TheRomanAntiquitiesofDionysiusofHalicarnassus 10859196

T HE L OEB C L A S S I CA L L I BRARY
FOUNDE D B Y JAM E S L O E B, LL D . .
E D IT E D BY
TT . E . PA G E , LI TT D . .
CAPPS ,
PH D . .
, LL D. .
TW H . . D R OUS E ,
. LI TT D
. .
A POS T
.
, L H D.
. . E H . . WARMINGT ON ,
M A . .
,
R OM AN ANT I Q UI T IE S
D I ONY S IUS OF H AL I CA R NA SS US
CONT E NT S
PAG E
I NT R O D UCT I O N
BO O K 1 .
BO O K II .
I ND E X
I NT R OD UCT I O N
LIF E OF D I O NY S I US
T HE few facts kn o w n ab out the li fe o f Dionys ius
are vi rtually a ll given us by the author himself At .
the close of the pre face to the R om a n A n t i q u i t i es

( chap .8 ) he announces himself as Dionysius t h e ,
s o n O f Alexander and a native of H alicarnassus

, .
He also informs us ( chap 7 ) that he had come t o

.
It aly at the time when Augustus Caesar put an end

to the ci vi l wa r in t h midd le O f the 18 7 t h Ol ympi ad
e
( late in 3 0
. B C or in
. and that he had spent the
following twenty two years in ac q uainting hi mse l f
-
with the language and the literature of the Roma n s ,
in gathering his m ateri als and in wri ting his Hi st ory .
The preface is dated ( chap 3 ) in the consul shi p of

.
Nero and Piso ( 7 and the first p art at least of , ,
the work must have been published at that time .
It is generally assumed that the ent ire History

appeared then ; but in B ook VII ( 70 2 ) Dionysius .
,
refers to B ook I as having been already p u bli shed

. .
This leaves it an open q u estion in how many inst al

ments and at wha t intervals he issued the work .
We do not know the exact date O f hi s birth ; but

two casual statements in the Hist ory enable us t o
fix it wi thin cer t ai n li mits He cites the di s astro u s
.
vii
IN T R ODU CTION
c amp a i gn O f Crassus against the Parth i ans as an

event O f h is own lif et ime ( ii 6 4 ) and in descri b ing .
,
the erection O f the original Capit ol he states that the

n ew e di fice bui lt in the d ays of o u r fathers stood
, ,
’
o n the s ame foundations as the o l d iv The

( 6 1 .
,
fir st o f these passages shows th at he was b orn at

least as early as 5 3 and perhaps as early as 5 4 or
,
5 5 since the reference may very well b e t o the whole

,
Part hi an expe di tion The second allusion is more

.
i n defini te . The new Capitol be gu n by Sull a shortly ,
after the b urni ng o f the O ld structure in 8 3 wa s ,
form all y dedicated by Ca t ul u s in 6 9 ; nevertheless ,
a s late a s the be gi nn ing o f 6 2 Caesar in bri n ging ,
charges of emb ezzlement against Ca t ul u s claimed ,
that m any parts of the t e m p le were st il l but half

fi n i s h e d and accordi n gly wis h ed to have Pomp ey
entrusted wi th the completi on o f the work 1
We .
d o n o t know how much j ustifi cati on there was for

Caes ar s action though it i s evide n t that it was
’
,
primaril y a political m ove ; in any case he wa s ,
unsuccessful and Ca t ul u s name remaine d o n the

,
’
pe di ment of the t emple Whether Dionysius kn ew .
of Caesar s charges o r att ached any i mp ort ance t o

’
them we can onl y conj ecture E gger t akin g these 2

.
,
ch arges seriously argued that Di onysius must have

,
been born after 6 3 ; yet it is j ust as n atural to

b elieve th at the hi storian dated the temple by the
O ffi ci al dedication The two p assages then gi ve as
.
, ,
extreme limits for the date o f Di o n ysius birth 6 9 ’
an d 5 3,
with some po ss i bility of the narrower lim its
of 6 2 and 5 5 Moder n sch ol ars have gener a lly
.
1 D io C a si u xxxvii 4 4 ; c f xl i ii I 4 6
s s, . . .
, .
2
M ax E gg r D n y d H al ica m as e p 3
. e ,
e s
’
s , . .
V111
I NTR OD UCTION
assumed a date between 6 0 and 5 5 from the feeling ,
that Dionysius must have been a fairly young man

when he came t o Rome and undertook to master a
new language and literature The only other refer .
ence in an ancient author t o the time when Dionysius

lived is even more indefi ni te than those j ust q uoted .
Strab o ( ca 6 3 B C — ca 2 1 . in speaking O f. . .
H a licarnassus names as authors who cl aimed th at

, ,
city as their b irthplace Herodotus H e ra cl i t u s the , , e
poet and in o u r time Dionysius the hist ori a n

, ,
‘
,
’
( x iv . 2,
H alicarnassus had declined greatly in import ance
aft er t h e time o f M a u s s olu s and finally s u ffere d ,
grievously at the h ands O f the pirates n o t far from

the time when Di onysius was b orn It was give n .
a new lease o f li fe by Quintus Cicero wh ile he w as

serving as governor o f Asi a ( 6 1 if we may b e lieve
the enthusiastic tribut e paid him by his brother 1
.
Such was the city in which Di onysius app arently

spent hi s youth and early manhood Whether he .
composed any o f his rheto rical treatises while st ill

residi ng there is uncert ain b ut it is generally held
th at they were all wr itten at Rome .
In Rome Dionysius wa s a te acher of rhet oric ,
prob ably giving private lessons ; in o n e O f his

treatises ad dressed t o a pup il he refers t o O ur ‘
d aily exercises 2
From these shorter works which
.
’
.
t ook the form o f letters addresse d t o fri ends patro n s ,
1
C i c e ro , ad Q u i n t fr a t r
. . 1 . l, 8 u r b es comp lu res d i ru t a s
ac p a e ne d es e r t a s in
q u i bu s u n a m I on i as
, n ob i li s s i m a m ,
a lt e ra m Ca m ae , S a m u m e t H a l i ca rn a s s u m , p er te eas e
re crea t as .
2
On t he A rra n ge m e nt f Wor ds
o ,
c hap . 20 .
INTR O D UCTIO N
o r pup ils we learn the names O f a n umber O f his

,
fri ends and associ ates ; but u nf ortunately they are ,
wi th one o r two exceptions otherwi se un kn o wn t o ,
us . Tub ero may have been the hist orian

A e li u s
a n d j urist wh o was consul in l l B C the same . .
,
histori an who is prai sed in the A n t i q u i t i e s ( i 8 0 l ) .

, .
M e li t iu s Rufus a pupil and hi s father whom

, , ,
Dionysius ca lls a most valued friend were evi dently ,
R omans Cu Po m p e iu s Geminus may well have

. .
been a C re e k in spit o f his name ; A m m a e u s also

. e
was prob ably a G reek and s o alm ost cert ai n ly were

,
D emetrius and Z eno Ca e cili u s of Ca la ct e who is

.
,
styled a dear fri end was a rhet ori cian and hi storian
,
of whom a good deal is known In the introducti on

t o the Hist ory ( chap 7 ) Dionysius states that he
.
gained some of his i n formation orall y from most

learned men ( Romans by implication ) with whom he
came in cont act It woul d be i n teresting indeed to
.
know the names of some O f these men and how

intim ately b e associ ated with them ; but wi th the ,
possible exception of A e liu s Tubero he nowhere ,
n ames a contemporary Roman author although he ,
pays tr ibute to the many excellent works that were

being pro duced in his day — hist ories speeches and , ,
phi losophical treatises b y both Romans and ,

—
G reeks .
‘
From the circumsta nce that he gi ves
p arti cular credit to the ru ling cl asses O f Rome for
the recent purificati on o f literary t aste Robert s ,
su g gests that he may have been influenced more

directly by t h e Roman men o f affairs with
whom ( o r with whose s ons ) his vocation brought h im
O n t he A nc i e nt O ra t ors , ch ap . 3 .
INTROD UCTION
int o contact than by any Roman man O f letters .
One avowed p u rpose in writing his History was t o

m ake a grateful ret urn t o Rome for the educati on
and other a dvantages he had enj oyed there ; and 2
this cert a inl y suggests that he felt he had been

m ade welcome in Rome .
We have n o i nf ormati on regardin g the date o f

his death If he was the author O f the summ ary
.
of his History l n five b ooks whi ch Photius ( Cod 84 ) .
attributes to h i m he doubtless wrote this after the

,
pub lication O f the l arge work and s o must have ,
li ved for some little time at least after 7 B C There . .
are several p assages i n his shorter works in whi ch

he promi ses t o discuss thi s or that t opic if I have
the time or if it i s p oss ib le o r if Heave n
,
’ ‘
,
’ ‘
keeps us safe and s oun d These have sometimes .

’
been t aken t o indicate that he was already an O ld

man o r in p oor he alth ; but it is by no m eans
n ecessary t o put such a constructi on upon h is words .
T HE R O M A N A NT I Q UI T I E S
The wo rk w hi ch Dionysius undoub tedl y regarded
as hi s masterpiece and the practical embo di ment
o f hi s theories reg ar di ng hi st ori c al writ i n g was the
R o m a n A n t i q u i ti e s 3
It treated the hi story o f Rome
.
from the e arli est legend ary t i mes down to the

1
W R
. hy s R t , o b er s Di on ys i u s o f H alica rn a s s u s T he
T h ree I/it e ra ry L e t te rs , p . 35 .
2
A nt iq i 6 5
. .
, .
3
Th rad i iona l E ngli h r n d e rin g o f t h G re e k
is i s t h e t t s e e
i w r r a s at i n g i t t o d ay f t h firs t t im
t t l e ; if w e e e t n l or e e
we s h ou d p ro b b y r n d r it E ly H i t y ( o A n ie nt
l a l e e ar s or r c
L ore ) of R ome .
xi
INTR OD U C TION
begi nni ng of the First P u ni c War the p o in t at whi ch ,
Polybius hist ory b egan The work was in twenty

’
.
b ooks of which the first ten are preserved t ogether

1
, ,
with the greater p art of the eleve n th Of the re .
ma i ni ng books we have fra gments amount i ng a ll

told t o a little more than the average length o f o n e
o f the earlier bo oks Most o f these fra gments come
.
from the great collection O f hist orical ext racts

made at the direction o f the emperor Const antine
Po r p h yr o g e nn e t u s i n the tenth cent u ry .
In his preface Dionysius lays down two principles

a s fun dament a l for hist ori ans first that the y shoul d , ,
choose subj ects nob l e and lofty and O f great utility

t o the i r readers and second that they shoul d use
, , ,
the greatest care and di scrimin ation in gathering

their materi als He the n proceeds t o j ust i fy his
.
o wn choice of sub j ect and t o describe the careful
preparati on he had made fo r hi s t ask In two chap .
ters O bviously i mit ated from Polybius in t r o d u c

.
’
t 1 o n he gives a brie f surv ey o f the emp ires O f the

,
p ast from the Assyrian t o the Macedonian with a

, ,
glance at the G reek hegemonies and points out ,
h o w great ly Rome had surp assed them all b oth i n ,
the extent of her domi n i on and in the lengt h of

time it had alr eady endured H e then u ndertakes .
t o answer the antici pated criticism o f those who

might cens ure him fo r choosing the humble begin
n in s o f Rome as hi s particu l ar theme when there
g
were s o m any g lorious peri ods in her later hist ory
P h ot ius C d 8 3 S t pha n s t By z ant i u m i t d
1
, o . e u o C e
n u m er us I t a li a n p la e
o am e f r m t h A n t q t
c O ft n
-
n s o e t ut
’
t ea e
gi ving t h n m b er O f t h b oo k ; t h las t b oo k h n ame s

e u e e e
i th
s n in e t e t h
e e n .
x ii
I NTROD UCTIO N
t h at woul d fur ni sh exce llent sub j ects He decl ares .
th at t h e Greeks fo r the most pa rt were ignorant O f

Rome s e arly hist ory having been misled b y b aseless
’
,
rep ort s that attr ibuted the foundi ng o f the city to

some homeless wanderers at once b arb ari ans and
,
slaves and hence were i n cli n ed t o ra il at Fortune

,
for unfairly bestowi ng the heritage of the G reeks

upo n the b asest of b arb ari ans He promises t o .
correct these err oneous impressions and t o prove

th at Rome s founders w er e in re ali ty G reeks and
’
,
C reeks from no mean tri b e s ; he wil l als o show that

Rome from the very begin n i n g pro duce d countless
ins t ances o f men a s pious j ust and brave as any
,
other city ever di d and that it was due t o these

,
e arly leaders a n d t o the customs and i nstitutio n s

handed down by th em that the i r descendants
advanced t o s o great p ower Thus he hopes to
.
reconcile hi s Greek rea ders t o their subj ection to

Rome H e p oint s o u t that there had been no
.
accurate his t ory o f R ome writt en by Greeks but ,
o nl y s u mm ary account s and even the Romans who

,
had wr itten hist ori es O f their co untry in Greek had

p assed lightly over events occurri n g before their
o wn days . H e feels therefore that in thi s e a rlier
, ,
peri o d O f Rome s hi st ory he has found a noble

’
theme vi rtually unt ouched as yet B y treating .
t h i s peri od ade q u ately he wi l l co n fer im mort al

glory upon those worthy men O f early Rome and
encourage their descendants to emul ate them in
leadi ng honourable and u seful li ves ; at the s ame
ti me he wi ll have the O p p ort uni ty o f showi ng hi s
goodwi l l toward a ll good men who delight in the
c o ntemplation o f great a n d n oble deeds and also of ,
I N T ROD UC T IO N
m a kin g a grateful retur n t o Rome for t h e c ul t u ral

advantages an d other bless i n gs that he ha d enj oyed
whil e resi di n g there He declares however that it
.
, ,
i s not for the sake of fl atteri n g the Romans that he

h as t urned h i s attention to this subj ect but o u t O f ,
regard for truth and j ustice the proper obj ects of ,
every hi story He then describ es hi s prep aratio n

.
for hi s task the twenty two years he had spent i n

,
— -
fa mi li ari z ing hi mself with the langu age and li tera

tur e O f the Romans the or a l in form at i on he had
,
receive d from the most learned men and the a p ,
proved Roman histori es that he had read Finally .

,
he announ ces the perio d O f Roman history to be

covered in his work and the t opics t o b e treated
1
.
H e wi ll relate the wars waged by Rome with other

peoples and the s e di t i o u s at home her var i ous forms ,
o f government the b est o f her cust oms and the most

,
i mport ant O f her l aws in short he will pictur e the

whole li fe o f the ancient city A s regards the form .
o f hi s Hi st ory it will not be li ke the works O f those

,
who write O f wars alone or treat solel y O f po li tical

constitutio ns nor wi l l it b e m onotonous an d tire
,
some li ke the ann alisti c hi st ori es of Athe n s ; but it

wil l be a comb inat i on of every style s o as t o appeal ,
1
He d oes n ot exp li ci t ly s t at e w hy b e t e rm in a t e d h is
H is t o ry wi t h t h e b e gi nni n g O f t h e F irs t P un i c W a r b u t ,
t h e re as o n s a re n o t fa r t o s e e k W i t h t h is wa r R o m e
.
e m erge d f ro m t h e re lat ive O b s cur i t y O f h e r o wn peni n sula

an d en t ere d up o n h e r s t rugg le f or t h e sup re mac y O f t h e
M e d i t e rran e a n T h e re were a lre ady h is t ories in G ree k
. ,
not ab ly t ha t O f P o lyb ius re c oun t in g h e r ac h ieve m en t s

,
f ro m t h is t i m e onwa rd ; b u t fo r t h e p erio d p re ce d ing t h e

P uni c Wa rs D iony si us c oul d fe e l t ha t h e was vir t u all y a
p ione e r in his un d erta ki ng .
xiv
INTROD UCT I ON
alike t o st atesmen and to philosoph ers as well as t o

those who desire mere undi sturbed enter t ainment i n
t heir reading o f hist ory .
More than once in the course of his History

( v
.
,5 6 xi 1 ;
. cf vii 66 ) Dionysius interrupts his
. .
narrative t o insist o n the import ance O f ac q uainting

the reader not onl y wi th the mere outcome of events ,
but al so with the causes remote as well a s prox imate

, ,
that led up t o them the circumstances i n whi ch the

,
events occurred and the motives O f the chie f par

t i ci p a n t s ,
i h fact the whole b ackgro u nd o f the
—
,
action S u ch i n formation he says is o f the utmost

.
, ,
i mportance t o st atesmen in order that they m ay ,
h ave precedents for the vari ous situations that may

co n front them and may thus be able t o persuade
their fellow citi z ens when they can adduce numerous
-
examples from the p ast t o show the advant age or

the harm O f a given course o f acti on Dionysius .
here shows an understan di ng o f the true functi on o f

hi story as he does al so in a measure in h i s vari ous
, , ,
protest ations of devotion to the truth though he ,
nowhere sets up such a stri ct standard of ab solute

imparti ali ty as did Polybius ( i 14 .
,
U n fortu n ately in spite of these high ideals whi ch

,
Dionysius tried t o keep before hi m hi s A n t i q u i t i e s ,
is an outst anding examp le o f the mi schi evous res ul t s

O f that un natural a lliance between rhetori c and
history which was the vogue after the time of
Thucydides The rhet orici ans regarded a hi story as
.
a work o f art whose pri mary p u rp ose was t o give

pleasure E vents in themselves seem t o have bee n
.
considered as of less import ance than the manner in

whi ch they were presented He n ce vari o us li b erties .
XV
INTROD UCTION
could be t ake n with the fact s in order t o produce a
more tel li n g e ffect ; and as long as t hi s was done
n ot out O f fear or favour but simply from the
,
des i re t o make the account more e ffective the ,
writer was not cons cious o f vi olating the truth .
Dionys i us doub tless thought that he was li ving up

to hi s hi gh ideals ; but he was fir st and foremost
a rhetoricia n and coul d s e e hi st ory onl y through a
r hetoricia n s eyes Th e des ire to please is every
’
.
where in evi dence ; there is a const ant stra i n ing

after rhetorical and dramatic e ffects .
In conformity wi th the rhetorical tradition he ,
i n terl arded hi s narrative wi th speeches which he

m anaged t o i n sert o n every p ossible occasion from
the thir d b o ok onward One technical pur p ose
.
whi ch they were i n tended to serve— t o give variety

t o the narrative is clear from the very circumst ance
—
that there are scarcely any spee ches at all in B ooks

I and II which have a suffic i ently di versified
. .
,
narrative t o re q u ire no fu rther e ff orts at vari ety ,
whereas fr o m B ook III onw ard the speeches occupy

.
very nearly one th ird o f the total text Dionysius

-
.
himself occasiona lly fe l t the need o f some j u s t ifi ca

tion of hi s i n sertion of s o many speeches and a rgued
that inasmuch as the crisis under consideratio n
,
was settled by di scussion it was therefore import ant

,
for the reader t o know the arguments that were

advanced on b oth sides ( vii 6 6 ; xi Yet he
. .
h ad n o ade q uate conception O f the talent s re q u ired

fo r c arry in g out this amb itious programme success
ful ly Possess in g neither the hist orical sense nor
.
psychological insight nor even any special gift o f

,
im ag i nat i on he undert ook to compose speeches for

,
x vi
INTROD U C TI O N
reveali n g the character and the motives of the
di fferent speakers Nor are they redeemed by any
.
profoun d thoughts unl ess in the imi tated passages

, ,
o r by any ori ginal sentiment s ; fo r the most part

they are little more than a succession of cheap
platitudes and rhetorical commonplaces Indeed .
,
we mi ght almost be lieve at times that we were

readi ng the declamations of Dionysius o wn pup ils ’
.
It has generall y been suspected that Dionysius

i nvented a good many o f his speeches outright ,
i nserting them at points where there was no in d ica

tion O f any speech in his sources One fairly clear.
ins t ance of the sort is found in his account o f

Cori olanus ( vii i 5
. Af ter givin g much the same
accoun t as Livy does O f the trick played o n the
Romans by Attius Tul lus at Coriolanus suggestion
’
i n order t o provoke them in to givi n g the Vo l scians

a j ust cause for going to war Dionysius then re
,
presents Cori olanus a s summoned by the Volscian

leaders to advise them how best t o prosecute the
w ar Coriolanus in a speech clearly modelled upon
. ,
the o n e addressed to the Sp art ans by the e x iled

Al cibiades ( Thuc vi 8 9 ff ) says much by way o f
. .
,
self j u s t i fi c a t i o n and final ly o ffers a fresh plan fo r

-
,
providi n g the Volsci ans with a j ust groun d for

war There is no va lid excuse for this second p l an
. ,
the first one havi ng a lready proved success ful ;

Dionysius c learly wi shed to o ffer a paral l e l in his
Histo ry to the famous episode in Thucydides .
It is q uite probable t h at several other speec h es in

this long account of Coriolanus also originated with
Dionysius Yet it must be remembere d that he
.
drew largely on the late ann ali sts some of whose ,
x vi ii
INTROD U C TION
hi sto ries were very voluminous ; and he m ay have
foun d at least hints of speeches more fre q uently
than has generally been supp osed .
Quite in keeping with the tiresome speeches of

t h e A n t i q u i t i e s are the long cir cumst anti al account s
,
of such events as Dionysius chose t o emphasize i n

h i s narrative and the cumulation o f p athetic or
,
gruesome det ails in tragic situations His account .
O f the comb at bet ween the H oratii and the Curi at ii ,
followed by Horatius s l aying o f his sister occupies

’
,
ten chapters ( 111 1 3 2 2 ) a s against but t h ree in Livy

.
-
(.i 2 4 2
-
6 ) and there is even a g reater disprop ortio n
i n the length of the i r accounts o f the events lea d
in g up t o the comb at ( Dionys iii 2 12 Livy i. .
-
, .
2 2 f ) due i n part to several long speeches in Di o

.
n s iu s
y . The outstanding i n stance o f prol i xity i n
the A n t i q u i t i e s i s the account of Coriolanus The .
events lead in g up t o his exi le ( including 1 5 speeches )

re q uir e 4 8 chapters ( vii 2 0 . whereas Livy
rel ates them in o n e half o f a sing l e chapter ( ii 34
-
.
,
7 the remaini n g events t o the end o f hi s l i fe

are t old by Dionysius in 6 2 ch apters ( vii i 1 .
and by Livy in 6 ( 11 3 5 . Al most everywhere

in the ext ant p ortions of Dionysius his account i s
longer than that o f Livy ; but this relative ful lnes s
O f det a il was n o t maint ained t o the end O f the .
Hist ory T O the struggle between the orders and

.
t o the S am ni te wars he devoted less than four b ooks

( part O f x i v . and xv xvii ). where
-
Livy
, has more
than s ix ( v i xi and part of
-
. In other words ,
for events nearer his o w n d ay for which the trad i ,
tions sho ul d have been ful ler and more reli ab le he ,
co n tented h imse lf wi th a br i efer narrative th an for

xi x
IN T R OD UC T IO N
the e arli er peri ods w hi ch for most hi st o r i a n s had
,
b een fu ll of doubt and uncert a in ty thereby exactly

,
reversin g the logical procedur e o f Livy An e x ce p .
ti on i s seen i n hi s det a iled account of the war with

Pyrrhus a war whi ch aroused hi s special i nterest
,
for more re asons than one Nowhere i s hi s fondness

.
fo r mi n ute det ail more out of place than i n hi s

acco u nts o f tragic eve n ts such as the e n counter of
,
the triumphant Horatius wi th hi s s i ster Tulli a s ,

’
b eh aviour when s h e forces the dri ver of her c ar t o

continue on hi s way over the dead b ody of her
father the grief o f Lucretius whe n hi s daughter
,
sl ays herself Ve r gi ni u s slayin g of hi s o w n daught er

,
’
and Ve t u ri a s vi sit t o the c amp o f her s o n Coriolanus

’
.
B y hi s const ant e ff ort t o make us realiz e the fu l l

p ath o s o r horror o f the scene he defeats hi s o wn
pur p ose The di gni fi ed restrai nt shown by Li vy in
.
rela t i ng these same event s i s far more impress i ve .
D ionysi u s perhaps felt that he was m a ki n g a

di stinct contrib ution toward the soli d arity o f the
Gracco Roman worl d when he undertook t o prove
-
,
a s hi s pr incip al thesis the Greek ori gi n of Rome s

,
’
fo u nders No t o nl y di d he trace the Ab ori gi n es

.
b ac k through the Oenotri ans to Ar cadi a but he ,
even showed that the ancest ors o f the Troj ans had
come orig inall y from th at s ame di strict of Greece ;
other Greek elements represented in the p op ul ation
O f early R o me were the Pelasgians natur ally o f ,
Greek ori gi n E va n der and hi s comp any from

,
Ar adi a and some Pel op o n nesi an s oldiers in the

c ,
foll owi n g o f Hercules wh o h ad remained behin d i n

,
It aly when that hero p assed t h rough the peni nsul a

on hi s return from Sp a in to A rgos None o f t h e .
XX
INTROD UCTIO N
vari ous det a ils o f thi s theory was original w ith
Dionysius for he cites his author ities at every step
.
but he may have been the first t o combine these

separate strands o f tradition in to a single compre ,
h e n s ive ar gument The entire first b ook is devoted

.
t o the proving o f this thesis ; and the argu ment i s

fu rther strengthened at the e n d o f B ook VII by a .
deta iled comp arison o f the ceremoni es at the Lu di

R oma ni with early Greek reli gious O bservances .
As we s a w from hi s i ntroduction he hoped by this

,
demonstration t o reconcile hi s fell ow G reeks t o

Rome s supremacy ; at the same t i me he O b vi ously
’
,
un derst o o d the Romans of his day well enough t o

re ali z e that far from regar d i n g Rome s glory as
,
’
thereby di mi ni shed in any way they woul d feel

,
fl attered by the thought o f such a connexi on wi th

the heroic age o f G reece Incidental ly the provi n g
.
,
o f hi s thesis a fforded him an excellent O pport u ni ty
fo r deali n g with the legendary perio d and thus

gi ving greater variety t o hi s work B ut the accept
.
ance o f t hi s theory wa s b oun d t o g ive him an

inverte d Vi ew of the co u rse of Roman hi story .
Instead o f recog n i zin g the gr adu al evolution of

the people and the i r institutions from very ru de
begi nni ngs he sees an advance d st age o f ci vilization
,
existing from the very first and Rome s ki ngs and ’
later leaders are in such cl ose cont act with the

Greek world t hat the y b orrow thence m ost of the
new institutions that they est ab lish from time t o
t i me Thus he assumes that the ce le re s the senat e
.
, ,
the two cons ul s wi th j oint powers and the cust om

,
whereby the members o f each cu ri a dined together

o n holy days were a ll b ased on Sp art an mo dels ;
,
x xi
INTROD UCTION
that the di vi si on of the citizens i nt o p atrici ans and
p l ebei ans fo ll owed a simil ar di vision at Athens ;
th at S ervius Tullius organi zed a Lat in League o n
the an a lo gy of the Amphi ctyo ni c League o f G reece ,
and that even the di ctatorshi p was suggested by

the practice foll owed in various G reek cities o f
app o i n t in g an a i sy m n e t e s t o de al with a p artic ul a r
emergency Dionysius prob ably found most if not
.
,
a ll o f these i nstitutions thus explained i n hi s sources ;

,
in ab out half o f the in st ances he q u alifies hi s

statement by the w ords in my O pi ni on but thi s ,
’
does not seem a s u fli ci e n t criterion for deci din g the

authorship o f these views .
Dionysius is s o ready t o praise Rome s a n cient ’
heroes and i nstitutions o n every occasion with never ,
a word of di sapprob ation that his imp arti al ity may

,
well b e q u estioned On a number o f occasions he

.
praises the p iety and other V i rtues O f the early

Romans which secure d for them the special favour
,
of Heaven ; once ( xx 6 ) he styles them the most

.
holy and j ust o f G reeks A number o f their l aws

.
and practices esp eci a lly some o f those said t o have

,
been in stituted by Rom ul us are declared to be

,
supe ri or t o those in vogue among the Gree ks Thus .

,
Rom ul us p ol icy of colo ni zin g captured cities and

’
somet i mes even granting them the franc hi se is

contrasted with the ruthless practices of the lea di ng
Greek st ates and their narrow mi nded poli cy o f -
wi t h ho l ding the rights of citizenship from outsiders

( ii
. 1 6 .f , x i v .and his laws regar din g marri age
and the p a t ri a p ot e s t a s are describ ed a s better
than the corresp on di ng Greek practices ( ii 2 4 .
R omul us is pra ised also fo r rej ecting such of the

IN T ROD U C TI ON
myths as attributed any unseemly conduct t o the

gods and all grosser forms O f religious worship
ii Indeed o u r histori an even approves O f
(. 1 8 ,
t h e Roman censorship the in q uis itorial powers of

,
which were n ot limite d as in Athens and Sp art a

, ,
to the public behavi o u r of the citizens but extended ,
even inside the w alls o f private homes ( xx .
B ut i t is not the G reeks alo ne who are contrasted

unfavourably with the old R om ans ; Dionys i us is
j ust as ready to p o in t out t o the Romans of hi s own
day their fa il u re t o maint ain the high st andards
s e t by their ancestors He contrasts the sp irit of
.
mutual helpful ness and forbe arance that character

i z e d the rel ations o f the plebei ans and p atrici ans in
the e arly days with the era O f bloodshed that bega n
un der Ga ius Gracchus ( ii 1 1 ) sim il arly he praises
.
,
the s i mplicity o f the first t riumph ( ii the .
exce llent grounds on which S er vius Tullius granted

the franc hi se t o manumi tted slaves ( iv the .
deference shown by the early consuls t o the a u

t h o ri t y of the senate ( v and the lawf ul and
.
modest b ehavi our of the dict ators down t o the

time of S u ll a ( v . contrasting each of these
practices and in stitutions wi th the evi l forms they
assumed in l ater days In o n e inst ance ( viii 8 0) he
. .
leaves it t o the rea der t o decide whether th e tra

di t i o n al Roman practice or the practice of the G reeks
which some ha d recently wished t o intro duce at
Rome was the better The p oint i n g o f all these con
, .
t r a s t s is p art O f the historian s fu n ction as mora li st

’
the fun ction which he had in min d when in hi s L e t t e r

t o Pom p e i a s ( chap 3 ) he s aid th at the attitude of
.
Herodot u s toward the events he was describing wa s

xxii i
IN T R OD U CTI ON
eve r ywhere fai r showi ng pleasure i n those that were
,
o
good and g rief at t h o s e that were b ad Dionysius .
doubtless endeavoured t o be fair and sin cere in hi s

j udgments ; but he was nevertheless biased i n , ,
favour o f the Romans and in favour o f the senatorial

p arty the Optim ates O f hi s o w n day He even
, .
attempts t o p all iate o n e o r two o f the less s avoury

i n cidents associated w ith Rome s begi n n i ngs : he
’
pictures Romul us as plunged i n to the depths o f

gri ef and desp a i r at the death of Rem u s ; and
a gain as ad dressing words of comfort and cheer to
,
the captur ed S abine mai dens assuri n g them that their ,
seizur e was i n accordance wi th a good O ld G reek

custom and that it w a s the most dist i ngui shed way
,
for women t o be marr ied 1 Livy makes no attempt

t o save the character O f Romulus in t h e fir st in
stance and in the second stops far short of Dionys i us
, .
In the matter o f religi on also Di onysius makes , ,
n o concealment of his attitude H e fre q u ently .
refers t o a divi n e providence He speaks scor n fully .
of the professors o f atheistic phi losophi es if ,
philosophi es they sho ul d be called who deny that ,

’
the gods concer n themselves with the a ff airs of

mortals ( 11 68 2 ; vii i 5 6
.
,
He for his p a rt is
.
, , ,
assured th at the gods do s omet i mes in tervene on

behalf of the righteous ( ii 6 8 f ) and also t o puni s h . .
the wi cked as in the case of Pyrrhus ( xx 9 f

,
. .
The Romans in p arti cul ar bec ause of their piety

, ,
and other virtues had fre q uently been the recipients

,
of di vi n e favour while the designs o f the i r ene mi es

,
were brought t o n aught ( v 5 4 1 vi 13 vii 1 2 4 .

, . .
,
viii 2 6
.
,
The gods he holds ma ni fest their will
, ,
through p ortents and the di sregard in g of these m ay

,
xx i v
I NTROD UC T ION
as fathers ( v 33 2 ; vi 6 9
.
, . In ma ki n g his
,
choice between the renderings p atric i ans an d ‘ ’
senators he seems t o have adopted the former

’
wherever the p a t re s seemed t o be opp osed as a

class to the plebei ans iv 8 2 ; vii i 8 2 4 ;
.
, .
,
ix 4 2
.
,
The term p a t ru m a u ct ori t a s was a p
are n t l y n o better understoo d by Liv th an by
p y
Di onysius ; even for the e arly p eri od he several
t i mes represents the a u ct ori t a s as precedi ng the
vot e o f the comiti a a n d a ft er the P u blil i an l aw of
,
3 3 9 w hi ch re q ui re d the a uct ori t a s t o b e given before

the people voted he uses p a t ru m a u ct ori t a s a n d
,
s e n a t us co n s u lt a m indi scri mi nately There is in .

,
fact every reason for beli evi n g that the term

a t ru m a u ct o ri t a s had become O bsolete even in the
p
t i me o f the older ann alist s who were L i vy s ch i ef ’
sources B ut Dionysius with so u rces before hi m

.
,
that prob ably showed no greater misun derst andi n g

o f this term than does Li vy m ade matters much
,
worse as the res ul t of hi s assum ption that the

a t r u m a u ct ori t a s and i n deed any decree of the
p ,
senate was usu al ly a prel i mi n ary decree t o be

,
ratified by the people This vi ew j ust ified hi m in

.
usin g the word wp BovA vua the name give n to the

o e ,
pro gramme of bus i n ess prep ared by the Athe ni a n

B oul é for the consideration O f the E cclesia It can .
hardl y have been the desire to u s e the word wp o

B O l
LT/
6 v /
J that
a led him t o adopt its essential implica
tions ; fo r he often uses S yu o r i/ n
t w ua in the
'
o a
s ame way for a decree of the senate that was to be

ratified by the people He must have had some.
reason in the first pl ace fo r believi n g that the

p a t ru m a uc t or i t a s w as a n ecess ary pre lim in ary t o
x xvi
INTR OD UCTION
action by the people We know that it was cu s .
t o m a ry for the consuls as a matter o f practic al

,
convenience t o ask the senate s advice and sec u re

,
’
i t s approval before bringing any important matter

before the people inasmuch as the a cti on t ake n
,
i n the comiti a woul d h ave t o receive the p a t r u m

a u ct ori t a s l ater i n order t o be valid If Dionysius .
was aware of thi s custom but not O f its purpose he ,
might we ll reason that i t was absur d for the senate

t o gi ve it s approval m ore than once t o the s ame bus i
ness and hence since he kn ew the p a t ru m a uct ori t a s
, ,
was re q uired fo r all votes o f the people he wo u ld ,
natur al ly identify this term wi th the preli m inary

approval o f the senate It is true this V iew o f the .
matter seems t o be directly O pp osed t o an imp ortant

st atement which he makes at the very outset .
When defi ning the p owers o f the senate and o f the

people as established by R omulus he st ates that ,
the senate was t o ratify the decisi ons of the people ,
but adds that in hi s o wn day the reverse pr in ciple

was foll owed the decrees of the senate the n re q ui ring
,
the approval of the people ( ii 14 The natur al.

,
i mplication of h i s statement is that th e c h a n ge h a d '
come ab out in fairly late times b ut he nowhere in ,
the ext ant b ooks h as anyth in g more defini te t o s a y

o n the subj ect In a very few in st ances he speaks
.
O f the p atri ci a n s ( doubtless t o him i dentic al with

the senators ) as ratifyi ng a vote of the people
afterwards e g in the case of the electi on of Numa
, . .
,
( ii
. 6 0 3 )
, and the appo i n tme n t of the fi rst tr i b u n es
( v i. 9 0 , but as early as the electi o n of A n cu s
M arcius he represe n ts the people as ratifyi ng the
cho i ce of the se n ators ( iii 3 6 an d a li ttle l ater
.
,
XX VI!
INTRO D UCTI ON
speaks of t hi s a s the normal procedure ( iv 4 0 2 .

,
80 ,
I n the last p ass age he is more expli cit ,
declaring it t o be the duty of the senate t o consider

i n advance ( wp B vAe v w ) a ll matters relating to
'
o o e
the gener a l welfare and the duty of the people t o ,
rat ify their decisi on It is fairly evi dent then .

, ,
that Dionysius o wn theory was that a wp fi zi/l vua

’
o o e
o f the senate h ad been necess ary from the begi nni ng .
If hi s narrative occasionally violates thi s theory i n

practice it is prob ably either because his sources
,
were so exp licit in p articular instances that he felt

he co ul d not contradi ct them o r because he was ,
negligent n o w and then and forgot t o make his

practice conform consistently t o his theory An other .
i mport ant matter in which he failed t o make theory

and prac t i ce coinci de at all times will b e menti oned
a little later It i s not clear whether he believed the
.
e b i s ci t a also re uire d a n p B vA vua ; his language

’
p l , q , o o e
is at t im es ambiguous and his accounts of the

procedure in the case o f vari ous p le bi s ci t a are
i n consistent with o n e another He held the mi s .
t aken vi ew that all senat ors were p atrici ans even ,
und er the rep u blic ; fo r he believed that plebeian s

were m ade p atri cians b efore being admitted t o the
senate ( ii 4 7 I ; v 1 3
.
,
B ut it is not i n con
.
,
s t it u t i o n a l m atters o nly that he m ade serious

errors ; there i s confusi on also in hi s account of
religious matters Thus he uses haruspex for .
,
‘ ’
augur i n ii 2 2 3 and his account o f the duties

.
, ,
O f the p o n t i fi ce s ( 11 7 3 ) contains many errors

1
. .
1 O n t h su bj e c t O f t h i s pa r ag r aph ee E d w S h wa r t z
e s . c
i n t h R l E nc
e ea -
D iony siu pp 9 4 0 if an d E B ux
.
, s e
. . s, .
, .
,
D as Pro b u t e u m a b e t D wn ys .
xx viii
I N T R ODU CTI O N
A few w o rds must b e said ab out D i onys ius ’
c h ronology H is date fo r the found ing of Rome

.
w a s 7 5 1 B C two ye ars later than that a dopted by

. .
,
Varro ; and this di fl e re n c e between the two chronol

ogies rem a ins const ant for the fir st 3 04 years o f the
city down t o the time of the decemvirs ( the peri o d
covered by B ooks I At th at po i nt the gap .
dens : Dionysius represents the decemvi ral rule

a s conti n ui ng for a thi rd year whi le Varro assigned ,
t o it only two years Accord i ngly for the ha lf .

,
do z en ye ars covered by B ook X I Dionysius d ates .

