dispersed.
(3.) Urethrotomy.—Scrotal urethrotomy may be performed as in
the ox.
Fig. 307.—Passing the catheter in the cow.

Ischial urethrotomy is impracticable in very fat animals, but when

the obstruction is about the neck of the bladder, and the animal’s
condition admits of it, this operation may be performed.
The patient is fixed on its back, and a metallic or gutta-percha
sound is passed into the urethra. The tissues are incised layer by
layer in the direction of the sound. Once the urethra has been opened
the soft magma may be washed out of the bladder by a free injection
of boiled water or similar aseptic liquid.

Fig. 308.—Catheter for cows.

PASSAGE OF THE CATHETER IN THE COW.

It sometimes becomes necessary to examine the bladder of the

cow.
 There is an obstacle, however, to the introduction of the sound into
the urethral canal. The meatus urinarius is covered by a little valve
which springs from the lower wall and forms behind the real opening
of the urethra a cul-de-sac, into which the point of the catheter is apt
to pass. The instrument usually employed is of gutta-percha, glass,
or, better still, of metal, as more easily sterilised (Fig. 308). It is held
like a pen, and is directed along the floor of the vagina as far as the
opening of the meatus, being guided by the index finger of the left
hand, which has previously been introduced. The point being very
slightly depressed, it enters the cul-de-sac. It is then only necessary
to reverse the movement, that is to say, raise the point, whilst gently
pressing forward; a slight resistance is felt and the sound enters the
bladder. If necessary the little valve may be held down by gently
pressing on it with the point of the left index finger.
It is sometimes an advantage to expose the seat of operation. In
such cases the lips of the vulva and the walls of the vagina may be
separated by retractors or by the use of a speculum.

CASTRATION.

Castration is performed for the purpose of removing the

reproductive power, either by obliterating the testicle or ovary or by
suppressing their functions.
In ruminants, the testicles are elongated and placed in a vertical
position, the upper portion of the scrotum presenting a constriction
and the whole scrotal mass resembling in shape a cone with its base
downwards.

CASTRATION OF THE BULL AND RAM.

These two animals, when destined for slaughter, are usually

castrated either at birth or at latest two or three months afterwards.
In Normandy, in Franche-Comté, and in England breeders castrate
young bulls by torsion of the cord.
Two incisions about 1¼ to 1¾ inches in length are made on the
lower extremity of the scrotum. The testicles are enucleated and the
testicular cords seized with two pressure clamps, with which torsion
is effected. In the South of France, in Auvergne, and in the Limousin,
bulls intended for working are not castrated until after the lapse of
some months, on account of the influence which the testicles have on
the development of the bones and muscles. Such animals are only
operated on at the age of from six months to a year, and as a rule the
method employed is that of bistournage.

BISTOURNAGE.

This method of castration has been practised from time

immemorial. It consists essentially of torsion of the testicular cord,
and aims at obliterating the vessels which it contains, and thus
bringing about atrophy of the organs served by them.
The Bull.—The animal is operated on in the standing position.
The head is fixed to a post or ring somewhat high up, in order to
check movement of the hind legs. The hind legs are also partially
secured by means of ropes or two pieces of webbing passed in a
running noose about the hocks and fixed above the knee. No
preliminary disinfection is practised, because no wound is made.
Manual Technique. The operation comprises four stages:
First stage. The operator, standing behind the animal’s hocks,
grasps the testicular cords with the hands, immediately above the
testicles, and by exercising strong pressure, thrusts the latter to the
extreme base of the scrotum. The movement is next reversed; seizing
the base of the scrotum with the right hand, he draws it smartly
downwards, whilst he places the left hand above the right, and
thrusts the testicles towards the abdomen. If the testicles do not rise
sufficiently high, the right hand is slipped between these and the left
hand, and the testicles are thus thrust upwards towards the lower
inguinal rings, slightly dilating the latter.
After this manipulation has been repeated two or three times, the
scrotum, etc., become more pliable and the testicles more easily
displaced. The second stage of the operation is thus facilitated.
Second stage. The second stage of operation may be effected by
one of two methods.
Fig. 309.—Bistournage. First phase. Manipulating the scrotum.
Fig. 310.—Bistournage. First
phase. Thrusting the testicles
upwards; manipulating the
scrotum.
 Fig. 311.—Bistournage. Second phase.