’
are three years later th a n those o f Varro The .
fragments of the last ni n e b o oks do not give any

dates ; but t hr ee sp oradi c references in the earli er
b ooks t o event s of the t h ir d and fir st centuri es B C . .
show that for this late perio d his dates are the s ame
as Var ro s 1
Dionysius devotes two ch apt ers ( 1
’
. .
7 4 f ) t o expl ain in g how he arr i ved at the dat e 75 1

.
for the fou n d in g of the city and for ful ler i n forma ,
tion refers the reader to a sep arate work that he 2
ha d pub li shed t o show h ow the R oman chronology

was t o b e reduced t o the Greek There are other .
p assages als o w hi ch bear wi tness t o the p artic ul ar

i n terest he felt in m atters of chronolo gy 3 Not .
wi thstan di ng all the attention h e devoted t o t hi s

side of hi s work modern schol ars h ave for the most
,
1
1 8, I ( 2 65
. ii 2 5 , 7 ( 2 3 1 3, 4 ( 7
. i .
Se e 0 L eu e z
. D i e r om Ja h rz ah lu n g
,
’
1 8 9 93. pp , f or a
.
-
,
p ausi b e xp an ation o f
l l e l t h e cl i the t ee os n g O f gap b e w n t h e
t woc h rono o gies b f or
l e e t he end Of t he u t c t f o r h en ury .
2
. or
c iVO t , H e p i Xp o vwv c t e Cl '
Al , i d by e m ens ex an d r .
,
S t ro m i 1 0 2
. . .
‘
i 6 3 ; ii 5 9 ; i v 6 f 3 0, 6 4 ; vi l l ; vi i I
. . . . . .
INTROD UCTI ON
part b een very harsh i n their j udgments o f him in

thi s very regard accusing him of c arelessness ge n er ,
ally i n the m atter o f hi s dates and in p arti cul ar O f , ,
fo llo w ing one system O f chronolog y for the peri o d

treated i n hi s History and another for events nearer
h i s o wn day Our historian had t o wait l ong for
.
his vindication but one of the most recent in vesti

gators i n the field O f Roman chronology Oscar ,
Leuze h as come ably t o hi s defence and show n that

,
at least the more i mp ort ant of these charges o f i n

accuracy rest up on misunderst andi n g of Di onysius ’
real meaning or o f h is us age 1

.
L ike most O f the l at er Greek historians Dionysius ,
uses the reckoni ng by Olympiads usually adding ,
the name o f the Atheni an archon From the .
b egi n ni ng O f the republi c b e normally gives the

Greek dat e o nl y for the first year o f e ach Olympi ad ,
i dentifyi ng the i n t erve ni ng years merely by the

names o f the Rom an magistrates As the Athenia n .
O ffi c i al year b egan in mi d summer and the Olym p i -
a di c year of the hi st orians e i ther in mi d summer or -
e arly autumn whereas the R oman cons ul ar year ,
b ega n in l ater tim es on J anuary 1 though in

, , ,
1
Di m J h ah l n g
e ro pp 1 7 7 99 O f pa rt i ula r
. a rz u , .
-
. c
int e r s t i h i d e fen f D i n y si u s da t f or t h b e gin ni n g

’
e s s ce O o e e
o f t h Firs t P u n i Wa r ( pp 1 8 4
e L euz a rg ues t ha t
c . e
D io n y i u i h r f o llowi n g a us ag
s s s e f P lyb i u
e nd e O o s a
Di d u
o or wh in a num b er
s, f i n t a n s re ga r d
o th o s ce as e
b eg i nn ing O f a w a r n t t h forma l d e la ra t io n O f wa r or
, o e c
t h firs t a r m e d la s h b u t t h even t t ha t w a s t h i mm e d i a t e
e c , e e
c a u e O f t h on fl ic t I n t h c as e in q uestion t h i w as
s e c . e s
R o m e s d e i sio n t
’
a id t h
c M am ert in s p p n t lv t t h
o e e , a a re a e
e nd f t h year 2 65
o e T h A nt i q u i t i n a t r a lly in l u d e d
. e es u c
th e even t s O f t h y e a r 2 6 5 up t o t h e se n di ng O f t h e
e
M am er t ine e m b a y t o R m e ss o .
XXX
INTROD UCTION
ear lier times at various seasons o f the year the ,
G reek historians were confronted with an awkw r d a
prob lem in synchronizing Roman and G reek dates .
The solution apparently fo ll owed by Dionysius ,
a n d probably by Polybius a n d D i o d o ru s a l so wa s ,
t o a d opt the l ater Roman year o f uniform length fo r

all periods O f Roman history a n d t o identi fy a
,
given Roman year with the O lympiadic year in t h e

co u rse o f which it began rather than with that in
,
whi ch it ended ( a s is the mo d ern practice ) The .
dates given in the notes o f the present edition fo llow

thi s princi p l e onl y a singl e year being indicate d as
,
the modern e q ui valent o f the G reek year instea d o f ,
p arts of two years Thus O lymp 7 l is identified

. .
,
as 75 1 B C. . in stead o f The onl y exceptions

are a few d ates O f n o n Roma n events where -
,
Dionysius wa s probab ly not concerned with the

exact Roman e q uivalent .
Dionysius was in theory opposed to the ann al

i s t i c metho d o f writing history In his L e t t e r t o
.
Pomp e i a s ( chap 3 ) b e criticized Thucy di d es chr ono

’
.
logi cal arrangement o f events by winters and ,
summers as seriously i nterrupting the continuity O f

,
the narrative and praised Herodotus f or a d opting

,
the topical order Yet whe n he him self wa s t o

.
write a hi story of Rome he evidently foun d i t

i mpracticable to avoid foll owi n g the anna li sti c
method in vogue among the Romans For the reg a l .
period it is true he arranges the events of each

,
reign under the t w o headi ngs o f wars and peace ful

achievements B ut beginning with the est ablish
.
ment of the repub lic he treats the events O f each

,
ye ar b y themselves first n aming the c o n sul s or

,
xxxi
INTRODU CT I ON
other chi ef magi strates For the greater part of .
the period that he covers thi s method coul d cause

no confus ion a s the mili t ary camp ai gns were of
,
short duration ; an d it h a d the further advantage

of avoidi n g monotony s i nce the narrative w a s ,
const antly al ternat in g between w ars a broad and

di ssensions at h ome .
A s regards hi s sources Dionysius st ates i n hi s ,
pre face ( chap 7 ) that he had cons ul ted the works

.
o f the approved Roman hi storians Cato Fabius ,

—
,
Maxim us ( S e rvili a n u s Valerius An ti as Lici n ius ,
Macer A e li u s ( Tube ro ) C ell ins Ca lp u rni u s ( Piso )

, , ,
and m any others and that he h a d also derived

,
—
i n form ation from conversations with the most

learned men An d at the end of B ook I ( chap 8 9)
. . .
h e re fers t o hi s care ful readi ng O f many works by

b oth G reek and Roman writers o n the subj ect of
the ori gi n of the Romans His c l ai m cert ai nl y .
appears t o be j ustifi ed so far at least as B ook I i s

, .
concerned In thi s o n e b ook he cites no fewer than

.
t hirty G reek authors most o f them hi st ori a n s or

,
logographers and seven Roman writers — Cato

, , ,
Tub ero and Piso o f those named ab ove and Fabius

, ,
P ictor Lucius Alim e n t u s C S emproni us ( Tudi

, , .
t anus ) and Varro To the l ast named he own s hi s

.
-
in d ebtedness for his account O f the o l d cities o f the

Ab ori gi n es ( chaps 14 . but he probably owes
considerab l e more to hi m in thi s book in places
where he has not named h i s source After the b i rth .
o f Rom ul us and Remus there was sc arcely any

fur ther occasion fo r us in g G reek sources ; and he
usually mentioned the Roman hist ori ans only i n
c ases where t here were di vergent tradi ti o n s He .
I NTROD UCTION
that it held in the second and first centuri es b efore

Chr i st They di d t hi s by representin g the senate as
.
havi n g been consul ted in early times o n various

occas i ons where tra di tio n made no menti on of a n y
act i o n o n i t s p art 1
Dionysius seems t o have held
.
the extreme V iew that even under the monarchy the

senate had played a domi nant p art the ki ng s ,
’
p o wer bein g l im i ted much as at S part a ( ii 14 l f ; .

, .
c
f. V i 66 . This
,
was hi s theory ; but i n actual
practice hi s n arrative ment i ons very few spec ifi c

occasions where the senate was consulted by the
kin g and we gai n the impression that the p ower of
,
the latter was Vir tually supreme B ut from the .
moment o f the est ablishi ng of the repub lic hi s

account o f events is i n strict a greement wi th hi s
theory Hi s fa i lur e t o reconcil e practice and theory
.
earli er argues a lack o f inventiveness either o n hi s

p art or o n that o f hi s sources ; it prob ably di d n ot
seem w ort h the tro u ble to work out the details .
Thi s Vi ew of the senate s orig in al supremacy was ’
the V iew taken also by Ci cero in hi s D e R ep u bli ca ;

but it was not the V i ew of Li vy who foll owed ,
e ar li er ann ali sts and rightly held th at the senate

had o nl y gradually ga i ned i t s wide pow ers It is .
j ust such di ff erences in orientati on a s this that

m ak e it fairly certain th at Di onysius was not usin g
Livy a s h is source in the n u merous passages where
their accounts seem at first sight striking ly simil ar 2
.
B esid es the authors cited by Di onysius he also ,
1
A nu mb er o f i n s t a n es c Of t h is s o rt a re d is cusse d b y
B ux ,
D as P ro b u le u m a , pp . 83 122 -
.
2
Se e Sc hw a r z
t , R e al E -
ri e , pp . 9 4 6 5 7 , fo r
-
an an a ly sis
O f so m e O f t h ese pa ss ag s e .
x xxiv
INTRODU CTION
ment i ons a n umber of inscr i ptions b oth at Rom e ,
a n d elsewhere and there are sporadic references t o

,
the a n n a le s m a xi m i the records o f the censors et c

, , .
but he does not say that he had seen a n y of these

hi mself and i t is prob able that he found the ref
,
crenees i n the annalists .
The first historian to cite Dionysius was Plutarch ,
who modelled his style upon that of the A n t i q u it i e s 1

.
Schwart z held that Dionysius was Plutarch s sole ’
so u rce for his Cori ola n u s but this V i ew is O pp osed,
by B ux The R om u l u s and Nu m a may each con

.
tain a little from the A n t i q u i t i e s the Ca m i ll u s is ,
chiefly b ased on Livy 2

Dionys ius is t wice q uoted
.
in the Py rrh u s but not enough of his account is

,
preserved t o enable us t o make a n y accurate com

p ar ison between the two .
S C R I PT A R HE T O R I CA
T he shorter work s Dionysius h ave generally

o f
gone under the name of S crip t a R he t ori ca ; but
they contain more o f literary criticism than o f
techn i cal rhetoric They are all in the form o f
.
letters ad dressed t o some literary friend p atron or ,
pupil There is no internal evi dence t o show whether

.
they were comp osed before o r after the History

was published ; but it is generall y assumed that
Dionysius wrote them from time t o time dur ing
the years that he was engaged up on his great work .
Although n o absolute dates can be assigned t o

these several treat i ses the relative order i n which
,
1
G o e t z l e r, E i nfl u s s d e s i on ys D 1 94 ,
p . .
2
SO Sc h war zt , R e a l E rie ; -
pp
94 3 45 .
-
.
X XX V
INTROD UCTI ON
they were comp osed can b e deter mi n ed in most

cases by mea n s o f the fre q uent references in one to
what the wri ter has al rea dy discussed o r proposes
t o di scuss in another The order in whi ch Robert s
.
a rra n ges them is as follows
Fi rs t L e tt e r t o A m m a e u s .
On t he A r ra ng e m e nt of Words .
On t he A n ci e n t Ora t ors .
On t he S ty le of D e m os t he n e s .
On I m i t a t i on B ooks I , I I . .
L e tt e r t o Cu Po mp e i a s
. .
On I m i t a t i o n B ook I I I .
On D i n a rchu s .
On T h u cy di de s .
S eco n d L e tt e r t o A mm a e u s .
E gger would transp ose the second and th ird

i tems see in g a greater m aturity o f j udgment in the
,
treatise on the A r ra ng e m e nt of Words As regards .
the D i n a rchu s he s ays we can be sure only that it

,
was later than the A n ci e n t Or a t o rs .
T h e treat i se o n I m i t a t i o n is known to us o nl y
from fra gments Onl y the first half o f the study
.
of the A n ci e n t Ora t ors is preserved treat i ng of ,
Lysias Isocrates and Is a e u s ; in the secon d part

,
Demosthenes H yp e ri de s and Aeschines were di s

,
cussed The treatise o u the S ty le of D e m os t he ne s is

.
thought t o be an enl arged edi t i on of the di s cuss i o n

o f Demosthenes in the ear lier series O ther Works
.
whi ch h ave been l ost were on the Choi ce of Words ,
o n F ig u e s and on P oli t i ca l Philos op hy the latter

r , ,
a defence o f the rhe t o ric o f Isocrates and hi s scho ol

x xxv i
I NTR OD UCTIO N
agai nst its E picurean d etractors The early editi ons .
attributed t o Dionysius an A rs R he t ori ca but this ,
i s no longer held to b e his work .
For a det ailed account o f the S crip t a R he t o ri ca the

reader is referred t o Max E gger D e ny s d H a li
.
,
’
co rn a s s e pp 2 0 2 4 6 ; a b ie f survey of these works

, .
-
r
m ay be found in W Rhys Roberts D i ony s i u s

.
,
o
f H a li ca rn a s s u s T h e T h re e L i t e ra r
y L e t t e rs pp , .
4 34
-
. Rob erts a lso gives ( pp 2 09 1 9) a bibliog
.
-
ra h
p y of the S c ri t a R he t o r i ca
p d own t o the year
1 900 .
To his lab ours as li terary critic Dionysius brought

a wi de and thorough ac q uaintance wi th the works
of the Attic prose writers a discriminating t aste
, ,
and great industry and zeal His chi ef merit as a .
critic li es in his puri ty o f taste ; he rej oiced in the

recent triumph of Atticism over Asi anism and di d
his best t o strengthen that vi ctory His rhetori cal .
works have much in common with those of Ci cero ,
due t o their both using many o f the same sour ces .
L ike Cicero Dionysi us held D emosthenes in the

,
greatest admirati on ; but this excess i ve adm irati o n

for o n e man seems t o have made him u n fair in hi s
j udgment of others : he tended to j udge a ll the
prose writers by the st andards he s e t up for the
orators In other respects as wel l he is ofte n
.
n arrow and superficial in hi s criticisms and hi s ,
m a n ner is t o o dogmatic .
The first reference t o Di onysius a s a rhet orici a n

in any extant a uthor is in Qui ntilian who merely ,
names him three times in lists o f rhet ori ci ans I n .
the thi rd century the circ l e of Li b a n i u s p ai d some

a t t e n ti o n to hi m From t h e fift h ce n t u ry o n ward
.
xxx vfi
I NTROD UCTION
he was regarded by the B yz antines as supreme
authority o n rhetori c .
M A NUS ca re r s
The manuscript s used b y J acoby for the first te n

books O f the A n t i q u i ti e s are as fo llows
A Chi s i a n u s 5 8 l 0t h cent
.
, .
B Urb in a s 105 l 0t h 1 1t h cent

.
,
—
.
C Co is li ni a n u s 1 5 0 1 6 th cent
.
, .
D Regi u s Par i s in u s 1 6 5 4 and 1 6 5 5 16 th ce n t

.
, .
Vaticanus 1 3 3 1 5 t h cent , .
F Urb in a s 1 06 15 t h cent
.
, .
C and E al so cont ain B ook XI F co n tai ns .

’
only I V .
-
.
The MS S used fo r B ook X 1 and those for the

. .
Fragments of X Il X X wil l be listed i n Vo l VII

.
-
. . .
A and B are by far the best of the MS S ; the .
others are all late and some O f them especially

, ,
C and D conta in numerous interpol at i ons The

, .
e di t i o ri n ce s was b ased on D B w first used

p p a s .
by Hudson but he contented himself with givi ng

,
its readings in his notes The translators B ellanger .
and Spelman were prompt to a dopt most o f the

goo d read ings o f B and many were t aken into t he
,
t ext by R e is ke R it s ch l was the fir st to m ake a

.
comparative study of A and B As a res ul t of his .
first invest i gation based on in s u flicie n t evidence he

, ,
w a s i n clined t o rate A much hi gher than B ; but

later he showed a bet ter appreci atio n of the g o od
readi ngs found only in B and concluded that a ,
s o u nd te x t m u s t re s t u po n a j u di ci o us u se of b ot h
xxx vfi i
INTRO D UCTION
A and B a conclusion in whi ch J acoby heartily

,
1—
concurred Ki essling b ased his edi tion on B s o far

.
a s possible .
The individual s y mb ols o f the late M S S appear .
very infre q uently in J acoby s ( and the present ) ’
critical apparatus since these M S S are rarely O f

, .
a n v service in est ablishing the text An occasi onal .
good rea ding found only in the m argin o f D ( D ru g )

may have been entered by R Steph anus himse lf ; in .
any event such readings re evidently based on a
conj ecture rather than on the authority of any

manuscript .
E D I T I O NS
The imp ort ant editi ons o f the A n t i q u i t i e s foll ow
Robert E stienne ( S t ephanus ) Paris 15 4 6 The , , .
e di t i o
p r i n ce s
p of the G reek text B ooks l X l . .
-
.
B ased on the very inferi or Cod Reg Paris 1 6 5 4 5 5 . . .

-
.
Friedrich S ylb u Fra n kfort 1 5 8 6 B ooks I XI

r cr , . .
-
.
and the E xce rp t a de L eg a t i o n i b u s translatio n ,
( G e l e n
’
i u s version revi sed ) and notes S y l b ur g .
made use chi efly in his not es of t wo M S S a

, , .
,
Romanus ( n o t to b e identified ) and a Ve n e t u s

Reprinted in care l ess form at Leipzig in 1 6 9 1 .
J oh n Hudson Oxford 17 04 B ooks I X I with

, , . .
-
.
the E xce rp t a de L g a t i o n i b u s and E xce rp t a de

e
Vi rt u t i b u s e t Vi t i i s a revisio n o f Portus Latin

’
,
tra n slati on and notes o f vari ous scholars Hu d son

, .
wa s t h e first to use t h e U b in a s ( which he call ed r
1
H is m o n o gr aph s on D o n y s u i s we re rep r in t e d in h is
Op us cu la , Vol i , p p 4 7 1 5 40
. . .
-
.
xx xi x
I N T ROD UCTION
Cod Vaticanus) but cited its readi n gs o nl y in the

.
,
notes .
J J R e i s ke Leip zig 1 7 7 4 7 5 The text and

. .
, ,
-
.
transl ation o f Hudson s edi tion with R e i s ke s ow n ’ ’
notes added To o late t o accomplish much in .
Vo l I. R e i s k e di scovered that the printer was

.
,
faithfull y repro ducing all the typ o graphical err o rs

of Hudson s edi tion but from B ook III 2 1 onward
’
.
he corrected the proof sheet s and also for the fi rst

time in sert ed the goo d readi ngs o f B in the text .
Dionysius i s often cite d b y the p ages o f this edi tion .
Adolf K iess lin g Leipzig ( T e u b n e r) 1 8 60 7 0 , ,

-
.
B ased on B s o far as p oss ib l e ,

.
Carl J acoby Leipzi g ( T e u b n e r ) 1 885 1 905 ; Index

,
-
,
1 92 5 .
A do lf K ie s sh n g Victor Prou Paris ( Didot ) 18 86 -

, , .
Greek text and Lat i n transl ation ( Portus revi sed ) .
An unfortun ate edi tion Kiesslin g aft er gett in g .

,
the work fairly st art ed dropped it c o mpletely ; ,
and Prou who was called up on t o complete the

,
t ask was far fr om p ossessing Ki e s s lin g s cr itical

,
’
ab ility J acoby recogni ze d the hand o f Kiesslin g

.
thr ough the greater p a rt of B oo ks I I II ; from .

-
.
that poin t o n the edi tion has vi rtua lly no critical

value .
B esides these complete e di tions o f the A n t i q u i t i e s ,
selected chapters were edited by D C G ri mm . .
rcha e olog i a e R om a n a e q u ae ri t u s R om a n os e x l i cat

( A p
Sy nop s i s ) Leipzig , 1 78 6 ; J J A m b ro s ch ( i 9 38 ;
,
. . .
-
ii 1 2 9 ; ii 3 0 5 6 ; ii 64 74 ) in four acade m ic
.
-
.
-
.
-
Festschri ften , B resl au , 184 0 4 6 ; Fr R it s ch l ( i -

. .
1 B onn , 184 6 Angelo Mai published at Mil an , .
in 18 16 , s o me fra gme n ts fr o m a n ep i t o me co n t ai n e d
x1
INT ROD U C TI ON
tr anslation was repr inted wi th correct i ons but , ,

’
als o wi th a multitude of fresh typo graphical errors ,
at Paris in 1 5 2 9 and agai n as revised by G la r e a n u s

, , ,
at B asle in 1 5 3 2 A fresh translation of B ooks .
I X by G e l e n iu s b ased o n the text o f the p ri n cep s

.
-
.
, ,
appeared at B asle in 1 5 49 fo r B ook X1 he merely .
reprinted Lapus trans l ation S ylb ur g ( 1 5 8 6 ) revised

’
.
t h e tra n sl ation of G e l e n i u s and added h i s o wn

version of B ook X I A e m iliu s Portus brought out .
a new transl ati on ( Laus anne 1 5 88 ) and this trans ,
lation was adopted in the editi ons o f Hudson and

R e i s k e and wi th numerous corrections in th at of
.
, ,
Kiessling Prou -
.
An Itali an transl ation by Francesco Venturi

appeared at Ve ni ce in 1 5 4 5 one year before the ,
e di t i o
p ri n ce s
p The translat or n.ames as h i s
s our ces a Greek copy very di ffi cult t o read and a ,
Latin transl ation [Lapus ] full o f errors App arently .
n o serious use was made of the manuscript it mav

well have proved t o b e ge n erally inferior to Lapus ’
rea din g In any case Venturi s translation wi th

.
,
’
,
the exception of a few minor changes which were

prob ably due t o conj ect ure presupposes the s ame ,
Greek text as that o f Lapus Another Itali a n .
translation was published by M M a st ro fi ni Rome .

, ,
1 8 12 1 3 -
.
very c a ses h s u pp li a f w word m is i n g in b o t h

fe w e es e s s
B C
a nd ,
t ha t n or t h o t h er o f h i M S S m s t hav
so o e e s . u e
b ee n b e t t r t han i t p r en t re p re ent a t ive S i n e h

e s es s . c e
re f ers t t h on fuse d rd er f t h t ext i n b t h h i M S S

o e c o o e o s .
at th n d of B ok XL
e e h i o ld er M S
o a n n t hav b e n
,
s . c o e e
B and t h i n t p o late d n an n o t have b een C if C is

e e r o e c ,
correc t ly a ssi gne d t o t h e sixteen t h cen t ury .
xl ii
INTROD UCTION
A French version by G F le J ay ( Par is 1 7 2 2 ) . .

,
was loudly acclaim ed by the admirers of the trans

lator as representing perfecti on itsel f ; but the t w o
men who next trans l ated the A n t i q u i t i e s B el lan g er ,
and Spelman showed that it was a servile t ra n s la

,
tion of Portus Latin version errors and all The

’
, .
fol lo wi n g year B ellanger brought o u t anonymously , ,
h i s own translation b ased o n Huds on s t ext and

’
,
the good readings o f B contained i n Hudson s notes ’

.
It is a smooth fluent translation but often rather

, ,
free and at times little more than a p araphrase It .
was reprinted later under B e lla n ge r s o wn name ’

.
I n G erman there have been translations by J L . .
B e n zle r ( 1 75 2 ; reprinted 1 7 7 1 7 2 ) and b y G J -

. .
Schaller an d A H Christian ( Stuttgart 18 2 7

. .
,
B e n zle r s vers i on was q uite free that o f Schaller

’
,
( B ooks . I 1
-
V ) accurate
. and s cholarly ; the p ar t
transl ated by Christian has not been seen by the
present translat or .
The only E nglish version t o appear hithert o is

that o f E dward Spel man which was published wi th ,
not es and dissert ations at London in 1 7 5 8 It i s a .
good and for the most p art fairly close translatio n

, ,
o f Hu dson s text ( B ooks 1 X I as improved by the

)
’
-
. .
goo d readings o f the Urb i n a s a n d occasional co n

e c t ur a l emendations See further on p l
j x v . . .
The G reek text here presented is b ased o n the

edition o f J acoby but dep art s rather fre q u ently
,
from his text Al l sig ni ficant depart ures are i n di

.
c a t e d i n the critical notes but not as a r ul e min or , , ,
det ails of or t ho gra ph y elisi o n a n d cr as is o r co rre c

, ,
xli ii
INTROD UCTION
t i ons o f ob vi ous typ ographi cal errors th at appear in

hi s edi tion J acoby w as fairly cons i stent in follo w
.
i n g out the pr i n ciples which he had established wi th

greater or less prob ability i n two prelimi n ary stu dies
o f Di o n vs i a n us a g e 1
B ut in the case of some .
phr ases and combinations of vowels fo r which he

co ul d n o t show that eli sion or crasis is normall y to
b e exp ected he vac il lated in his attitude toward
,
the MS S sometimes foll owing them in permitt in g

.
,
hi atus and at other times emendi ng ; the present

edit i on foll ows the MSS ( or s ome MS ) i n a ll such . .
cases T he MS S are likewi se fol lowed i n their

. .
spelli n g of the various forms of adj ectives such as

x a AK zJg and
o
’
xp v fi g whi ch appear in the

oo con ,
tracted and the uncontracted forms with ab out

e q ual fre q uency ; J acoby occ asionally emended an
u n contracted form H e a dopted the late spell in g s .
’ ’
e n va dnv
a and n hda v wherever they h ave the
authority o f any M S and occasionally elsewhere ;
2
.
,
in the present text the Atti c forms e n zidq v and

’
a
dd v are everywhere restored

fi n
/l .
The present edi tor has permitted himself the

li b erty o f spel ling a fe w L atin proper names i n the
Greek t ext in the m anner that m any an editor
woul d h ave liked t o spell the m but as o nl y a few ,
of the earli er e di tors ventured t o do i n actual

1
( a ) Ob s e rva t i o nes D i o n ys i i H a l
cri t i ca e inA nt i .
u t t a te s R o m a n u s i n A ct a S oci e t a t i s Ph il o l L i p s i e ns i s , i
g ,
. .
2 8 7 3 44 -
( 6 ) Ue b e r d i e S p ra ch e de s D i on ysi os von
.
H a li ka rna s e os i n de r R em A re h czol og i e A a a u 1 8 7 4 .
’ ’
, r , .
2
In o n e in a c C a l st n e e m to h one s e s
t he 0 ; lse s ow e
w er o
h e t h e n ly M S g i n g i t is B ( ab t ha l f t h e t m )
. iv ou i e ,
b ut e ven i in t h s M S t h e a h as s a lly . d l d ya uu b een e ete b

co r t in g han d
r ec .
x li v
INTROD UCTI ON
pract ice and t h n only in the case o f part o f the

,
a
names It is hard to believe that Dionysius woul d

.
have written such forms for example as ( D w vAog , , a r

’
for (Da vo vA g ( compare his correct form (P v fi v g )

r
'
o a o o ,
A wp w v ( i n B ook I ) for A up v o v ( the form found

'
e o . a e r
i n B ook V ; cf A vp v i v . and A vp v. or a e r oc a e
A fiv fo r [l o vt wa in such a context as i 5 9 3 ( and

' '
a a a .
,
i f he wrote the correct fo rm here he must have ,
used i t elsewhere ) .
The critical apparatus li sts only the more i m

p ort ant var iants a n d emendations ; many simple
emendations made by the early editors and a dopted
in subse q uent editi ons are passed over i n silence .
No fresh coll ati ons of the MS S have been ava ilable .
but here and there an obvious error in J acoby s ’
report has been corrected o r a sus picious entry

q ueried .
T he present translati on is b ased o n that of

Spe lman His rendering of numerous p assages
.
,
more especi ally in the speeches is s o spirited and ,
s o idi omat i c a n d often re q u ires so few changes t o

,
make it seem thoroughly modern in t o n e that it ,
seemed desirable to use what was best o f it in pre

p aring this versio n for the L o c h Cl assi cal Library .
If S pelman had been at his best more uni for ml y a ,
m il d revision t o br in g his translation i n to accord

,
with the present Greek text wo ul d have been all ,
that was re q uired B ut the q uali ty o f his E ngli sh

.
is very uneven He constructs a go od many long

.
,
cumbersome sentences in imitation o f the Greek , ,
shows an excessive fondness for the absolute use of

the participle and at times uses a vocabulary that
,
seems more Lat i n than E ng li sh Where he thus .
xl v
I NT R O DU C T I ON
dep art s from a goo d E ngli sh style a n d wherever h i s

,
renderi n g i s not suffi ciently close t o the Greek for

the present p u rpose changes have b een freely made
, ,
some o f them very drastic No attempt has been

.
m ade t o preserve the anti q ue fl avour that ch a racter

izes S p e lm a n s rendering as a whole inasm u ch a s
’
, ,
the p assages whi ch he h as rendered most successful ly

from other poin ts o f view are usually the most
modern in diction H e di d not translate the frag
.
ments they appear here in E ngli sh for the first

t i me The notes with which Spelman aecom
.
a ni e d his version were schol arly and useful i n t h eir

p
day but have not the same i nterest n o w ; accord
,
in gly an entirely new set o f notes has been prepared

,
for thi s edition .
For the conve nience o f the rea der p arallel

p assages from Livy have b een in dicated in the
n otes begi n ni ng wi th i 64
,
. .
xl vi
B I B LIOGRAPHY
A B I B L I O G R A PH Y of t he R om a n A nt i q u i t i es overin g t h c e
p e ri o d fr o m 17 7 4 to 18 7 6 wa s pu b lis h d b y J a o by in e c
P hi l ol ogu s xxxvi , pp 1 2 9 3 1 1 5 2 5 4 It was

. .
-
,
-
.
cont in u d in t h i n t ro d u t ions t o t h severa l vo lum s o f

e e c e e
h is e d ition in lud i n g t h e I nd ex
, T o t h lists t h ere
c e
giv n s h ou ld b add d
e e e
E d w S h w a r t z i n P a u ly W i o w
. c R l E n y l p dic
,
-
ss a, ea -
c c o e ,
D io n y si u s o ls 9 3 4 6 1 , c .
-
.
M ax E gg r D n y d H l n ( P a r i s 1 90 2 ) pp
’
. e , e s a zca r a sse , .
1 19-
2 4 7 98
, A n ex e llent s t u dy o f D io n y sius
-
. m ore c ,
part i u la rly a s h t ori i an

c r e c .
H L i rs D i T h
. i de G ,
hi ht h i b u n g de D i n y s
e e or e er es c c ssc re s o
v n H li k n
o Wa ld n b u rg 1 8 8 6
a ar ass . e ,
.
E ili v S ka rd E p g p hi h F m ln b , Di ny i n ra sc e or e et o s t O
’ ’
H a li ka r na s s i n S ym b ola e Os loe n s e s
, xi . 5 5 60 .
E G . a i da
D i e S chla cht s chi lde m n ge n i n d e n A n t zq u zt at es
,
R om a n a e d e s i on ys van H a li ka rn a s s B e l
D 1 93 4 , r s au , .
xl vii
SI GLA
A Ch is ia n u s 5 8 .
B Ur b i n as 1 0 5 .
C Co is lin i a n u s 1 5 0 .
D ius
R eg Pa r is in us 1 6 5 4 and 16 5 5 .
E V i nu
a t ca s 1 3 3 .
F Urb in a s 1 0 6 .
O A ll t h e M S S
1
.
R o erwis ci t e d
A ll t h e M S S n o t t h
1
. e .
a, b , and o a ion a lly add e d t o t h s y mb ol

cc s 0, e
in d ic a t e t he su cessiv hand ; mg d eno t s a

c e s e
e nt yr .
edi tio p ri n ce p s o f R . S t e pha nu s .
not es of H S t e phanus
. .
1
h re is g oo d re as on f or s u s p e c t ing t hat J a co by
B ut t e
u s ua y i gnore d E a n d F :
ll in fac t h e nowh ere to ,
c i te r in d ivi dua lly

t h e la t t e .
l
x viii
A I O NYE I O Y
A A I K A PNA EE Q E
PQ M A I K HS A PX A I O A O FI A E
A OI O E II P Q T O E
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2
C M u11er
.
, Us e n e r :
’
a va f i/l a o g O .
’
a x i m e n e s o f L amp s a us wr o t e a h is t y o f G e c e
An c or re
( d own t o t h e ba t t le o f M a n t in e a ) a n d a h is t o ry o f P h i li p
2
T H E R O M AN AN T I QUI T I E S
OF
D I O N Y S I US OF H A L I CA R NA SS US
BOOK 1
1 Al though it i s much agai n st my will t o i ndulge

.
in the explanatory st atements usually gi ven i n the

prefaces t o hist ories yet I am obli ged t o prefix
,
t o thi s work some rem ark s concer ni ng myself In .
doing thi s it is neither my intenti on t o dwell t o o

l ong on my o wn praise whi ch I know would b e ,
di st asteful t o the reader nor have I the purp ose,
o f censuring other hi st ori ans a s Anaximenes and,
T h e o p om p u s 1
di d in the prefaces t o their hi s
t ories but I sh all o nl y show the reasons th at i n
d u c e d me t o undert ake this work and give a n
accounting of the sources from whi ch I gained the
knowledge of the things I am going t o relate For .
I am convinced that a ll who prop ose t o l eave such

m onument s of their minds t o p oster i ty as time shall
of M a e d on ; a ls o an p i n A l x a n d er T h p m p u
c e c o e . eo o s
in h i H lle n i
s e ont inue d t h h is t o y o f T h uc yd i d e fro m
ca c e r s
4 1 1 d own t o t h e ba t t le o f C n i d u s i n 3 9 4 ; h i Ph i l i p p i
s ca ,
in 5 8 b oo k s t re a t e d n o t o n ly o f P h i l i p b u t o f c on t e mp or a r y
,
even t s e ls ewh ere .
3
D IO NYS IUS O F HALI CARNASSUS
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dva yfca i a K a i n p érr a He wp fip a r a T o i s ia r op m o i g

‘ ‘
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M oka nfia voue v B i l au fidvoue v n dw e g A
’
: l n o/ .
4
B O OK I . 1 , 2 —4
not i nvolve i n o n e common ruin with their b o di e s ,
a n d p articul arly those who write hist ories in which ,
we have the right to assume that Truth the s ource ,
o f b oth prudence and wi sdom i s enshrined ought , , ,
first o f all t o make choice of noble and lofty subj ect s

,
a nd such as will b e of great utility t o their readers ,
and then with great c are and p ains t o provi de

, ,
themselves with the proper e q ui pment for the

treatment o f their subj ect Fo r those who b ase .
historic al works up o n deeds ingl orious o r evi l

o r u n worthy o f seri ous study either b ecause they ,
crave t o come t o the k n owl e dge o f men and t o get

a name of some sort or other o r b ecause they ,
desire t o di spl ay the we al th o f their rhet oric are ,
n either a dmir ed by p osterity for their fame nor

prai sed for their elo q uence ; rather they leave ,
this opini on i n the mi nds of all who t ak e up their

histories that they themselves a dmi re d li ves which
,
were of a piece wi th the writings they published since ,
i t i s a j ust and a general opi ni on that a m an s words

’
are the images of his mind Thos e on the other .

,
b a n d who whi le making cho i ce o f the b est subj ect s

, , ,
are careless and indolent i n compiling the i r narra

t i v e s out o f such rep ort s as chance t o come t o the i r
ears gai n no praise by reason of th at choice ; for
we do n o t deem it fitting that the hist ories of r e
n o w n e d cities and of men wh o h ave hel d supreme
p ower sho ul d b e written i n an o ffhand o r n eg ligent

m a nn er As I b elieve these considerations t o b e
.
necessary a n d o f the first imp ort ance t o hi st ori a ns
“ c
S hwa rtz : dn 0 56 5§ a 0 0aL O , Ja co b y .
D IONYS IUS O F HALI CAR NAS SUS
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6
B OO K I . 1 . 4— 2 , 2
and a s I h ave taken great care t o ob serve the m

both I h ave fe lt unwi llin g ei ther t o omit menti on
,
o f them o r t o give it any other p l ace th an in the
preface t o m y work .
1 1 That I have i ndeed made choice o f a sub j ec t

.
noble l ofty and usefu l t o many will not I thi nk

. .
re q uire any lengthy argument at least for th ose ,
who are not utterly unac q uainted with u n ivers a l

hist ory Fo r i f anyone turns his attention to the
.
successive supremacies b oth of cities and o f nati ons ,
as account s of them h ave b een handed down from

times p ast a n d then surveyi ng them severally and
, ,
comp aring them t ogether wi shes t o determine which ,
of them obt ai ne d the wi dest domi ni on and b oth in

p eace and war performed the most brilli ant achieve
ment s he w i ll find that the supremacy o f the R om ans
ha s far surpassed a ll those th at are recorded from
e arli er times not only in the extent of it s do m in
,
i on and in the splendour of it s achievements which —
no account has as yet worthily celebrated but als o —
in t h e length of time duri ng which it has endured

dow n t o o u r d ay Fo r the emp i re of the A s s vri a n s
.
,
ancient as it was and runni ng b ack t o legend ry a
t i mes hel d sway over onl y a small p art of Asia

, .
That of the Medes after overthrowing the Assyrian

,
emp i re and obt a i ni ng a still wi der domini on di d not ,
hold it l ong b ut was overthrown in the fo u rth

,
generation 1
The Persians who c on q uered the
.
,
Medes di d i n deed finally b ecome masters of a lm ost

, , ,
all As i a ; but when they att ack ed the nati ons of

E urope also they did not reduce m any o f them t o
,
1
In 5 5 0 in t h r i gn o f A t y g s t h e f ourt h
e e s a e ,
M e d i an k in g a c co rd ing t o H ero d o t us .
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-
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d elet e d ( wi t h S u id a s ) by R e u dl e r , J a c ob y .
T h is s t a t e m ent is p uz lin g si n t h p eri d a t ually

1 z ,
ce e o c
e x t e n d e d f r m t h surren d er o f A t h e n s in 4 0 4 t o t h
o e e
ba t t l f Le uc t r a i n 3 7 1 T h t xt may b e cor u p t
e o . e e r .
D i o n y sius may have h d n m in d P y t h e as r p or t o f a

2 a i
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ae d wi t
a0 0 ah fl o a t ing ce 7) i n t h e far i
10
B OO K I . 3, 2— 5
between the E uxine and the Pa m p h yli a n seas when ,
their naval supremacy was a t it s height T h e Lace .
d a e m o ni a n s when masters of the Pelop onnesu s and

,
the rest o f Greece a dvanced their rule as far a s

,
Macedoni a but were checked by the Theb ans b efore

,
they h ad hel d it q uite thirty years 1

B ut R ome .
rules every country that is not inaccessible or unin

hab ited and s h e i s mistress o f every s ea not only
, ,
o f that which li es i nside the Pillars o f Hercule s but
also of the O cean excep t that p art o f it whi ch i s

,
not navigable ; s h e is the first and the on ly St ate

2
recorded i n a ll time th at ever made the risings and

the sett i ngs o f the s u n the b oundaries o f her domin
i on. No r has her supremacy been of short dur ation ,
but more last i ng than that o f any other common

wealth o r kingdom For from the very begin
.
ni n g immediately after her foundi ng s h e began t o

, ,
draw t o herself the neighb ouring nations w hi ch ,
were b oth numerous and warlike and continually ,
a dvanced subj ugat in g every rival An d it i s now

, .
seven h u n dre d and forty fi ve years from her fo u n d a

-
t i on dow n t o the co n sulship o f Claud i us Nero consul ,
for the second t i m e a n d of Calp u r ni u s Piso who

, ,
were chosen i n the o n e hundred and ni nety thi rd -
Olympiad 3
From the t i me th at she mast ered the
.
whole o f It aly s h e was emb ol dened t o aspire t o

nort h F ro m E r a t os t h en w l a n a lso t ha t t ha t o t h r
. es e e r e
e a rl y n avi ga t or t h C a rt hag ini a n H ann o wh o s a i le d fa r

, e ,
sout h al on g t h wes t o a s t f A fric a wa s fin a lly f r d by

e c o , o ce
ma n y d i ffi u lt ies ( o f wha t sort w

c n t t ld ) t t u rn e a re o o o
ba c k .
a
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y e ar 7 4 5 o f t h e C i t y a cc o d i n g t o D ionys i u s wh o a ssi gn s
r ,
it s f oun d in g t o t he y e ar 75 1 S e e c h ap 74 . .
,
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of P ydn a h e mus t have re ko n e d a g enera t io n h e e c r
12
B OOK I . 3 , 5 —4 , 1
govern all mankind and after driv i ng from o ff the

,
s e a the Carthagini ans whose maritime strengt h wa s

,
superior t o that o f a ll others a nd sub duing Mace ,
doni a w h ich until then was reputed t o b e the m os t

,
p owerfu l nation on l and s h e no longer h a d a s ri val

,
any nation either b arb ari an or Greek ; and i t is now

in my day alr eady the seventh generation that sh e 1
has c o ntinue d t o hol d sway over every regi on o f the

world and there is n o nation a s I m ay s a y th at
, , ,
di sput es her u ni versal domini on o r protest s against

b e in g rul ed by her H owever t o prove my st ate
.
,
ment that I h ave neither made choice o f the m ost

tri vi al o f sub j ect s nor prop osed t o treat of mean and
i n si g ni ficant deeds but am un dert aki ng t o writ e
,
n o t o nl y ab out the most i l lustrious city b ut als o

ab out brilli ant achievement s t o who se lik e no m a n
coul d p o in t I kn ow not what more I need s ay
, .
IV B ut b efore I proceed I desire t o show in a few

.
,
words that it i s not without design and mature premed

i t a t i on th at I h ave tur ne d t o the early p art o f R om e s
’
hi story but th at I h ave we ll consi dere d re as ons

,
-
t o g ive fo r my choic e t o forest all the censure ,
of th o se who fond of findi n g fa ul t w i th everyt hi n g

,
and not as yet h aving heard of any o f the matters

whi ch I am ab out t o make k n own m ay blame m e ,
b ecause 11) S pit e o f the fact that thi s city grown s o

, ,
famous i n o u r d ays h ad very humble and in gl o ri

,
o u s begin n i n gs unworthy o f hist orical record and

, ,
that it was b ut a few generatio n s ago that i s , ,
a t les t h an tw nt y eigh t y e a rs ( h i u ua l es t i ma t e ) b u t
s e -
s s :
he may have f e lt t ha t t h M a d oni an p ow r w b ro k en t

e ce e as a
Cy nos e phal a
c e O r t h s ven g ner a t io n s may ha ve
e e e
be e n ac tually coun t e d in so m e im p ort an t f amil y .
13
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14
BOO K I . 4 , 1— 3
s i nce her overthrow o f the Macedon i a n p owers

and her success in the Punic wars th at s h e arrived ,
at distinction and glory nevertheles s when I w a s a t

, ,
liberty t o choos e o n e o f the fam ous p erio ds in her

hi story for my theme I turned asi de t o one s o
,
barre n of distincti on as her anti q uarian l ore For .
t o this day alm ost all the Greek s are ignorant o f

the early history o f R ome and the great maj ority
o f them have b een imp osed up on by sundry false
opini ons grounded up on st ories whi ch chance ha s

brought t o their ears and le d t o b eli eve that having ,
c ome up on various vagab onds without house o r

home and b arb arians a n d even those not free men
, ,
as her founders sh e i n th e course o f tim e arrive d at

,
worl d domination and thi s not through reverence

,
for the gods and j ustice and every other virtue but ,
through s ome chance and the inj ustice o f Fortune ,
which i nconsiderately showers her greatest favours

up on the most undeserving And i ndee d the m ore .
mali cious are w ont t o rail O p e nl y at Fortune for

freely b estow in g o n the b asest o f b arb ari ans the
blessi n gs o f the Greeks And yet why shoul d I
.
mention me n at large when eve n some hi storians

,
have dared t o expres s su ch vi ews in the writings

they h ave l eft t aki ng t hi s metho d o f humouring
,
b arb ari an ki ngs who det ested R ome s supremacy ’

,
princes t o whom they were ever servilely devote d

and with whom they assoc i at ed a s fl a t t e r e r s b y ,
—
presenti n g them wi th hi st ories which were ne i ther

“ ”
j ust nor true ? 1
D io n y sius h e re h a d 1n m in d and t h a t P yrr h us was on e o f

t h e k in g s
.
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1
H ieron ym us wro t e a h is t ory o f t h e D i ad o c h i ( t h e i m
m e di a t e suc c essors o f A l e x an d er ) an d o f t h e ir s o ns so m e ,
t im es c a lle d t h e E p i g oni ( cf D io d o u s i . c over in g t h e

r .
p eri o d d own t o t h e w a r o f P y rr h u s m I t a ly
2T i ma eus g re a t wor k wa s h is h is t o ry o f S i ci ly d own t o
’
t h e over t h row o f A ga t h oc l es i n 2 8 9 I t in c l u d e d t h e
.
18
B OO K I . 5, 3 6
-
, 2
li fe l ong self c o ntrol o r fo r warli k e val our no city

- -
, ,
either Greek o r b a rb arian h as ever produced Thi s

, .
,
I s a y i s what I hop e t o accompli sh if my readers wil l

, ,
but l ay aside a ll resentment ; for s ome s u ch feeling

i s aroused by a promise o f things which run c o u nt er
t o received opi n i on o r excit e w onder And it i s a .
fact th at all those R omans who b est owe d up o n their

coun try s o gre at a domi ni on are u nk nown t o the
Greek s fo r want o f a compet ent hist orian For no .
accur at e hi st ory o f the R omans writt en i n the Greek

l anguage has hi thert o appeared but onl y very brief ,
and summ ary epit omes .
VI The fir st h i st ori an s o far a s I am aware t o

.
, ,
t ouch up on the e arly peri o d o f the Romans was

Hieronymus of Cardi a in hi s work o n the E pigo ni
,
1
.
After hi m Timaeus o f Sic ily rel ate d the b egi nni ngs
o f the i r hi story i n h i s general hi st ory and treated
in a sep arat e work the wars with Pyrrhus o f E p i rus 2

.
B esides these An tigonus P olybius S i lenus and i n

, ,
3
,
num erable other authors devote d themselves t o the

s ame themes though in di fferent ways e ach of them
, ,
recordi n g some few t hi n gs comp il e d without accur at e

i n vestigation o n hi s o wn p art but from rep ort s w hi ch
chance h ad brought t o hi s ears L i k e t o thes e i n .
all respect s are the histories of those R om ans als o , ,
who related i n C r e e k the early achi evements of the
h is t o ries o f I t a ly a n d C a rt hag e ; h e n ce D ion y si u s d es cri b es

it a s a g e n er a l h i s t o ry .
3
A nti g onus c i t e d by P lu t a r c h o n e a r l y R o ma n h is t o ry
, ,
i s o t h erwis e un k no w n . P o lyb ius i s t o o we ll kn own t o

re q uire c o mm e nt h ere S il enus w a s o n e o f t h e h is t or ia n s
.
i n t h e sui t e o f H a n m b l : h is h is t o y o f t h e S e c on d P un ic
a r
W ar was p ra ise d by C i ce ro an d N e p os .
19
D I ONYS IUS O F HALI CARNAS S US
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.
20
B OOK I . 6 , 2— 5
c i ty ; the oldes t o f thes e writers a re Q uintus Fabius 1
and Lucius Ci n ci u s who both fl ourished dur i n g th e

2
Pu ni c wars E ac h o f these men related the event s

.
at which he hi m se lf h a d been present with great

exactness as bein g w e ll ac q uai n ted with them but
,
r
,
t ouched onl y in a su m m ary way up on the e arly

event s that fol lowed the founding of the city For .
these reasons therefore I have determined not t o

.
,
p ass over a noble p eriod of hi story whi ch the ol der

writers left u n t ouched a peri od moreover the a c
, , ,
curat e portraya l o f w hich wi ll lea d to the followi ng

m ost exce llent and j ust resul t s : I n the first pl ace ,
the brave men who have fulfilled their destiny wi ll

ga i n immort al glory and b e ext o ll ed by post erity ,
w h i ch t hi ngs render human natur e like u n t o the ‘
di vine and prevent men s deeds from p erishing t o

’
geth er with their b odies An d a gain b oth the .

,
present and futur e descendant s o f th ose go dli k e men

wi ll choose not the pleas antest and easiest o f lives
, ,
but rather the noblest and most ambit i ous whe n ,
they consi der that a ll who are sprung from an ill us

t r i o u s origin ought to set a hi gh value on themselves
and i ndul ge in n o pur sui t un worthy o f their a n
c e s t o rs
. An d I wh o have not turned asi de t o thi s
,
work for the s ake o f fl attery but o u t o f a regar d fo r

,
truth and j ustice which ought t o b e the aim of every

,
hi st ory shall have a n opportu ni ty in the fi rst pl ace

, , ,
of expressing my attitude of goo dwil l toward a ll

g o od men a n d toward a ll wh o take pleasure in the
1
Q . F ab iu P i or
s ct .
3
L . Cin ci us Ali m e n t us .
21
D IONYS I US O F HALI CARNAS S US
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22
B O OK 1 . 6 . 5— 7 . 3
contemplation o f great a n d noble deeds ; and in ,
the second place o f making the most grateful

,
retur n that I may t o t h city in remembrance o f the e
education and other blessings I have enj oyed dur i ng

my residence in i t .
VI I H aving thus given the reason for my choi ce

.
o f subj ect I wish now t o s ay something concern

,
ing the sources I used while preparing for my t ask .
Fo r it is possible that those who have already rea d

Hieronymus Ti m aeus Po lybius or any o f the other
, , ,
hist orians w hom I j ust now mentioned as h aving

slurred over their w o rk s in ce they will not have found ,
in t h e s e authors many things mentioned by me will ,
suspect me o f inventing them and wi ll demand t o

know how I came by the knowledge o f these p ar
t i cu l a rs Lest anyone therefore should entert ain
.
, ,
such an opini on o f me it is best that I should st at e ,
i n a dvance what narratives and records I have used

as sources I arrived in It aly at th e very time that
.
Augustus Caesar put an end to the civil war in the ,
middle of the one hundred and eighty seve n th -
Olympiad ; and having from that time t o this

1
present day a period o f twenty two years live d

,
-
,
at Rome learned the l anguage o f the Romans and

,
ac q uai nted myself with their writings I have de ,
voted myself during a ll that time t o matters bear

ing upon my subj ect S ome information I re .
c e i v e d orally from men o f the great est lear ni ng with ,
whom I associated : and the rest I gathered from

P erhap s la t in 3 0 C if D io n y s iu wro t t h is p r fa c e
1
e B . .
, s e e
ly i n t h
ea r y e a r 7 ( hap 3
e b ut t h
c lo i n g f th
.
, e c s o e
t mp l o f J a n u i n J a n u a y 2 9 or O c t a vi a t riu mph i n
’
e e s r , , n s
A ug u s t m ay h a ve m ar k d f h im t h e e n d o f t h e w a r
e or .
23
D IONYS IUS O F HALI CARNAS S US
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D IONYS I US O F HALI CA RNAS S US
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‘
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,
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26
B OOK I . 8, 2— 4
sh ow ing fr o m w hat causes they sprang and by wh at

metho d s and by wh at argument s they w ere br o ught
t o an en d I give an acc o unt als o o f all the fo rms o f
.
g o vernment R o me used b o th during the monarchy ,
an d after its o verthro w and sh o w w hat wa s the ,
character o f ea ch I describ e the b est customs and .
the most remark abl e l aws ; and in sh o rt I sh o w th e , ,
wh o le li fe o f the ancient Romans As t o the fo rm .
I give this w o k it d oes not resemble that which th e

r .
auth o rs wh o make w ars al o ne their subj ect have

giv e n t o their hist o ries n or that which o thers wh o ,
treat o f the several fo rms o f government by them

selves have a d o pte d n o r is it like the a nn a li sti c ,
acc o un t s w hi ch the authors of the A t t hide s have 1
published ( fo r these are m o not o n o us an d s oon gr o w

t edious t o t h e rea d e r ) but it is a combinati o n o f ,
every kind fo rensic speculative an d narrative

, , ,
t o the i ntent t h at it m ay affo rd satisfacti o n b o th

t o those w h o o ccupy themselves with p o litical de
b ates and t o those wh o are dev o ted t o p hi l o s o phi cal
specul ations a s well as t o any who may desire mere
2
,
un di st ur bed enterta i nment in their rea di ng o f hi st o ry .
Such thi ngs therefore wi l l b e t h e s u bj ect s o f my

, ,
hi story and such wi ll be it s fo rm I the author am .

, ,
Dionysius o f H ali carnassus the s on of Al exander , .
An d at thi s p o in t I b egi n .
A tt his ( n dj
1
ti v m an i n g Atti
a a ec w a s t h n am e
e e c e
g i v en t h i t i s f A tti ; th
o s or e w m an y
o f th s ca e re e re o e e
w itt n in t h f u rt h n d t h i d c e n t u i s
r e e o Th y m a d n
a r r e . e e o
p t n i n t lit a y st y l
re e s o o er r e .
2
A m p a is o n f t h in t d u t y h a p t
co r o of B e k XI ro c or c er oo
l n d 4 ) m k s it p
a b a b l t h t t h fi s t g ou p m n
a e ro e a e r r e
ti n d h
o e w th s w h o t k n a ti v p t i n p b li c
e re e re o e oo a c e ar u
a ff airs t h e s n d t h p li t ic l p h il o s p h s o th e o is t
, e co e o a o er r r s .
27
D IO NYS IUS O F HALI C ARNAS S US
IX T 770
C I I I
90 A0 0 0 77; 0 77 0 0 77;
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.
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'
so j be l ow ; b u t in .
l at e r p as s a s g e r éflep Ls is t h e m o re om m on c f o rm ) .
28
B OOK I . 9 . 1— 3
IX Th i s city mistress o f t h e wh o le eart h and sea

.
, .
wh i ch the R o mans n o w inh abit i s sai d t o have had ,
as i t s earliest kn o w n occupant s the b arb ar i an Sicels a ,
native race As t o the conditi o n of the place b e fo re

.
their time whether it was o ccupied by o thers o r u n

,
inhabited none can certainly s a y But s o me time .
l ater the Ab o ri gi nes gained possessi o n of it having ,
taken i t fr o m the o ccup ant s after a long war These .
people had pre vi o usly lived o n t h e mountains in

un w alled villages and sc attered gr o ups ; but when
the Pelasgi ans wi th wh o m s o me o ther Greek s h a d
1
,
uni ted assi sted them in the war against their neigh
,
b o u s they drove the Sicels o u t o f this place walled

r
, ,
i n many t own s and contrived t o subj ugate a ll the

,
country that lies b et w een the two ri vers the Liri s ,
and the T ib er These ri vers S pr i ng from the fo o t

.
o f the Apen ni ne moun tain s the range by which all ,
Italy i s divi ded int o two p art s thr o ughout i t s length ,

and at p oint s ab out eight hundred st ades from o n e
another d ischarge themselves int o the Tyrrheni an
Sea the T ib er t o the north near the city of Ostia
, , ,
and the Liris t o the s outh as i t flows by Mintur ,
nae b oth these cities being R o man coloni es And

,
.
these p eopl e rem a ined i n this same place o f ab o d e ,
being never afterwards driven out by any o thers ;

but although they continued t o b e o n e and the sa m e
,
e o p l c t h e ir name was twi ce changed Till the time

p ,
.
o f the Troj an war they preserved the ir ancient name

1
A s w ill b s e e n li t tl lat
e ( h p a D i n y si u e
e er c a . o s r
g a r d de t h P l s g
e ia n s as
e a a G e k n ati n re o .
Dm g .
, S te ph . : n i 7 0 2; 0 .
8
8L7 7 a i;
'
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D IONYS IUS O F H ALI CARNASS US
A 3
A fiop Ly v
I 3 I I
86
3I 3
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IL 0 I C I
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7 677 0 30 0
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I
1
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‘
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1
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y 6 0 00 6 0 0 0 d e l e t d by
e G art er .
T h is l1
c a us e is a dd d p ssi b l y by a s i b
e , o cr e, as a
de fini
ti n o f t h
o ll kn e we -
own G re ek wo d r a u t och t h o n e s , h e r e
rend d n ti v s
e re a e .
”
T h e wor d m e a n s li t e a lly s p u n g r r
f m t h l n d i t s lf
ro e a e , c o rre s p o n di n g t o t h e L a t in i nd i g e na e .
30
B OOK I . 9 , 3 1 0, I
—
of Ab o i gines ; but un d e r Latinus their king wh o

r , ,
reigned at t h e time o f that war they began t o b e ,
cal ed Latins and when R o mulus fo unde d the

l
,
city named a fter himself sixteen generati o ns after

the t aki ng o f Troy they to o k the name w hi ch they
,
n o w b ear An d in the c o urse o f time they c o ntrived

.
t o raise themselves from the small est nati on t o the

greatest and fr o m the m ost ob scure t o the m o st
illustri ous n o t o nly by their humane recepti o n o f
,
those who s o ught a h o me am o ng them but als o ,
by sharing the right s of citizenship with all wh o

ha d been conquered by them in war after a brave
resistance by permitting all the sl aves too who
, , ,
were manumitte d am o ng them t o bec o me citizens ,
and by dis d aini ng no conditi o n o f men fr o m whom

the commonwealth mi ght reap an adva n t age but ,
above everyt hing else by t h eir fo rm o f g o vernment ,
whi ch they fashi o ned out of their many experiences ,
always extract i ng something useful fr o m every

o c c a sm n .
X There are s ome who a ffi rm that the Ab origines

.
,
from wh o m the R o mans are o riginally descende d ,
were nat i ves of Italy a st o ck whi ch came int o being

,
spontaneous ly ( I call It aly all that peni nsul a whi ch

1
is b o unded by the Ionian Gul f and the Tyrrhenian

2
S ea and thirdly by the Al p s o n the l andward side )

, ,
and these authors s ay that they w ere first called

Ab origines because they were the fo u nders of the
It was t h e ro u op d b as t of t he Ath e n i a n s th a t th e y w e re
a u t och t h on e s .
2 “
I i
T h e on a n G u lf sim p ly t h I n i n i s D i n y si u s
or e o a o
’
s lt
u ua e r m fo r t h e A d i ti o m e p ti u la ly p h p s
r a c, r or ar c r er a
ta
fo r t h e e n r n ce t o t h is se a .
31
D IONYS IUS O F HALI C ARNASS US
i p fa L ( 30 77 6 0 620 770 6 2; 6 577 0 L0 6 0 y w e dp xa ; 57 7700 7 7 0

’
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77 60 0 7 7 0 ; 6 77 o 0 6 A960 7 0 ; 5
7 K 0 0 0
x 0
0 7 0 7 0
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677 L 7 0 L; 60 0 0 0 0 7 K 0 7 0 0 7 7j0 0 0 90 L §770 86 0 77 0 A9 0 7 6 50 ; ,
Ka i 00 0 M 67 7 0 0 0 L 86 K a i 7 7 0 60 0
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.
x 0 34 3 00 7
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1
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t p . . .
D g” S
m t e h 2
877 / \6y a7 O p . .
a
S ch w a rt z : 6 77 6 7 596 07 0 0 a co b y , J
1
F oun d s o f f m ili s a n d fi t b n
er a s p ti v ly e rs -
or re ec e .
2
F m t h L tin b
ro e w nda a e rra re a er
3S t b it s ( vii 7 2 ) s m v
ra o c e s o f H si d i n wh i h
.
, o e e rs e e o c
th L l g
e e e d s ib d as h m
e s a re 6 7 57; A
e cr s p pl
e e x 70 7 a ou
’
, eo es
g at h d t
e re o f e
out h a n t y m l g i al w
ar d p l,a y wh i h
”
e o o c or -
c
32
D IONYS I US O F HALI CARNAS S US
I I I
F a Lo ; 2 6 77 0 70 L0 ; l ca L 0 M 0 L O U VO L
SI
0 000 7 7 70 70 70 K 0 L
0 0 X
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3 3 J.
,
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'
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p 6 6
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’
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.
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6/
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0 7 7 76 7 0 0 0 , 0 0
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7 0 8 6 7 7 6 77 7 0 ;
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(75 0 0 7 0 60 7 ; 7 0 7 0 7 7 0 37 0 7 0 60 H 6 / 0 7 0 0 0 7 0 7 80 0 0 0 7 6 0
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7
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I
0 60 7 0 7 0
‘ ‘
.
I
A L§6 L0 0 86
A 3
86 0 56; K 0 5 A L6; ,
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7 007 0 6
7 0 0 70
°
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1 170 0 0 6 50 0 ; 76 0 5 H 6 A0 0 y 0 0 A 0 7< 0 0 7 0
(
7 00 7 00
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I
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7 xp 0 00 ; 6 0 .
,
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70 i
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I
.
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7
.
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0 0 ; 6K ) \ L77 Li7 0
34
B OO K I . 11 , 1— 3
Ga i us S e m p ro n iu s and a great m a ny others say

l
,
that they were Greek s part o f th o se wh o o nce dwelt ,
in Achaia and that they migrated many generations

,
before the Tr oj an war B ut they d o n o t go o n.
t o indicate either the Greek tribe t o whi ch they

b elonge d o r the city fr o m which they J e m o ve d o r ,
the date or the leader o f the c o lony o r as the result ,
o f wh at turns 0 1 fo rtune they left their m o ther coun
t ry ; and altho u gh they are fo ll o wing a Greek legend ,
they h ave cit e d n o Greek hist o ian as their author r
it y . I t is uncert ain therefo re what the truth of,

.
the m att er i s But if w hat they s a y is true the

.
,
Ab o rigines can b e a c o l o ny o f n o o ther people but o f

th o se wh o are n o w calle d Arca d i ans fo r these were
t he first o f all the Greeks t o cross the I oni an
Gulf under the lea d e s h p o f O e n o t ru s the s o n of
,
r i
Lyca o n an d t o settl e in I taly This Oe n o t ru s w a s

. .
the fifth fr o m A e z e i u s a n d Ph o roneus wh o w ere the ,
first kings in the Pel o p o nn esus Fo r Ni o b é was .
t h e daught e r o f Ph o r o neu s a n d Pela sgus w as the ,
s o n o f Ni o b é a n d Zeus it is said ; Lyca o n w a s ,
the s o n of A e z e i u s and De i anira wa s the daughter o f

,
‘'
Lyca o n ; D e i a n ira and Pelasgus were the p arent s

o f an o ther Lyca o n wh o se s o n O e n o t ru s was b o rn
,
s eventee n generati o ns b efo re the Tr oj an exp e d iti o n .
Thi s then wa s the time when the Greeks sent the

.
,
colony int o Italy O e n o t ru s left Greece b ecaus e

.
h e wa s di ssatisfied with hi s porti o n o f h i s father s ’
land ; fo r a s Lyca o n ha d twenty two s o n s it wa s

,
-
.
necessary t o di vi d e Arcadia into a s many shares .
For th i s re ason Oe n o t ru s l e ft the Fe o p o n n e s u s ,
1
C S m p n u s T d it n u (
. e ro i u B si d s h i li b
a s c os . e e s er
ma gi s t at u u m h s m s t o h a ve w t t e n a h t o i c al w k
r e ee ri is r or .
35
D I ONYS I US O F HALI CARNAS S US
a 7
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0 0 0 ,
36
B O OK I . 11 , 3 — 12 , 1
prepared a fleet a nd cr o sse d the Io n i an Gulf wi th

,
Pe u ce t i u s one o f his brothers

, They were a e c om .
a n i e d by many o f their own pe o ple — fo r thi s natio n

p
i s sai d to have b een very p o pulous in early times
and by a s many o ther Greeks as had less land
than was suffi cient fo r them Pe u ce t i u s lande d hi s .
people ab ove the Iapygian Prom o ntory w hich was the ,
first p art o f Italy they made a nd settled there : an d ,
from him the i n habitants o f t hi s regi o n were ca lled

Pe u c e t i a n s B ut O e n o t ru s with the greater p art o f
.
the expe di ti o n came into the other sea that w ashes

th e western re gions along the coast of It aly ; it
wa s then c alle d the Auso ni an Sea fr o m the Aus o ni ans ,
wh o dwelt b eside i t but aft er the Tyrrhe ni ans h e ,
came masters at s e a it s name w a s change d t o that

w hi ch it n o w b ears .
XI I An d fin di ng there much land suit able for

.
p ast u rag e and much for t ill age b ut for the most ,
p art uno ccupied and even th at whi ch was in habite d

,
n o t thi ckl y p op u lated he cleared s o me o f it o f the ,
b arb ari ans and b uil t small t own s conti g uous t o

o n e another o n the mount ains w hich was the cus ,
t o m a ry manner o f hab i t ation in use among the

ancients An d all the land he occupie d whi ch was
.
,
very extensive was c a lled Oe n o t ri a and all the

, ,
p e o ple un der hi s command Oen o trians which wa s ,
the third name they ha d b orne Fo r in the rei gn .
o f A e z e i u s they were call e d A e z e i a n s when Lycaon ,
succeeded t o the r ul e L yc a o ni a n s and aft er Oe n o t ru s

, ,
1 ’
I60 L0 0 K ie sslin g ,
’
I60 L0 0 K 6/
\ 77 0 0 R e is k e : 560 L0 0 77 60 0 0 B ,
56v 7 7 60 7 0 0 R .
2
S te p h fi
z fl a 3am o
g/ .
37
D IO NYS I US O F HALI CARNAS S US
IL I I V
86
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38
B OO K I . 12 , 1— 3
led them int o It aly they were for a whil e call ed Oeno
t ri a n s What I say i s supp o rted by the testim o ny
.
o f S ophocl es the tragic p o et in his d rama entitle d

.
,
T ri p t ol m u s ; fo he ther represents Dem e t e as

e r e r
info rming Tript o lemus h o w l arge a tract o f lan d he

w ould have t o trave o ver whil e s o wi ng it wi th the
‘
seeds s h e ha d given him Fo r aft er first refe rring .

,
t o the easte n p art o f Italy w hich reaches fr o m

r ,
the I apygian Pr o m o nt ory t o the Sicilian Strait and ,
then t o uching up o n Si cily o n the o pp o site si d e ,
s h e returns again t o the w estern p art o f I t aly and
enum e rat es the m o st imp o rt ant nations that in

habit t h l s coast b e gi n n n g with the e t l e m e n t o f .
’
s
t h e Oen o tri ans B ut it is en o ugh t o quo t e merely

.
the i ambics in which he s ays :

“
An d after this firs t then up o n the ri gh t ,
—
, , ,
O e n o t ri a wide o ut stretched an d Tyrrhene G u lf -

,
” 1
And next the Li gu ri an l and shall w elcome thee .
An d Anti o chus o f Syrac u se a very early hist o rian

2
,
in hi s accoun t o f the settlem e nt o f I t aly w hen ,
enumerating t h e m o st anc ent n h a b it a n t s in the i

*
orde in W h c h each o f them hel d p o sses s i on o f

r i
an
y p a t o f it
_ s ays th at t h e first w h o a e rep ort e d
, r
t o have i nh abit e d t h at co untry a re t h e Oen o tr a ns i .
Hi s w o r d s a r these An ti o chus t he
e
s n of ,
o
X e n o pha n es wr ote this acc o unt o f I t a ly whic h

, .
compris e s all th at is m o st cr di bl e n d c e r t ai n o u t o f e a
1
N n k T g G
a e , F g p 2 62 f g 5 4 1
ra . ra e c . ra
fl
, .
, r . .
2
An ti h u s ( l tt h l f f fift h
oc nt y) w
a t a h ist y er a o ce ur ro e or
o f S i il y n d
c hi t y f It ly
a a T h f m w s d by or o a . e or er as use
Th u y d i d s n d t h l t t is f q n t l y i t d b y S t b
c e , a e a er re ue c e ra o .
T h q u t ti n h
e o a g iv n is f g 3 i n M u ll
o F g Hi t
e re e r . e r, ra . s .
Grac e i . . p . 18 1 .
39
D I O NYS I U S O F HALI CARNAS S US
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4
K r ii g e r 0386 O .
1
Ph e re c y d e s ( fift h ce n u ry ) a o n e f t h e m o r e p ro m t w s o
l l
in e n t o f t h e e a r y o g o g r a p h e r a n d t h e fi rs t p ro e wr t e r s s i
o f A h e nst H is g re a t wo rk was
. m y t h o og c a h is t o ry , a l i l
40
D IONYS IUS O F HALI CARNAS S US
A y C
E M 770 LK 60
A T A0
7
07 0 07 L 7 0
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.
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60 6 0 L0 60 6 0 L0 co y Ja b .
42
B O OK I . 1 3 , 2 — 14 , 1
I a sume t h a t i f th e Ab origines were i n reality a

s
Greek nati o n according t o t h e opinion o f C a t o

, ,
Sempronius and m a ny others the y w e re d e ,
s c e n d a n t s of these Oen o tr i ans Fo r I fin d that the .
P e lasgi ans and Cret an and the o ther nations th at

s
lived i n It aly cam e thither after w ards ; nor c an I

d iscover th at any o ther exp e d iti o n m o re anci nt e
than thi s came fr o m Greece t o the w estern part s o f

E urop e I am o f the o pi ni on that the Oenotri ans
.
,
b esi de s m ak i ng themselves mast e rs o f many o ther

regi ons in Italy some o f whi ch they fo und u n o c cu
,
pied and others b u t thinly inhabited also seized ,
a port ion of the c o untry of the U m brians and that ,
they were call ed Ab ori gi nes fr o m their dwelli ng

o n the mount ains o r it is ch a racteristi c o f th e
1
( f
Arcadians t o b e fo nd of the mount ain s ) in the s ame ,
manne r as at Ath e ns s o me are call ed Hyp e ra kri oi 2

,
and others Pa ra li oi B u t i f a n y are n atur ally sl o w in

3
.
g ivi n g credi t t o acc o unts o f ancient matters wi th out

due exami nati o n let them b e s l o w als o i n b eli evi ng
,
the Ab o rigi nes t o b e Li gur ians Umbri ans or any , ,
other b arb ari ans and let them suspend the ir j u d g

,
ment till t h ey have heard what remains t o b e t o l d

and the n determine whi ch o pi ni o n o u t o f all i s the
most pr o b able .
XIV Of the citi es fi rs t i n h a b it e d by the Ab o ri gi nes

.
fe w remaine d i n my day ; the greatest p art o f them ,
h avi ng b e en lai d w aste b o th by w ars and other

cal amities are ab andoned These cities wer e in
,
.
t h e Reat i ne territ o ry not far fr o m the Apenni ne

,
1
A hy b i d e t ym ol ogy
r ab t
600 ; ( m o un a in ) .
P pl
eo e of t h e h gh i l a n ds .
3
P l
e o p e of t h e c oas t .
43
D IONYSI US O F H A LI CARNASS US
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Th i s m on um n t l w o k o f n ti q u i n l i n o l o n g e
1 e a r a ar a o re s r
e x t an t V w a s a n ati v o f R e at ( 4 9 R m n m i l
. a rr o e e o a es
n th st f R m ) a n d m y w e ll h v t k n a p ti ul a
or -
ea o o e , a a e a e ar c r
in t st i n t h s ld sit s f t h A b ig in s T h l t e s t
e re e e o e o e or e . e a
di s u ssi n o f t h is h p t e i t b f un d in N iss n I t l i he
c o c a r s o e o e , a sc
L a nd es ku nde ii 1 pp 4 7 1 6 ; B un s e n s a rti c l e a pp e a r e d
’
-
.
, .
,
44
B OOK I . 4
1 , 1 3
—
mounta ins a s Terenti a s Varro wri tes i n h i s A n t i q u i

,
l ie s ,
1
the nearest b e ing one day s j ourney dist ant f o m ’
r
Rome I shall enumerate the most celebrated of

.
them fo l lowing his acc o unt Pal atium t wenty five

,
.
,
-
st ades dist a nt from Reat e ( a c i ty that w as still i n

habit ed by Romans down t o my t ime ) near th e 2
,
Q u i n t i a n Way 3
T ri b u l a ab out sixty sta.d es fr om ,
Reate and stan di ng up on a low hill S u e s b ul a at .

,
the same distance from T rib u l a near the Ce r a u n i a n ,
M oun ta i ns Suna a famous c i ty for t y stades fr o m

.
,
S u e s b u l a ; in i t there i s a very a n cient temple o f

Mars M e fu la about thirt y sta des fr o m Suna ; it s
.
ru ins and traces o f its wa ll s are pointed o u t Or .
vin i u m forty st ades fr o m M e fu l a a c i ty as fam o us

, ,
and large as a n v in tha t reg i o n ; fo r t h e fo u n d a

tions o f its walls are sti ll t o b e seen and some tomb s
of venerabl e ant i q u i ty as well as the c i rcuit s of ,
b ur ying places extendi ng o ver l ofty m o unds ; and

4 -
’
in t h e A n na lL d e ll I n s t i t u t o d L C orri sp on d e n za A rch e ol ogi ca ,
' ’
vi . 1 2 9 ff See pp o
. m th
’
. als S i
D i e t of G re e k a n d s .
R oma n G e ograp hy , A or g n e b i i s .
2
B s
un e n e m e n e the ex d d t t
so as t o m a e t he c au e k l s
i l d d
h e re n c u e in a re n t h e e re e r t o p a a um ; s s f
he he P l ti ld
t at R t
h e a e wa s t o o we n o wn t o c a l ll k
fo r u h a n e x l s c
p l n ti n
a a o .
3 ls
T h e V ia Q u i n t i a i s n o t e e wh e re m e n t o n e , b u t e e m i d s s
av b
to h e di t
e e n t h e m o re a d s l di d
re c o f t w o ro ea ng o wn
v l
t he t s R at
a l e y t o t h e n or h we t o f s e e T he nam e of t h e
-
.
t s t a i
o wn d iat l f ll
h t mm e p b bl
e y p ti s
o o w a re ro a y co rru o n
ofT bu re l a a n d S u e s s u la M t i s
T h e Ce ra u n ia n o un a n
. a re
t ti v l i d tifi d
te n a e y en N iss
e it
by M t R t d
en w h the on e o on o
o f t o d ay
-
.
4
T h e w or d
p olya n dri on u u a y m e a n a s ll
a ce w h e re s pl
b i dt
m a n y a re u r e o g e t h e r ; i t i s co n t ra e , a s h e re w th st d ,
i
i d i v i d al t b s
n u om b y A e lia n , Va r H i s t x ii 2 1 , a n d Pa n . . .
a i
s m as ii 2 2 , 9 . .
45
D I ONYS IUS O F HALI CARNAS SUS
I
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' '
.
,
1
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or , 0 00 /
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7 0 ; om e n : . O, Ja ob y c .
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/ en L7 07 0 , B ; A50 V77V B uns e n .
6
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'
07 0 L e : 0 0 L0 7 .
1
T h e Vi a Cu i r a is th
a s e co n d ro a d
ou gh t to ha v b
e een
l e a d i n g n o rth w e st f ro m R e a t e b u t runn in g roun d t h e

-
e a st a n d n o r t h si d e s o f t h e c h a i n o f s m all la k e s c a ll e d by
t h e co ll e c ti v e n a m e o f L a c u s Ve lin u s or P a lus R e a t in a .
M C u ri ns D e n tat u s in 2 7 2 dr a i n e d t h e l ow l a n d s a t t h e
’
.
n o rt h e rn e n d o f t h e v all e y a n d h e may we ll h av e c o n ,
st u c t e d t h is roa d a t th a t t im e M oun t Co re t u s is u n
r .
kn own T h e M a ru vi um h e re n a m e d i s n o t t o b e c on f u se d
.
wit h t h e M a rsi a n c a p i t a l on t h e F u c in e L a k e C i c e ro .
m e n ti o n s t h e S e p t e m A q u a e i n a le t t e r t o A tti cu s ( iv 1 5 .
,
2
Th is e a d in g i s d u e to N is s e n w h o b e li e v e s t h a t L isti n a
r ,
( t h e d i s t i c t o f L ist a ) w
r a s a n e a rli e r n a m e fo r t h e d is t ri c t o f
A rni t e n um rI n vi e w o f t h e st o ry re la t e d a t t h e e n d o f t h e
.
46
B OO K I . 14 , 3 5 —
there is als o an anci ent temple o f Minerva built o n

t h e summit .
At the dist ance o f eighty st a des from Reate a s ,
o n e g o es al o ng t h e Guri an Way
1
p a st M o unt Co re t u s ,
st o o d Co xs u l a a town but re ently d estroyed There ,

c .
i s als o po inted out an island cal l ed I ssa surrounded ,

.
by a ake the Ab origines are s ai d t o have lived o n

this island with o ut n y a tificial fo rtification relyi n g a r ,
o n the m arshy waters o f the l ak e i nstead 0 1 walls .
Nea Issa i s M a u w u m s ituated o n an arm of the

r r ,
same lak e an d di s t ant fo r y st ades fr o m what they t
call the Septem Aquae .
Again as o n e g o es fr o m Reate by t h e ro a d tow ar ds

,
the Listine di strict there is B ati a thirty st ades

2 3
, ,
di stant ; th en T i o ra called M a t ie n e at a distance of , ,
ch a p te r L ist a s av b n f i l y l s t A m i t n u m
mu t h e ee a r c o e o er ,
wh i h w c il s ast o f R e at e T h vu l g t
as 33 m e e d in g . e a e re a
w it h A 5m7 th
a7 a d t L ati um
0, p ssi b ly t t h e
e ro o or o o
L ti n W y h s b n ta k e n t m n
a a ,
”
a d l d in g s u t h
ee o ea a ro a ea o
e a st f m R t t w d s t h F u in L k n d B un s n s
’
ro ea e o ar e c e a e , a e
e m n d ti n M0 7 w
e a o d sig n d t m k t h t d i ti n
0 0 as e e o a e a re c o
still p l i n aB u t t h si t e
er . f w m il s n t h w st f t h t e , a e e or -
e o a
l k w h i h v i u s s h la s h v s l t d f L ist i
a e , c ar o c o r a e e ec e or a s
mo ret h n 2 0 mi l s d is t a n t f m A m i t n um a ss
a e ro er c ro a.
m un t in p ass ; m
o a v it li s i n t h unt y f th
o re o e r, e e co r o e
A q u ia n w hi h i n t
e s , p t dt h v b n c s upi d b y
o re or e o a e ee o cc e
t h e S bin s at a n y t im e
e N iss n s V i w li k wi s p l s
a . e
’
e e e a ce
L ista di tin tly u tsi d t h e R tin t i t y B u t i t i

s c o e ea e e rr or . s
q u i t e p ssi b l t h at t h d is t n
o e f 3 00 sta d s ssi g n d t o e a ce o e a e
T i o ra is s i u l y in e er o ; w m ig h t t h n l
s kf Ti rr o r e e oo or o ra
a n d L ista a littl st f I n t um e s m wh t m
ea o e ro cr e , or o e a o re
th n h lf w y f m R t e t A m i t n um N is s n u m
a a -
a ro ea o er . e
j u s t ifi b ly as saum s t h t i n t h i s n ti e s ti n D i n y si u s
e a e r ec o o
is o u n t in g t h e st d
c nl y n e t e n th f R m a n m il
a e as o o -
o a o e,
in s t e a d f n e ig h t h f a m il as h u s u lly d s
o o -
e o e , e a oe .
3
O V a t ia
r .
47
D I ONYS IUS O F HALI C ARNAS S US
i y Ae ye ra L xp no r ri o v 7 1p m ; y e ve a L wdvv
’ ’ ’
ev r a t f
‘ '
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'
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’
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l n p y w a p d é ,
Vl fiop LyZ o L 96 677 6 113 7 7 0 9 dp w g 31) a zir o i p e v

‘
7 0 29 ,
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'
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.
,
l
wéAe La a dd e d h e re by J a coby , a ft e r K a fie l omvq
’
by
S in t e ni s ; n e p w r ep d a dd e d by Ste p h .
1
At D d o ona t h e g o d wa s sai d t d w ll o ein t h e t e m o f a n s
o ak a n d h is w
to re ve a l
ro m t h e ill f b c s ra n h e of t h e re e , t
p ro b a b l y b y t h e ru s i n g o f t he tl ea l v s e In t he
. m e of ti
H e ro d s ot u t h e or c e a l s
w e re n t e r re i p t d e b y t w o o r h re e t
ag e d wom e n c e all d
n e Ae La Bes or
’
m Ae La L, o h e rms b t t
m e an ing “
p ig s e on A .
”
cco r ding to s
o m e i t was c ua
y a t ll
a p i g e on t h a t d e li v e r d e t he or a l s
c e .
48
D IONY S I US O F HALI CA R NAS S U S
N I A I
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50
BOOK I . 15 , 1— 1 6 , 2
it , the i nhabit ant s o f the c o u n t ry l o o k up on a s s acred

t o Vict ory ; an d surr o un d ing i t w i th a pali sa d e s o ,
that no one may appr o ach the water they ke e p i t ,
i nvi olate ; except that at cert ain times each year

thos e wh o se sacred o ffi ce it i s g o t o the little island
i n the lak e and p erfo rm the s acrifices required by
custom Thi s isl and i s ab out fifty feet in diamet er
.
and rises n o t m o re than a fo o t ab ove the water ;

it i s not fixed an d fl o ats ab o ut in any di r ecti on
, ,
accor d ing as the win d gently waft s it from one

pl ace to another An herb grows o n the i sl and .
like the fl o w ering rush and als o cert ain small shrub s ,
a phenomen o n which t o those who are unacquaint e d

wi th the works o f Natur e seems u naccount able and
a m arvel s econ d t o none 1
.
XVI The Ab origines ar e s ai d t o h ave settle d first

.
i n these places aft er they h a d driven out the

Umbrians And making excursi ons fr o m there
.
,
they warred n o t o nl y up o n th e b arb ari ans in general

but p articul arly up o n the Sicels their neighb our s , ,
in o rder t o di spossess them o f their lan d s First .

,
a s acred b and o f y o ung men went fo rth cons i sting ,
of a few wh o were sent o u t by the ir p arent s t o seek

a l iveli ho o d accordi ng t o a cust o m w h ich I kn o w
,
m any b arb arians and Greek s h ave fo ll owe d 2

Fo r .
whenever th e p opul ati on o f any o f the i r c i ties

increased t o such a degree that the produce of their
T h
1
f u lle st a un t n d xp l n ti n o f t hi s st a n g
e cco a e a a o r e
i sl t i g i v n b y S n
e s e ( N t Qu t iii 2 5
e T h l k
e ca a . a es . .
, e a e
i s still t o b s e n b u t t h isl t h as di s pp
e e , d e e a e a re .
2
T h n ly e o d d i n st n f m t h G k w l d i t h a t
re c o r e a ce ro e re e or s
o f th C h l i d i n s w h d di t d t A p ll n m n i n
e a c a , o e ca e o o o o e a
e v y t n n d s n t t h m t D l p h i ; t h s m n l te
er e a e e o e e e e a r
f un d d R h e g i um ( S t a b o vi 1
o e C om p c h a p 2 4 n d
r .
, a re . a
n ot e .
51
D I O NY S I US O F HALI CAR NAS S U S
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D IONYS I US O F HALI CA RNAS S US
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54
B O OK I . 16 . 5 17 , 2
—
continually plun d ering the Sicel s And a s so on a s .
they b e c a m e m a s t e r s of any places in the enemy s

.
’
country the rest o f the Ab o rigines also wh o needed , ,
lands n o w attacked e ach o f them their neighb o urs

with greater security an d built vari o us cities s o me ,
o f w hich are inhabite d t o this d ay A n t e m n a e —

,
T e ll e n a e Fi c u l e a w hich is near t h e Co n i c u l a n
, , r
mountains as they are calle d and Tibur where

,
.
,
a q uarter in the ci t y i s even to this d a y called th e

Sicel q u a rt e r ; and o f all thei neighb o urs they
l r
harassed the Sicels m o st Fr o m these quarrel s .
there arose a general w a r b et w ee n the nati o ns m o re

imp o rtant than any that ha d o ccurre d previ o usly
in It aly and it went on extending o ver a l o ng p eri o d
,
o f time .
XVI I Aft erwards s o m e o f t h e Pel asgi ans wh o

.
i nh abited Thessaly as it i s n o w calle d b e ing o bli g e d

, .
t o le ave the i r c o untry settle d am o ng the Ab o rigines

,
and j ointly w ith them ma d e war up o n the Si cels .
I t is p o ssible that the Ab o rigines receive d them

partly in the hope o f gaini ng thei assist ance but r
I believe it w a s c h iefly on acc o unt of their ki nsh p i
fo r the Pelasgi ans t oo w ere a Greek nati o n o riginally

, ,
from the Pel o p o nnesus They w ere unfo rtunate in .
many w ays but p articul arly l n w an d ering much and

in having n o fixed ab o de Fo r they first lived in .
the neighb o urh o o d o f the Achaean A g o s a s it i s r ,
n o w called b eing natives o f the c o untry

, according ,
t o most acc o unt s Th e y receive d their name orig

.
i n a lly fr o m P elasgus their king Pelasgus wa s the

, .
C y 7 H A y 7 O J
2
ar : 7 01 by 6 0 0
'
0 1 , a co .
1
T h is w u l d p s u m b l y b vi u S u l u
o re a
gi S i u le c s Lc s o r re o c a
in L a tin n o m n t i o n of t h e q u a r t e r is f oun d e lse wh e e
, e r .
55
D I ONY S I US OF HALI CARNAS S US
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58
B O OK I . 18 . 1— 4
Macar the s o n o f Cri n a c u s

,
B u t t h e greater p a t .
l
r
o f them turning i n lan d t o o k refuge am o ng the

, ,
i nhabitants o f D o d o na their kinsmen against , ,
whom as a s acred pe o ple none w ould make war ;

, ,
and there they remaine d fo r a reas o nable time .
But w hen they perc e ive d they were gr o wi ng bur d e n

s o me t o their h o sts since the land c o uld n o t supp o rt
,
th e m all they left it i n o b edience t o an oracle th at

,
c o mm an d e d them t o sail t o I t aly w hi ch wa s then c alle d ,
S aturnia And having pr e p are d a great many ships

.
they set o u t t o cr o ss the I o ni an Gulf endeav o ur i ng ,
t o reach the n e arest p arts o f Italy B ut as the wind .
w a s i n t h e south an d they were un acquainted with

those regi o ns they were carrie d t o o far o u t t o se a
,
and lan d ed at o n e o f the m o uths o f the Po c a lle d

the S p in e t ic m o uth In that very place they left their
.
ship s and such o f the i r pe o ple as were leas t able

t o bear hardshi ps p l acing a guard o ver the shi p s
, ,
t o the end that if the i r a ff airs d i d n o t pr o sper

, ,
they mi ght b e sur e of a retreat Th o se wh o were .
left behin d there surr o unded their camp with a

wal l and br o ught in plenty of provisi o ns in their
shi ps ; and when their a ffairs seemed t o pr o sper
s atisfact o ril y they bui lt a city and call ed it by the
,
s ame name as the mouth o f the ri ver 2

These .
pe o ple att ained t o a greater degree o f prosperity

than any others who dwelt o n the Ioni an G u l f ; for
they ha d the mastery at s e a for a long t im e and ,
1
Th is is the f orm of the nam e i v e n b y D io d ru s
g o
(v . 81) an d o th s ;
er the s on
’
s n am e u u all y a pp a s as
s e r
M a c a re u s .
2
In re a li ty it w a s , o f c o ur e s , t he t o wn S p in t h a t g ave
a
it s nam e t o t h e o sti u m S p in e t i c um .
59
D I ONYS IUS O F HALI CARNAS S U S
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3
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W h at m y b e i n f d f m the p s n t p ss g
a e rr e ro re e a a e .
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2
oe the G k f m of Cu t il i
c r a o a, re e or a .
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a v si n of th is st y is q u t d b y M
a rr o s
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62
B O OK 1 . 19 . 3 — 2 0, 2
Fo r th i s oracle w hich ha d been d elivered t o th em in

,
D o d o na an d w hich Lucius M a ll i u s n o o b scure m an

1
, ,
s ays he hi ms e lf s a w engraved in ancient characters

up o n o n e o f the trip o d s stand ing in the prec inct of
Zeus was as fo llo w s
,
Fare forth the Sicels S atur n ian land t o seek ’

,
Ab o rigi nes Co t ylé t o o where fl o ats an isl e ;

2 ’
, ,
With these men m i ng lin g t o Phoebus send a ,
tithe ,
An d hea ds t o Cronus s o n and send to the sire ’