Old method: The oldest method consists in allowing one of the

testicles to rise towards the inguinal ring and to turn the other in a
vertical plane. If, for instance, it is desired to turn the right testicle,
the cord is grasped between the thumb and index finger of the left
hand (Fig. 311), the lower part of the scrotum is seized with the right
hand, and the object then is to slide the point of the testicle along the
dorsal surface of the fingers (Fig. 311). Simultaneously the operator
presses on the base of the testicle with the thumb of the left hand,
thus causing a rotary movement in a vertical plane; the tail of the
epididymis becomes uppermost. A certain empty space separates the
testicle from the base of the scrotum.
Third stage. Torsion of the cord. The testicle having been
rotated, the cord must be twisted so that the vessels may be
obliterated. The left hand continues grasping the cord, which is then
brought in front of the testicle, whilst with the right hand the testicle
is pushed backwards and is made to describe a semi-circle. The cord
was previously on the left side; it is now on the right, and
simultaneously the testicle passes from right to left.
In completing the turn
the hands must not be
changed, and, above all,
must not let go their hold;
and the cord is pushed
forwards and towards the
right with the right hand,
whilst the testicle is pushed
backwards and to the left
with the left hand. The
cord and the testicle
resume their original
position; one complete
turn has been effected.
These manipulations are
repeated several times, and
the cord soon assumes the
appearance of a large,
hard, tense string. To
ensure obliteration seven
or eight turns should be
made in the case of the bull
Fig. 312.—Bistournage. Third phase. and four or five in that of
the ram.
Torsion of the right testicle being complete, the gland is thrust
towards the upper part of the scrotum and the left testicle is
submitted to the same manipulation, the position of the hands,
however, being reversed.
Fourth stage. Fixation of the testicles in the inguinal region.
Both testicles having been thrust upwards as far as possible into the
inguinal region, the scrotum is ligatured below them. Tape or thick
cord should be used, to guard against gangrene of the lower portions
of the scrotum. A considerable œdematous swelling soon occurs, and
when at the end of twenty-four or forty-eight hours infiltration is
well developed, the ligature should be removed.
 Dubourdieu has described a different method, in which the testicle
is rotated in a horizontal plane. The position of the hands is then
different. The left testicle, for instance, being at the base of the
scrotum, the cord is grasped with the right hand opposite the base of
the testicle, and the tail of the epididymis and the testicle are held
with the whole hand whilst being rotated. If care is taken to fix the
cord with the right hand, rotation is more rapid and easier than in
the preceding method.
Difficulties
in Operation.
—Bistournage
is highly
commended in
France on
account of its
avoiding all the
complications
resulting from
sanguinary
operations.
Nevertheless it
presents great
difficulties,
particularly in
bulls of from
two to three
years of age, in
which the
testicles are
hard to
manipulate on Fig. 313.—Bistournage. Second phase.
account of their Dubourdieu’s method.
size, the
thickness of the
connective tissue, and sometimes because of abnormal adhesions. In
such cases the preliminary manipulation alone sometimes extends
over half an hour.
 Bistournage is of
doubtful efficacy
when the testicles
are small and round,
because after the
ligature has been
applied the testicular
cord tends to
untwist, and the
shape of the testicles
readily lends itself to
such movements. If
untwisting occurs,
the operation fails.
Consequences
of the Operation.
—The operation is
often followed by
more or less violent
attacks of colic; the
animal may suffer
Fig. 314.—Bistournage. Second phase. for five or six hours,
Dubourdieu’s method. after which it
recovers.
If torsion has been
clumsily performed, or if the ligature becomes displaced, the testicle
may descend and the cords untwist; the latter then appear to have
lost the firm, tense consistence which they presented after operation.
To prevent slipping of the ligature and untwisting of the cord,
Guittard suggests the use of an iron needle, with which the scrotum
is pierced through the median line, just beneath the testicles when at
their highest position; above this is placed the ligature, which then
cannot possibly slip.
The Basque operators, in order to avoid untwisting, exercise
vigorous traction from above downwards after rotating the testicle.
In this way ruptures occur which diminish the elasticity of the cord
and the epididymis, and tend to check the untwisting of the former.
 When the operation has succeeded the testicles gradually atrophy.
They do not disappear completely, and may sometimes be found
several years later of the size of a hazel-nut or a chestnut and of
fibrous consistence. It need scarcely be said that in the event of
bistournage failing, cutting operations can always be resorted to.

MARTELAGE.

The process of martelage consists in mutilating with a mallet the

testicular cord whilst still covered by all its envelopes. This
mutilation injures the walls of the arteries, causing the formation of a
clot, which cuts off the supply of blood to the testicle and causes the
gland to atrophy.
The practice is very ancient.
The animal is fixed by the horns as if for bistournage, and the
limbs are secured by two strips of webbing or two ropes, as in the
former case, though some practitioners neglect the latter precaution.
Two cylindrical rods the size of broomsticks and a wooden mallet
or farrier’s hammer are the instruments employed.
The method, however, is barbarous, cruel, and of doubtful value. It
would never be countenanced in England.

CASTRATION BY CLAMS.

Castration of bulls by means of clams has been practised in many

different forms.
Castration by the Exposed Method.—The operation is the
same as in the horse, the scrotum being incised on either side, and
the dartos, connective tissue, tunica vaginalis scroti, and tunica
vaginalis testis being divided. Short clams are applied to the cord,
and the lumen of the arteries is completely obliterated in five to six
days, when the clams can be removed.
Instead of an incision being made for the removal of each testicle,
the scrotum and dartos may be divided in the middle line, after
which incisions may be made to the right and left respectively,
exposing the fibrous tissue and enabling the testicles to be