,
a man 3
.
”
XX Wh en therefore the Ab ori gi nes a dvance d

.
, ,
with a numerous army the Pelasgians appro ached u n ,
armed wi th o li ve branches in their hands and te lli ng ,
them o f their own fo rtunes begge d that they wo ul d ,
r e ceiv e th em in a friendl y m ann er t o d w e ll with

them ass u ring t h em th at they w oul d not b e troub le
,
s ome s i nce Heaven itsel f was gui di n g them i nt o

,
thi s o n e p art icular c o untry according t o the oracle ,
which they explained t o them Wh e n the A b o ri gi .
nes hear d thi s they resolve d t o o b ey the oracle and

,
t o ga i n these Greeks as alli es against their b ar

b ari an enemies for they were h a rd pressed by ,
their war with the Sicels They acc o rdi ngly m ade .
a treaty wi th the P e lasgi ans and assigned t o them

Kp0 V1 827
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s l d ff
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s ou o er e a e e e e e
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e a r o e o o re e ,
sin 003 m n t li g h t as w e ll as m an
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B O OK I . 20 , 5 3
Al sium and some o thers o f which they were in the ,
course o f time disp o ss e sse d b y the Tyrrh e nians .
XXI But Falerii and Fe s c e n n i u m w ere e v en

.
do wn t o my day inh abited by R o mans a n d p re

served s o me small rem ains o f the Pelasgian na ti o n ,
th o ugh they had earl ier bel o nge d t o the Sicels In .
these cities there survived fo r a very l o ng time

many o f the ancient customs formerly in use am o ng
t h e Greeks such a s the fashion o f their arms o f
,
war like Ar golic bucklers and spears ; and whenever

,
they sent o u t an army beyond their borders either ,
t o begin a war or t o resist an invasion cert ain h o ly ,
men unarmed went ahea d o f the rest bearin g the

, ,
terms o f peace ; similar als o were the struc t ur e

‘
, ,
of the ir temples the images o f their g o ds t he ir

, ,
u ri fi c a t i o n s and s acrifices and many o ther things

p
of that natur e But the m o st c o nspicu o us monu
.
ment which sho w s that th o s e pe o ple wh o drove o u t

t h e Sicels o nce lived at Ar g o s is the temple o f J uno
at Falerii built in the same fashi on as the one
,
at Argos ; here t o o the ma n ner o f the sacrifici al

, ,
ceremoni es wa s similar h o ly women served the ,
sacred precinct and an u n m arried girl calle d the

, ,
ca n e horu s or basket bearer performed the initi al ”

p
-
,
ri tes o f the s acrifi ces an d there were ch o ru ses o f vir

,
gins who praised the goddess in the s o ngs o f their

c o untry These pe o ple als o possessed themselves
.
o f no inc o nsiderable p art o f the Campani an pla i ns ,
as they are ca lled which a ffor d not o nly very ,
fert ile pasturage but mos t pleasing prospects as

well havi ng driven the A ur o ni ss i a barbarous
,
2
,
2
T he na m e o cc u rs n o w h e re el e s a nd is v e ry p r o b a b ly
a co r u r p ti on of A uru n c i .
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y
3 B e f o re S t e p h a n u s in s e rte d
0 07 6 A 00 0V0 3 V 0 137 6 Z 1K 6 /
\03V .
K i e sslin g w a s the fi r s t e d it o r t o b a c k e t th e se w o d s i r r , w h ch
a pp e a r i n n o n e of the M S S By a st ra n g e i n a dv e rt e n c e .
J a co b y re p l a ce d th e m in the t e x t a tt ri b u t in g t h e m t o ,
Ki e ssli n g
1 the m s t p o m in n t of the
H e ll a n i c u s ( fif t h ce n t u ry ) ,
o r e
l g g ph
o o ra w t h ist i s of v i us G
e rs ,
ro ek l n d s in or e ar o re e a ,
l u d i n g n A tt h i fo r Atti Ph m fo r A g s ’
c a nd s ca a a oro s r o
h a p 2 8 w ll o u n ts of the T j
( f
c . c .
, as n x e as a cc ro a e
di t i o n n d t he P i n nv
a i n H als o m p il d s m e
e rs a 1 as o e co e o
p e .
c h n o l ogic al li s ts s uch as T he Prws te es f H

ro ,
a t A gos ss o e ra r
70
B O OK I . 2 2 , 2—4
triangular shape t o be ca lled S i c a n i a after them , ,
selves There were very fe w inhabitants i n it fo r s o

.
l arge an island and t h e gr e ater p art o f i t was as ye t ,
un o ccupie d Acc o rdingly when the Sicels lan d e d

.
,
th e re they first settle d in the western p arts and

afterwards in several o thers and fr o m these people
the island began t o b e called Sicily In this m anner .
the Sicel nati o n left I taly acc o rding t o H e lla n i ,
cus o f Lesb os in the thi d generati o n b efo re the

1
,
r
Tr oj an war an d in the twenty sixth year o f the,

-
pri e sth o o d o f A lcyo n é at Argos 2

B ut he s ays that .
t w o Italian expe d iti o ns p assed over int o Sicily the ,
first c o nsisting o f the E lym i a n s wh o ha d b e en ,
driven o u t o f their country by the Oen o tri ans and ,
the sec o nd five years l ater o f the Ausonians wh o

, , ,
fled fr o m the I apygians As ki ng o f the latter .
g r o up he names S i c e l u s fr o m whom b oth the people ,
an d the island got their name But according t o .
Ph ili s t u s o f Syracuse the dat e o f the crossing w a s

3
the eightieth year befo re the Troj an war an d the 4
p e o ple wh o p assed o ver fr o m Italy were neither

Aus o ni ans n o r E lym i a n s but Li g urians wh o se , ,
(
c f .h ac p 7 2 w.it h t h pp nt pu p s
, f d v ising e a a re r o e o e
a s i n t ifi h n l g y T h p s n t q u t ti n a pp a s
c e c c ro o o . e re e o a o e r
a s f g 5 3 i n M ull
r . F E G i p 52 e r, . . . . . .
P o b b ly i n t h s n d q u t
2
r a f th thi t n th en e co ar er o e r ee ce
tu y C b u t it i n t
r B . t in t h t H ll n i i h s o ce r a a e a cu s s e re
us in g t h g n a t i n as d fin it m s u
e e er f tim ( u u ll y
o a e e ea re o e s a
re c k n d o n e t h i d f a n tu y ) Un f t u n t l y t h
as o e -
r o ce r . or a e e
d a t e f A l y n e s p i sth d i n t kn w n
o c o
’
r e oo s o o .
Ph il is t u ( fi st h l f f f u t h
3
s n t u y ) st rd h ig h n t h a o o r ce r oo i e
c u n s ls f t h l d D i n y siu s fo a ti m n d p ti l l y
o e o e e er o , r e , a ar cu a r
o f t h y un g e D i n y sius H e w f m u s f h h ist y
o er o . as a o or lS or
o f S i c il y w hi h l s ly im t t e d t h e st y l
, c f Th u y did s
c o e 1 a e o c e .
M ul l e F E G i p 1 8 5 frg 2
r, . . .c 12 6 3 B C
. . , . .
4 a. . .
71
D I O NYS IUS OF HALI CARN A S S US
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72
D I ONYS IUS O F HALI CARNAS S US
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1
S im i l a r ca l a m iti e s a re m e n ti o n e d much , m ore b ri e fly ,
in S o p h o cle s 0 6 d R e x 2 5 2 7 ,
.
-
.
74
B O OK 1 . 23 , 1— 5
long st o ry ) th o ugh some fe w o f them rem ained

,
in Italy th o ugh the care o f the Ab o ri gines T h e first

r .
cause of the des o lation o f their cities seemed t o be

a dr o ught wh i ch laid waste the lan d when neither ,
any fr u it rema i ned o n the trees till it was ripe ,
but dr o pped while still green nor did such o f the ,
seed corn a s sent up sho o ts an d fl o w ered st and fo r

the usual peri o d till the c a r w a s ripe n o r did s u ffi ,
cient grass gr o w for the cattle ; and o f the w aters

some w ere n o l o nger fit t o d rink o thers sh ank dur ing , r
the s u mmer an d o thers were t o tally d ried up

, .
An d like mi sfo rt unes atten d e d the o ffspring b o th of

cattle and o f women 1
For they were either a b o rtive
.
o r died at birth some by their death destr o ying

,
al s o those that b o re them ; and if any got s afely

p ast the danger o f their d e livery they were either ,
m ai med o r defective or being inj ur e d by s o me other

,
accident were n o t fit t o be reared The rest o f th e

, .
pe o ple als o particularly th o se in the prime o f life

, , ,
were a fflicted with many unusual d iseases and u n

c o mmon deaths But when they ask ed the oracle
.
what go d o r divini ty they had o ffended to be thu s

a fflicted and by w hat means they might h o pe fo r
relief the g o d answered that although they ha d
, ,
obt ai ned what they desired they had neglected to ,
p ay wh at they had promised and that the thing s ,
o f great est v a lue were st i ll due from them Fo r the .
Pelasgians in a t ime of general sc arcity in the land

had vowed to o ff er to J upiter Apoll o a n d t h e
2
,
2
T he v e r b s K 9 3 ( h e re ) a n d 6 69
a7 a 1 0 6 1V ( j ust b e l o w ) a re
177 130 0 11
re n d e r e d b y t h e a m b i g u o u s w o r d th o u g h ”
o ff e r ; fo r ,
b ot h a re co m p oun d s o f 0 3 ( s a c rifi ce 1 03 t h ey s om e ti m e s
“
me an me rely d e di ca t e or d e vot e .
75
D I O NYS I US OF HALI CAR NAS S U S
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,
1
M y rs i lus ( fi rs t h a lf of th id
r t
ce n u ry ) com p o s e d a hi s t o ry
of L s b s T h is q u t a t i n i f g 2 in M ull F E G i v
e o . o o s r . e r, . . . .
pp 4 5 6 f
. . In h p s 2 5 n d 2 9 2
c a . a .
I n s im i l
3
a s t o y l t e d b y S t a b ( v 4 1 2 ) the S a bi n s
ar r re a r o .
, e
h a d v w d t o d di a t e
o e ll t h i i n e a se o f the y e
e c a nd e r cr a r, a
l ning
ear the s u lt f f m in e t h t l t e b f ll t h m
, as re o a a a a r e e e ,
th at t h e y s h o ul d h a ve in clu d d t h e ir ch i l dre n t h e y de di e ,
76
D I ONY S I US O F H A LI C ARNAS S U S
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81 0 00 9010 0 311 0 .
78
B OO K I . 24 , 2 — 4
T hereup o n strife ar o se am o ng them concer n ing the

manner o f ch o osing the tithes an d th o se wh o ha d t h e ,
g o vernment o f the cities first quarr e lled am o ng them

selves and afterwards the rest o f the people hel d their
mag istrates in suspici o n And there began t o b e dis
.
orderly emi grat ions such as might well b e expected

,
from a pe o ple driven forth by a frenzy and ma dness

i nflicted by the hand o f Heaven Many househ o l d s .
disappeared entirely when part o f their members left ;

for the relati o ns of those wh o departed were u n
willing t o be separated from their dearest friends and
remain am o ng the ir worst enemies These there .
,
fo re were the first t o migrate fr o m Italy and wan d er

,
ab out Greece and m any p arts of the barbarian

world ; but after them o thers had the same e x p e ri
ence and thi s c o ntinued every year Fo r the rulers
, .
in the cities ceased not t o select the fi rs t fruits o f the -
y o uth a s s o on as they arrived at manh ood b o th ,
because they desired t o render what was due t o the

gods and also because they feared uprisings on the
p art of lurki ng enemies Many als o under speci o us
.
, ,
le a rn from P a u l u s D i a co n u s in h i s a b i dgm
r en t of F s t us
e ,
p 319
. . He st at e s th at it w a s a cus t om of t he I t li n
a a
p e op le s st d
i n im e o f i re p il er s ifi
t o vow t o a c r c e ( 1 771 771 0
li v i t i s t t s u d
la t u ros ) a ll t h e ng h ng ha b
ho l t
be o rn t o hem
d i
ur n g t h e f ll i s p i
o ow ng r ng t t si
b ut h a , s d
n ce i t eeme to
t l
h e m c ru e t o sl i ay t b s
nn o ce n oy ls t
a n d g ir , d h e y re a re
t t
h es e an d h e n d v tro e f t it a d s v il d
h e m o r h w h t h e ir h e , e e ,
b e yon d the b d i s It
o un a r e alt t
is n o t
. l o g e h e r c e a r in t h e
c as e of t h e P l s i s
e a g an t fa
wh a t h e it s
t e o f t h e h um a n t h e
t p li t l s ifi
w as , w h e h e r m e re e x u s o n o r a c u a a cr ce In . .
f v
a ou r o f t h e f d
o rm e r vi e w m a y b e u rg e ir
t h e f a c t si t h e
re s p ite until t h e y h a d g ro wn u p i l t d ist b
ye t t h e V o e n ur
t
a n ce s h a t a p i d
c co m an e s l ti tit s
t h e e e c on of t h e ld h e wou
s e em t o p t o in l fat
t o a m o re c ru e e .
79
DI O NY S I U S OF HA LI CARNAS S U S
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82
B OO K I . 2 5 , 4— 2 6 , 1
bel o ng in g t o t h e Tyrrheni ans wh o once inh abited

Lemnos and Athens And S ophocles m akes the
.
”
ch o rus in hi s dr a m a I n a chu s speak the fo llow i ng

an ap aestic verses
O fair fl o win g Inachus of Ocean b egot
-
, ,
That s ire o f all waters th o u rul est w ith , m i gh t

O er the Argi ve fields and Hera s h il ls
’ ’
An d Tyrrhene Pelasgians als o 1 ”

.
For the n a me of T yrrh e ni a was then kn o wn thr o u gh

o u t Greece and a ll the west ern p art o f It a ly wa s
,
c all ed by that n am e the sever al nations o f which

,
i t was c o mp osed havi ng lost their dist i nctive appel

l a t io n s
. T he same thin g h appened t o m any p a rts of
Greece also and p articul arly t o th at p art o f it whi ch
,
i s now c alle d the Pel o p onnesus for i t wa s a ft er o ne

o f t h e nation s th at i n h abi te d i t n amely the Ach aean , ,
th at the w h o le p eni nsul a als o in whi ch are comprise d ,
the Arcadi an the Ioni an and m any o t her natio ns

, ,
was cal led Ach aia .
XXV I .T h e t i me when the calami t i es of th e

Pelas gi ans b egan was ab o u t the second generati on
b efo re the Tr oj an war ; and they c o ntinued to
o cc u r even after that war till the nation wa s ,
reduced t o very inconsi derabl e numb ers For

”
.
,
with the excepti o n of Crot o n the imp o rt ant city in ,
Umb ri a and any others th at they had founded in

2
,
the land o f the Aborigi nes a ll the rest o f the Pelas ,
gi an t owns were destroyed But Crot o n l o ng pre .
served it s ancient form havi ng o nl y recently ch anged

,
Na u c k , p . 18 9, frg 2 4 8 . .
2
See ch a p . 2 0, 4 .
83
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86
BOOK 1 . 27 , 1—4
of Oceanus was Cotys who by H a l ié the daughter

, , ,
of earth b orn T yllu s had two sons A s ie s and Atys

-
, , ,
from the latter o f wh om by Ca lli t h e a the daughter ,
of Ch o ra e u s came Ly d u s and T yrrh e n u s Ly d u s

, .
,
they continue remaining there inherited h i s father s

, ,
’
k in gdom and from him the country was called

,
Lyd i a ; but T yrrh e n u s who was the leader o f the ,
colony c o n q uered a large p ortion of It aly and gave

,
hi s n ame to those who had taken p art in the ex

p e d i t i on Herodotus. however says 1
that T yrrh e n u s, ,
and his brother were the sons of Atys the son o f ,
Ma n es and that the migration o f the Maeo n ians t o

,
It a ly was not vol u ntary Fo r he says that in the .
re i gn o f Atys there was a dearth in the country of

th e Maeo ni ans and that the i n h ab itants i n sp ired ,
by love of their native land for a time contrived a ,
great many methods t o resist this calamity one day ,
permitt ing themselves but a moderate all owance of

food and the next day fast ing B ut a s the mischief .
,
cont in ued they divided the people int o two group s

,
an d cast lots to determ i ne which shoul d go out o f

th e co u ntry and which sh ould st ay in it ; of the
so n s of Atys one was assigned t o the one group a n d
th e other to the other An d when the lot fe ll to that .
p art of the people which was wi th Lydu s to rema in

in the country the other group depart ed after re ,
c e ivi n
g the i r share o f the common p ossessions ; and
1
i . 94 q uot a t ion is in a ur a t e in t w i m
. B ut t h e cc o
p or t a n t d e a i s o d o ttus m n
l : He r
t io n s on ly n son f A t y s e o e o ,
T y h nu
rr a n d s ay t ha t A t y s j o in d h im se lf t t h e grou p
e s, s e o
d es t ine d t o re m a in t h o m e b u t ass i g n e d h is s on t o t h
a , e
ot h er .
87
D I O NYS IUS OF HALI CARNASSUS
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,
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,
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DI O NYS IUS OF HALI CARNAS SUS
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90
BOOK I . 28 . 2 —4
the T o re b ia n s There is little d ifference in the ir

.
lan guage and even n o w each nati o n sc o ffs at many

w o rds used by the other even as do the I o nians
1
,
an d D o rians H e lla n i cu s o f Lesb os says that the

.
Tyrrh e nians wh o were previously called Pelasgians

, ,
received their present name after th e y had settled

in Ital y These are h is words in the Phoron is
.
2
Ph ra s t o r was t h e s o n o f Pelasgus their king an d , ,
Meni pp e the d aughter o f Peneus ; his son was

,
A myn t o r Am yntor s s o n was T e u t a mj de s and the

’
, ,
latter s s o n was Nanas In hi s reign the Pelasgians

’
.
were dr iven o u t o f their coun try by the Gree k s and ,
after leavin g their ships on the river Sp ines in the 3
Ioni an Gul f they took Croto n an inland city ; and

, ,
proceeding from there t hey colon i zed the country ,
n o w call ed Tyrr heni s B ut the account Myr s ilu s .

”
gi ves is the reverse of that gi ven by H e ll a ni cu s .
The Tyrrheni ans he says after they had le ft the ir

4
, ,
own coun try were in the c o urse of t heir wanderi ngs

,
called Pe la rgo i or Storks fr om their rese m blan ce ,

”
t o the birds of that name s i nce they swarmed ,
i n fl o cks both i nt o Greece and i nto the barb ar i an
In
1 th w ds t h y sim p ly s p o k d iff n t d i l t s
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a a e a eac a o e
“
p o vi n i li m s
r f th
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”
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8
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1
Cr o t o ni a t s s a ys Herodotus , nor the Flacians ,

l
a gree in langu age with any of their present neigh

bours although they agree wi th each other ; and
,
it is clear that they preserve the fashion of speech

whi ch they brought wi th them into those regions .
H o wever o n e may well marvel that alth ough t h e

, ,
Cro t o n i a t s had a speech similar to that o f the

Flac i ans who lived near the Hellesp ont s i n ce both
,
2
,
were originally Pelasgi ans it was not at all simil ar t o ,
that o f the Tyrrhenians their nearest neighbours , .
For if k inship is t o b e regarded as the reason why

two n at i ons S peak the same langu age the contrary ,
must of course be the reas on for their speaking a

, ,
di fferent o n e si n ce sur ely it is not p ossible t o b e

,
lieve that both these cond iti ons arise from the s ame
cause Fo r although it might reasonably happ en
.
, ,
on the o n e han d that m en of t h e same n ation wh o ,
have settled at a dist ance from o n e another would ,
a s t h e result o f associati n g with their n e i ghb o u rs no ,
longer preserve the same fashion o f speech yet it is ,
not at all reasonable that men sprung from the s ame

race an d livi n g in th e same coun try should not in
the least agree wi th one a n other i n the i r lan guage .
XXX For this reas on therefore I am persuaded

.
, ,
that the Pelasgians are a di fferent people from the

1
i 57
. . N ie buh r fi r t hamp i on d ( R m G h i
S ce in s c e
'
o . es c . .
no p
t e 8 9, f orm f t h n am e g iven by D ion y sius as
. 3 9) t h e o e
aga i n t C t n i t ( a n d Cres t on ) f oun d i H ero d o t u t h

s re s o a s n s, e
be lie f h as st e adi ly gaine d grou n d t ha t t h M SS o f e .
H ero d o t us in e ror T h la t st e d i t or
a re f H ero d t u s
r . e e o o ,
L gr a n d
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2
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s . s a e .
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98
B OO K I . 3 0, 4 — 3 1 , 1
l e a d e rs R as e n n a
,
I n an ot h e r b o o k I s h a ll show
.
1
wh a t c ities t h e T yrr h e n i ans fo u n d e d what fo r m s ,
o f g o ve rnm e nt t h e y e sta b l i s h e d h o w great power ,
they ac q u ir e d what m e m o rable ac h ie ve m e nts they

,
p e rfo r m e d an d what fo rt u n e s att e nd e d them A s

, .
fo r t h e Pe l asg ian nat i o n h owever , th o se w h o were ,
n o t d e s t r o ye d o r d is p e rs e d am o ng the vari o u s
c o l o ni e s ( fo r a sm all n u m b e r r e m a in e d o u t o f a
great m any ) were l e ft b e h in d as fell o w c i t i z e ns o f
t h e Ab o r i g i n e s in these p arts where in the c o u rs e ,
o f t im e th e ir p o st e r i t y t o gether with o t h e rs b u i l t , ,
the city o f R o m e S u c h ar e t h e l e g e n d s t o l d a b o u t
.
the Pe l asg i an rac e .
XXX ] S oo n a ft e r a n o t h e r G re e k e x p e d i t i o n la n d e d
.
,
i n t h i s p art o f I ta l y ha vi ng m i grat e d fr o m Pa ll an ,
t ium a town o f Arca d ia a b o u t t h e s ix t i e t h y e ar

, ,
b e fo r e t h e T r oj an war as t h e R o mans themselves s a y

2
, .
Thi s c o l o n y h a d fo r it s l e a d e r E van d e r who is sa i d ,
t o h a v e b e e n t h e s o n o f H e rm e s a n d a l o ca l n y m p h
o f t h e Ar ca d i a n s T h e G r ee k s ca ll h e r Themis a n d
.
s a y t h at s h e was i ns p i r e d b u t the wmi t e rs o f the ,
e ar l y h i st o ry o f R o m e ca ll h e r in t h e native l an ,
g u ag e C arm e nta T h e n ym p h s n a m e w o u l d b e in
, .
’
G r ee k T he sp i édos o r p r op h e t i c s ing e r ; fo r the

'
”
R o mans ca ll songs ca rm i n a a nd t h e y agr ee t h at ,
this w om an po ss e ss e d b y d i vi n e i n s p ir at i o n fo r e
, ,
1
N th i n g of the so t i fo un d in t he e x t n t p o t i on s of
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t he A nt i q i t i u I t i h r d ly p r o b b le th t D i o n y s i us in
es . s a a a
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a a a ca .
2
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. .
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102
BOOK I . 32 ,
1— 4
XX XI I But . s o me wr it e rs am ong them P o lybius ,
o f M egal o polis relate that the t o wn was name d

,
a fter Pallas a lad who die d the e ; they say th at

,
r
he w a s the s o n of Hercules an d Lavinia the daughter ,
of E vander and that his maternal grand fath e r

,
raised a t omb t o hi m o n the hill and called the place

Pa ll a n t i u m after the lad
, But I h ave never seen
.
any t o mb o f Pallas at R o me n o r have I heard of

any drink o fferings being made in his hon o u r nor
-
been able t o discover anything else o f that nature ,
alth o ugh this family has n o t been left unrem e mbered

or w ith o ut th o se hon o urs with which divine beings
a re w o rshipped by men For I have learne d .
that publi c sacrifi ces are performed yearly by the

R o mans t o E vander and t o Carmenta in the same
manner as t o the o ther her o es and min o r deities ;
and I have se e n t w o altars that were erect e d o n e ,
t o Carmenta under the Capit o line hill near the P o rt a

Ca rm e n t a lis an d the o th er t o E vander by an o ther
,
hill call ed the Aventin e n o t far fr o m the Porta

, ,
Trigemi na ; but I kno w o f n o thi ng o f this k i nd

that is d o ne in hon o u r o f Pallas As for t h e .
Arcadians when they had j o ined in a single settle

,
ment at the fo o t of the hill they pr o ceede d t o a d o rn

,
their town with all the buil d ings t o which they

had been accust o med at h o me an d t o erect temples .
And first they bui lt a temple t o the Ly ca e a n Pan

by the d irecti o n o f Themis ( fo r t o the Arcadians
Pan is the m o st ancient and the most honoured of
all the g o ds ) when they had foun d a suitable sit e
,
fo r the purp o se T h i s place t h e Romans call the

.
Lupercal but we sh o uld call it Ly ka i on o r L y

,
ca e u m
.
”
Now it is tru e s i nce the district ab o ut
, ,
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T he al w sit u t d t the f t of the P al tin e
L p u e rc as a e a oo a ,
p b b l y t the s u t h w st
ro a a n it i f u t h o d s ib d -
e cor er s r er e cr e
in h p 79 8
c a n d the L u p
.
, li in 8 0 I F
, a di e rc a a , . or a s
c u s i n of the v
s o i u s t h i s s p t in g the ig i n of the
ar o e or e re ec or
Lup li a the
e rc a d i f e d to Si J m s F re a er s s re e rr r a e ra z e r
’
n teo n O vi d F
o t i ii 2 6 7 ( v l ii pp 3 2 7 if
,
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( all
re y of M t L y u in A d i ) w
. t k n
ca e the s ,
”
r ca a as a e as
e q u i v al n t of D uep l i n d L y n P n i d n t ifi d w it h
e rca s a cae a a e e
the g d w s h i pp d t the L u p
o or li [10 e n d 1 10
a e rc a a , 16 0 1 0 0 a 16 0 1 0 .
w u l d n t u l ly b e q u t d w i t h L u p
o a ra l nd Lup e li a e e rc a a e rc a a,
in s p i t e of the f t t h t t h s w d s u e d in G
ac a e e or as s re e c e
m a n t the s h i n
e nd
g m s of Z u s L y a
r e a a e e c e us .
W i th the p
2
nt p s g sh l d be m p d t h
re s e as a e ou co a re re e
o t h s i n the [1 1 1 11 w h
er D i n y si u s fo r the b n fi t
71 0 0 7 11 8 e re o , e e
of h i G k p u b l i n d i t e s the s s n of the y
s re e i c, n ca ea o e ar i
wh i h c R m n d t f ll J u t b l w i n c h p 3 8 3 he
a o a a e e . s e o , a .
, ,
s p k of the Id s of M y b i n g littl f t the v n l

ea s e a as e a e a er er a
e q u i n x ; n
o h a p 8 8 3 hei p l e scthe P i lia.
( A p il 2,1 ) in , ac ar r
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'
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P s e i d on H i p p i o f the G ks
1
o s o re e .
s z
n te o n i i 3 1 2
ee o .
, .
D i n y si u p h p s i th i n ki n g p rti u la l y
3
o s er a s a c r of the
p sag e i n B o ok VI I ( 7 2 14
as wh e he po in t s ,
er out the
1 06
B OO K 1 . 33 ,
1— 3
XXXIII The Arca d ians have a legend that this

.
g o ddess w a s the daughter o f Pallas the s o n of ,
Lyca o n a nd that she receive d th o se hon o urs from

,
mankind w hich sh e n o w e n j o ys at the desire o f

Athena w ith whom s h e had been reared Fo r
, .
they s a y that A t h e n a as s o o n as s h e was b o rn was

, ,
hande d o ver to Pallas by Zeus and that s h e was

reared by him till s h e grew up They built also .
a tem ple t o Ceres t o whom by the mini st ry of ,
w o men they o ff ered sacrifi ces with o ut wine accord ,
in g t o t h e cust o m o f the G reeks n o ne of which r i tes ,
our time has changed M ore o ver they assigned a .

,
precinct t o the E questrian Neptune l and inst ituted

the festival called by the Arcadians Hi p p o cra t e i a
and by the R o mans Con su a li a during which it
2
,
is customary among the l atter fo r the horses and

mules t o rest from w o rk and t o have their heads
cro wned with flowers Th ey als o c o nsecrated many .
o th er prec incts alt ars and images o f the g o ds

,
and i nstituted p uri fi c a t ion s and sacri fices according

t o the cust oms o f the i r o wn country which con ,
tinned t o be p erfo rmed down t o my day in the s ame

mann er Yet I shoul d not be surpr i se d if some
.
o f the ceremoni es by reason o f the i r great anti qu i ty
have bee n fo rgotten by the ir p o sterity and neglected

how e ver th o se that are st ill pract i sed are su ffic i ent
,
pr o ofs that they are derived fr o m the custom s

formerly in use among the Arcadians of which I ,
shall speak more at length elsewhere T h e Ar cadians

3
.
l s
c o e a g re e m e n t ev en in d e t a ils t
b e we e n a R om an and
a G re e k s a cr ifi ce . See l as i o . 8 0, 1 ( t h e Lu pe rc ali )a and
i . 34 4 ;
, 3 8, 2 3 ; - 40 3 5
,
-
.
107
D IONYSIUS OF HALICARNASSUS
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1
p oe t of t h is n am e is kno wn a n d S y lb u rg w a s p erhap s
No ,
ri gh t in p m p os in g t o re ad E n ni us S t ri c t ly s pe ak in g .
,
1 10
B OO K I . 34 . 2 5
-
Ph e n e u s and E peans o f E l is wh o n o l o n ger h a d any

,
desire t o ret u rn home since their co u ntry had been

,
laid waste in the war against H ercules There was .
al so a small Troj an element mingled with these con ,
sist in g o f prisoners taken from Ilium in the reign

of Laomedon at the time when H ercules c on q uered
,
the city And I am o f the opin i on that all the rest

.
o f the army also who were either we aried by their

, ,
lab ours o r irked by the ir wanderin gs obtai n ed ,
their dismiss al from the expediti on and remained

there A s for the name o f th e h ill some think it
.
,
was an a n cient name as I have said and that couse

, ,
q u ently the E peans were espec i ally pleased wi th th e

h il l through mem ory o f the hi ll o f Cronus in E lis .
Thi s i s in the terri tory o f Pisa near the river Al pheus , ,
a n d the E leans regardi n g it as sacred t o Cronus

, ,
assemble together at stated t im es to hono u r it

wi th s acrifices and other m arks of reverence B ut .
E ux e nu s 1
an ancie n t p oet and some others o f the
, ,
Itali an myt h ographers think that the name was given

t o the place by the me n from Pisa themselves from ,
it s l i keness to the i r h il l of Cronus that the E peans ,
together wi th Herc ul es erected the altar to Satur n

whi ch rema i ns t o this day at the foot o f the hill
n ear the asce n t th at leads from the Forum t o the
Capitol a n d that it w as they who institut ed the
,
sacr ifi ce which the R omans still perform ed even in

my time observi ng the Greek ritual B ut from the
, .
E nn iu
s was an I t a li an
rat h er t h a n a R o ma n t h ough it ,
may b e q ue s t ione d wh et h er D ion y sius woul d hav mad e e

t hi s d is t in t ion I n t h exta n t f ragm e n t s o f E n n ius t h re
c . e e
is n o re f erenc e t o H er ul e s vis i t t o
c y no t h n g f t he
, sa i o
E pe an s .
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l
F o r H e ll a n i c u s s ee p . n . l . T he qu o t a ti on t h at
f o ll ow s
is frg 9 7 in . M u ll e r, F E G i
. . . . p . 58 .
1 14
B OO K I . 3 5 , 2— 3 6 , 1
But H e lla n i cu s o f Lesb o s says that w hen Hercule s 1
was d rivi ng C e ryo n s cattl e t o Arg o s and w a s c o me’
t o I tal y a calf escaped fr m the h e d an d in its

,
o r
flight w ander e d the wh o l e l e ngth o f the c o ast an d

then swimming acr o ss the intervening strait o f the
,
se a came int o Sicily Hercules fo ll o w ing the calf

,
.
, ,
i nquired o f the inh abitants wherever he came if

anyone had seen it anywhere and when the pe o ple ,
of t h e island w h o un d e rst o o d but little C reek and

,
use d their o w n speech wh e n in d icating the animal ,
call ed it vi t u l u s ( th e nam e by which it is still kn o w n ) ,
he in m em o ry o f the calf call e d a ll the c o u n t v it

, , r
h ad w an d er e d o ver Vitul i a 2
An d it i s no w o n d er .
that the name has been changed in the c o urse o f

time to its p esent fo rm since many Greek names
r , ,
t o o h ave met w ith a similar fate

,
But w hether as .
,
Anti o chus says the coun try t o o k thi s n ame f o m

, r
a rul er which perhaps is m o re prob able o r as

, , ,
H e ll a ni cu s believes f om the bul l yet this at l e ast

,
r ,
i s evident fr o m b o th the i r a ccoun ts that in Her ,
cules t im e o r a littl e earlier it received thi s name

”
, , .
B efo re that it had been called Hesperi a and Aus o ni a

by the Greek s and S aturni a by the natives as I have ,
al ready stat e d .
XXXVI Th ere is an o ther legend rel ated by the

.
i n habit ants t o the effect that befo re the reign o f

,
J upiter S atur n was l o r d in thi s land and th at the

celebrated m anner o f life in hi s reign ab o unding
3
,
2
H e s y ch i u s it s t h G k
c e e re e w o r d £7 0 009 ( o ri g i n all y
P17 0 009 ) fo r
“
b u ll nd Ti m
,
”
a ae u s Va, rro a nd F st u
e s
stat th at
e I ta li
a am f m th is
c e ro ro o t .
3
In G re e k 6 677 2 Kp é vo v wa s p ro v e rb i a l fo r t h e
Go lde n Age c
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3 d e d h ere b y K u g , a t r er f er \ 39 11 a1 1 b y Ca saub on ,
Jac ob y .
1 18
B OO K I . 37 , 1— 4
and herds it i s nevertheless disagreeable for men t o

,
li ve in . Nay on the contrary it abounds in p ra c

, ,
t i cally everything that a ffords either pleasure o r

profit . T o what grai n bearing country indeed
-
, ,
watered not with rivers but with rains from heaven

, , ,
do the plains o f Campania yield in which I have ,
seen fields that produce even three crops in a year ,
s u mmer s harvest following upon that of winter

’
and autumn s upon that of summer

’
? To what
olive orchards are those o f the Messapians the ,
D a u n i a n s the Sabines and many others inferior

,
T o what vine y ards those o f T yr rh e n i a and the A lban

and the Falern i an distr i cts where the soil is wonder ,
fully k in d t o vi nes and wi th the least lab our produces

t h e finest grapes in the greatest abundance And
besides the land that i s cultivated one will find much
that is left until led as pasturage for sheep and goats ,
and still more extensive and more wonderfu l i s

the land sui table for grazing horses and cattle ; for
not onl y the marsh and meadow grass which i s ,
very plentiful but the dewy and well watered grass

,
-
o f the glades infinite i n it s ab u n dance furnish

, ,
grazin g fo r them in summ er as well as in w in ter a n d

keep them always in good condition B ut most .
wonderful of all are the forests growi n g up on the

rocky heights in the glens and o n the uncul tivated
,
hi lls from which the i nh abitant s are abundantly

,
supplied wi th fine timber suitable for the build in g

o f ships a s well as for all other purposes Nor are .
5
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B OOK l . 38 , 1 3 -
v erd a nt p l a ces to the n ym p h s the shores a n d isl a n d s,
t o the s e a gods a n d a l l the o ther p l a c es t o the go d

-
,
or geni u s t o whom e a ch is a p p r o p ri a te It is .
s a id a lso th a t the a n c ients s a c rificed h u m a n vi ctims

t o S a t ur n a s w a s done a t C a rth a ge while th a t c ity
,
stood a n d a s is still done t o this d a y a mong the

G a u ls a n d c ert a in other western n a tions a n d th a t
1
,
H erc u les desiring to a bolish the c u stom o f this

,
s a crifice ere c ted the a lt a r u p on the S a t u rni a n hill

,
and
p erf o rmed t h e i niti a l rites of s a crifice with u n
blemished victims b u rning o n a p u re fire A n d lest .
the p eo p le sho ul d feel a n y s c r u p le a t h a ving neglected

their tr a dition a l s a crifi ces he t a u ght them t o a p p e a se
,
the a nger of the go d by m a king e ffi g ie s resembling

the men they h a d been wont to b in d h a nd a n d foot
a n d throw i nt o the stre a m o f the Tiber a n d dressing ,
t hese in the s a me m a nn er to throw them into the ,
river inste a d of the men his p u r p ose b eing t h a t a n y

,
s u p erstitio u s dre a d rem a ini ng in the minds of a ll

might be rem o ve d since the sembl a nce of the a n c ient
,
rit e wo u l d still be p reser ved This the Rom a ns .
contin u ed to do e very y e a r e ven down to my

d a y a little a fter the vern a l eq u ino x in the month ,
o f M a y o n wh a t they c a ll the Ides ( the d a y they

,
2
me a n t o be the middle o f the month ) ; on t hi s

d a y a fter o ffering the p relim i n a ry s a crifices a c
,
cording to the l a ws the p on t ifice s a s the most

, ,
i m p ort a nt of the p r i ests a r e c a lled and wi th ,
1
D i o n y si u s r eg u larly u ses t h word Ce l ts f G a ul ;e or s
b u t i t seems p r e f e r a bl e t fo llow t h e E n gl is h u s ag e in t h e
o
t rans la ti on . S e e p 1 05 n 2 2
.
, . .
5
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A ,
of b ul r us h es w as t w ent y seve n e q u al t o the n um b e r of

,
-
,
the cha p e ls a ls o call e d A rg e i si t u a t e d in var i o us p ar t s of

, ,
the c i t y T h e nu m b e r th ir t y g i ven by D i on y si u s wo ul d
.
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126
B OO K I . 39 , 2— 3
of h a t regi on n a med C a c u s ch a n c ed t o c om e upon

t , ,
the cattle feeding with none t o g u a rd them a n d

longe d to p ossess th e m B u t seeing Her c u les lying .
there a slee p he im a gined he co u ld not dri ve them

,
a ll a w a y witho u t being disco vered a n d a t the s a me
t ime he p ercei ved th a t the t a sk w a s no e a sy one ,
either S o he se c reted a few o f them in the c a ve

.
h a rd by in which he li ved d r a gging e a ch o f them

, ,
thither by the t a il b a ckw a r d s This might h a v e .
d estroyed a ll e vidence o f h is theft a s the d irection ,
in wh i c h the o x en h a d gone wo u l d be a t va ri a nce w i th

the ir tr a cks Herc u les then a rising from slee p s o on
.
, ,
a fterw a rds a n d h a vi ng c o u nte d the c a ttle a n d fo u nd

,
some were mi ssing wa s fo r some time a t a loss to

,
g u ess where they h a d gone a n d s u p p osing them ,
t o h a ve str a yed fr om their p a st u re he so u ght them ,
u a n d down the region ; then when he fa ile d t o

p ,
find them he c a me t o the c a ve a n d tho u gh he wa s

, ,
decei ved by t h e tr a c k s he felt ne vert h eless th a t he

, , ,
o u ght t o se a rch the l ace B u t C a c u s st oo d before

p .
the door a n d when Herc u les inq u ired a fter the c a ttle
, ,
deni ed th a t he h a d seen them a n d when the o ther ,
d es ired t o se a rch the c a ve wo u ld not s u ff er h im to ,
d o so b u t c a lled u p on his neighbo u rs fo r a ssist a nce

, ,
com p l a ini n g of the vi olence o ffered to h im by the

str a nger A n d while Herc ul es w a s p u zzled t o know
.
h ow he sh o u l d a ct in the m a tter he hit u p on the ,
ex p e d ient of d ri ving the rest of the c a ttle to the c a ve .
A n d th u s when th ose inside he a rd the lowing a n d

,
p ercei v e d the smell o f their com p a nions o u tside ,
they bell o w e d t o them in t u rn a n d th u s their lowing

‘
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5
86 20 S c h m l t z z 0 .
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0 07 030 16 0 7 7331 0 370 9 7 739 16 00 77 739 0 31 60 0 0 0 K016 0 9

.
,
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,
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3 0 30
H0 0 16 0739 86 000 10 7 0 0 07 00 7 03 0 0 77 0007
00 6 16 006 1
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B OO K 1 . 4 0, 2 —4
by fate th at H e rc u l e s the son of J upiter and Alcmena

,
ch a nging his mort al n a t u r e shoul d become immortal ,
by reason o f his vi rtue a s soon a s he learned who

,
the stranger was resolved t o forestall all mank ind

,
by being the first to propitiate Hercules with di vi n e

honours and he hastily erected an improvised alt ar
,
and sacr ifi ced upon it a calf that had not known

the yoke havi ng first communicated the oracle to
,
Hercules and asked him t o perform the ini tial rites .
An d Hercul es adm iring the hospit ali ty o f these

,
men entert a in ed the common p e op l e with a feast

, ,
after sacr ific in g some o f the cattle and setting apart

the tith es o f the rest of his booty ; and t o their
ki n gs he gave a large district belonging t o the
Ligurians and to some others o f their neighb our s ,
the ru le o f whi ch they very much des ired after he ,
had first expelled some lawless peopl e from it It .
i s furt herm ore reported that he asked the i nhabit

ants since they were the first wh o had regarded
,
hi m as a god t o perpetuat e the honour s they had

,
p aid hi m by o ffering up every y ear a calf that had

n ot kn own the yoke and perform in g the sacrifice
with Gree k rites ; and that he himself taught the
sacr ificial rites to t w o o f the distingui shed families ,
i n order that their o ffer in gs mi ght always be accept

able t o hi m Those w h o were then in str u cted in
.
the Greek ceremo n y they say were the Po t i t ii and

, ,
the Pin a rii whose descendant s cont in ued for a long

.
tim e t o have the superin tendence of thes e sacrifices ,
in the manner he had appo in ted the Po t i t ii p re s i d ,
i n g at the sacr ifice and tak i ng the first part o f the

burn t o fferi n gs while the Pin a rii were excluded from
-
,
tast ing the in wards a n d held second ra n k in those

ceremo ni es which ha d t o be performed by b o t h of
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B OO K I . 4 1 , 1— 2
commander of his age marche d at the head o f a l arge ,
fo rce thr o ugh all the c o untry that lies o n this si d e

o f the Ocean destr o ying any d esp o tisms that w ere
,
grievou s and o ppressiv e t o their subj e cts o r comm o n ,
wealths that o utraged and inj ur e d the neighb o ur

ing states o r organi ed bands o f men wh o live d in
, z
the manner o f savages and la w lessly put strangers

to d eath and in their r o o m establishing la w ful
,
m o narchies well o rd e red g o vernment s and hum ane

,
-
and s o ciable m o des o f life Furtherm o re he mingled .

,
barbarians w ith Greeks and i nhabitants o f the ,
i nl an d w ith d w ellers o n the s e a c o ast groups which ,
hithert o had b een di strustful and uns o cial in th e ir

dealings with each o ther ; h e als o bu ilt cities in
desert places turned the course o f rivers that o ver
,
fl o w ed the fields cut r o a d s thr o ugh inaccessibl e

,
m o untains and contr i ved o ther means by which

,
eve ry land and s e a might lie open t o the use o f all

manki n d And he came int o Italy n o t al o ne n or
.
yet br in ging a herd o f c a ttl e ( fo r neither does this

country lie o n the road o f th o se returni ng fr o m
Sp ai n t o Argos n o r w o ul d he have been deeme d
worthy of s o great h o n o ur merely for passing through
it ) but at the head o f a great army after he had
, ,
already c o nqu ered Spain in o rder t o subj ugate an d ,
rul e the people in thi s regi o n ; and he w a s o bliged

to tarry there a considerable time b oth b ecause of
th e ab sence o f hi s fleet due to stormy w eather that ,
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B OO K l . 4 2 , 2 —4
was a pest t o his neighb o urs He when he heard .

,
th at Hercules lay encamped in the plain ha d by r ,
e qu i pped h is fo llo w ers like brigands and making a

su d d en raid w hile th e army lay sleeping h e s u r ,
rounded and dr o ve o ff as much o f th eir b o o ty as

h e found ungu arded Afte w ard s being besieged
. r ,
by the Greeks he n o t only s a w his fo rt s taken by

,
st o rm but wa s himself s lain amid h is fa stnesses And

, .
when his forts had b een d e molished th o se wh o ha d ,
accompanied Hercul es on t h e expediti on ( these w ere

s ome Arca dians with E vander and Faunus king .
,
of the Ab orig in es ) t o o k o ver the d istri cts r o und

ab o ut each group for i tself A n d it may b e con
, .
e c t u r e d that those of the Greeks who remained

j
there that is the E peans and the Arcadi ans from
, ,
Ph e n e u s a s w ell a s the Tr o j ans were left to guar d

,
the coun try Fo r am o ng the various measur es of

.
Herc ul es that bespoke the tru e general none was

more w orthy of a dm iration than h i s practice of
carryi ng along wi th h im for a time o n h i s expedition s
t h e pris o ners taken from the captur ed cities and ,
then after they had ch e erful ly assisted him in his

,
w ars sett l in g them in the conqu ered regi o ns and

,
best o wi ng on them the riches he h ad gained from

others It was because o f these deeds that Hercules
.
gained the greatest name and renown in It al y and ,
n o t b ecause of h i s passage through it w hich was ,
a t tended by n o t hi n g worth y of ve ner at i on .
139
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D IONYS IUS O F HALI C A R NASS U S
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1 42
BOOK l . 44 . 2 45—
, 2
all th e inh abitants Italy he s e t s ail fo r S icily

of , .
T h o se w h o were leftb ehind by him a s a garris o n t o

dwell in Italy and w er e s e ttle d a round the Saturnian
hill lived for some t im e under an indep e n d ent
governm ent ; but n o t l o ng aft e rw ar d s they adapted
t heir mann er o f life thei r la w s and their reli gi ous
,
cerem onies t o th o se o f the Aborigines even a s the ,
Arcadians and still earlier the Pelasgians had d o ne

, , ,
and they shared in the same g o vernment with them ,
s o th at in t i me they came t o be looked up o n as o f
the same nation wi th them But let this su ffice .
concerni ng the expedi tion o f H e rcul es and c o ncern

in g t h e Peloponnes i ans who rema i ned behind in
Italy .
In the second generati o n after the dep arture of

H erc ul es and about the fift y fift h year acc o rding t o
,
-
,
the Rom ans o wn acc o unt the king o f the Ab o rigines

’
,
was Latinus who p assed for t h e son o f Faunus but

, ,
w as actual ly the s o n of Hercules he wa s n o w in the

t h i rty fif t h year o f hi s reign
-
.
X LV At that time the Troj ans wh o h a d fled

.
wi th Aeneas from Tr o y after it s capture lan d e d at

L a u r e n t u m which is o n the c o ast o f the Ab o rigines
,
fac ing the Tyrr henian s e a not far from the m o uth o f
,
t h e Tiber A n d h a vi n g received fr o m the Ab o rigines

.
s ome lan d for the ir habitation an d everyt hi n g els e

t hey des ired they bui lt a to wn on a hi l l n o t far fr o m
,
t h e s e a and c a l led it L a vin i u m So o n after thi s they .
changed their ancient nam e and toget her with the ,
Ab o ri gi nes were c alle d L atins after the king o f that

, ,
co u ntry And leavi ng L a vin i u m they j o ined w ith

.
,
the in habitants of those part s in b u il di ng a larger

14 3
DIO NYS I U S OF HA LICA R NAS S U S
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T he r o a e or r e r r o
co u n t y is la t e
r a ppe arin g fi rst i n L y p h on s A l x n d
,
co r
’
e a ra
( v e s r e w h e e t h sc h o li st e xp la in s t h
r yep ti c w d s a e cr or
as m a n in g t h at An t e n o
e ais e d si gn al fi t o t h e G k s r r a re re e
w ait in g a t T n e d o s n d als o e l e s d t h G
e ak w ar i o s r a e e re e r r
f om t h e wo od e n h ors e D i ty s e la t e s ( v 8 ) t h a t An t e n
r . c r . o r,
14 6
B OO K 1 . 4 6 , 1— 2
A n t e n o ri d a e by some other means the greatest

,
1
or ,
part of the Troj ans and o f their allies then in the

city were surprised and sla in in the ir beds ; for it
seems that t h is calamity came up o n them in the
ni ght w h en they were not upon their guard But
,
.
Aeneas and hi s Tr oj an fo rces which he ha d brought

from the cit i es of Dardanus and Op hry n ium t o the
a ss i stance o f the p eople o f Ilium and as many o thers ,
as ha d early notice o f the calamity whi le the Gree k s ,
were taking the l o wer t own fled together t o the ,
str o ngh o ld o f Pergamus and occupied the citadel ,

2
,
which was fortified with it s o w n wall ; here were

deposited the holy thi ngs of the T roj ans i nherite d
from their fathers and the i r great wealth in valu
ables as was t o be expected in a stronghold and
, ,
here also the fl ower o f their army was stationed .
H ere they awaited and repulsed the enemy who were

endeavour in g t o ga i n a fo o thold o n the acrop oli s ,
and by making secret salli es they were able t h r o ugh ,
their fami li arity with the narrow streets t o rescue ,
the mul t i tude w hi ch was see kin g t o escape at t h e

t a kin g o f the c i ty ; and thus a larger num ber
escaped than were t aken prisoner B y hitting upon .
t hi s plan Aeneas checked the immedi at e purp ose o f

the enemy w hi ch wa s t o put all the citi zens t o t h e
,
sw o rd and prevented them from taki ng the whole

,
c i ty by st o rm But with respect t o the future he

.
reasoned very properly that it woul d b e imposs ible t o

w it h t h e i d o f h is w i f T h e n
a h nd d ve t h e P alla d i um
a o, a e o er
to O d y ss u s nd e D io m d ;
a nd Da s ( 4 1) p s nts
e a re re re e
An t e n o nd A nr a s Op n i n g t h S a a n g a t t t h
e ea as e e c e e o e
e ne m y .
2
P e rg a m u s wa s t h e c it d l
a e of T ro
y ( I li a d i v 5 08 ; vi
. .
5 12 L
D IONYS IUS O F HALI C ARNASSUS
I A A A
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D IO NYS IUS O F HALI CARNAS S U S
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o f a dd e d by S i n t e n is .
15 0
B O OK I . 47 , 1— 5
gave those who fled abundant opp o rtuni ty of mak in g

the ir escape Aenea s an d his band o vert o o k the ir
.
people whil e still o n the r o a d and being uni ted now ,
in o n e body they seized t h e st o ngest parts o f M o unt

,
r
Ida H ere they w ere j oine d n o t only by the in

.
habitants of D ardanus w h o up o n seeing a grea t

, ,
and unusual fire risin g fr o m Ilium ha d in t h e ni ght ,
left the i r city undefen d e d all except the men with

,
—
E lymus and A e ge s t u s wh o had go t ready s ome ship s

,
an d had depart ed even earli e r but also by the ,

—
whole p o pulace o f Op h ry ni u m and by those o f t h e

other Troj an cities who clung t o their liberty ;
and in a very short time t hi s fo rce o f the Tr oj ans
became a very l arge o n e Acc o r d ingly the fugiti ves
.
,
who had escaped w ith Aeneas fr o m the ta king o f t h e

c i ty and were tarr yi ng o n Mount I d a w ere in h o pes o f
returning h o m e s o on w hen the enemy sh o ul d have
,
sailed away ; but t h e Achaeans having reduced t o ,
slavery the pe o ple wh o w ere left in th e city and in

the places near by an d havi ng dem o lished the fort s ,
were prep a ri ng to s u b due th o se also who were i n

the moun t ai ns When ho w ever t h e Troj ans sent
.
, ,
heralds t o treat fo r peace and begged them n o t t o

reduce them t o the necess ity o f ma ki ng war the ,
Achaeans held an assembly an d made peace wi th

them up o n the foll o wi ng term s : Aeneas and his
people were t o dep art from the Troad with all the
val uables they had saved in their flight wi thi n a
cert ai n fixed time aft er first deli vering up the forts
,
t o the Ach aeans ; and the Achaeans w ere to a ll ow

them a s afe c o nduct by land and s e a t h roughout
-
a ll their domini ons when they dep arted in p u rsu

ance of thes e terms Aeneas havi ng accepted these
.
,
15 1
D IONY S I U S O F H A LICA R NA S SUS
A I I A I
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Th is w t h g i on b ou t D as y li um on t h P p n t is
1
as e re a c e ro o ,
n th
e ar M y sia n O ly m p u s T h As n i n l k a t u ll y
e . e ca a a e c a
la y s m 5 0 m il e s t o t h
o e ast b in g j us t we s t o f N i a e e , e ca e .
S m a n d i u w a s H t o s n m f As t y n a x ( I t vi
2
ca r s ec r
’
a e or a . .
A d in g t t h u u l t a d iti n h was sl i n u p n
cco r o e s a r o , e a o
th a p t u e f T y B u t t h e a ly l g g a p h s p
e c r o ro . e r o o r er re re
s n t e d h im s u r vivi n g n d b i n g a i e d ff t G
e as by a e c rr o o re e ce
N p to l mus An d th e y u s u ally s p ok e als o of o t h e s o ns

eo e . r
15 2
D IONYS I U S O F HALI CARNASSUS
I I A I C I
6 p a K LO V a vaa Ka o
L o v Kp o va a Lo v L6 V0 V a 77 a V7 L
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2
K vK Aa) B
'
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1
M ull e r, F H G . . . i . pp . 61 f .
, frg . 12 7 . F o r H e lla n icu s
see p . 7 1, n 2 . .
It
2
rt in w h th
is n o t c e iC to b t k n a e er Ka7 a 0 7 L O V7 a
0
is e a e
he li t e all y d i pp in g
re r fi gu ati ve ly ( l tti n g d p r or r
“
e ro
t h c n st u ti n
e o f t h s n t n c is w it h
r c t x t p ll l
o o e e e e ou e ac a ra e ,
b u t th e a n al g i e s fo i n t rp ti n g it t o m a n s im p ly
re a re o r e re e
l e tti g h i b st m n f ll d w h i b a k
s ro Pl t h e re a , or a , o n s c .
”
u a rc
( D Vi rt ut e ct Vit i 2 ) t o o k t h e p arti i p le in a li t e l s e n se
e o, c ra
15 4
B OO K 1 . 4 7 , 6 —4 8 , 2
was o ccupied by a Thracian people ca ll ed Cru s a e a n s ,
w h o were allies o f the Tr o j ans an d had assisted th e m

during the war with greater zeal than any of the
others .
XLVIII This then is the most credibl e acc o unt

.
, ,
c o ncerning the flight of Aeneas and i s the o n e which

H e ll a ni cu s among the ancient hi storians ad e pts in
, ,
hi s T ro i ca l
There a re d ifl e re n t accounts given o f
.
the same events by s ome o t h ers w hich I look upon ,
as less probabl e than this But let every reader .
j udge as he thinks pr o per Soph o cles t h e tragic .

,
p o et in his d rama L a oco on represents Aeneas

, ,
j ust b e fo re the taking o f the city as rem o ving hi s ,
househ o ld t o Mount Ida in obedience t o the orders

o f hi s father Anchises wh o recalled the inj u nctions ,
o f Ap h rodit e and fr o m the omens that h a d lately
happened in the case o f Laoco on s fami ly conj ectur e d ’
the approachi ng destru cti o n of the city Hi s .
i ambics whi ch are sp oken by a messenger are a s

, ,
fo ll o ws
Now at the gates arri ves the goddess s on ’
Aeneas his sire upon h is shoulders b orne

,
Al o ft while down that b ack by thunderb olt

,
2
Of Zeus once smit t h e linen mantle streams ;
Surr o u ndi ng them the crowd o f h o usehold slaves .
be d w i n g t h
e b d own h i s b a k
e ro e an d dd s t h c a e
e xp la n ti n th at t h b d y o f An h is s g a v fi a f ul x u
a o e o c e e o o e
d ati n W h t h h h d n y v i d n b f
o . e er e a h im th a e e ce e o re , o er
t h a n t h is p as sag o f S p h o l s w an nl y n j tu
e o c e , e c o co ec re .
W e a re t o l d t h a t A n h is e s w st uc k o g a d b y
c as r , r r ze ,
li gh tn in g b e a u h e f o lis h ly b t e d f h i in tim a y wi t h
c se o o as o s c
A p h d i te
ro Th . we v i ou s st o ri s o n n in g t h
e re re ar e c ce r e
pe m n e n t d isa b ility s u ff d b y h im in o n s q u n ce b u t
r a e re c e e ,
t he e ly tra d ition re p re s n t e d h im as lam e d

ar e .
15 5
D IONYS IUS O F HALICA RNASSUS
0 v71 77 ALi C 86 A7790 9 0 13X 80 0 V 80 16 6 29

a
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3
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3
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D IONYS I US O F HALI CA RNAS SUS
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15 8
B OOK 1 . 49 ,
1— 3
Pa ll e n é b oth o f them ancient and reputable men

,
.
Others make him leave Thrace and tak e him to

Arca di a and say th at b e live d in the Arca dian
,
O rch o m e n u s in a place which though situated in

, ,
land yet by reas o n o f marshes and a river is called

, ,
Ne s o s or Island 1
and they add that the to wn
called Ca p ya e was bui lt by Aeneas and the Tr oj ans
2
and to o k its name from Capys the Tr oj an This is .
the account gi ven by va ri ous other wr iters and by

Ari a e t h u s the author o f A rca di ca
,
3
And there are .
some wh o have the st ory that he came indeed to , ,
Arcadia and yet th at hi s d eath did n o t occur there ,
but in Italy ; thi s is stated by m any others and

espec i all y by A ga t h yllu s of Arcad i a the poet who , ,
wr ites thus in an elegy
T hen t o Arcadi a came an d in Ne so s left h is t wo

daughters ,
Frui t of his love for A n t h e m o n é fair and for

lovely Codon e
T hence made haste to Hesperia s land and b ega t ’
there male o ffsprin g ,

”
Rom ul us named .
T h e arrival o f Aeneas a n d the Troj ans in Ita ly is

att est ed by all the Romans and evi dences of it are
to b e seen in t h e cerem oni es observed by them both
1
T he c ity
O rc h o m e n u s
of on a h ,built
b e w e e n t wo ill t
lai s
p n o n e o f w h c h wa s o f e n
, i a ke t a l
an d w h de e p , it a
g o rg e o n h rdat i si s n
d e m a y p e rh a p a s w e r h d e c r p t o n
, t is s i i .
O r Ne s o s m a y h a v e b e e n i n t h e n o r h e rn p t
n ( t o da
y a lai -
la a
k e ) n e r Ca p h y a e .
2
Mo re co r e c r tl
y Ca p h y a e ( a u s a n v 23 P . iii .
,
3
ist
A h o ry o f Arc d a a i
W e k n o w n o h n g m o re b o u t
. t i a
A r i ae t h u s ( A rae t h us a n d A g a t h y l lu s t h n 18 o d h e re a t l .
15 9
D IONYS IUS O F HA LI CARNAS S U S
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In t h e ssi
gre di
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as ony , ls ts ca lp i ( ch a 5 3 .
,
i b i
w h c h e g ns a t t h i sp i t o n iv s
h e g e a co n
, fid s i ent t ra g h t ,
f o rw a r d u d i s
a cco n t o f t h e w a n e r n g f T
o f A e n e as ro m ro
y to
t i s
L a vini um , wi h o u t o n c e n a m n g a o u rc e o r h i n t n g a ti
v ia i s l d Ki ss l i
t o n in t h e e g e n n g ( D e D i on y m H a t
'
any ar e . .
p
A nt i q u i ta t u m 8 11010 7 18 118 L a t i n i s u d
4 0 ) a rg e
, t h a t h e was
.
f l i V t it
h e re o l o w n g a rro a s h i s a u h o r y a s h e o e d s sil tl en y in ,
v i s
a r ou pl s
ot h e r a ce a nd m a ny s l s v a p
, ch o a r ha e cce t e d
s l si s f t l
h i c o n c u o n ; b u t u n o r un a t e y fo r o u r n o w e g e o f
k l d ,
Va s arr o
’
c co u n t v
we ha e t o d p d
, e en sc t
o n a fe w a t e re d
q u ot ati s f d i
on o un ,
vi
c h e fl y in S e r us c o m m e n t ary o n t h e
’
A e n e id . s a d by Vi i l
T h e ro u t e o f A e n e a a s t r c e rg a g re e s
s l
s o c lo e y fo r t h e m o ts p it t
a rt w iv
h hat g e n byD i si on y u s
as t o s s t
u gg e t b
h at t s
ot h a u h o r d
w e rei la l ra w n g rg e
y on
t he s am e s o ur c e d f
T he s
i f e re n ce
. i a s
in t h e r cc o un t c a n
easi l pl i d
y b e e x a ne b
wh e n we d at
e a r in m i n th o n e w as a
i
h is t o r a n w h o p id d i s lf
r e h m e s
o n hi l i l s di
c h ro n o o g c a tu e s
( c h ap . 7 4 2 ), a n d tth e o hpe r a o e t av f
w ho g i
e re e re n t o
si i ati
hi m a g n o n T s D hu . si s
i on , b d j
y u w as o u n t o re e c t t h e
vi is t of Ae n e as Cto f
a rt h a g e p bab
i , as s e e ms ro le , h e
160
D IONYS I U S O F HALI CA RNASS US
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1 62
B OO K 1 . 4 9, 4 5 0, 3 -
where they l eft all those who fr o m fatigu e were

unable to continue the v o yage and all wh o ch o se to
remain there as in a c o untry they were hencefort h
t o look up o n as their own This city exi sted down .
t o that peri o d o f the Macedoni an rule which came

int o being under the successors o f Alexander but ,
it wa s d e stroyed in the reign o f Cassander when ,
Thessalonica was being fo unded ; and the in

habitants o f A e n e i a w ith many others removed to
the newly built city -}
L Setting sail fr o m Pa lle n é the Troj ans came to

. ,
D elos o f which Anius was king H er e there w ere

, .
many evidences o f t h e pr e sence o f Aeneas a n d the

Troj ans as l o ng as the island was inh abited and
flourished Th e n coming t o Cyt hera another island
. , , ,
lyi n g o ff the Pel o p o nnesus they bui lt a temple there ,
t o Ap h r o d it e And whi le they were on th eir vo y

.
age from Cyt hera an d n o t far fr o m the Pe lo p o n

n e s u s o n e o f Aeneas c o mpani o ns named Cin a e t h u s
’
, , ,
died and they buried him up o n one of the p r o m o n

t o ri es which is n o w c alled Ci n a e t hi o n after him
, .
And h avi ng renewed the i r kinshi p with the Ar cadians ,
concerni ng whi ch I shall speak in a later chapter 2

,
an d havi ng st ayed a sh o rt time in th o se part s they ,
left s ome of their number there and came t o

Zacynthus Th e Z a cyn t hi a n s also receive d them
. .
,
in a frien dl y m anner o n a cc o un t o f their ki nshi p ;

for Dardanus the s o n of Zeus and E lectra the
, ,
daughter of Atlas had a s they say by Batei a t w o . . .
sons Zacynthus and E ri ch t h o m u s of wh o m the

,
1
B u t A e n e ia i s m e n ti on e d by L ivy (t . 10, 7 ) as stil l
in ex is t n e ce a t a lat e r t im &
3
Ch ap . 61 .
163
D IONYS IUS O F HALI C ARNASSUS
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d u g h ro u g h all s u al y l t u l
s
m e a n t h e ca n w h ch m a d e al
e u cas a n i an d i B u t as L sl .
O b e rh u m m e r h as p o n e d o u t ( A ka rn a n i e n i t
L e u ka s 1m ,
A lte rt u m 1 0, n 1 ) t h e o n y p a ce fo r t h e l
, p . . e la n d l l ittl is
u s
h e re n a m e d w o l d e e m t o h a v e b e e n in t h e c a n h e n ce al
i l
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ca n al l
p ro b a b y o n t h e A ca rn a n a n d e , a t t h e e n d t h e
, i si of
bir d e m e n t one d
g i
S t ra b o ( x 2 , by .
164
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1 66
B OO K 1 . 5 0 4— 5 1 , 2
,
even t o my time ; and in Am b ra cia a temple of ,
the same goddess and a her o shrine o f Aeneas near -
the little theatre In this shrine there w a s a sm all.
archaic st atue of wo o d sai d t o be of Aeneas that , ,
was hon o ured wi th sacrifices by the pri estesses they

call ed a mp h ip oloi o r h andm ai d ens .
LI From Am b ra ci a Anchi s es s ail ing with the

.
,
fleet along the coast came to B ut hr o t u m a seap o rt , ,
o f E p i rus But Aeneas w ith the m o st vi gorous men

.
o f his army made a march o f t w o days an d came t o
D odona in o r d e r t o c o n sul t the o racle ; an d there

,
they found t h e Tr oj ans wh o ha d c o me thither w ith

H elenus Then after receivi ng resp o nses c o ncerning
.
,
their col o ny and after dedicating t o the go d various

Tr oj an o ff eri ngs including br o nze mixing b o wls
, ,
s o me o f whi ch are still in existence and by their

inscriptions whi ch are very ancient sh o w by wh o m
, ,
they were given they rej o ine d the fleet after a ,

—
m ar ch o f ab o ut fo ur days The presence o f the .
Troj ans at Bu t h ro t um is proved by a h ill called

Troy where they encamped at that t i me Fr o m
, .
B u t hr o t u m they sailed al o ng the coast and came

t o a place which was then called the H arb our o f
Anchi ses but n o w has a less si gni ficant name ; 1
there also they built a temple t o A p h o dit é and r ,
then cr o sse d the I onian Gul f having for guides o n ,
the voyage Patron the T h yr i a n and his men who

2
,
1
On h m u
c es pp o sit t h n t h n p in t f C y a
s , O e e or er o o o rc r .
2
G vp w g n
o
’
s ll y m a n s a m n f m T h u ii in I t ly
e e ra e a ro r a .
B u t An dr t i n i o oit d b y S t p h n u s f B y n ti um
s c e e a o za as
us in g i t f 0 4 39 or m n f T h y iu n (
1 0 16 1 .T hy u n )
a a o r r or re r
in A car n ni a V i g il ( A n v 2 9 8 ) n am s P t n an
a . r e . . e a ro ,
Aca r n a n ia n as ,n f th n t st an ts
o in t h
e f un l
o e co e e e ra
g a m e s in h o n ur o f Anc h is s
o e .
1 67
D IONYS IUS O F HALI CARNAS SUS
A I A Q
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t i
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T h yri a n a n d men
”
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2
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w e re a re n y re c o g n z e iti s pp a tl i d
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st a te m e n t R t h at t he om a n h ad a en t hem ro m t he s t k f
C t i s is
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f d d
oun e C i i
b y t he o r n t h a ns , b u t h a d i on g b e e n in t h e
a d of
h n s a i
t h e A c rn an a ns .
168
D IONY SIUS O F HALI C ARNAS SUS
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170
BOOK 1 . 51 . 3 52, 3
-
the coast unt il they rea ched the strait h a vi ng Italy ,
o n the right h and and left in these places als o some

,
traces o f their arrival am ong o thers a bronze patera

,
in the temple o f J uno o n which there i s an ancie n t ,
inscripti o n showing the name o f Aeneas as the one

wh o dedicated it to the g o ddess .
L I I Whe n they were o ff Sicily whether they had

.
,
any design o f land ing there o r were forced from their

course by tempests which are c o mmon ar o und this
,
se a
, they landed in that part o f the island w hi ch is
ca lle d D re p a n a H ere they found the Tr oj ans wh o
.
with E l y mus and A e ge s t u s had left Troy befo re

them and who being fav o ured by b o th fortune and
,
the wind and at the same time bein g n o t over

,
b urdened with baggage had made a q u ick passage ,
t o Sicily and were settled near the river Crim is u s

in the c o untry of the S ica ni a n s For the latter had .
b est o w ed the land upon them o u t o f friendship

because o f the i r kinship t o A e ge s t u s who h ad been ,
b o rn and reare d in Sicily owi ng t o the foll o wing

c ircumstance One o f h i s ancest ors a dist i ngu i shed
.
,
m an of Troj a n b irth became at o dds wi th Laomedon

,
and t h e king se i zed h im o n some charge or other and

put h im t o death t o gether wi th a ll his male chil d ren
, ,
lest he sh o uld su ff er s o me misc hi ef at their hands .
B ut thinking it unseemly t o put th e man s daughters ’
t o death a s they were st ill m ai dens and at the sam e

, ,
time unsafe t o permi t them to live am o ng the

Tr oj ans he deli vered them t o some merchants with
, ,
o rders t o ca rry them a s far a w ay as p oss ible They .
were acc o mpani ed o n t h e voyage by a youth of

di stinguishe d fam ily wh o w a s in love with one o f
,
them ; and he m arri ed th e girl when sh e arr i ve d in

17 1
D IONYS I US O F HALI CARNAS SUS
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a n y o h e r e x a n t wr t e r t t
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l s in
E lym a h e re a n d fo r E y m u t h e n e x t c h a t e r, b u t te r p la
i av
e d t o rs h a ed
e re t in di s of
t h e re a n g t he e the M SS . N i r
172
D IONYSIUS O F H A LI CA R N A S S US
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174
BOO K I . 53 . 1— 3
LIII T here are m any proofs of the com ing of

.
Aeneas and t h e Troj ans t o Sicily but the m o st ,
n o table are the altar o f Aphrodit e A e n e i a s erected

on the summit o f E lym us and a temple erected
t o Aeneas in Aegest a ; the fo rmer was built by
Aeneas himself in his mother s h o no u r but the ’
,
temple was an o ff e rin g made by those o f the ex

e di t i o n who remained behind to th e mem o ry of
p
the ir deli verer T he Troj ans with E lymus and .
A e ge s t u s then remai n ed in these p arts and cont inued

, ,
t o be called E lym i a n s ; for E lymus was the first

in di g n i ty a s be i ng of the royal fam ily and from
, ,
hi m they all too k the i r name But Aeneas and his .
c ompanions leavi ng Sicil y crossed the Tyr rhenian

, ,
s e a and first came t o anc h or in Italy in the harbour
of Palinurus which i s said to have got this name

,
from o n e o f the pilots o f Aeneas wh o died there .
After that they put in at an island which they ca lled

L e u c o s i a from a woman c o usin o f Aeneas who died
,
at that place Fr o m there they came into a deep

.
and excel lent harb our o f the Op ica n s and when here ,
also one of their number d ied a prominent m an ,
n amed M isenus they cal l ed the harb our after h i m, .
Th en putt i ng in by chance at the i sl and o f Pro ch yt a

,
and at the promont o ry of Ca i e t a they named these ,
places in the same manner des iring that they sh o uld ,
serve as memor i als of women who d ied there o n e ,
of whom is sa i d t o have been a cous in o f Aeneas

and t h e other h is nurse At last they arrived at .
3
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,
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.
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17 8
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, 5 51 , 3
-
in another c o untry However other reasons also .

,
might be given fo r this error .
LIV But i f it creates a diffi cul ty fo r any th at t ombs

.
of Aeneas are b o th sai d t o exist and are actually ,
shown in many pla ces wherea s it is imp o ssible fo r

, ,
the same person t o b e buried in more than o n e

place let them consider that this di fficulty ar ises
,
in the case o f many o ther men t o o particularly , ,
men who have had re m arkable fortunes and led

wanderi ng lives ; and let them know that though ,
only o n e place received the ir b o dies yet their m o nu ,
ment s were erected among m any peoples t h rough the

g rat i tude o f those who had rece i ved some benefits
from them p art i cularly if any of the i r race still

,
survi ved or if any c i ty had been built by them or if

the i r res i dence am o ng any people ha d b een long and
di st i ngui shed by great hum ani ty j ust such thi n gs —
,
i n fact as we know are related of th i s hero

,
Fo r he .
preserv ed Ilium fr o m utter destruction at th e time

o f its capture and sent away the Troj an allies safe
t o Be b ryci a he left hi s s o n Ascanius as ki ng in

1
,
Phrygia built a city named after hi m self in Pa lle n é

, ,
marr i ed o ff hi s daughters in Arcadia left p art o f ,
his arm y in Sic ily and during hi s residence in ma ny

,
o ther places had the reputati o n o f c o nducting h im
self wi th great humani ty thus he gained the vo lun

t ary a ffect i on o f those p e o p le and acc o rd ingly after
he left thi s m ortal life he was honoured with hero
shr in es and monuments erected to h im in many
places Wh at reasons pray coul d anyone assign for
.
, ,
I
Be b y i w rn a ly n am e fo t h d ist ct b u t
c a as a e r r e ri a o
L am p sa u s n t h H ll s p n t T h i n i d e n t h e m e n
c o e e e o . e c re
t i o n d is
e t h wis e un k n own
o er .
179
D IO NY S I U S O F H A L I C A R N A S S US
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.
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1 ccordi n g t o S e rvi us co m m ent on t h e A e ne i d

Varro , a
’
,
iii 2 5 6 n a m e d Dodo n a a s t h e p l a c e wh e r e A ene a s r e c ei ve d

.
,
t h e or a cl e abo u t t h e t abl es V i rgi l ( A e n i ii 2 5 3 “ ”

. . .
wit h a p o e t s l i c en c e p u t t h e p ro p h e cy in t o t h e m o u t h of
’
,
Ce l a en o t h e harp y Cf p 1 8 7 n l , . . .
, . .
T h e t e x t is u n c e rt a in h e r e
2
s e e cr iti cal n o t e M o st .
e d it o rs agr ee o n E r t h rae t ho u gh w e d o n o t h e a r e l se wh ere

y ,
182
B OO K 1 . 55 , 3 5
—
vi ct u a ls t h a t were l a id before them were cons u med ,
first one o f them a t e of the p a rsley o r c a kes th a t were , ,
p l a ced u nderne a th a n d then a nother There u on

,p .
o n e o f A ene a s sons a s the sto r y goes or some other

’
, ,
o f his messm a tes h a p p ened t o e x cl a im Look yo u

, , ,
a t l a st we h a v e e a ten e v en the t a ble A s soon a s

”
.
they he a rd this they a ll cried o u t with j oy t h a t the

,
first p a rt o f the or a cle w a s now fu lfilled Fo r a .
cert a in or a c le h a d been deli vered t o t h em a s some ,
sa
y, in D odon a
1
b ut a ccording t o others
, in E ry , ,
t hr a e a p l a ce o n Mo u nt Id a where li ve d a Sibyl o f
,
2
,
th a t co u n try a p ro p heti c nym p h who or d ered them

, ,
t o s a il westw a rd t ill they c a me t o a p l a ce wh ere they

sho u l d e a t their t a bles a n d th a t w h en they fo u n d ,
thi s h a d h a p p ened they sho u ld foll ow a fo u r footed ,

-
b e a st a s their g u i d e a n d where ver the a nim a l grew ,
we a ried there they sho u ld b u ild a c ity C a lling t o

, .
mi nd t h e n this p ro p hecy s ome a t the comm a nd o f

, , ,
A ene a s bro u ght the i m a ges o f t h e go ds o u t o f the

shi p to the p l a ce a p p oin ted by h im others p re p a red ,
o f an y E ryt h r a e ne ar
co n j e c t u r es a s t o t h e m e a nin g
Ida
o f t h e follo in g word vary fro m ne ar t o oracl e a n d
w
ca ve or .
”
t wo word s t og et h e r J a c ob y r e ad s e d
F the r
la n d .
”
is t h e corre c t r e ad in g h e r e it wo u ld
I f E ry t h rae ,
seem t h a t D i o n y si u s co n fus e d t h e S i byl of M a rp e s s u s in

t h e T road w it h t h e fa m o u s S i byl o f E ry t h ra e in I o ni a .
W it h t h is e x c e p t i o n t h e st ory h e r e r e late d m a y b e a ss u m e d
,
t o b e a p p ro x im a te ly t h e or i g in al form o f t h e l e g en d wh i ch ,
wo ul d n a t u rally r ep r esent A enea s a s r e c eiv in g t h e oracl e

fro m t h e local S i byl b e for e setting o u t o n h i s voyag e ;
la t e r wh e n h e r fam e b e c a m e e cl i p se d by t ha t o f t h e
,
E ry t hra e a n S i byl h e r r ol e in t h e l e g en d m a y ha ve b e en
,
t ra ns f e rr e d t o t h e la tte r F or a r e c ent d is c u ssi on of t h e .
S i byls s e e B u chhol z in B o s ch er s L exikon de r gri ech a nd ’

.
rem M yt h ologie
. S i by ll a, .
183
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B OO K 1 . 56 . 3 5
—
bec a u se h e wo u l d be est a blishing his a b ode in a

b a rren co u ntry t o rej e c t his fu t u re goo d fort u ne
, ,
th a t w a s indee d a ll b u t a c t u a lly p resent Fo r .
it wa s fa ted th a t beginning with this sorry a n d a t

, ,
fir st sm a ll h a bit a tion he sh o u l d in the co u r se o f

, ,
time a cq u ire a s p a cio u s a n d fert ile co u ntry a n d th a t ,
hi s chi ldren a n d p osterity sho u ld p ossess a v a st

em p ire whi ch sho u ld b e p rol onged fo r m a ny a ges .
Fo r the p resent therefore this settlement sho u l d be

, ,
a refu ge for the Troj a ns b u t a fter a s m a ny ye a rs , ,
a s the s ow sho ul d bring fort h yo u ng ones a nother ,
city l a rge a n d flourishing sho ul d b e b u ilt by h i s p o s

, ,
t e ri t y It i s s a id th a t A ene a s he a r ing this a n d

.
,
looki ng u p on the voice a s somethin g di vin e did a s ,
the god comm a nded Bu t others s a y th a t wh ile .
he w a s dism a y ed a n d h a d neglected h i mself l n hi s

gri ef t o s u ch a degree th a t b e neither c a me into t h e
,
c a m p nor took a n y food b u t s p ent th a t night j u st a s ,
he w a s a gre a t a n d wonderfu l vi sion of a d re a m a p

,
e a re d to hi m i n t h e li keness o f o n e o f his co u ntr y s

’
p
gods a n d g a v e h im the a d vice j u st before mentioned .
Whi ch of these a cco u nts i s the tru e one the gods o nl y

know 1
The ne x t d a y it i s s a id the s o w bro u ght
.
, ,
fo rth t hi rty yo u ng ones a n d j u st th a t m a ny ye a rs ,
l a ter in a ccord a nce wi th the or a cle a nother city

, ,
w a s b ui lt by the Troj a ns concerni n g whi ch I sh al l ,
s p e a k in the p ro p er p l a ce 2
.
1
Vi rgi l ( A en . v iii
r ep resents t h e r i ve r god
. 42 4 8)
T i b e rinu s as a nn o un c in g o m en of t h e s o w a n d h e r the
yo u ng t o A eneas an d t h s omen is seen t h e ve ry nex t day i
( vs . 81
2 Ch a p 6 6 . .
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B OO K I . 57 , 3 58
-
, I
see ing th em a rmed li ke Greeks dr a wn u p in goo d ,
order a n d resol u tely awaiting the c o nfli c t he g a v e ,
u
p the ide a o f h a z a rding a n immedi a te eng a gement ,
since he s a w no p rob a bil ity n o w of defe a ting them

a t the first onset a s he h a d e x ected when he set o u t
, p
from home a g ai ns t them A n d enc a m p in g on a hi ll
.
,
he tho u ght he o u ght first t o let his troo p s re c o ver

from their p resent fa tigu e whi c h from the length of
,
the m a rch a n d the e a gerness o f the p u rs u it w a s very

g re at ; and
p a ss i ng the ni ght there h e w a s resol vi n g
,
t o eng a ge the enemy a t bre a k o f d a y B u t when he .
h a d re a ched thi s decision a cert a in d i vi ni ty o f the

,
p l a ce a
pp e a red t o hi m in hi s slee
p a n d b a d e hi m
recei ve the Greeks in to hi s l a nd t o dwell with his

own s u bj ects a dd i ng th a t their com in g w a s a gre a t
,
a d va nt a ge t o hi m a n d a benefit t o a ll the A b origi nes
a like A n d the s a me ni ght A ene a s ho u sehold gods

’
.
a p e a red t o him a n d a dmoni shed him t o p ers u a de

p
L a tin u s t o gr a nt them o f hi s own a ccord a settle
ment in the p a rt o f the co u ntry the y desir ed a n d
t o tr e a t the Greek forces r a ther a s al lies th a n a s
enemi es Th u s t h e dre a m h indered b oth of them
.
from b eg inn i ng a n eng a gement A n d a s soon a s .
it wa s d a y a n d the a rmies were dr a wn u p in order

of b a ttle her a lds c a me to e a ch o f the comm a nders
,
from the other wi th the s a me requ est th a t the y ,
sho ul d meet for a p a rle y ; an d s o it c a me t o

a ss
p .
LVIII A n d first L a tin u s com p l a in ed o f the s u dde n

.
w a r whi ch they h a d m a de u p on h i s s ub j ect s witho u t

—
yp r évi o u s d ecl a r a tion a n d dem a nded th a t A ene a s
' '
an
t ell him wh o he wa s a n d wh a t he me a nt by p l u nder

i n g the co u ntry witho u t a n y p ro voc a tion since he ,
191
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8
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Ko
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p a ss ag es o t h e wi se ve ry d iff
a re e r ent i n t h ei r t e n or a n d r ,
h en c e co n cl u d es t ha t D i o n y si u wa s n o t im i t a tin g t h e s
1 94
B OO K I . 5 8 , 4 5 9, 1 -
necessity : a n d e verything t h a t is in vol un t a ry des er ves

forg iveness l A n d yo u o u g h t n o t t o t a ke a n y hostile
.
resol u ti on concerni ng u s a s we stret c h forth o u r h a nds

t o yo u b u t i f yo u d o s o we will first beg t h e god s ,
a n d di vini ties who ossess this l a nd t o forgi ve u s

p
e ven for w h a t we do u nder the constr a int o f necessity
a n d w ill then ende a v o u r t o defend o u rsel v es a g a inst
o u who a re the a ggressors in t h e w a r ; for this will

y
not b e t h e first nor the gre a test wa r th a t we h a v e
”
e x p erien c ed When L a t i n u s he a rd this he a nswered
.
h im Na y b u t I cheri sh a ki ndly feeli ng tow a rds

,
the whole Gree k r a ce a n d a m gre a tly grie ved by

the ine vi t a ble c a l a mities o f m a n kin d A n d I sh o u ld .
b e very solic it o u s fo r y o u r s a fety if it were c le a r t o

me th a t yo u h a ve come here in se a rch of a h a bit a tion
a n d th a t contented wit h a s u i t a ble sh a re o f the l a nd
,
d enj o yin g in a s p ir it of friendshi p wh a t sh a ll

b e gi ven you yo u wi ll not ende a vo u r t o de p ri ve me
,
of t h e so vereignty by force ; a n d i f the a ss u r a n c es

o u gi v e m e a re re a l I desire to gi v e a n d recei v e
y ,
p ledges w hi c h wi ll p reser v e o u r com a ct i n viol a te

p .
”
LIX A ene a s h a vi ng a cce p ted this p ro p os a l a

.
,
tre a ty wa s m a de between the two n a tions a n d con

firmed by o a ths t o this e ff ect : the A b origines were
t o gr a nt to the Troj a ns a s m u c h l a nd a s they desir e d ,
th a t is the s p a ce o f a bo u t fort y st a des in e very

,
di rection from the h ill ; the Troj a ns o n their p a rt , ,
olde r h ist o ri a n H e b el ieves ra t h e r t ha t t h e s o u rc e o f

.
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motion o f his win g s But working in o pp o sit i on

.
to these a fo x after wetting his tail in the river

, , ,
en d eav o ured t o beat o u t the flames and n o w th o se

that w ere ki ndling it woul d prevail an d n o w the ,
fox that was try ing t o put it o u t But at last the .
two fo rmer got the upper hand and the o ther went ,
away unable t o do anything fu ther Aeneas o n

,
r .
,
obse rvin g this s ai d that the c o l o ny w o ul d b e c o me

,
illustri o us and an o bj ect o f wonder and w o ul d gain

the greatest ren o wn but that a s it increased it,
w o uld be envi ed by its neighbours an d prove gr i e v

ous t o them ; nevertheless it w o uld overc o me its ,
adversaries the g o o d fo rtune that it h a d received

,
from Heaven being m o re p o werful than the envy

o f men that w o ul d o pp o s e it These very clear .
indications are said t o have been given o f what was

t o h a p p e n t o the city ;
‘
o f w hich there are m o nu
ments n o w st an d ing in the fo rum o f the L a vi ni a n s ,
in the fo rm o f br o nze images of the animals which ,
have b e e n preserved fo r a very l ong time .
LX After the Tr oj ans city w a s bui lt all were

.
’
extremely desirous of enj o ying the mutua l benefit

o f t heir new alli ance And the ir kings set t i ng the
.
ex a mple u ni te d the excell ence o f the two races

, ,
the native and the forei gn by t ies o f m arriage , .
Lati nus gi v in g hi s daughter Lavi ni a t o Aeneas .
Thereupon the rest als o c o nceived the same des i r e

as their kings ; and c omb i ning in a very bri ef
time th eir cust o ms laws and religious cer e m o nies
, ,
fo rming ties thr o ugh i ntermarr i ages and becoming

mingled together in the wars they j o intly w aged ,
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BOOK I . 61 . 1 —4
now among the c onstell a t i ons under the n a me o f

the Pleiades ; Zeus m arried o n e o f these E lectra , ,
and had by her two s o ns Iasus and D ardanus Iasus , .
rema ined unm arried but D ardanus ma ried Chry s é

,
r ,
the daughter o f Pallas by wh o m he had t w o s o ns, ,
Idaeus and D e im a s and these succeed ing Atl as in ,
the k i ngd o m re i gned for s o me time in Ar ca d ia

,
.
Afterwards a great d e luge o ccurring thr o ughout

,
Arcadia the pla ins were o ve rfl ow e d and for a l o ng

,
t ime could not b e tille d ; and the inhab itant s ,
li vin g upon th e mounta ins and ek i ng o u t a s o rry

livelih ood decided that the land rem ai ning w o uld
,
n o t b e sufficient fo r the support o f them all and s o ,
divi ded themselves i n t o t w o gr o up s o n e o f which ,
remain ed in Arcadi a after maki ng D e im a s the

, ,
s o n o f D ardanus their ki ng w h ile the o ther left

, ,
the Pel o p o nnesus o n b o ar d a l arge fleet And .
sa il ing al o ng the coast of E u rope they came t o ,
a gulf called Melas and cha n ced t o land o n a cert ai n

i sland o f T hrace as t o which I am unabl e t o s ay
,
whether it was previ o usly inh abited or n o t They .
called the i slan d S amothrace a name c o mp ounded o f ,
the name o f a man and the name o f a place Fo r .
i t belongs to Thrace and it s first settler w a s Sam o n ,
the s on o f Hermes an d a nymph o f Cylle n é named ,
Rh e n é
. Here they rema i ned but a sh o rt t ime ,
s in ce the l if e pr o ved t o b e no easy on e for them ,
fo rced t o c o ntend as they were with b o th a p o or

, ,
so i l and a b o ister o us s e a ; but leaving s o me few o f

their people in the island the greater p ar t o f them ,
removed once more and went t o Asia under D ardanus

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E ra t o st h enes W ho se chro n ology h follow s ( chap 7 4

, e .
,
p lac e d t h e f a ll o f T roy i n 1 18 3 .
206
BOO K I . 62 , 1 63
—
, 1
L X II B u t t h e s u bj ect req u i res that I rel a te a ls o

.
h o w A ene a s w a s des c en d ed : t h is too I sh a ll d o , ,
bri efly D a rd a n u s a fter the de a th of Chrys e the

.
, ,
d a u ghter o f P a ll a s by whom he h a d his first sons , ,
m a rr i ed B a tei a the d a u ghter o f Te u cer a n d by her

, ,
h ad E richthoni u s who i s s a id t o h a ve been the most

,
fort u n a te o f a ll men since he inh erited b oth the ,
kin gdom of h is fa ther a n d th a t o f his m a tern a l

gr a ndfa ther Of E ri chthoni u s a n d Callirrh o é the
.
,
d au g h ter o f S c a m a nder w a s b orn Tros from whom , ,
t h e n a tion h a s recei ved i t s n a me o f Tros a n d A c a l
l a ris the d a u ghter o f E um edes A ss a r a c u s ; o f A ss a

, ,
ra cu s a n d Cl t o do r a
y the d a u ghter o f L a ome d on
, ,
C a p ys ; of C a p y s a n d a N a ia d nym p h Hi ero ,
m ne m é A nchises ; o f A n chi ses a n d A p hrodit e

, ,
A ene a s Th u s I h a ve sho w n th a t the Troj a n r a ce

.
,
too wa s origin a lly Greek

, .
LX I I I Concern ing the time when L a vin iu m w a s

.
b uil t there ar e va ri o u s re p orts b u t to m e the most ,
p rob a ble seems t o b e th a t which

p l a c es it in the
second y e a r a fter the de p a rt u re of the Troj a ns from

Tro y 1
For I liu m w a s t a ken a t the end o f the S p ring
.
,
se venteen d a ys before the s u mmer solst ice a n d the ,
eighth from the end o f the month Th a rgelion 2

,
a ccordi n g t o t h e c a lend a r of the A theni a ns ; an d
2
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, , e
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t h e ne w m oo n im m e d i a t e ly fo llow in g t h s um m e r s ol sti c e e .
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t h is n am e t han t o e m en d t o T u r n us G ra nt e d t ha t T vp v g .
'
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2 10
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t h e next ye a r which wa s t h e thi r d a fter his de

,
a rt u re from Troy h e reigne d o v er the Troj a ns o nl y

p ,
.
Bu t i n the fo u rth ye a r L a t i n u s h a vi ng di ed he , ,
s u cceeded t o his ki ngdom a lso not o n ly in consider a ,
tion of hi s rel a tionshi p t o him by m a r r i a ge L a vi ni a ,
b eing the heiress a fter the de a th of L a t in u s b u t a lso ,
bec a u se of his be ing comm a nder in the war a g a i nst

the neighb o ur ing trib es Fo r the R u t u li a n s h a d .
a g a in re volted from L a t in u s c hoosing for their ,
le a der o n e of the deserters n a med T yrr h e n u s who 1

, ,
w a s a ne p hew o f A m a t a the wif e o f L a t i n u s

2
, This .
m a n bl a mi ng L a t i n u s in the m a tter o f L a vi ni a s
’
,
m a rr i a ge b ec a u se he h a d i gnored hi s kin smen a n d

,
a ll ie d hi s fa m i ly wi th o u ts i ders a n d b eing go a ded on ,
by A m a t a a n d enco u r a ged by others h a d gone o ver t o ,
t h e R u t u li a n s wi th t h e forces he comm a nded W ar .
a rose o u t of these com p l a ints a n d i n a sh a r p b a ttle
th a t ens u e d L a t inu s T yr rh e n u s a n d m a ny others

,
were sl a in ; n e vertheless A ene a s a n d hi s p eo p le ,
g a ined the vi ctory There u p on A ene a s s u cceeded t o

.
the k ingdom o f hi s fa ther in l a w b u t when he h a d - -
reigned t hr ee ye a rs a fter the de a th of L a t i n u s in ,
the fo u rth he lost his life in b a ttle For the R u t u l i a n s .
m a r c hed o u t in full for c e from the ir c ities a g a inst

Tu rn u s n o t h in g b u t a m od ifi e d form of T y h n u m y rr e s, a
ha ve p r e f e rr e d t o u t h n orm al for m w have alr e ady
se e e
m t w it h a T y h e n u a s t h e p o n ym o u s fo un d e r of t h
e rr s e e
T yrrh eni an rac e ( chap s 2 7 .Y e t for T u r n u H d on i u s s er
( i v 4
. 5 4 7
, f ) D i o
. n y si u s e v i d en t ly u se d t h s p el l in g T ip v g e i o
corr e d t o T vp S
’
( u p t i n th
og e
2
In t h ca se of t h is n a m e w m y e m en d t o A m a t a
e e a
w it h l it t l e h esit a t i o n si n c e t h form Am it a ( p a t e rn al
, e
“
a un t i n o t ap p rop r i a te a s a p rop e r n am e a n d i un l i k e
s s
a n y G r ee k n a m e .
2 11
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B O OK 1 . 65 , 2— 4
h owe ver t h e ki ng of t h e Tyrrheni a ns a mong other

, ,
intoler a ble c onditions th a t he im p osed u p on them ,
as u
p on a eo
p p le a lre a dy be c ome his sl a v es c o m ,
m a n de d them t o bring t o the Tyrrheni a ns e v ery

ye a r a ll the w i ne the c o u ntry of the L a tins p r o d u ced ,
the y looked u p on this a s a thing beyond a ll end u r a nce ,
a n d followi n g the a d vi c e of A s c a ni u s v oted th a t the ,
fru it of the vi ne sho u ld b e s a cred t o Ju p iter Then .

,
e x hort i ng o n e a nother t o p r o ve their ze a l a n d va lo u r

an d
p r a yi ng the gods t o a ssist them i n their d a nger
o u s enter rise they fi x ed u on a moonless n i ght

p , p
a n d s a ll ied o u t o f the city A n d they immedi a tely
.
a tt a cked th a t a rt o f the enemy s r a m a rt w hi ch

’
p p
l a y ne a rest t o the c i ty a n d w hi c h being designed ,
a s a n a d v a nced ost t o co v er the rest o f their forces

p ,
h a d been c onstr u c ted in a strong p osition a n d w a s

defended by the ch oi c est yo u th of the Tyrrhe ni a ns ,
u nder t h e c omm a nd o f L a u s u s the son of Mezenti u s

,
a n d their a tt a c k being u nforeseen they e a s ily m a de

,
themsel ves m a sters o f the stronghol d Wh ile they .
were em p loyed in t a k ing this p ost tho se of the ,
enem y who were enc a m p ed o n the p l a ins seeing a n ,
u n u s u a l li ght a n d he a rin g the cries o f the men who
were p erishin g left t h e le vel co u nt ry a n d were flee i ng

,
t o the mo u nt a ins D u rin g thi s t i me there w a s gre a t

.
co n fu sion a n d t u m ul t a s w a s b u t n a t u r a l wi th a n
,
a rmy mo vi ng a t ni ght fo r they e x p ecte d the enemy

wo ul d e very moment fa ll u p on them whil e they were
with dr a win g in disorder a n d wi th r a nk s broken .
Th e L a tins a fter they h a d t a ken the fort by storm

,
a n d le a rned th a t the rest o f the a rmy w a s in di sorder ,
p ressed a fter them , k i ll i ng an d

p u rs u i n g A n d n ot .
2 15
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-
an d i t s n a me i s now , a s it were , a com p o u nd , m a de

u o f the two terms , Alba Long a, th at is L e u ké
p
M a kra or Long White This city is now
u ni nh a bited , since in the time o f T u ll u s H o s t il i u s ,
ki ng of the Rom a ns A lb a seemed t o b e contending

with her colony for the so vereignty a n d hence
w a s destroyed ; b u t Rome , tho u gh she r a zed her
mother c ity t o the gro u nd , ne ve r theless welcome d
-
its citizens in t o her midst B u t these e vents b elong

.
to a l a ter t ime T o ret u rn t o its fo u n d ing A lb a w a s

.
,
b u il t ne a r a mo u nt a in a n d a l a ke , occ u p y ing t h e
s p a ce b etween t h e t w o , which ser ve d the city in
p l a ce o f w a lls a n d rendered it di ffi c u lt t o b e t a ken .
Fo r the mo u nt a i n is e x tremel y strong a n d high a n d

the l a ke i s dee p a n d l a rge ; a n d its w a ters a re re
ce i ve d by t h e p l a i n when the sl u i c es a r e o ened , the
p
inh abit a nt s h a vi ng it in the i r p ower t o h u sb a nd the
s u p p ly a s m u ch a s the y wish Ly ing b elow t h e city .
a re
p l ai ns m a rv ell o u s t o behold a n d rich in
p ro
d u cin g wi n es a n d fru its of a ll sort s in no degree

i nferior t o the rest o f It a ly , a n d p a rtic ul a rly wh a t
t h ey c a ll the Al b a n win e , whi ch is sweet a n d e x cellent
a n d , wi th the e x ce tion of the F a l e rni a n , cert a i nl y
p
s u p erior t o a ll others .
LXVI I Wh ile the cit y w a s b u il di ng , a most

.
rem a r k a ble p rodigy i s s a i d to h a ve occ u rred A .
tem p le with a n i nner s a nct u a ry h a d b een b u ilt for the

i m a ges o f the go ds wh ic h A ene a s h a d bro u ght wit h
h im from t h e Tro a d a n d set u p i n L a vi ni um a n d the ,
st a t u es h a d b een remo ved from L a vi ni u m t o th i s

2
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for
ni n
in m y o p i o , t h e l ette r 9 b n g n o t ye t d co v r d , ei is ee
t he a c nn ie ts e esse xp r d i t s forc by t h e l t r whi ch e et e
A m b ro s ch d le ete s d a t h e co m m t of a arly cr b He en ne s i e .
es t te i n
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ru p t e d int
o AE MAZ ( o i n A ) a d AE MIE , a d t ha t t h e s n n
se nco d form t ak en
for a var a t of 06mg n p r d t h e
, i n i s ie ,
i es e
s cr b
’
se e
r m ark In r t d la t r t h e t e x 0670 19 call d for
. e in t e,
iti
t h e add o n of 69 B u t A m b ros ch adm t ha t h i wo u ld
. ist t s
222
B O OK I . 67 , 4 — 68 , 2
in s a nct u a ry a t L a vin i u m a re iron a n d b ron z e

t he
ca d u ce i o r her a ld s w a nds a n d a Troj a n e a r then ’
,
”
w a re v essel this he s a ys he himself le a rned from , ,
the inh a bit a nts ‘

For my p a rt I belie ve th a t in the
.
,
c a se o f those things whi c h i t i s not l a wfu l fo r a ll t o

s e e I o u ght neither to he a r a bo u t them from those who
do s e e them nor to describe them ; a n d I a m in di g

n a nt wi th e very o n e else t o o who p res u mes to inq u ire , ,
into o r t o know more th a n wh a t is p ermitted b y l a w .
L XVII I B u t the th i ngs whi c h I myself know by

.
h a ving seen them a n d concerni ng whi ch n o scru p le

forbids me t o wr ite a r e a s foll ows They show you .
in Rome a tem p le b ui lt not fa r from th e Foru m in

2
th e short street th a t le a ds t o the C a rin a e ; it i s a

sm a ll shrine a n d i s d a rkened by the height o f the
,
a dj a cent b u ildings The p l a ce i s c a lled in the n a ti ve .
s p ee c h Veli a In this tem p le there a re i m a ges o f

.
t h e Troj a n gods whi ch it i s l a wful fo r a ll t o s e e ,
wi th a n inscri p t i on showing them to b e the Pen a tes .
1
M u ll e r F g H t G m , i 1 9 7 2 0 F T im a us s
ra . Ls . ec . .
, . or e ee
p. 1 9 n , 2 . .
d u m P n t u m i n V l ia ( L i vy x lv 1 6 5
'
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T he d ae es e e a z e .
,
M Varro
'
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st a t u es r e ally r e p r esen t e d t h e D i o s c u r i had lo n g b een , b ut
i d ent ifi e d w it h t h P e n ates S e rvi u ( o n A n i ii e . s e . .
c it in g Varro s ay s t ha t o n t h ba se of t h st a t u es w t h
, e e as e
ins cr i p ti o n M A G NI S D I I S ; b u t t h e r e wa s p robably m or e
to th in s cri p ti o n in cl u di n g P E N A VS
e , T IB .
b e the o n ly inst an c e in D i o n y si u s of t h e c itin g o f t h e

L ia t n words o f a n i n s cr i p t i o n ; h e us u ally gi ves m e re ly t h e
r ort s H vdm g
’
D i s P e na t zb u p u t
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. ecu e s
i n t o t h e acc u s a t i ve follow in g 8 7/ \ 3 ) m i gh t ha ve b een

, 7 o1 0 0 V
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, ,
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t h e e x ac t word s of a n i n s cr i p ti o n .
2 23
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2 24
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226
B O OK I . 68 . 4 69-
. 3
where he sho u ld settle a mong other thi n gs th a t he ,
le a rned he recei ve d t h i s a nswer rel a ting t o the c u sto d y

of t h e h oly obj ects
In the t own tho u b u ildest worshi p u ndyi ng fo un d
To gods a ncestr a l ; gu a rd them s a crifice , ,
A dore with choirs Fo r whilst thes e holy thi ngs

.
In thy l a nd rem a in Z e u s d a u ghter s gift s of o ld

,
’ ’
B est o w e d u p on thy s p o u se sec u re from h a rm ,
Thy city sh a ll a bide fore ve rm ore .
LX I X D a rd a n u s a c cordingly left the st a t u es in

.
, ,
the city w hich he fo u nded a n d n a med a ft er hi m self ,
b u t when Ili u m w a s settl ed l a ter they were remo ved ,
thi th er by his descend a nts ; a n d the p eo p le o f

I li um b u ilt a tem p le a n d a s a nct u a ry fo r them u p on
the c it a del a n d p reser ve d them with a ll p oss ible
c a re looking u p on them a s sent from He a ven a n d
,
as
p ledges of t he city s s a fety A n d while the ’
.
lower town w a s b eing c a p t u re d A ene a s p ossessing , ,
hi mself o f the cit a del took o u t o f the s a nct u a ry t h e

,
i m a ges of the Gre a t Gods a n d the P a ll a di u m whi ch

st il l rem a ined ( for Odys se u s an d D i om e d they s a y , ,
when they c a me into Ili u m by ni ght h a d stolen ,
t h e other a w a y ) a n d c a rryi ng them w ith hi m o u t

,
of the city bro u ght them in t o It a ly Ar ct in u s

, .
,
h owe ver s a ys th a t only o n e P a ll a di um wa s gi ven

,
by Z e u s t o D ar d a n u s a n d th a t th i s rem a ined in
I li um hi dden in the s a nct u a ry ti ll t h e c it y w a s being
, ,
t a ken b u t th a t from t hi s a co p y wa s m a de di ffering ,
5
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230
BOOK 1 . 70 , 2— 4
h er into the l onely woo d s a s i f s h e were a n ord in a ry

wom a n a n d t a kin g c a re th a t s h e w a s not seen by
,
a nyone wh o knew her s u p p orted her in a ho u se ,
he b ui lt in the forest whi ch w a s kn own t o b u t ,
few A n d when the c hi l d w a s b orn he took it u p

.
,
a n d re a red it n a ming it from the woo d Sil vi u s

, , , ,
or a s o n e might s a y in Greek Hy la i os B u t in the

, , .
co u rse o f time finding th a t the L a tins m a d e gre a t

,
se a rch for the wom a n a n d th a t t h e p eo p le a cc u se d

A s c a ni u s of h a vi ng p u t h e r t o de a th he a cqu a inte d ,
them with t h e whole m a tter a n d bro u ght the wom a n

a n d her s on o u t o f the forest From t hi s e x p erience .
Sil vi u s got hi s n a me a s I h a v e rel a ted a n d so di d a ll

, ,
hi s p osterity A n d he b ec a me kin g a fter the d e a th o f

.
hi s brother tho u gh not wi tho u t a contest with one

,
o f the s ons o f A sc a ni u s I ul u s the eldest — wh o —

, , ,
cl a imed the s u c c essi o n t o hi s fa ther s ru le ; the ’
i ss u e w a s decide d by vote o f the p eo p le who were in ,
fl u e n c e d chiefly by this consi der a tion a mong others ,
th a t Sil vi u s m other w a s heiress t o the ki n g d o m

’
.
U p on I u l u s w a s conferred inste a d o f the s o vereign ty , ,
a cert ai n s a cred a u thority a n d hono u r p refer a b le

t o t h e roy a l di gnit y b oth for sec u r ity a n d e a se o f
life a n d this p rerog a t ive w a s enj oyed e ven t o my
,
1
d a y by his p osterity who were c a lled Ju l i i a fter him

, .
Thi s ho u s e be c a me the gr e a test a n d a t the s a me

t i me the most ill u stri o u s of a n y we know o f a n d ,
1
T he r e fe r en c e is p robably t o t h e offi c e of p o nt zf e x
ma x i m us , h e ld by bo t h J ul i u s Ca es ar a n d A u g u st u s .
4
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1
K i rby F S m it h ha s p o inte d o u t ( A m Jou r Ph i lol
. . . .
x vi .
,189 5 p 2 0 5 ) t ha t t h e A lba n L ak e is fe d enti r e ly fro m
, .
the bo tt o m by gu s h in g sp r in g s s o t h a t vap h e r e h as it s , a
2 34
B OO K 1 . 7 1, 3 72 , 1 -
a re ndist u rb ed th e r u ins o f p orticoes a n d ot h er

u
‘
tr a ces o f a dwelling a p p e a r A ve n t in u s a fter whom .

,
w a s n a med o n e of the se ven hills th a t a re j oined t o

m a ke the city o f Rome s u ccee d ed him in t h e so ve t ,
e i g n t y a n d reigned thirty se ven ye a rs a n d a fter h i m -

,
Pr o c a twenty three ye a rs Then A m u li u s h a vi ng

-
.
,
u n j u stly p ossessed himself o f the kingdom wh i ch
belonged to N u m itor his elder brother reigned fort y , ,
t w o ye a rs B u t when A m u li u s h a d been sl a in by
.
Rom u l u s a n d Rem u s t h e sons o f the holy m a i den a s

, ,
sh a ll p resently be rel a ted N u m itor t h e m a tern a l , ,
gr a ndfa t h er o f the yo u ths a fter hi s brot h er s de a th ,

’
res u med the s o vereignty whi c h by l a w belonged

t o hi m In the ne x t ye a r o f N u mitor s rei gn w h i c h
.
’
,
w a s the fo u r h u ndr e d a n d thi rty seco n d a fter the -
t a ki ng o f Tro y the A lb a ns sent o u t a colony u n d er

, ,
t h e le a dershi p o f Rom ul u s a n d Rem u s a n d fo u nded ,
R ome in the b eginning o f t h e first ye a r of t h e se venth

,
Olym p i a d w h en D a i cle s of M e s s e n é w a s vi ctor in the

,
foot r a ce a n d a t A thens Ch a ro p s w a s in the first ye a r

,
o f his ten ye a r t erm a s a rchon

- 2
.
L XX II Bu t a s there is gre a t di s p u te concerni ng

.
b oth the t ime o f the b u il ding o f the cit y a n d the

fo u n ders o f it I h a ve tho u ght it i nc u mbent o n me
,
a lso not t o gi ve merel y a c ur sory a cco un t of these
ordin a ry e a n i ng of s p r in g
m or r u nn in g wa te r , an d
07 a9 p 69 is u se d wi t h p arti c u lar
6 a p p ro p r i a tenes s o f the
d ep t hs of t h is lak e .
2
75 1 ccordin g t o t h e co m m o n t ra d iti o n t h e
B C
. . A
archo ns h i p wh i ch w a s a t fir s t h e ld for l if e w as in 7 5 2
, ,
li m i t e d t o a t e n y e ar te rm a n d fi nally ca 6 83 t o a s in gl e
-
, , .
,
y e ar S e e G ro t e H i t o y of Gre ec e P art i i chap x

.
,
s r , .
, . .
( b e gi nn in g ) ; vo n S c h o e ffe r in P a u ly W is s o w a R ea l -
,
E n cy cl op dd i e A r cho n t es col s 5 69 f
, , . .
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see s b es
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'
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,
.
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2
.
x6 2 B : o m R
3
. .
T nl e y o vm add d ( fro m S y n c ll u ) by R it s c h l e e s wh o
’
,
ln
d ica t e d t h e lo s s of o t h e r word s follow in g t h is .
2 38
B OOK I . 72 . 3 5
-
th a t some o f the A ch a e a ns wh ile the y were do u bling ,
C a p e M a le a o n their ret u rn from Troy were o vert a ken ,
b y a vi olent storm a n d being fo r some time dri ven

,
ou t o f their co ur se by the win d s w a ndered o ver ,
m a n y p a rts o f the s e a til ] a t l a st they c a me t o thi s

,
p l a c e in t h e l a nd o f the O p i c a n s whi c h i s c a lled
L a t in i u m 1
l yi ng o n the Tyrrheni a n s e a A n d being
,
.
p
le a sed wi th the sight of l a nd they h a u led u
p their ,
shi p s st a yed there the wi n ter se a son a n d were p re

, ,
a ring t o s a il a t t h e begin n i ng o f s p r i ng b u t when

p
t he i r shi p s were s e t on fire in t h e ni ght an d they
were u n a ble t o s a il a w a y they were com p elled ,
a g a i n st t h e ir will t o fi x their a b ode in th e p l a ce

where the y h a d l a nded Thi s fa te he s a ys w a s .
, ,
bro u ght u p on them b y t h e c a p ti ve wom en they were

c a rryin g wi th them from Troy wh o b ur ned the ,
sh ip s fe a rin g th a t the A ch a e a ns in ret u rni ng home

,
wo u l d c arr y th em in to sl a very Ga lli a s who wrote2

.
,
of th e deeds of A g a t h ocles s a ys th a t R om e o n e , ,
o f the Troj a n women wh o c a me int o It a ly with the
other Troj a ns m a rried L a tinu s the ki ng o f the

, ,
Ab ori gi nes by whom s h e h a d three s ons B om u s

, , ,
Rom ul u s an d Telegon u s a n d h a vi n g b u ilt a

,
cit y g a ve it the n a me o f their m other Xe n a go ra s

,
.
,
th e hi st ori a n writes th a t O dysse u s a n d Circ e h a d

3
,
I
P robably or i gin a lly an adj e c tive ( l i k e t h la t e r 1 1 q e 6 7 ) ,
L a tin l a n d S o m e h a ve w is h e d t r e ad L a ti um
”
th e . o or
L a vin i um .
2
i s
Ga l l a wro t e t h e h t o ry is f A g a t hocl es in 2 2 boo ks
o .
H i s a cco u nt
w a s s o b a d in i se favo u of t ha t t yra n t t ha t r
e
h e w as a cc us d o f ha vi g be n en h e av il y br i b e d by h im .
3
X e n agor as ( da t e u n c e rt a in ) wro t e a h is t or i ca l work
call e d Xp 6v0 L an d a boo k abo u t is la n d s M ii ll F g . e r, ra .
Hi st. Grae c . iv . 5 2 7, 6 .
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1 add e d by S a u p p e who a ss um e d t h e lo ss
611 0 6 6 0 96 60 6 9 ,
o f seve ral l ines h e r e in wh i ch m enti o n wa s m ad e of t h e

,
c ities fo un d e d by R o m u l u s B u t it is q u ite p robabl e t h at .
i n t h is e arl ie r t rad iti o n wh i ch wo u ld a p p e ar t o b e m or e ,
G r ee k t ha n R o m a n R o m u l u s p lay e d s o m e wha t t h e s a m e
,
s u bord in at e r ol e t ha t R em u s d id a t a la t e r s t ag e h e m a y
si m p ly have a i d e d h is bro t h e r ( who m igh t b et t e r b e c all e d
B o m u s h e r e ) i n fo un d i n g t h e fo u r c ities n a m e d I n d ee d .
,
t h e E tym ol og i cu m M a g n u m K vq e t s t a t es an
’
242
BOO K 1 . 3 —4
of h is kingdom Others s a y th a t a fter t h e de a t h of

.
A ene a s A sc a ni u s h a ving s u cceeded t o the ent ire

,
so vereignty o f the L a tins di vi d ed both the co u ntry ,
a n d the forces of t h e L a tins into three a rts t wo of

p ,
which h e g a ve t o hi s brothers Rom ul u s a n d Rem u s , .
H e him self they s a y b u il t A lb a a n d some other

, ,
‘
t own s ; Rem u s b u ilt c ities whi c h he n a med C a p u a ,
a fter C a ys his gre a t gr a ndfa ther A n ch i s a a fter h is

p
-
, , ,
gr an dfa ther A n c h i ses A e n e ia ( which w a s a fte rw a rds

,
c a lled Ja ni c u l um ) a fter his fa ther a n d Rome , , ,
a fter hi mself This l a st city wa s fo r some t ime

1
.
deserted b u t u p on the a rri va l of a nother c o l ony

, ,
which the Al b a ns sent ou t u nder the le a dershi p of

Rom ul u s a n d Rem u s it rece ived a g a i n i t s a ncient ,
n a m e S o th a t a ccording t o this a cco u nt there

.
, ,
were two settlements o f Rome one a l ittle a fter t h e ,
Troj a n wa r a n d the other fifteen gener a tions a fter

,
the firs t 2
A n d if a nyone desires to look into the
.
remoter p a st e ven a th ird Rome will b e fo u nd

, ,
more a ncient th a n these on e th a t wa s fo un ded ,
before A ene a s a n d the Troj a ns c a me in t o It a ly .
This is rel a ted by n o ord in a ry o r modern hi stori a n b u t ,
by A n t i och u s of Syr a c u se w h om I h a v e mentioned ,
before 3
H e s a ys th a t when M e r ge s re i gned in It a l y
.
( w h i ch a t th a t tim e com rehended a ll the se a co a st

p
1
A n ch isa a n d A n e i o t h e rw ise u n k n ow n S e
e a a re . e
cr it cal n o t e
i .
2
S e e cha p 4 5 , 3. .
3
Ch a p 1 2 , 3 ; 2 2 5
.
, ; 35 , 1 T he p
. resent q u o t ati o n is
fo u n d in M ii lle r, F ra g . H is t . Gr a ce i 182 , 7 . . .
on the t hor i t y f G r ee k wr iters t h a t Ca p u a a n d R o m e

au o
w e r e fo u n d e d by B o m u an d R o m ul u s t h e s o n s f A ene a s
s , o .
S chwar t z v O J
'
2
: ob y K7 1 0 1 , ac .
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‘
.
1
Era t o s t h enes wa s p e rhap s t h e m o s t ve rsa ti l e s cholar
of a nti q u i t y E m in en t n o t o n ly as an a st ro n o m e r
.
,
m a t h e m a ti ci an a n d g e ogra p h e r h e al s o wo n di s t in c ti o n a s ,
a n h i st or i a n p h
,
i lo s o p h e r a n d gr a m m a ri a n H i s Ch ron o .
g p
r a h w e w as a n a nn al i s t i c h is t ory bo t h p ol iti cal a n d ,
li t e rary in w h i ch esp e c i al a t t enti o n was d evo te d t o t h e

,
24 6
B OOK 1 . 7 4 , 2 —4
t ime be ing com p a red with the Chron i cle s o f E r a t os

,
t he ne s
l
corres p onds t o the first ye a r o f the se vent h
,
Olym p i a d 2
Th a t t h e c a nons of E r a tosthenes a re
.
so u nd I h a ve shown i n a n o ther tre a tise where I 3

,
h a ve a ls o shown how the R om a n chr o n o logy s t o b e i
sync h roni z ed with th a t o f t h e Greeks For I did .
no t t hi nk i t s u ffi cient l ike Polybi u s o f Meg a lo ,
p olis 4
t
, o sa
y merely th a t I b elie ve R o me w a s b u il t
i n the second ye a r o f the se venth Olym p i a d nor t o 5

,
let my belief rest witho u t fu rther e x a min a tion u p o n

the s in gle t a blet p reser ve d by the high p riest s t h e ,
only one of its kin d b u t I d etermined t o s e t forth ,
the re a sons th a t h a d a p p e a le d to m e s o th a t a ll ,
mi ght e x a mine them wh o so desi r e d In th a t tre a tise .

,
therefore t h e det a iled e x p osition is gi ven ; b u t

,
in the co u rse o f t h e p resent wo r k a ls o the most

essenti a l o f the concl u s ions there r e a ched will b e
mentioned The m a tter st a n d s th u s : It is
.
gener a ll y a greed th a t the in va sion of the G a u ls 6

,
d u ring whi c h t h e c ity o f Rome w a s t a ken h a p p ened ,
d u r ing the a r c honshi p o f Pyrgi on a t A thens in th e ,
first ye a r o f t h e n i nety eighth Olym p i a d 7

Now if .
the time befo re the t a king of the city i s re c koned

b a ck t o L u c iu s J u ni u s B ru t u s a n d L u ci u s T a rq u i n iu s
Co ll a t in u s the first cons u ls a t Rome a fter the o ver
,
throw o f the kings it com p rehend s one h u ndred ,
acc u ra t e d ete rm in a ti o n f t h e chron ology T h work o . e
b egan w i t h t h fall of T roy wh i ch h p lac e d i n 1 1 8 3 C

e , e B . .
2
75 1 B C . .
3
T h is work n ow lo st i c ite d by Cl e m e n t of A l e x an d r i a
, , s
( S t ro m i 1 0 2 ) a s Xp 6
. . v0 1 .
4
P robably i n a lo s t p ort i o n of h i B ook VI s .
5
750 B C . .
6
L te i ra lly el t s
C . See p . 123, n l . .
7
387 B C . .
24 7
D I ONYS IUS O F HALICARNASSUS
5 37730 67 6 1 36 65 633 6 1 1/ 7 6 77 0 33 6 11/ 11 6 2 7 1 3 1/ 1ca 3o u
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D IONYS IUS O F H A L I CA R N A S SUS
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7 1 ,
25 0
B OO K I . 75 , 1 4 -
of R ome reigned thirty seven years it i s said and

,
-
, ,
a fter h i s death the city wa s a year without a king .
Then Num a Pompilius who was chosen by the ,
people reigned forty three years ; after Numa

,
-
,
Tull us H o s t ili u s thirty tw o ; and h is successor A n -

,
cu s Marcius twenty four ; after Marcius Lucius

,
-
,
T a rq u ini u s called Pris cu s th irty eight ; Servi us

, ,
-
T ul lius who succeeded him forty four

, A n d the ,
-
.
slayer o f Servius Lucius T a rq ui ni u s the tyra n nical

, ,
prince wh o from his contempt of j ustice was called

, ,
Superbus extended hi s reign t o the twenty fi ft h

,
-
year As the reign s therefore o f the ki ngs amou n t

.
, ,
t o two hundred and forty four years or sixty one - -
Olym piads it follows necess ar ily that Romulus

, ,
the first ruler o f the city began h i s reign in the first ,
year o f the seventh Olympi ad when Charops at ,
Athens was in the first year of h i s ten year term as -
ar ch o n.
l
Fo r the count o f the years re q ui res this ;
and that each kin g reigned the number o f years
stated i s shown i n that treatise o f mine t o which I
have r eferred .
Thi s therefore is t h e account g iven by those who

, ,
li ved b efore me and adopted by me concerni n g the

tim e o f the settlement o f the city which n ow rules
supreme As t o its fo u nders who they were and
.
,
by what tur n s of fort un e they were i nduced t o lead

o u t the colony a n d any other deta i ls told concer ni n g
,
it s settlement all thi s has been related by many

, ,
an d t h e greatest part o f it in a different manner by

1
75 1 B C . .
1
Ka i . Ki ess lin g : 3O
7 .
25 1
D IONYSIUS OF HALI CARNASSUS
36 611 o i 6 96 11 617 6 7 6
'
1c 7 77 1 7 6 1 11 1 117 1 0 11 6 v0 1 6 11 6 1 11 .
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,
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252
D I ONYS IU S O F HA L I CAR NAS S U S
A A
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l
36 3
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'
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2
611 63117 6 7 7
7 9 77 6 1 850 11 779 re ec
j t e d by Urlich s a s a gl oss ;
S aup p e re j ec t e d 7 779 77 6 1810 11 7 9
7 B u c h e le r 11 6 7 9
, p7 .
1 T h irt y y ears wa s t h e p erio d re q ui e d a t R o m f ro m t h r e e
t i m e f Nu ma ; f ii 6 7 2 S o m e e a rly e d i t ors W is h e d
o c . .
, .
t o e m e n d t h e p resen t p as s ag e t o a g ree wi t h t h e la t er
p ra ctice .
254
BOOK 1 . 76 , 3 77 , 1
-
fort h avengers for her family Thes e holy maidens .
who were intrusted with the custody o f the perpetual

fire a n d with the carrying out o f any o t h c r rites
that it was customary fo r V irgins t o perform in behalf
o f the commonwealth were re uired to re m ain u n
q ,
d e fil e d by m arriage for a period of not less than fi ve 1
years Amulius was carrying o u t his plan under

.
S pec i ous pretences a s if he were conferring honour ,
and di gni ty o n his brother s family ; for he was not ’
the author o f this law which was a general o n e nor , , ,
again was hi s brother the first person o f considera

,
tion whom he h ad ob liged to yield obedience t o it ,
but it was both customary and honourable among

the Al b ans for m aidens o f the hi ghest b irth t o be
ap pointed t o the servi ce of Vesta B ut Numitor .
,
perceiv in g that these measures o f his brother pro

c e e d e d from no good i ntention dissembled his re ,
s e n t m e n t l e s t he should i n c u r the ill wil l o f the people

,
-
,
and stifled his compla i nts up o n this occasion also .
LXXVII T h e fourth year after thi s Ili a up o n

.
2
, ,
going t o a grove consecrated t o Mars t o fetch pure

water for use in the sacrifices was ravished by s ome ,
b ody o r other i n the sacred precinct S ome s a y .
that the author o f the deed was o n e o f the m aiden s ’
s u itors who was carried away by h is p assion for

,
the girl ; others s a y that it w a s Amul ius h imsel f

3
,
and that since hi s purpose wa s t o destroy her q ui t e

,
as much as to s atisfy hi s p assion he ha d arrayed hi m ,
self in such armour a s would render hi m most terrible

2
Cf. L ivy i 4 1 3 .
,
-
.
8
T he la s t la us ( li t era ll y
c lovin g t h
e gi rl , e may
we ll b e a g los t xp lain t h p re d in g wor d s
s o e e ce on e o f
t h e ma i d en s sui tors S e crit i a l no t e
’
. e c .
25 5
DIO NYS IU S O F HA LI C AR NA S S U S
w 1 w 1
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6 11 6
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3
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'
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co n cerni n g them is sufficient But b e t h at as it .

,
m a y the mai d after her vi olation feigned ill ness

,
fo r this h e r m o ther advised out of regard b o th fo r

(
her own s afety and fo r the s acred services o f the
gods ) and n o longer attended the s acrifices but her ,
duties were performed by the other virgins wh o were

j oined with her in the same ministry .
LXX V II I But Amulius m o ved either by hi s

.
,
own k nowledge o f w hat ha d happened o r by a

natural suspicion of the truth began t o in q uire int o ,
her long abse n ce from t h e s acrifices i n o r d er to ,
discover t h e real reas on T o this end he kept send .
ing in to her s o me physicians in wh o m he had the

g reatest confidence ; and then since the w o men ,
all eged that her ailment wa s o n e that must b e kept

secret fr o m others he left his wife t o w atch her
, .
She having by a woman s mark ing o f the signs

,
’
d iscovered what was a secret t o the o thers info rmed ,
him of it and he lest the girl sh o uld be deliv e re d in

, ,
secret for she w a s n ow near her time cause d h e

, , r
t o be g uarded by armed men And summoni ng his .
br o ther to the c o unc il he n o t onl y ann o unced the

,
defloweri ng o f the g irl o f which the rest knew naught

, ,
but even accuse d her p arents o f b e ing her aecom

p l i ce s ; and he o rdered Num i t o r not t o hi de the
guilty m an but t o exp o se hi m Numi t o r s ai d he

, .
was amazed at what he heard and pr o testing his ,
innocence o f everyt hing that was alleged desired ,
time t o test the tru th o f it H avi ng with difficulty .
o btained this delay and be i ng info rmed by his wife

,
of the a ffair as his da u ghter had related it in the

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i nt o the current of the river T o day however the .

-
, ,
sacred law ordains that such o ff enders shall b e b uried

a li ve .
LXXIX Up t o this p o int the greater p art o f

1
.
the histori ans give the same account o r di ff er but

sligh tly some in the directi o n o f what i s legendary
, ,
others of what i s more pr o b able but they disagree

i n what follo w s S ome s a y that the girl w a s put t o
.
death immediately ; others th at s h e rem ained in a

secret pr i son under a guard which caused the people ,
t o b elieve that s h e had been put t o death secretly .
The latter auth ors s a y that Amulius wa s m oved t o

d o this when his d aughter b egged him t o grant h e r
the life o f h e r cousin ; for having been brought up ,
together and being o f the same age th ey loved ea ch ,
other lik e sisters Amu li us accordingly t o please

.
, ,
her fo r s h e was hi s only daughter saved Il i a

,
—
,
—
fr o m death but kept her c o nfined in a secret prison

,
and sh e w as at length s e t at l i berty after the death

of Amul ius Thus d o the account s o f t h e anc i ent
.
authors vary concerning Ili a and yet b oth op ini ons ,
carry with them an appearance o f truth ; for this

reason I also have mentione d th em both but each
, , ,
of my readers w ill decide for himself which to

beli eve .
But c o ncer n i ng the b a b es b orn o f Il i a Q uintus ,
Fab ius called Pict or whom Luc ius Ci n ciu s Porcius

, , ,
Cato Ca lp ur ni u s Piso and most o f the o ther his

,
t ori a n s have foll o wed writes thus : By t h e order ,
1
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3
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2 64
D IONYS IUS O F H A L I C A R N A SS US
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C om pa re the d e s c i p ti o n r of the L u p cal alr e ady g i ve n
er
in ch a p . 32 .
2
T he v e b e ca m e a s h i n e a n d re c e ive d s o m e s or t o f
ca r
a it t u a l a d o rn m e n t wh i ch m u st h a v e in c l u d e d a t
rc h ec r ,
l e a s t a di g n i fi e d e n t r an ce T h e L u p e rc a l is n am e d in .
t h e M on u m e n t u m A n cyra n u m ( 4 2 ) i n a list o f p u b li c ,
b u il d in g s re p a ire d b y A u g u stu s .
T h e st a t u e h e re m e n ti o n e d i s d o u b tl e ss t h e o n e e re c t e d
3
b y On . an d Q . O g u lm us
'
ne a r t he F i cus R u m i na li s in
2 66
B O OK I . 79 , 7 — 9
b abes clinging t o her as t o the ir m o ther they t h o ught ,
they were beh o l d ing a su p ernatural sight and a d

v a n ce d i n a b ody sh o uting t o terrify t h e crea ture
, .
The wolf however far fr o m b eing prov o ked at the

, ,
appro ach o f the men but as if s h e ha d b een tame , ,
wi th drew gently fr o m the b abes and went away ,
p ayi ng little heed t o the rabble o f shepherds No w .
there w as n o t far o ff a hol y place arch ed over by a ,
dense w o o d and a holl o w r o ck from which springs

,
i ssued the w o o d w as said to be c o nsecrated t o Pan ,
and there was an altar there t o that go d l

T o this .
place then the w o lf came an d b i d herself The

, , .
grove t o b e sure no longer remains but the cave

, , ,
from whi ch the spr i ng flows i s still p o inted o u t b ui lt ,
up aga i nst the si de o f the P alat i ne hill o n the r o a d

2
whi ch leads to the C ircus and near it i s a s acre d ,
preci nct i n whi ch there is a st atue commem o rating

t h e inc i dent ; i t represent s a s h e w o lf suck ling tw o -
i nfants the fi gures being in bronze and o f ancient

,
workm anshi p 3
Thi s sp o t i s s ai d t o h ave b een a
.
holy place of the Ar cadi ans wh o formerly settled

there w i th E vander .
As s o on a s the beast was gone the herdsmen t oo k

up the b abes and believi ng that the g o d s d es ired the i r
,
preservat i o n were eager t o bring them up There

, .
was among them the k eeper o f the royal herds of

2 95 B C ( i y x
. . Lv An o h e r m r g o u t o o o n
. t si ila r p s d
s
t h e um m it C p it l
of t h e a o , a n d wa s ru c st k
b y g h t n in g i n li
65 B C. . l f t is s
T h e wo of h d
e co n g ro u i s a m o t c e r p l s
n y t he tai l
fa s s i p s v d
m o u o n e t ll re e r e i n t h e zzo d e i P ala
on e r a t or , C s v i
si n ce t h e a i ls i dl ss
n ma
’
h n eg h o w t h e e fi e c t s o f g h n i n g ; li t
t h e wo l f is d d a b u
ate o t 6 00 B C , b u t t h e in n. a re
. m o e rn f a ts a d
r e st o ati on
r .
2 67
D IO NYS IUS O F HALI CARNAS S US
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e n i n g g i v n in t h
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o re
or f d b y n at u e w oul d im p ly h u t s d e p n d in g f
ro o e r ,
”
e or
th ire f s n n t u al s h l t e s s u h a s ve h n g i n g
ro o o a ks r e r , c o r a ro c
or ve a h ing t e e s i n o t h w o ds h u t s t e ch nic a ll y
o r rc r ,
— er r ,
2 68
D IONYS I U S OF HA LI CA R NA S S U S
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1 a p s t p ssa
ge g e us ou r m o t iv s s d tail d a o un t e e cc
o f t h e ca m R om u1 7 Pl u t a r ch ( R om 2 0 ) . a d d s t h d t ail
. e e
t at
h it oo st d
n e a r t h e s ca la e Ca m , a an m l d a k n t h s u th r o e o
2 70
B OOK I . 79 , 1 1— 1 3
out of st i c k s and reeds One o f these called the b u t .

,
o f R omulus remained even t o my day o n t h e fl ank

1
,
o f t h e Palatine b i ll w hi ch faces to w ards the Circus ,
an d it is preserved h o ly by th o se wh o have charge o f

these matters ; they add n o thing t o it t o ren d er i t
m o re stately but if any p art of it is inj ured either
, ,
by storms o r b y the lapse o f time t h e y repair the ,
damage and rest o re the b u t a s nearly as possible

t o its former c o ndition .
When Romulus and Remus were ab o ut eighteen

years o f age they had some dispute ab o ut the pas
,
tur e with Numitor s herdsmen whose herds were ’

,
quartered o n the Avent in e bi ll whi ch is o ver against ,
the Palat ine They fre q uently accuse d o n e an o th e r

.
e i ther o f grazing the meadow l an d that did n o t bel o ng -
to them o r of monop olizing that whi ch belonged t o

both in c o mm o n o r o f whatever the matter chanced ,
t o be Fr o m this wrangling they had rec o urse s o me

.
times t o blows and then t o arm s Finally Numit o r s .

’
men having received many w o unds at the hands o f

,
the youths and l ost s o me o f the i r num ber and b e ing

at last driven by force fr o m the places in disput e ,
devise d a stratagem aga in st them They placed .
an ambuscade in the hi d den p art o f the ravine and

hav ing c o ncerted the t im e of the attack with t h ose
who lay in wa it for the youths the rest in a body ,
w e st c n f t h P alati n h ill
or er o The w als n t h e e . e re as o a o r
o n t h e C a p it o li n e p b b ly a p lic f t h
°
ca s a 12 7l 0 777 , ro a re a o e
fi rs t V it u vi u s ( ii 1
. r a f t e m n ti on i n g t h p i m iti v
.
, r e e r e
c us t m of c on stru tin g o f s u t o f d s b u s h w d
o c ro o re e , r oo or
s t aw
r i t e s t h b u t o f R m u l u s n t h C a p it li n as a
, c e o o e o e .
o
o d x m p le of t h
e a a n i n t p a ti Cf V i g il ( A
e c e v iii r c ce
g . . r 6 77 . .
R om u le q u h b t g i a ul m o n d O vid
’
n o e r ece s orre a re c a s
si m il d s c i p tion o f t h
ar e r ig in al t e m p l o f V sta ( F t i
e or e e as
vi 2 6 1
.
27 1
DIO NYS I US OF HA LI CARNAS S U S
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2 72
D I O NYS IUS O F HALI CARNASS U S
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2 74
BOOK I . 80, 1— 3
Lupercal and run r o un d the village naked their l oin s ,
girt wi th the s ki n s o f the vi ctims j ust sacrificed .
T h is ceremony signified a sort o f traditional p ur ifi ca

tion o f the vill agers and i s still perfo rme d even t o
,
this day On t h is occasion then t h e herdsmen l ay

.
, ,
in wa i t i n the narr o w p art o f the road for the yout h s

who were t a king p art in the cerem o n y and when the ,
first b and with Remus came abreast o f them that ,
with R omulus and the rest be i ng behind ( for they

were di vi ded into t h ree b ands and ran at a di stance
from one an o t h er ) without wait ing fo r the ot h ers
,
they s e t up a shout and a ll ru she d up on the fir st

group and sur ro u ndi ng them some threw darts at
, , ,
them others st ones and others whatever they c o ul d

, ,
lay the i r hands o n An d the youths startled by the

.
,
un expected att ack and at a loss how t o act fighting ,
un armed as they were aga i nst armed men were eas i ly ,
overpowered Remus therefore havi ng fa llen int o

.
, ,
the hands of the enemy i n this mann er o r i n the way

Fab ius relates was being led aw ay b ound t o Alb a
, , , .
When R o mulus heard o f hi s brother s fate he ’

,
thought he ought t o fo llow i mmediately with the

st o utest of the herdsmen in t h e h ope o f overtakin g
Remus w h il e he was sti ll o n the r o ad b u t he was ,
di ssuaded by F a u st ul u s For seeing t h at his haste

.
w a s t oo frenzied thi s m an w h o was looked up on as

, ,
the father o f the youths and wh o had hi thert o kep t

everyt hi ng a secret from them lest th ey sho ul d ven ,
tur e up on some h azardous enterprise b efore they were

in their prime now at last compe lled by n ecessity
, , ,
3
5 a dd e d b y K e i ssli n g .
4
373 S ch n e l e : 86 O l .
275
D I ONYSIUS O F HALI C ARNAS SUS
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B OOK I . 8 1 , 2— 5
pu n i s hm e n t t o Numitor say i ng that the one wh o had

,
do n e an i nj ury could be puni shed by none s o j ustly

as by th e o n e wh o had su ffered it Whi l e Numitor s
.
’
herdsmen were leading Remus away with h is hands

b ound beh in d him and mocking him Numitor fol ,
lowed and n o t o nly adm ired his grace o f b ody s o ,
much was there that was ki n gly in h is bearing ,
but also ob served his nobili ty of sp ir it which b e ,
preserved even in distress not turni ng t o lame n ta

,
t i ons a n d entreaties as all do un der such a fflictions

, ,
but wi th a becoming silence go in g away t o his fate .
As soon as they were arrived at his house he ordere d

all the rest t o wi th draw and Remus being left alo n e
, ,
he asked hi m who he was and o f what p arents ;

for he did not beli eve such a man could b e meanl y
b o rn Remus answered th at he knew this much
.
o nly from the account he h a d received from the

m a n who brought h im up that b e wi th hi s tw i n
,
brother had been exposed in a woo d as soon as they

were b orn and had then been taken up by the
herdsme n and reared by them Upon which
.
Num i tor after a short p ause either b ecause he sus

, ,
e ct e d something o f the truth o r beca u se Heaven

p
was bri ng in g the matter t o light said t o him ,
I n eed not in form yo u Remus that yo u are in

, ,
my p ower t o b e pu ni shed in whatever way I may s e e

fit an d that those who brought you here havi n g
, ,
suffered ma n y grievous wrongs at your hands ,
woul d gi ve much t o have yo u put t o death Al l .
this you know B ut if I sho ul d free you from death

.
an d every other pu ni shm ent woul d yo u show your

,
grat i tude and serve me whe n I des ire your assistance

in a n a ff ai r that w ill c o n duce t o the advan tage of u s
279
D I O NY S I US OF HA L I CA RN A S S US
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280
D I O NY S I U S O F H A L I C A RN A S S US
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52 55
-
all the other circumstances b e had learned from

Faustulus The others w h o wished his story might
.
,
b e true a n d n eeded few proofs in order t o beli eve

i t heard what he said with pleasure
,
An d as soon .
a s they knew o n e another they proceeded t o consult

t ogether and consider the proper method and occa
sion for making their attack While they were thus .
employed Faustul us wa s brought before Amulius

, .
Fo r fearing lest the information given by Romulus

,
might not be credited by Numitor in an a ffa ir of ,
s o great moment without m a n ifest proofs he soon

, ,
afterwards followed hi m t o t own taki ng the ar k ,
with hi m as evidence of the exposing o f the b ab es .
B ut as he was entering the gat es in great co nfusio n ,
taki ng all p ossible pains t o conceal what he carr i ed ,
o n e o f the guards ob served hi m ( fo r there was fear
of an incursion o f the enemy and the gates were b eing

gu arded by those who were most fully trusted by
the ki n g) and laid hol d of h im and insist in g up o n
knowi ng what the co n cealed obj ect was he forc ibly ,
thr ew b ack hi s garment As soon a s he s a w the ark

.
and foun d the man emb arrassed he demanded t o ,
kn ow the cause of hi s co nf us i on and what he meant

by n o t carryi ng in ope nl y an art i cle that re q u i red
no secrecy In the meant i me m ore o f the guards
.
flocked to them and o n e o f them recogni zed the ark ,
having himself carr ied the chil dr en in it t o the river

and he s o in formed those who were present Up o n .
this they seized Faustulus and carryi ng hi m t o the ,
ki n g hi mse l f ac q ua i nted him with all that had

,
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L i t r a ll y un d er gu a r d W i t h out c ha ins p ro b ab l y a
1
e ,
tra n s la t ion f t h e L a t in li b ra cus t odi a I n lat er t i m es

o e .
2 86
BOOK I . 83 , 2 — 84 , 1
t ru stworthy of h is guards with secret orders to seize

and brin g before h i m the persons whom the swin e
herd shoul d po int o u t t o them Hav in g done thi s .
,
he at once determined t o summ on his brother and

keep h im under mild guard t ill he had ordered the
1
present business t o hi s satisfaction and h e sent fo r ,
hi m as if for s om e other purp ose ; but the messenger

who was sen t yi eld i ng b oth t o hi s good w ill t ow ard
,
-
the m an in danger and to comp assion for hi s fate ,
informed Numitor of the design o f Amulius An d .
Num itor having revealed t o the youths the danger

,
that thr eatened them and exh orted them t o show

themselves brave men came t o the p alace wi th ,
a considerable b and o f hi s reta in ers and frie n ds and

loyal servants Th ese were j oined by the country
.
men who had entered t h e city earli er and now ca me

from the m arket pl ace with swords concealed u n der
-
their clothes a sturdy comp any An d h a vi n g by

, .
a concerted attack forced the entrance whi ch was ,
defended by o nl y a few hea vy a rmed troop s they -

,
eas il y slew Am uli us and afterw ards made themselves

m asters o f the citadel Such is the account gi ve n
.
by Fabius .
LXXX I V B ut others who hol d that nothi n g

.
,
b orderi ng o n the fa b ul ous h as any pl ace in hi st ori cal

writ in g decl are that the exp osing o f the b ab es by
,
the servant s i n a manner n ot i n accordance wi th the i r

instru ctio n s is iIh p I Ob a b l e and they ridic ul e the
‘
t ameness o f the sh e wolf that suckled the ch i ldren a s

-
a story full o f melo dram atic ab surdi ty In place o f .
p ersons o f r a n k were o f t e n t h us k e p t un d er su ve illan ce i n r
t h eir o wn h ous es o r in t h e h o us e o f a mag is t r a t e .
2 87
D IONYS IUS O F HALI CARNASS US
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aut h ors in t he sens e of p ros t i t ut e ,

"
an d l up n me an t
a ar
b ro t h el .
”
288
D IONYSIUS O F HALICARNAS SUS
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B OO K I . 84 , 4— 8
t o w om e n who pr o stitute themsel ves fo r g a in ; b u t

they are n o w c a lled by a m o re res p ect a ble n a me ,
“ ”
he t a e ra e o r c o mpani o ns But some who were
.
i gnorant o f thi s invented the myth o f the she w o lf -

,
this an im a l b eing c a lled in the Lat in tongue l up a .
T he st o ry c o ntinues that after the ch ildren were

weaned they were sent by those wh o were rearin g
them t o G a b ii a t o w n not far from the Palatin e
,
h ill t o b e i nstructed in Greek learnin g ; an d there

,
they were brought up by some pers o nal friends o f

Faustulus being taught letters music and th e
, , ,
u s e o f Greek arms until they grew t o m anh o o d .
After their return t o the ir supp o sed parent s the

qu arrel arose between them an d Numi t o r s herds ’
m en concerning the ir c o mmon p astures thereup o n

t hey b eat Num it o r s men s o that these drove away
’
their cattle d o ing thi s by Nu m it o r s di rection t o

, g
’
,
the intent that i t might serve as a b asis fo r hi s com

pla ints and at the s ame t ime as an excuse for the
crowd of herdsmen t o come t o town Wh en thi s ha d .
b een br o ught ab out Num i t o r raised a clamour

,
aga in st Amuli us d eclar ing that he was treated

,
outrageously be i ng plundered by the herdsmen of

,
Amuli us and deman d ing th at Amulius if he was

, ,
n o t resp onsible for any o f thi s sh o ul d deliver up t o ,
hi m t h e her dsman and hi s s o ns for trial and Amulius ,
wi shi ng t o clear hi mse lf o f the charge ordered not ,
o nl y those wh o were complained o f but all the rest ,
wh o were accused o f havi ng been present at the con

fl i ct to c o me a n d st and trial before Numitor
,
Then .
,
3
K i e sslin g : 0 v0 ¢ 0p fl O
6v .
2 9]
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2 94
B O OK l . 85 . 3— 6
th e best class and o f t h e T oj an el e ment all th o se

,
r
w h o were esteem e d the n o blest i n birth s o me o f ,
w hose posterity remaine d even t o my day c o nsisting ,
o f ab o ut fifty families The y o ut h s were supplied

.
with money arms and c o rn with sl aves and beast s

, ,
o f burden and everything els e that was of use in the
b u ilding of a city After they had le d their people

.
o u t o f Alb a and intermingled wi th them the local
p o pulation that st ill remained i n Pa lla n t iu m and

S aturni a they divided t h e w h o le mul titude int o two
,
p art s Th i s they d id i n the hope of arous ing a S pir it

.
o f em ul ation s o that thr o ugh their r i valr y with each

,
o ther the ir t asks might b e the soon e r finishe d ;

however it pr o d u ced the greatest o f ev i ls disc o rd
, , .
Fo r each group exalting its o wn leader extolled

, ,
h im as the proper p ers o n t o command them all ;

and the y o uths themselves b e ing now n o longer ,
on e in mi nd or feeling it necessary t o entert ain

b rotherly sentiments toward each other s i nce each ,
expected t o c o mmand the other scorned equ ality and ,
craved superiority Fo r some t i me their ambit i o ns

.
were c o ncealed but l ater they bur st forth on the

,
o ccasion whi ch I shall n ow descr ib e They di d .
not both fav o ur the same site for the bui lding o f the
city ; for Romulus prop o sed t o settle t h e Palat ine
h ill among o ther reas o ns because of the goo d fo rtune
, ,
o f the place where they ha d been preserved and
brought up whereas Remus favour ed the place that

,
i s n ow named after h im R e m o ri a 1
And i ndee d this .
place i s very sui table for a c i ty b eing a hil l n o t far ,
g i v n ( ac
e d in g t P ul u i n h i p it m
co r o a s f F st u s s e o e o e ,
p 276) t
. o site n t h s um m it o f t h A v n t in e w h
a o e e e e re
Re m us wa s s i d t o h ave ta k e n t h e a u s p ice s ( h a p
a c .
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B OO K I . 8 6 , 3 — 87 , 1
hi m ev n b f
,
-
he s a w any o men at a ll sent
e e o re ,
messengers t o his br o ther d esiring him t o c o m e

i mmedi ately as if he had been the firs t t o s e e s o me
,
auspici o us bir d s But while the persons he sent .
were pr o ceeding w ith no great haste fe eling ashamed ,
o f the frau d s ix vultures appeared t o Remus flying

, ,
fr o m the right ; and he see i ng the birds rej o iced , ,
greatly And not l o ng aft erwards the men sent by

.
R omulus t o ok him thence and brought him t o the

Palatine hill When they were together Remus .
,
asked Romulus what birds he had been the first t o

se e and R o mulus kne w not what t o answer But
,
.
thereup on t w elve a u s p l cl o u s vultures were seen

flying and up o n seeing these he took c o urage and ,
po inting them o u t t o Remus said : Why d o y o u ,
demand t o know what happened a long time ago 9

”
Fo r surely y o u s e e these bir ds yourself But .
Remus was indignant and compla i ned b itt erly

because he had b een deceived by him ; and he re
fused t o yiel d t o him h i s right t o the colony .
LXXXVI I Thereup o n greater strife ar o se b etween

.
them than b efore a s each while secretly strivi ng , ,
fo r the advant a ge was ost ensibly wi l ling t o accept ,
equ ality fo r the foll o wing reas o n Their grandfath er

, .
,
a s I h ave stated ha d ordered that he t o wh om the ,
m o re favourable birds first appeared shoul d rule th e

c o l o ny ; b ut a s the same ki nd o f b irds ha d been
,
seen by b oth o n e had the advantage o f see ing them

,
first and the o ther that o f seeing the greater numb er .
3
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Howe ver i f a n y h a s been h a n d ed do w n th a t di ff ers

,
from this let th a t a lso be rel a ted S ome indee d

, .
, ,
sa
y th a t Rem u s yielded the le a dershi
p t o Rom ul u s ,
tho u gh not witho u t resentment a n d a nger a t the

fr a u d b u t th a t a fter the w a ll w a s b u il t wishing to
, ,
demonstr a te the we a kness o f the fort ific a tion he

'
,
cried , Well a s fo r this w a ll one o f yo u r ene m i es

, ,
co u ld a s e a sil y cross it a s I do a n d i mmedi a tely ,

”
le a p ed o ver it There u p on Celer o n e o f the men

.
,
sta n ding on the w a ll who w a s o v erseer of the

,
work s a id
, ,Well a s fo r t h is enemy o n e o f u s
, ,
co u l d e a sily p u ni sh him a n d str iki ng him on the

,
”
h e a d wi th a m a ttock he killed hi m then a n d there

, .
S u ch i s s a i d t o h a ve been the o u tcome o f the qu a rrel

b etween the brothers .
L XXX VIII When n o obst a cle now rem a ined

.
t o the b u ilding o f the city Rom ul u s a p p ointed a ,
d a y on w hi ch he p l a nn ed t o b egin the work a fter ,
first p ro p iti a ting the gods A n d h a vi ng p re p ar ed .
e veryt hing th a t wo ul d be requ i red for the s a crifices

an d fo r the ente rt a i nment o f the p eo p le when the ,
a
pp o i nted t i me c a me he h i m self ,first offered s a cri
fi ce t o the go ds a n d ordere d a ll the rest t o do the

s a me a ccor di ng t o their a bi lities He then in the .
first p l a ce took the omens which were fa vo u r a ble , .
A fter th a t h a vi n g comm a nded fires t o b e lighted

,
b efore the tents b e c a u sed the p eo p le t o com e o u t

,
a n d le a p o ver the fl a mes in order t o e x i a te their

p
gu i lt W h en he tho u ght e veryt hing h a d b een done
.
whi c h he concei ved t o b e a cce p t a ble t o the gods he ,
c a lled a ll the p eo p le t o t h e a p p o inted p l a ce a n d de

scrib ed a q u a dr a ngu l a r fig u re a b o u t the hill tr a cing ,
with a p l o u gh dr a wn b y a b ul l a n d a co w y oked
3 03
D IONYSIUS OF HA LI C A R N A S S U S
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D IONYS IUS OF H A LIC A RN A SS U S
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3 06
B OO K 1 8 9 1— 4
.
.
h e s h ows th a t it i s a t o nce the most h os p it a b le an d

frien dl y o f all cities a n d when he be a rs in mi n d th a t
,
the Ab orig ines were Oen o tri a ns a n d these in t u rn ,
A r c a di a ns an d remembers those who j o ined with

,
them in their settlement the Pel a sgi a ns who we r e ,
A rgi ves b y descent a n d c a me into It a ly fr om Thes

s a ly ; a n d rec a lls moreo ver the a rr iva l o f E va nder
, ,
an d of the A rc a di a ns who set tled ro u nd the

,
P a l a tine b ill a fter the A b origines h a d gr a nted the

,
p l a ce t o them ; a n d a lso the Pelo onnesi a ns

p who , ,
comi ng a long wi th Herc u les settled u p on the S a t u r ,
ni a n hill ; a n d l a st o f a ll those who left the Tro a d

, ,
a n d were inter m ix ed wi th the e a rli er settlers Fo r .
on e wi ll find no n a tion th a t i s more a ncient o r

more Greek th a n these Bu t the a dmi x t u res o f the
.
b a rb a ri a ns wi th the Rom a n s by whi ch the c ity ,
forgot m a ny of its a ncient i nstit u tions h a p p ene d ,
a t a l a ter t ime An d it m a y well seem a c a u se o f

.
wonder t o m a ny who refle c t o n the n a t ur a l co u r s e

of e vents th a t R ome di d not b ecome entir el y
b a rb a riz e d a ft er recei vin g the Op ic a n s the M a rsi a ns , ,
the S a mni tes the Tyrrheni a ns the B ru t t i a n s a n d

, ,
m a ny tho u s a nds of Umbri a ns Ligu ri a ns Iberi a ns , ,
an d G a ul s besides i nn u mer a ble other n a tions

, ,
some o f whom c a me from It a ly itself a n d som e

from ot h er regi ons a n d differed from o n e a nothe r
b oth in their l a ngu a ge a n d h a bits ; for their very
w a ys of l ife di verse a s they were a n d thrown int o
,
t u rm o i l b y s u ch disson a nce mi ght h a ve been e x ,
é ct é d to c a u se m a ny i nno v a tions i n the a ncient

p
order of the city Fo r m a ny others by li vin g a mong
.
b a rb a r i an s h a ve i n a short t ime forgotten a ll the i r

307
DIONYSIU S OF HA LICA R NAS SU S
OLGAQO VT 55 3
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1 s o e
C a u ca s us who se n a m e w ,
m ad e t co in c i d e w i t h t ha t f as o o
t h G r ee k A ch a e a ns ; h e n c e t h
e b e l ie f aro se t ha t t h ey w e r e e
3 08
D IONYS IUS OF H A L I CA R NA S SUS
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a imed a t the conq u est o f co u ntries ly ing beyond

the s e a a fter o verthrowing the C a rth a gini a n a n d
,
M a cedoni a n em p ires b u t r a ther fr om the time

,
when they first j oined in fo u nding the city th a t ,
they h a ve li ved like Greek s ; a n d they d o n o t

a ttem t a nything more ill u stri o u s in t h e u r s u it
p p
of virt u e now th a n formerly I h a ve inn u m er a bl e.
t h ings t o s a y u p on this s u bj ect a n d c a n a d d u ce m a ny

a rgu ments a n d resent the tes t imony o f cre d ible
p
a u thors ; b u t I reser v e a ll this fo r the a cco u nt I
p pro ose t o write o f their go v ernment 1
I sh a ll now
.
res u me the thre a d of my n a rr a ti v e a fter p refa c ing ,
t o the followin g B ook a re c a p it u l a tion o f wh a t is

cont a ined i n thi s .
1
S ee esp e c i ally vii 7 0 ii wh e r e D i o n y si u s r e m in d s t h e
. .
,
re ad e r f t h p ro m ise m ad e h e r
o e A co nt ra s t e d w i t h
e . s
B ook I wh i ch d e al s w it h t h or i gin of t h R o m ans all

, e e .
t h r est of t h work co u ld b e t ho u gh t
e e f a s a n acco unt o f
o
t h ei r go ve rn m ent .
3 11
A IO N Y 2 IO Y
A A I K A PNA EE Q E
PQ M A I K H E A PX A l O A O FIA E
A O I O E A E Y T E PO E
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the co u nt ry then c a lled Lyc a oni a a n d now A rc a di a ,
in se a r ch o f a better l a n d u n d er the le a dershi p o f ,
Oe n o t ru s the s o n of Lyc a o n from whom the n a ti o n

,
.
,
recei ved its n a me Whil e the A b origines occ u p ied

.
thi s region the first who j oined with them in the ir

settlement were the Pel a sgi a ns a w a nder ing p eo p le ,
wh o c a me from t h e co u ntry then c a lled H a e m o n i a

a n d now Thess a ly where they h a d li v ed for some
,
t ime A fter the Pel a s gi a ns c a me the A rc a di a ns

.
from the city o f Pa lla n t iu m who h a d chosen a s ,
le a der o f the ir colony E va nder the son o f H erm es ,
a n d the nym h Themis These b u i lt a town besi d e

p .
o ne o f the se ven hi lls th a t st a nds n e a r the mi ddle

o f Rome c a lling t h e p l a ce Pa ll a n t ium from their
, ,
mother c ity in A rc a di a
- Not long a fterw a rds .
,
when H erc u les c a me i nto It al y o n his retu rn home

w i th his a rmy from E ry t h e i a a cert a in p a rt o f hi s ,
force cons i st in g o f Greeks rem a ined beh i n d a n d

, ,
settled ne a r Pa ll a n t iu m beside a nother of the hi ll s

,
th a t a re now in cl ose d wi th i n th e city Thi s w a s .
then c a lled by the i nh a bit a nts the S a t u rni a n hil l ,
b u t i s now c a lled t h e C a p ito li ne hill by the Rom a ns .
T h e gre a ter p a rt of these men were E p e a ns wh o h a d

a b a ndoned the i r city i n E lis a fter their co u ntry h a d
been l a id w a ste b y Herc u les .
II In the s ix t eenth gener a tion a fter the Troj a n

.
w a r the Al b a ns u ni ted b oth these p l a ces into o n e

settlement s u rro u n ding them with a w al l a n d a
,
ditch Fo r u ntil then there were only folds fo r

.
c a ttle a n d shee p a n d qu a rt ers o f the other h er d smen ,
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b ec am e t h e founder o f the city and called i t a fter

his o w n n a m e The great numbers f w hich the
. o
colony had originally c o nsist e d when sent o u t w ith

h im were now reduced t o a fe w the surviv o rs ,
amount ing t o thr ee thousand fo ot and th ee hundred r
horse .
I I I Wh e n therefo re the ditch was finished the

.
, , ,
ram part completed and the necessary w o rk o n the

h o uses done and the situation re q uire d that they
,
sh o ul d c o nsider also what form o f g o vern ment they

w ere g o ing t o have R o mulus calle d an assembly o f
,
the people by the a d vi ce of h i s grandfath er wh o ha d ,
instructed him what to s a y and t old them that ,
the city considering that it was ne w ly buil t was

, ,
s u fficiently adorne d b o th wi th pub li c and privat e

b u il d in gs ; but h e asked them all t o bear in min d that
t h ese were n o t the m o st valuable t h ings in c it i es .
F o r neither i n foreign wars he said are deep ditches , ,
a n d hi gh ramp art s s u ffi cient t o give the in habitants
an undi sturbed assur an ce of the i r safety but guar ,
antee o n e thin g onl y namely that they shall su ffer no , ,
h a rm through b eing surprise d by an inc u rsion o f the

enemy n o r aga i n when civi l c o mm o t i ons a ffli ct the
, ,
St ate d o pri vate h o uses and dwelli ngs a fford any o ne

,
a safe retreat Fo r these have been contrived by men

.
fo r the enj oym ent o f leisure an d tranqu i llity in the i r

lives and with them neither those of their neigh
,
b ours who pl o t against them are prevented from do ing

mischi ef n o r do those wh o are plotted agai n st feel any
confi dence that they are free from danger ; and n o
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3 22
B O O K II . 3 , 6— 8
settl ing in places that were by no means desirable ,
ha d continued in the first place t o be free them

, ,
selves and in the sec o nd place t o c o mmand others

, , ,
and neither the successes o f the smaller col o nies nor

the mi sfo rtunes o f those that were large were due t o
any other c ause than their form of g o vernment If .
,
therefo re there had b een but o n e m o d e o f life am o ng

,
all ma n ki nd which made ci ties p o sperous the ch o o s r ,
i n g of it woul d n o t have b een diffi c ul t for them but ,
as it was he un derst o od there were m any typ es o f

,
governm ent am o ng b o th the Greeks an d b arbarians ,
and o u t o f a ll o f them he heard three especially

c o mmended by those who ha d li ved un der them ,
and of these systems none was p erfect but each ,
had some fat al defects i nherent i n it s o that the ,
ch o i ce am o ng them was di fficult H e therefo re asked .
them t o deli b erate at leisur e an d s a y whether they

would b e governed by one man o r by a fe w o r whether ,
they woul d est a bli sh laws and e n trust the protecti o n

o f the publi c i nterests t o the whole b ody o f the people .
And whi chever fo rm o f governm ent yo u establish ,

”
he s ai d I a m ready t o c o mply wi th y o ur desire

, ,
for I neither consider myse l f unw o rthy t o c o mmand

nor refuse t o obey S o far as honours are concerned
.
,
I am s atisfied wi th th o se you have c o nf erred o n

me first by app o inting me leader o f the col o ny and
, , , ,
ag ai n by givi ng my name to the city For o f these

.
, .
neither a forei gn w ar nor ci vi l d issension nor time ,
th at destr o yer of all th at is excellent n o r any other ,
stroke o f h o st il e fortune c an deprive me ; but b o th

i n lif e and i n death th e se h o nour s will b e mine t o
enj oy for all t ime to come .
323
D I O NY S I U S O F H ALI CARNASSUS
IV
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324
D I O NY S I U S O F HALICARNASSUS
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326
B O O K II . 5 , 1 —4
o th e r gods whom he had ch o sen fo r the p a tr o ns o f

t h e col o ny that if it was the ir pleasur e he sh o uld
, ,
be king of the city s o me fav o u able signs might

,
r
appear in the s ky After this prayer a flash o f

.
li ght ni ng dart ed acr o ss the s ky from the left t o the

ri ght No w the R o mans l o o k upon the lightning
.
that passes fr o m t h e left t o the right a s a fav o urable

omen hav ing been thus instructed eith e r by the
,
T yrrhe ni ans o r by their o wn ancestors The i r .
reas o n is in my o pini on that the best seat an d

, ,
station for those who t ak e the auspices is that which

looks toward the east fr o m whence both the s u n ,
and the moon rise as we ll as the pl anets an d fixed

stars and the rev o lution of the firm a m e n t by wh i ch ,
all thi ngs contained in i t are somet i mes ab ove the
earth and sometimes beneath it begins its c i rcul ar ,
mot i on thence Now to those wh o lo o k toward

.
the east the p arts facin g toward the n o rt h are o n

1
the left and th o se extend ing toward t h e s o uth a re

on the right and the former are by nature m o re
,
h on o ur able than the l atter Fo r in the n o rt hern .
p art s the p ole of the axis up o n whi ch the firm a m e n t

turns i s elevated and o f the five zones wh i ch gir dle
,
the sphere the o n e called the arctic zone is alway s

vi sible on t hi s side ; whereas in the sout h ern p arts
the other z one called the antarctic is depr e s sed and
, ,
i n vi s ible on that side So it i s reasonable t o assum e

.
that those s i gns in the heavens and in mid a ir are -
the best which appear on the best side and since

the p arts that are turned toward the east have
preemi nence over the western p arts and o f the , ,
easte rn p art s themselves the n o rt hern are hi gher th an

,
1 P a ts in th is h p t m e an s gi n s f t h k y
r c a er re o o e s .
3 2?
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330
B OOK I I . 6 . 2— 7 . 1
day o ff er certain prayers u nder t h e o pen sky where

,
up o n some o f the augu s presen t w h o a re pai d by

r ,
t h e State declare that a flash o f lightning c o ming

,
from the left has given them a sign although there ,
really has n o t been any And the o thers taking .

,
th eir omen from this report d epart in or d er to take ,
over their magistracies some o f them ass u ming ,
th is al o ne to be su ffi cient that no o mens have ,
appeared opposing o r fo rbidding their intended

acti o n others acting even in O pp o sition to the wi ll
,
o f the god ; i ndeed there are times wh e n th ey

,
res o rt to vi o lence and rather s e ize than receiv e the

m agistracies B ecause o f such men many a mies
. r
o f the Romans have been utterly destr o yed o n land ,
m any fleets have been l o st w ith all their pe o ple at

se a
,
and other great and dreadfu l reve ses have r
befallen the comm o nwealth some in foreign w ars ,
and others in civil dissensi o ns B ut t h e most t e .
m ar k able and the greatest instance happened in

my time when Lici n ius Crassus a man inferior t o ,
no commander of hi s age led hi s army against the ,
P arthi an nation c o ntrary to the will o f Heaven and

in contempt of the innum erable omens that o pp o sed
his expedition But to tell about the contempt o f
.
the d ivi n e power that prevail s among some people

in these days w o ul d b e a long story .
VII Romul us who was thus chosen king by

.
,
b oth men and gods is allowed t o have been a man

,
of great m ilitary ab il i ty and personal bravery and

‘
4
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332
DI O NY S I US OF HA L I CA R NA S S U S
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7a dd d b y e A m b ros c h .
1 B o th the L t in p l b e i us an d t h e
a e G re e k d em ot ikos a re
a dj ctive s e ,
“
b e l on g in g t o t h e p leb o s r d e mos .
3 34
BOO K II . 7 , 4 8
-
, 2
be divi ded th e lan d int o thi rt y e q ual portions and a s

signed o n e o f them t o each c u ri a having first s e t apart ,
as much of i t a s was s u fficient fo r the supp o rt o f the

temples and shrines and also reserved s o me part o f
the l an d for the use o f the pub lic This was o n e .
di vi s i on made by Romul us b oth o f the men and ,
of th e land wh i ch i nvolved the greatest e qual i ty

,
for a ll al ike .
VIII But there was another di vi s i on again of

.
t h e men onl y whi ch assi gned k in dl y serv i ces an d

,
honour s in accordance with merit o f which I am n o w ,
go ing to give an accoun t H e di st ing u ished those .
who were emi nent for their b i rth appr o ved for their ,
vir tue and wealthy for those t imes pr o vi ded they ,
already had chi ldren from the obscur e the lowly

, ,
an d the p oor Those o f the lower ra n k he c all ed

.
pleb e i ans ( the Greeks w oul d call them d ém ot ikoi 1
or men o f the people and those o f the hi gher

”
ran k fathers either because they were ol d er than
,
the others or because they had chil dr en o r from their

disti ngui shed b i rth o r for all these reas o ns One .
may suspect that he fo und hi s m o del in the system

of government whi ch at that t ime still prevail ed
at Athens Fo r the Athe ni ans ha d divi ded their
.
p op ul at i on into two p arts the e up a t rida i o r well

,
b orn a s they call ed those wh o were o f the n o ble

,
”
fa mili es and p owerful b y reason o f their w ealth ,
to whom the g o vernm ent o f the city was c o mmitt e d ,

“
and the ag roi koi o r husb andmen consisting o f
2
,
”
the rest of the cit i zens who had n o voice in publi c

,
2
C all d als e o 9 6 67710 7 0 13 o r
'
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3 35
Di oNYS I US OF HA L I C A R NASSU S
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o e re e c e , ac c o d i n g t o t di t i on
r ra ,
d i v i d d t h p pul t i n
e e o a o .
336
D IONYSIUS O F HALICARNAS SUS
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3 38
B OOK II . 9, 1 3—
j udges and were t o ass i st hi m in the m anagement

,
of pub li c aff ai rs devot ing themselves t o the busin ess

,
of the c ity The pleb eians w ere excused fr o m these

.
d uties as be ing unacqua i nted with them and because

,
of th e ir small means wanting leisur e t o attend t o

them but were t o apply themselves to agricul ture
, ,
the breed ing o f cattle and the exercise o f ga infu l

trades Thi s was t o prevent them from eng agi ng
.
in sed i ti ons as happens in other c i ties when either

,
the ma gi strates mistreat the lowly o r the c o mm on ,
people and the needy envy those in auth o rity He .
p laced the plebeians as a trust i n the b ands o f the
patrici ans by all owi ng every plebeian t o cho o se

,
for h i s p atron any p atrici a n whom he hi m self

wi shed In thi s b e i mproved upon an ancient
.
Gree k cust o m that was in use among the Thessalians

for a long t ime and among the Athe n ians in the
be gi n n ing For the former treated their cli ent s
.
t h h aughtiness i mp osing o n them duties n u

,
b ecomi ng t o free men ; and whenever they di s

ob eyed any of the i r commands they b eat them ,
and mi sused them in a ll other respects a s if they

had been s l aves they h ad purch ased The Athe ni ans .
“
called the ir cli ents t hét e s o r hi re li ngs because ,
they served for hi r e and the Thessali ans call ed

,
the i rs p e n e s t a i or toil ers

“
by the very name
,
reproac hi n g them wi th their con diti o n But .
Romulus not o n ly rec o mmen d ed the relati o nship

by a handsome designati o n call in g thi s pr o tecti o n
,
o f the poor and l owly a p atronage but he als o ,
assigned friendly o ffi ces t o b o th parties thus makin g ,
the connexi o n bet w een them a b ond of ki ndness

b efitt ing fellow citizens .
3 39
D IONYS IUS O F HALICARNASS US
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B OO K II . 1 0, 3 — 1 1 . 1
w itness or t o give their v o tes against each other o r

t o b e fo und in the number o f each o ther s enemies ; ’
and whoever was c o nvi cted o f doing any o f these

thi ngs was guilty o f treas on by v irtue o f the law
sancti o ned by R o mulus an d might la w fully be put
,
to death by any man who s o wished as a vi ctim

devoted t o the J upiter of the infernal regi o ns 1
.
Fo r it was customary among t h e R o mans whenever ,
they wi shed to put pe o p l e t o death wi th o ut incurring

any penalty t o d ev o te their persons t o s ome god
,
or other and part icularly t o the g o ds o f the l o wer

,
worl d and this w as the c o urs e which R o mulus then

adopted Accordingly the connexi o ns between the
.
,
cli ents and p atrons continued fo r many generations ,
diff erin g in no wise fr o m the ties o f bl o o d relati o n -
ship and b eing handed down to their c hi l dren s ’
ch il dren And it w a s a matter o f great praise t o

.
men of illustrious families t o have as many clients

as p o ssible and not onl y t o preserve the successio n
of hered itary p atronages but also by their o wn merit
to acqui re others An d it is incredibl e h o w g reat
.
the contest o f goo dwi ll wa s b et w een the p atr o ns and

clients as each side str o ve not t o b e o ut d one by the
,
othe 1 in ki ndness the clients feeli ng that they sh o uld

,
render all p o ssible servi c e s to the ir p atrons an d the

p atrons wi shin g by a ll means n o t t o o ccasion any
trouble t o their clients and accepting no gifts of
money S o superi o r was the ir manner o f life t o
.
all pleasure ; for they measured the i r happ iness by

virtue n o t by fortune
,
.
XI It was n o t o nl y in the city itself that the

.
plebei a n s were un der the pr o tection of the p atricians ,
1 me D is o P lut o
. r .
343
D IO NY S IUS O F HALI CARNAS SUS
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346
B O OK II . 1 2 , 1 —4
hi m in admi ni steri ng the public business and t o t hi s ,
end he chose a hundred men fr o m am o ng the p a

t r ic i a n s,
select i ng them i n t h e followi ng ma n ner .
H e hi m %lf appo inted one the best o u t o f the ir ,
wh o le number t o whom he thought fit t o entrust

,
the gover n ment of the c ity whenever he h imself

1
should lead the army b eyond the borders He .
next ordered each o f the tribes t o choose three men

wh o were then at the age o f greatest prudence and
were dist inguished by the ir b irth After these n ine .
were chosen he ordered each cu ri a likewise to name

three p atricians who were the most w o rthy Then .
add ing t o the first n ine wh o had b een named by ,
the tr ib es the ni nety who were chosen by the cu ri a e

, ,
and appoint i ng as the ir head the man he hi mself

had first selected b e completed the num ber of a
,
hundred senators The name o f thi s counc il may

.
be expressed in Greek by g e rou s i a or co u ncil of

elders and it i s calle d by the Romans t o this
,
”
day 2
but whether it rece i ved its name fr o m the a d
v a n ce d age o f the men who were app o inted t o it or
fr o m their merit I cann o t s a y for certain For the
, .
ancients use d to call the older men and those o f

greatest merit g e ron t es o r elders The members .
”
o f the senate were called Conscript Fathers and

3
,
they retained that name down t o my t i me T hi s .
council al so was a Greek i nstitution At any rat e

, , .
,
the Greek kings b oth those who inh er ited the rea lm s
,
1 T h e re f e re n ce i s t o t h e p f
ra e ect u s u r bi .
2
i . e . s e na t u s .
3
L i t e ra lly e n ro ll e d
, .
”
F or t h e s l
u ua e xp lan a t i on of
Pa t res Con e cmp t i
'
see L iv
y ii I , 1 1. .
347
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348
D IONYS IUS OF HALICARNAS SUS
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35 0
B O O K II . 1 3 , 3 — 14 , 2
ru le it was they who gave a fav o urable issue t o the

c o ntest as they were the first t o engage in b attle
,
and the last o f all t o des i st They fo ught o n horse .
b ack where there was level gr o und fav o urable fo r

cava lry man oeuvres and o n fo ot where it was
,
rough and inconve ni ent for horses T hi s cust o m .
R o mul us borr o we d I believe fr o m the L a ce da e

, ,
m on i an s hav ing learned that am o ng them als o

, , ,
three hun dred o f the n o blest youths attended the

k ings a s the ir guards and als o as their defenders in
wa r fighting b o th o n horseb ack and o n foot
, .
XIV Havi ng made these regu lations he di sti n

.
,
u i s h e d the h o nours and p owers w hich he wishe d

g
each class t o have Fo r the king he had reserved
.
the s e prer o gatives in the first place the s u premacy ,
i n reli gi o us ceremonies and s acr ifices and the con

d u ct o f e verythi ng relat ing t o the worshi p o f the
g o ds ; secondly the guardians hi p o f the laws and
,
customs of the coun try and the general oversight

‘
o f j ustice i n a ll cases whether founded on the law

,
of n ature or the civi l law ; h e was also t o j udge in

p erson the greatest crimes leavin g the lesser t o ,
t h e senators b u t see in g t o it that no error was made

,
in their decisi o ns ; he was t o summon the senate

and call t o gether the p opul ar assembly to deli ver ,
h i s op ini on first and carry o u t the decision of the

m aj ority These prerogatives b e gr anted to the
.
k ing and in addition the ab solute command in

, ,
war To the senate he assigned hon o ur and author

.
i t y a s fo ll ows : t o deliberate and give the ir vote s

concerning everything the king should refer t o
them the decisi o n o f the maj o rity t o prevail This
, .
als o R o mul us t o ok o ver fr o m the c o nstitution o f the

Lacedaemoni ans ; for their kings t o o did not have , ,
85 1
D IONYS IUS OF HALICARNASSUS
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D I O NYS IUS OF HALI CA RNAS SUS
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35 4
B OO K I I . 14 , 4— 1 5 , 4
summons they presented themselves rea dy wi th arms

in hand at the d esignate d p o st .
XV By these instituti o ns Romulus sufficiently

.
regul ated and suitably di sp o se d t h e ci ty both fo r

peace an d fo r war : and he ma d e it large and p 0 p q u s
b y t h e fo ll o wi ng means In the first place he o blige d
.
,
t h e i n habitants t o bring up all their male chil dr en

a n d th e fi r s t b o rn of the females
-
and forbade them ,
t o destroy any chil d ren under three years o f age

unless they were maimed o r monstrous from the i r
very birth Th e se he did n o t fo rbi d their parents
.
t o exp o se provi ded they first sh o w e d them t o their

,
five nearest neighb o urs and these als o appr o ve d .
Agai nst th o se w h o d is ob eye d this la w b e fixe d vari ous

penalties inclu d ing the c o nfiscati o n o f half their
,
pr o p e rty Secondly fin d ing that many o f the cities

.
,
in Italy were very b a d ly g o verned b oth by tyra n ni es ,
an d by o ligarchies he undert o o k to welcome and

,
attract t o hi m self the fugitives fr o m these cities who ,
were very numerous p ayi ng no regard either to

,
the ir calamities o r t o their fo rt un es pr o vi ded only ,
they were free men H is pur p o se was t o increase

.
the power of the R o mans and to lessen that o f their

neighb ours but he i nvented a specious pretext for
his cour se making it appear that he was sh o w in g
,
honour to a g o d Fo r he c o nsecrated the place b e

.
tween the Capitol and the cita del which is n o w

call ed in the l ang u age of t h e R o mans the space
a term that w a s really
”
between the t w o gr o ves 1—
,
descri ptive at that tim e o f the actual c o nditi o ns as ,
the place was shaded by thick w o o ds o n b o th sides

1
Lu te r d uos £110 0 8 ; cf . L i vy i . 8, 5 6 .
35 5
D IONYS IUS OF HALI CARNAS SUS
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D IONYSIUS OF HALICARNASS US
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B O OK I I . 1 6 , 3 — 17 , 3
a thousand horse Romulus having instituted these

.
m easures not alone the kings who ruled the city

,
after him but also the annual magistrates after them

pursued the same policy wi th occasional ad d itions , ,
so successfully that the Roman peop le becam e

inferior in numbers to none o f the nations that were
accounted the most populous .
XV I I When I compare the customs o f the Greeks

.
with these I can find no reason to ext ol either those

,
o f the Lacedaemonians or o f the Thebans or of the
Atheni ans who pride themselves most on the i r

,
wisdom ; all o f whom j ealous of their noble birth

,
and grant in g citizenship t o none or t o very few ( I

sa
y nothi n g o f the fact that some even expel l ed
foreigners ) n o t o nl y received no advantage from
,
this haughty attitude but actually suffered t h e,
greatest harm because o f it Thus the Spart ns .

, a
after their defeat at Leuctra where they lost seven

1
,
teen hundr ed men were no longer able t o restore

,
their city t o its form er p osition aft er th at calamity ,
but shameful ly abandoned their supremacy And .
the Th eb ans and Athe ni ans t h rough the single

disaster at Ch aeronea were depri ved by the Mace
2
d o ni a n s n ot only o f the leadership o f G reece but

at the same t i me of the liberty they had inh erited
from their ancestors B ut Rome whi le engaged.
,
in great wars b oth in S p ain and Italy and employed

in recovering Sicily and S ardinia which had revo lted , ,
at a time when the situati on in Macedo ni a and Greece

had become hosti l e t o her and Cart hage was aga in
contending for the supremacy and when a ll but ,
a small portion of Italy was not o n ly in open

1
37 1 B .C . 338
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3 62
B OO K I I . 1 8 , 2 — 19, 2
i n war He took great care therefore t o encourage

.
, ,
these begi n nin g with the worship o f the gods and

,
ge ni i H e established temples sacred prec i ncts and

.
,
altars arranged for the setting up of statues de

, ,
t e rm in e d the representations and symb ols o f the

gods and declared the ir p owers the b e n e fi ce n t
, ,
g i fts w hi ch they have made t o manki n d the p ar ,
t i cu l a r festival s that shoul d b e celebrated in h onour
o f each go d o r ge ni us the s acrifices with whi ch they

,
deli ght to b e honour ed by men as well a s the holi ,
days festal assembli es days of rest and everythi ng

, , ,
ali ke of that n ature in all of whi ch he followed the

,
best customs i n use among the Greeks B ut he re .
e c t e d a ll the trad i tional myths concer ni n g the gods

j
that cont ai n blasphemi es or calum ni es against them ,
l ookin g up on these as wi cked useless and indecent , ,
and unworthy not o nly of the gods but even o f

, ,
goo d men and he accustomed people b oth t o th ink

and t o speak the best of the go ds and t o attribute
t o them no conduct unworthy o f the i r blessed natur e .
XIX Indeed there i s n o tradition among th e

.
,
R o mans either of Caelus b eing castrated by hi s

own so n s or of S aturn destroyin g h i s o wn O HS p ri n g
t o secur e h imself from the ir attempt s or o f J upit er
dethro ni n g S aturn and confi ni n g hi s o wn father in
the dun geon o f Tarta rus or i ndeed o f wars woun ds
, , , , ,
or b onds o f the gods or o f the i r se rvi tude among

,
me n An d no festival is ob served among them as

.
a day of mourni ng or by the wearing of black gar

m ents and the b eati n g of breast s and the lament a
ti ons of wome n because of the di sappearance o f
deities s u ch as the Greeks perform in co m m e m or a t
,
in g t h e rap e of Persephon e and the advent ur es of

3 63
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T h e B a e e h ic
1
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t h e cl e o f t h e S e c un c , W ei le
i h
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s u ch l ce t s wer eco m
c s and e a
p a n i e d by p t g of
t h e l man y r m es t ha
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d a s i a on
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by t h e e t e a n d c n ul m 1 8 6
to p is hun g i ty
t he p reven
u l and f rt h er e b r a ion o f
t a ll u c le t
t he ri s te ab s r a o f
An . td r pa sse d
ct t he ec ee sen a by t h e te
( t h e S e n a t con in d i n
u s C on s ul t u m d e B a ee h a na li b us ) , t a e a n
o fi i a e ter o f
f c l l t co su t he so m oc a mag ra s i n
n ls t o e l l is t t e
sou h e n a y i st p reserve d o n b ronze ab
t r I t l , s ill a i t le t a n d s
on e of e a r ies L in d c men
o ur l t at o u app e a s
ts It r in t h e .
3 64
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3 66
B OO K II . 19 , 4 20-
, 2
the city beggi n g alms in her name a ccording to their

,
custom and wear ing figure s upon their breasts a n d

,
1
strik ing the ir timbrels w h ile their followers play

tunes upon their flutes in honour o f the Mother
o f the Gods B ut by a l aw and decree o f the senate
.
n o native Roman walks in procession through the

city arrayed i n a p arti colour ed robe begging alms
-
,
o r escorted by flute players or worship s the goddess

-
,
with t h e Phryg i an ceremo ni es S o cautious are .
t hey about admitting any fore i gn re ligious cust oms

and s o great is the i r avers i o n to all p omp ous di splay
that i s wanting in decoru m .
XX Let no o ne imag i ne however that I am not

.
, ,
sens ib le that some o f the Gree k myths are useful t o

ma n ki n d p art o f them explaini n g a s they do the
, , ,
works o f Natur e by allegories others b ein g designed ,
a s a c o n solat i on for hum an mi sfortunes s ome free ing ,
the mi n d o f its agitations and terrors and cle a r in g

away u n soun d op ini ons a n d others i n vented for ,
s ome other useful purpose B ut though I am .

,
as well ac uai nted as a n yone with these matters

q ,
n evert heless my att i tude t ow ard the myths is o n e

o f cautio n and I am m ore i ncli ned t o accept the
,
theology of the Romans whe n I consider that t h e ,
advantages from the Greek myths are sli ght and

ca nn ot be o f profit t o many but o nl y t o those who ,
h ave exami n ed the e n d for w hi ch they are designed ;

a nd t hi s phil osop hi c attitude is shared by few .
T he great mul t i tude u n ac q u ai n ted wi th ph ilosophy

, ,
P olyb ius twice ( x x i 6 7 ; 3 7 5 ) re f ers to t h fi gures

1 .
, , e
an d p ec t or a ls f th G a ll i t h
o e p ri sts o f C yb le ; b u t
, e e e
w have n o f urt h er i n f orma t ion r g a rd ing t h e m

e e .
3 67
DIO NYS IUS O F HALI CARNASSUS
0X/ \0 9 677 1 7 0 X6 Lp 0 1 Aa p fia ve w 0L/

' ’
\6 2 7 0 139 77 6 p i 0 137 03V
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96 03V 059 6V 7T O M 77 K 0 K 0 80 170 0 VL0 7

'
7
'
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a Ka i 77 0
p 0 V0 1 0 1 7 L 7 0 1 V
7 i 01 386 V09
077 6X6 7 0 1 96 0 19 0 137 0 0p 01 V
'
77 0 0 K 6 1 1 6 V0
p 7 .
XX I VIM
,
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'
. 1 77
96 0 1p 777 0V 0 \ 0
'
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7 p 0 77
006 50 90 1 Pa1p z51\0 v
’ c
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i 7 V fo7 0
086
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'
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7 77
p 10 9 0 5 7 7 0
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p 7 , 7 e a
p
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’
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.
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.
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p p .
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6 § K 0 7 6 0 7 097 0 0 V 677 i 6
fi
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,
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1
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2
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3 68
D IONYSIUS OF HALI CARNAS SUS
M a wK a i 0p e 7
8
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p 0 V
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p .
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'
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'
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p 7 v 7
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’
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.
0 11V7 6 /l 6 1 0 90 1 K 0 1 8L0 7T 0 180 1 V 070 01 90 v 6 7 e p a LV0 .

,
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''
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'
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' '
xp
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7
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°
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,
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’ '
1
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2
a
p p77 0
0 p0 1 A Ba . L p p7 7 0
7 .
3
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7 0 157 0 86 B .
1 T h i s req ui re m en t very f a m ilia r

P a t ri m i m a t ri m i q u e .
,
in R o ma n ri t u a l wou l d n t app e a r t ha ve b e n s o o mm on
,
o o e c
am on g t h G ree k s A llusio n s t u ch
e . 07 0 9 A 79 e o s a . 1 1 0 1 ar
ext re m e ly ra re a n d t h en o n ly i n connexion with f es t iv a ls

,
o n on
r, i i ns t a nce a we dd in g
e ,
.
3 70
BOO K I I 2 1 3 22 2 .
,
-
,
except i o n al merit of competent fortune and with

, ,
out any b odil y defect s ; and he ordered th at these

should enj oy their honours not for any fixed perio d , ,
but for life freed from military servi ce by their a ge

,
and from civil burdens by the law .
XXI I And b ecause some rites were to be per

.
formed by women others by children whose fathers ,
and mothers were living t o the end that these also

1
,
mi ght be administered in the b est manner he ordered ,
that t h e wi ves of the priests should be associated wi th

their husb ands in the priesthood ; a n d that i n the
case o f any rites w hi ch men were forbidden by the
law o f the country t o celebrate t h e ir wi ves shoul d ,
perform them and the ir chil dr en should assist as

their duties re q u i red and that the priest s who ha d
n o ch il dren sho ul d choose o u t o f the other fami li es
of each cu ri a th e mo st b eaut i ful b oy and girl the ,
b oy t o assist in the rites t i ll the a ge o f manhood ,
and the gi rl s o long as sh e remained unmarried .
These arrangement s al so b e borrowed in my opin i on , ,
from the practices of the Greeks For all the duties .
that are performed i n the Greek ceremo nies by the

maidens whom they ca l ka n ép horo i and a rrh ép horo i
l 2
'
are perfo rmed by those whom the Romans call

t u t u la t a e
3
who wear o n the ir heads the same ki nd of
,
2
T h e b as k e t b e a rers -
an d t h b e a rers o f t h e e
s ymb ols 7) o f A t h en a P li a B u t t h ere i gre a t d is p ut e

o s . s as
re ga r d s b o t h t h e s p ell in g n d t h m e a n i n g o f t h se on d wor d
a e e c .
3
T ut u l t e i s d u
a a to K i e lin g s
e onj e t ure T h e ss
’
c c .
f e m inin f orm d oes n ot o ur e ls wh er b u t t h ma s ul in e

e cc e e , e c
t u t u l t i is a t t este d by a g los in F es t us ( pp 3 5 4
a s T h . e
wor d wa s d es ri p tiv f t h ose w h o w t h eir ha ir p la it d
c e o e re e
up in t h s hap o f a one ( t tul u ) T h is wa s a n an i nt
e e c u s . c e
st y le o f a rra n gin g t h e h a ir an d was p rescri b e d in t h e c a s
, e
of t he fla m i n i ca B i a li s .
37 1
D IONY S I U S OF HA LI C ARNAS SUS
16 0 0 1 0 1
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1
,
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'
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. .
96 0 139 K 0 7 0 0 7 770 071 6 V0 9 8L77 p 61 77 0A LV 059 607

7 V , ,
677 17 7786 1 07 r77 0 7 0 29 0p Li 7 p 0 1 9 7 0 i6 p 0 96 0 139

’
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'
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"
,
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1
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3
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4
01
'
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07lin g
16 : 01
°
0p 07 p 0 1 6 19 O .
1
i no er or res in
Ca d m i li s a th f m t g j ct El o n con e ure se .
w ere
h wor o curs o
the d c in n ly the n gu l a , a s a p p si r ro er
n e
am so e i es wri
Ca d m il u s ( m t m
. tte Ca s m il u s ) w as o n e n
e ri wors i e i n
o f t h e C ab i o
h pp d S am t h a a n d w a s i d e i d r ce nt fi e
wi r es
th He m n ro
T h e am e w a s p bab ly f O
. t al gi o rien ori n .
372
D IONYS IUS OF HALI C A RNASSUS
3 19 90 0 10 9 K a i O UVG LO T LCUVT O K 0 7 0 7 09 600 7 09

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.
,
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'
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’ ' ' '
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'
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.
'
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K a h10 9 077 7 M 0 /71 6V0 K 0 1 0 77 0 V809 6 1 80 V 671 16 6 100 0
7 7
1 ri
G m m : ¢ p a 7 p 1wv O , J co b y
a .
2
G e le n i u s 30157 1 0 0
17 .
3
B uc h e le r 0w B ,
'
J a co b
y,0110w R .
3 74
B OO K I I . 2 3 , 2— 5
pri ests and o n holy days they feasted together at

,
their common table For a ban q ueting hall had

.
-
been bui l t for each cu ri a and in it there was c o n se

,
crated j ust as in the G reek p ry t a n e a a common

, ,
t able for all the members o f the c u ri a Th ese .
ban q uet in g halls had the same name as the cu ri a e

-
themselves and are called so to our d ay This

, .
i nstitution it seems t o me Romulus took over from

, ,
the practice of the Lacedaemonians in the case o f

the ir p hi dit i a which were then the vogue It
1
, .
wo u ld seem that Lycur gus who had learned the ,
inst i tution from the Cretans i ntroduced it at Spart a,
t o the great advantage o f his country ; for he thereby

in t i me of peace d irected the citi z ens lives toward
’
frugal ity and temperance in the i r d aily rep asts and in ,
t ime of war insp ired every m an wi th a sense o f shame

and concern not to forsake his comrade w ith whom
he had o ffered l ib ations and s acrifices and shared
i n common rites And not alone for hi s w i sdom
.
in these m atters does Romul u s deserve praise but ,
also for the frugali ty o f the sacrifices that b e

appoi nted for the honouring o f the gods the greatest ,
p art of whi ch if not all remained t o my day b e i n g

, , ,
stil l performed i n the ancient manner At any rate .

,
I myself have s een in the sacred ed ifices repast s

set before the gods upon ancient wooden tables ,
in b asket s and small earthen pl ates consist ing o f ,
b a rley bread cakes and spelt with the fi rs t o fferings

, ,
-
o f some frui ts and other thi ngs o f l ike nature s i mple

, , ,
cheap and devoid o f all vu lgar display I h ave

, .
seen also th e lib ation wines that had b een m i xed ,
1
T he S pa t r a n nam e for 5
0 130 0 7 1 0 , the p ub lic m esses .
375
D IONYS IUS OF HA LI C AR NASSUS
I
wc
3 3 3
/v
A v
A $1 3
o 6V 0
p7 p 0 1 9 K0 1
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'
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p 7 0 7 1
7 .
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-
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7 7
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'
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, ,
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'
A .
376
D IONYS IUS OF HALI CARNASSUS
V A A C
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378
BOOK II . 24 . 2— 6
fam ili es i s most likely t o enj oy tran q uill i ty whe n

,
1
the lives o f the individual citizens are untroubled ,
and t o have a very tempestuo u s time when the

private a ffairs of the citizens are in a bad way and ,
that every prudent statesman whether he be a ,
l awgiver o r a ki ng oug h t t o introduce such laws

,
as wi ll make the citizens j ust and temperate in their

lives Yet by what practices and by what laws
.
this result m ay b e accomplished they do n ot all

s eem to me t o h ave understood e q ually well but ,
some of them seem t o have gone widely and a lm ost

completely astray in the principal and fundamental
p arts o f the i r legislation Fo r example in the
.
,
m atter of marr i age and commerce with women from ,
which the l awgi ver ought to begin ( even a s Nature

has begun thence to form our lives ) some t aki ng , ,
th e ir example from the beasts have allowed ,
men t o have intercourse w ith women freely and

prom i scuously th ink ing thus t o free the ir li ves
,
from the frenzies of love t o save them from m ur

,
derons j ealousy and to deliver them from ma ny

,
other evil s whi ch come upon b oth private houses

and whole St ates through women Others have .
b a ni shed thi s wanto n and bestial intercourse from

their St ates by j o ini n g a man t o one woman ; and
yet fo r the preservation o f the marri age ties and
th e chast i ty o f women they have never attempted
t o make eve n the slightest regul ation whatsoever ,
but have given up the i dea a s somet hi ng im

1
L i t er ally t s a i l ri gh t t ha t i n an even k e e l
, o , s, o .
He re a s o f ten in Gree k wri t ers t h e S ta t e is li k ene d t a

, , o
S hip .
37 9
D IO NYS IUS OF HALI CARNAS SUS
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3 80
DIONYS IUS OF HALI C AR NASSUS
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2 7 7 13
a dd e d by R e is k e
01 .
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3 82
B O O K II . 25 , 2— 5
this was the ancient and for a long time t h e ordinary

, ,
food o f all the Romans and their country produces

,
an abundance of excellent spel t And a s we Greeks .
regard barley as the most ancient grain and for that ,
reason begin o u r sacrifices with barley corns whi ch -
we call o u la i s o the Romans in the belief th at spelt i s

, ,
b oth the most valuable and the most ancient o f grains ,
in all burnt o fferings begi n the sacrifice wi th that 1

.
For th i s custom still remai ns not having d e t e ri ,
orated int o fi rs t o ffer ings o f greater expense The

-
.
participation o f th e wi ves with their husb ands in

thi s holiest and first foo d and the i r union with them
founded on the sharing of all the ir fortunes took its
name from this sharing o f the spelt and forged the
2
compe ll i ng b ond o f an indi ssoluble uni o n and there ,
wa s noth ing that coul d annul these marri ages T hi s .
law obliged b oth the m arried women as havin g ,
no other refuge t o conform themselves entirely t o

,
the temper o f their husb ands a n d the husb ands ,
t o rul e their wi ves as n ecessary and insep arable

possessions Accordi n gly if a wife was virtuous and
.
,
in all thi ngs obed i ent t o her husband s h e was mi stress ,
o f the house t o the s ame degree a s h er husb and w a s
m aster o f it and after the death o f her husb and s h e

,
w as heir t o h is property i n the s ame m anner as

a daughter was t o that o f her father ; that i s if ,
he died without chil dre n and in test ate sh e was ,
mistress of all that he left and if he had chil dren , ,
s h e shared e q ually with them B ut if sh e di d a n y .
1
T h e m ola s a ls a .
2
C onf a rr e a t i o .
6
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3 83
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1
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,
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.
d f er W i d e l y a s t o hi s da t e G e lliu s is i n
Ca rvi l i u s , b u t if .
v rti u a agree m en wi t h D ion y si u s b u t V a lerius g ives

l t ,
3 84
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B OO K II . 26 . 1— 4
XXVI These then are the excellent laws which

.
, ,
Rom u lus enacted concerning women by which he ,
rendered them m ore observ ant of propriety in t e

lati on t o their husbands B ut those he established .
with respect t o reverence and duti ful ness o f chi l dren

t oward their p arents to the end that they shoul d
,
honour and obey them i n a ll things both in the i r ,
words and actions were still more au g ust and o f

,
greater dignity and vastly superior t o o ur l aws .
For those who est ablished the Greek constitutions

s e t a very short time for s ons t o b e under the r u l e
o f their fathers some till the exp i ration of the thi r d

,
year after they reached m anho od others as long ,
as th ey cont in ued un m arried and s ome t il l their ,
names were entered i n the public registers as I ,
have learned from the laws of S olon Pittacus and ,
Ch ar o n d a s men celebrated for their great wi sdom

, .
The punishments also which they ordered for dis

, ,
obedience in children toward the i r parents were not

gr ievous for they permitted fathers t o turn the i r sons
ou t of doors and t o disi n herit them but not hi ng ,
further B ut mild p uni s h ments ar e not suffi cient

.
t o restrain the folly o f youth and its stubborn ways

o r t o give self control t o those who have been heed
-
less o f all that is honour able ; and according ly

among the Greeks many unseemly deeds are com
m i t t e d by children against their p arents B ut the .
l awgiver of the Romans gave vi rtually full p ower

t o the father over his s o n even during hi s whole ,
lif e whether he thought proper to im pr i son him t o

, ,
scour ge hi m t o put hi m in chains and keep hi m at

,
work 111 t h e fields or t o p u t him to death and this

, ,
even though the s o n were a lready engaged i n publi c

a ffai rs th o ugh he were n umbered among the hi ghest
,
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. . o e e e a e
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3 90
B O O K II . 27 , 1—4
l ook upon as harsh and tyrannical h e even gave ,

—
leave t o t h e father t o make a profit by selling his

son as o ften as three times thereby giving greater ,
p ower t o the father over his son than to the m aster

over his s l aves Fo r a slave who has once been sold
.
and has later obt ained his liberty is his own master
ever after b ut a son who h ad once been so ld by
,
his father if he became free came again under hi s

, ,
father s p ower and if he was a second time sold and

’
,
a second t ime freed he was still as at first h i s

, , ,
father s slave but after the t hi rd sale he was free d

’
from his father This law whether written o r

.
,
unwritten — I cannot s a y positively which

,
the ,
—
kin gs observed in the beginn ing looking upon it as ,
the b est of all laws ; and after the overthrow o f

the monarchy when t h e Romans first decided t o
,
expose i n the Forum for the consideration of the

whole b o dy o f citi z ens a ll their ancestral custom s
and laws together with those intro duced from
,
abro ad t o the end that the rights o f the people

,
might not be changed as often as the p owers o f

the m agistrates the decemvirs who were authorized
, ,
by the people to collect and transcribe the laws ,
recorded it among the rest and it n o w stands o n the ,
four t h o f t h e Twelve Tables as they are calle d which , ,
they then s e t up in the Forum A n d that the de .
c e m vi rs ,
who were appointed after three hun d red
years t o transcrib e these laws di d not first introd u ce ,
thi s l aw among the Romans but that finding i t , ,
l ong b efore in u s e they dared not repeal it I infe r

, ,
from many other considerations and p art icul arly
5
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1 part an m as t e rs were t h e wa rrior c las s a n d t h e

T he S
H e lots were p rim a ril y t ill e rs o f t h e soil N eve rt h e less .
,
e a c h S part an so ld i e r w as ac co mpanie d to wa r b y s eve ral

H e lo t s wh o f ough t as li gh t a rm e d tr oo p s
,
-
.
3 94
B OO K II . 28 , 2 2 9, 1
-
a gri cul ture and war fare ; fo r he observed that men

so em ployed become masters of the ir appetite are ,
less ent a ngled in illi cit love a ff a irs and follow that ,
ki nd o f covetousness only which leads them not t o ,
inj ure o n e another but to enr ich themselves at

,
the expense o f the enemy B ut as he regarded .

,
each o f these occup ations when sep arate from the ,
other as incomplete and conducive to fa ul t fin d in g

,
-
,
instead of appoint in g o n e p art o f the men t o til l

the l an d and the other to lay waste the enemy s ’
country accord ing t o the practice of the Lace

,
d a e m o ni a ns he ordered the s ame persons t o exercise

1
,
the employments b oth of husbandmen and soldi ers .
In t im e o f peace he accust omed them t o remain

a t the i r t asks i n the country ex cept when it wa s ,
necessa ry fo r them t o come t o m a rket upon w h ich ,
o ccasions they were t o meet in the city in o r de x to

traffi c and t o that end he appo in ted every ni nth
,
2
day fo r the markets and when war came he taught

them t o perform the duties o f s oldiers and n o t to
yi eld to others e i ther in the hardships o r advantages
that war brought For b e di vi ded e q uall y among
.
them the lands slaves and money th at he t ook from

,
t h e enemy a n d thus ca u sed them t o t ak e p art cheer

,
fully in hi s camp ai gn s .
XX I X In the case o f wrongs comm i tted by

.
the citi z e n s agai n st one another he di d not permit

the tri al s t o be delayed but caused them t o b e held
,
promptly sometimes deciding the suits h imself

,
and sometimes referr ing them to others ; an d he

2 “
very ni n t h day re k on in g in lus ive ly m e a ns
E , c c ,
e very ei gh t h day by m o d ern re k onin g T h n am o f c . e e

t h e se m a r k e t day s was n und na fro m 10 0 6 a nd d i
-
z e , 1 711 es .
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B OOK II . 30 . 2— 5
if n o i nsolence accompani ed such compulsion he deter ,
mi n ed , with the approval o f Numitor his grand ,
father t o bring ab out the desired intermarriages by

,
a wholesale sei zure o f virgins After he h a d taken .
thi s resolution he first made a vow t o the god wh o

,
1
presides over secret counsels t o celebrate sacrifices

and festi vals every year if hi s enterprise shoul d s u c
o ecd . Then havin g laid h i s plan b efore the senate
,
and gai n in g their approval he announced that he ,
would hold a fest i val and general assemblage in

honour o f Neptune and he sent word round about t o ,
the nearest cities in viting all who wi shed t o d o s o t o

,
b e prese n t at the assemblage and t o take p art in the

contests ; for he was going t o hold contests o f a ll
sort s b oth b etween horses and b etween men And
, .
when m any strangers came with the i r wi ves and

ch il dren t o the festival h e first o ffered th e sacrifices ,
t o Neptu n e and held the contests then o n the l ast ,
d ay o n which he wa s t o di smiss the ass emblage he

, ,
ordered the youn g men when he h imself sho ul d rai se ,
the si gn al t o sei z e a ll the vi rgin s who had come t o the

,
spect acle each group t aki ng those they shoul d first

,
enco u nter t o keep them th at ni ght wi thout vi olatin g

,
the i r ch ast i ty a n d brin g them t o hi m the next day .
S o th e you n g men di vi ded themselves int o several

g roups and a s,
soo n a s they s a w the s i gn al raised fell ,
to se i z in g the vir gi ns and straightway the strangers

were in an upro ar and fled suspect i ng some greater ,
mi schi ef T h e next day when the vir gins were

. ,
brought before R o mul us he co m forted them in ,
Co nsus S e p 4 03 a n d no t e 1 ( e n d )
1
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1
T h e Co n s u a li a w as i n igi n a h a v st f e s t ival h e l d i n or r e
h on our o f C n sus a n a n c i n t I t l i g do , f a g ri u lt u e a c o o c re .
Hi s lt a r w a s k p t c o v d w ith arth e x c p t a t th es e
a e e re e e
fe s t i v als ( cf P lu ta h R om 1 4 . pe h p s t o o m m e m o
rc , .
, r a c
ra t e e u a n i n t p a ctice o f s t o i n g t h g n e d g r in un d
c e r r e ar er a er
g r o u n d e l s eort o s ym b l i t h e se e t p o ce s s es o f n at u
o ze cr r re
in t h e p du ti on o f c p s A t t h e Co n u li h ors e s a n d
ro c ro . s a a
m ul s w e g ive
e ren h l i d a y nd w an e d w ith fl w
o s as a c ro o er ,
we h ave alre a d y se e n ( i 3 3 B e a us o f t h e a e s h e ld
.
, c e r c
402
BOOK II . 3 1 , 2— 3 2 , 1
Co n s u a li a , the c o urse o f w hi ch a subterranean

l
in
altar erected nea the Circus Max imus is u n
,
r ,
c o vered by the rem o val o f the s o il r o un d about it

and h o noured w ith sacrifices and burnt o fferings o f -
firs t fruit s and a c o urse i s run b oth b y h o s e s yoked

-
r
t o chariots and by single horses The go d t o wh o m .
these h o nours are paid is called Consus by the

Romans being the same accordi n g t o s o me who
, ,
render the name into our t o ngue as P o seidon ,
S e i s i ch t h o n o r the E a rth shaker and they s a y -
that this god was honoured with a subterranean

al tar because he holds the earth 2
I know also fr o m .
hearsay another tradition t o the e ff ect that the ,
festival i s i ndeed celebrated in h o n o ur of Neptune

and th e horse races are held in hi s honour but
-
,
that the subterranean alt ar wa s erected l at er t o a

cert ain di vi ni ty wh o se name m ay not b e uttered ,
who pres i des over and i s the guardi an o f hidden

counsels fo r a secret altar h a s never b een erected to
Neptun e they s ay in any p art of the world by either
, ,
Greeks or barb ari ans B ut it is hard to s a y what .
the truth of t h e matter i s .
XXX II When now the report of the seizure of

.
3
, ,
the V irgins and o f the ir m arriage w a s spread among

the neighb ouri ng cities some o f these were i ncensed ,
at the pr o ceedi n g itself tho u gh others c o nsi d ering , ,
on h i s f e stival t h g d a m t b i d n t ifi d w i t h P s i d n
e o c e o e e e o e o
H ip p i os T h n am C n s u s i
. e evi d n tl y d i v e d f m t h
o s e e er ro e
v b n d e t o st u p
er co er b u t t h R m an s
o re nn t d it .
e o co ec e
w ith con s il i u m n d t h ou g h t
a f h im g d f un e ls o as a o o co s
a nd s t pl n s
e c re a .
2
O r u ph ld s t h oa th Co m p a h i G k p ith t
e e r . re s re e e e
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a r/o e E t h u ph ld in g
ar -
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3
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-
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. .
,
-
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B OO K II . 33 . 1 34
-
1
d at es the deliberati on conce ning the w a r— and r
res o lve d t o make w a r up o n t h e R o mans by th e m

selves al o n e believi n g that their o w n strength if the
, ,
three cities j oined forces w a s su ffi cient t o con q uer ,
one incons i d erable c i ty Thi s w a s their pla n ; but

.
they di d n o t a ll assemble together promptly en o ugh

i n o n e camp since t h e Ca e n i n e n s e s wh o seem ed t o b e
, ,
most eager in pr o m o t in g the w a r rashly s e t o u t ahead ,
o f the o th ers When these men t h en had t aken the

‘
.
, ,
field and were w astin g the country that b o r d ered

o n th e ir o w n R o mulus le d o u t h i s army a n d n u
, ,
expectedly falling up o n the e nemy whil e they were a s

yet o ff their guard he ma de himself ma st e r o f their
,
camp which wa s but j ust c o mplete d Then foll o w

, .
ing close up on the heels o f t h o s e w h o fled int o the city ,
w here the inh abitants ha d n o t a s yet l e arne d o f the

d e feat o f the i r fo rces and fin d ing the walls unguar d ed
,
and the gates un b arred he t o o k the t o w n by st o rm

,
an d when the k i ng o f the Ca e n in e n s e s met hi m wi th

a str ong b o dy o f men he fought with h im an d , ,
slayi n g hi m wi th hi s o wn hands stripped him o f his ,
a rm s.
XXXI V The town be ing taken in this m anner

.
,
he ordered the pris o n e rs t o deliver up their arm s ,
and taki ng such of the ir childr en for h o st ages as

he t h o ught fit he marche d against the A n t e m n a t e s
, .
A n d havi ng c o nquered their army al so in the same ,
ma n ner as the o ther by fa lling up o n them u n,
expecte dl y whil e they were still disperse d in fo raging ,
an d havi ng acc o rded the same treatment to the .
prisoners he led h is army home ca rryin g wi th h im

, ,
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B OO K II . 34 . 44 3 5 . 2
sacrifi ce Romulus built a sm all t emple o n the summit

o f the Capit o li ne hill t o J u pit e r whom the Rom ans
call Fe re t riu s ; in d ee d t h e ancient traces o f it st ill ,
remai n o f which the longest si d es are less than fift een

,
feet In thi s t emple he c o n secrated the spoil s o f

.
the kin g o f the Ca e ni n e n s e s whom he had slain wi th ,
hi s o w n hand As fo r J upiter Fe re t riu s to whom

.
,
Rom ul us dedicate d these a rms one w ill not err fr o m ,
the truth w hether o n e w i shes t o ca ll h i m T rop a i o u chos ,
o r S k l o horos
y p as som e w il l have it , or s i nce he ,
excels al l thi ngs and c o mprehends u ni versal natur e

and m otion Hyp e rp he re t és 1
, .
XXXV After the kin g had o ffered t o the gods

.
the sacri fices o f tha n ksgivi ng and the firs t frui ts o f -
victory befo re entering upon any other business

, .
he assemble d the senate t o del ib erate wi th them in

w hat mann er the c o nqu ered cities should b e treated ,
and he hi mself first d e livere d the o pini o n he though t

the b est When a ll the s e nat o rs wh o were present
.
had appr o v e d o f the counsels o f the ir chief as b o t h

safe and bri l li ant an d had praised a ll the o ther a d
vant ages that were l ikely t o accrue from them t o the
c o mmonwealth not o nl y fo r the moment but fo r ,
a ll future tim e he gave c o mman d for the assembli n g

,
of all the w o m e n bel o nging t o the race o f the

An t e m n a t e s and o f th e Ca e n in e n s e s w h o had bee n
seize d wi th the rest An d when they had assembled .
lamenting thr o wing thems e lves at his feet and

,
bewa ili ng the cala m iti es o f the ir native cities he ,
1
Th se t h e G k w d m n s p cti v l y B
re e re e or s ea , re e e , e a re r
(or R iv ) f T ph i s
e ce er B o f S p ils ro nd e ,
” “
e a re r o o , a
S up m reD i on y siu s b vi u sl y d i v d F t n u f m
e .
”
o o er e e re s ro
fe rr e ( t o
“
b u t m d n s h l s g wi t h P o er c o ar a re e ro
p ert i u ( iv
s in nn. t in g i t w i t h f m e ( t o co ec e
'
r
“
st i k
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4 14
B OO K II . 35 , 5— 36 ,
and brothers o w e the ir preservation and your coun

tries their liberty The women hearing this were
.
, ,
greatly pleased and she d ding many tears of j oy

, ,
left the Foru m but Romulus sent a colony of three

hun dred men int o e ach city to whom thes e cities ,
gave a third p art o f their lands t o be di vided among

them by l ot And those o f the Ca e n i n e n se s and
.
A n t e m n a t e s who desired t o remove t o Rome they

brought thi ther t ogether wi th their wives and
chil dren permitting them t o retain their allotments
,
o f land and t o t ake with them all their p ossessions
and the ki ng immedi ately e nr olled them numbering ,
not less than three thousand in the t rib es and the ,
c u ri a e
,
s o that the Romans ha d then for the first
time six thousan d foot in all up on t h e register Thus .
Ca e n i n a and A n t e m n a e no inconsiderabl e cities ,

.
whose i nhabit ant s were o f Greek origi n ( for the

Ab orig i nes had t aken t h e cities from the Sicels a n d
o ccupied them these Ab origines being a s I s aid
, ,
before p art o f those Oenotrians who had come o u t

,
o f Arcadi a after t hi s war b ecame Roman colo ni es .
XXXVI Rom ul us h avi n g attended to these

.
,
m atters led o u t hi s army agai n st the Cru s t u m e ri a n s

, ,
who were better prep ared than the armies of the

other cities had been An d after he had reduced .
them both in a pitched b attle and in an assa ul t up on

their city although they had shown great bravery
,
in the struggle he did not thi nk fit to puni sh them

,
any further but made t hi s city also a Roman colony

,
lik e the tw o former Cr ust u merium wa s a colony of

.
1 i . 13 .
4 15
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4 18
BOOK I I . 3 7 , 1 —4
Avent ine and t h e o n e n o w called the Capito line

wi th d itches an d str o ng p alisa d es and up o n these ,
hi ll s he o r d ere d the husb andme n wi th their fl o ck s
t o p ass the nights securing each o f them by a s u ffi ,
cient garrison ; and likewise any o ther place that

pr o mise d t o a ff o rd them sec u rity he fortified wi t h
d itches and pali sa d e s and kept under guard In t h . e
meantime there came t o h im a man o f action a n d

reputati o n fo r mi li t ary achievements nam e d Lucum o , .
lately bec o me hi s friend wh o br o ught with h im ,
fr o m the city o f S o lo ni u m a c o nsi d erable b o d y o f

1
Tyrrhenian mercenaries There c ame t o him als o .
fr o m the Alb ans sent by his gra n d father a g o odly , ,
number o f s o l d iers w ith the i r attendants and with ,
them a rt ifi ce rs fo r making eng i nes o f w a r ; these

men were adequately suppli e d with provi sions .
arms an d a ll necessary equi pment When every .

'
thing w a s ready fo r the war o n b o th s i des the S abines , .
wh o plann ed t o take the field at the begin ning o l

spring res o lve d fi st t o send an embassy t o t h e
,
r
enemy b oth t o a s k fo r the return of the w omen a n d

t o demand satisfacti o n fo r their seizur e j ust s o ,
that they mi ght seem t o have un d ert aken the wa r

from necessity when they failed t o get j ustice .
and they were sending the heralds fo r t h i s p u rp o se .
R o mulus h o wever aske d that the women since

, , ,
they themselves were not un w ill ing to live wi th

1
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422
BOOK II . 38 , 2—4
o f the hill c o ul d b e taken e i ther by s u rprise o r
by force they were o bse v e d fr o m ab o ve by a

,
r
maiden wh o se name wa s Tarp e ia the d aughter o f a ,
d istinguishe d m an w h o ha d b e en e nt ust e d w ith the r
guard i ng o f the place This mai d e n as b o th Fabius .

,
and Ci n c iu s relate c o nceiv e d a des ire fo r t h e bracelets

,
w hich the men wore o n their left arms an d for their

ri ngs ; fo r at t hat time the S ab in es w o e o rnaments r
o f g o l d an d were n o less l u xuri o us in their habits
than the T yrrh e n i a n s l

B u t according t o the a o .
count given by Lu cius Pis o the ex cens o r she was ,

-
,
i nspire d by the desire o f perfo rming a noble d eed ,
namely to d eprive the enemy o f their defe nsive

,
a rms and thus d eliver them up t o her fell o w citi ens z .
Which o f these acc o un ts is the truer may b e con

e c t u r e d by what happened afterw ar d s This girl
j .
,
therefo re sending o u t o n e o f her mai d s by a little

,
gate which w a s not kn o w n t o be o pen des i red the ,
ki ng o f the S abines t o c o me an d c o nfer wi th h e r in

private as if s h e had an affair o f necessity and im
,
p o rt ance t o c o mmuni cate t o h im Tatius i n the .

,
hope o f ha ving the place betrayed t o him accepted ,
t h e pr o p o s al an d came to the place appointed and

the mai den appr o achi ng withi n speaking distance
, ,
i nfo me d him that her father ha d g o ne o u t o f the

r
fo rtress during the ni ght o n some business but that ,
s h e ha d the keys o f the gat es an d if they came i n ,
the night s h e woul d deliver up the place to them

,
upon c o n d iti o n that they gave her as a reward for

h e r treachery the things which all t h e S ab ines w o re
It 1
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a ne s e ra i on a e o
t h i che r t g iv n b l w t t h
a ra c nd
e r as f h pt 49 e e o a e e o c a er .
423
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enemy the gate agreed up o n and r o using t h e ga rri ,
son ,
urge d them t o s ave themselves s peedily by
other exits unknown to the enemy as if the S abines ,
w ere a lready masters o f the pl ace ; that after the

flight of the garri son the Sabines findi n g the gates ,
O pen possessed themselves o f the strongh o ld n o w

, ,
stri pped o f its guards and that Tarpeia all eging

, ,
that s h e h a d kep t her p art of the agreement in ,
sisted up on recei ving the reward o f her treachery

acc o rding to the o aths .
XL H ere aga i n Piso s ays that when the S abines

.
,
were ready t o give the gir l the gold they w o re on

the i r left arms Tarpei a demand e d of them their
,
shi elds and not their o rnaments B ut Tatius re .
sented the i mp osition and at the s ame time thought

o f an expedient by whi ch he mi ght not V i ol ate the
a greement Acc ordingly he d ecided t o give her
.
,
the arm s as the g irl demanded but to contrive th at ,
s h e shoul d m ake n o use o f them ; and immediately

p oisin g his s hi el d he hur led it at her with all his
,
might and ordered the rest to do the same ; and

,
th u s Tarp eia being pelted fr om a ll sides fell under

, ,
the number and force of the blows and died over ,
whel med by the shi elds But Fabius attr ibutes this
.
fraud in the perfo rm ance o f the agreement to the

S ab ines ; fo r they bein g obliged by the agreement
,
t o give he r the gold as s h e demanded were angered ,
at the magni tude of the reward and hurled the i r

s hi elds at her as if they had engaged themselves
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of war as well as c o m m o n s o l d iers trained in many

, ,
engagements advanced int o the plain that lay

,
b etween the tw o camps and perfo rmed mem o rable

fe ats b oth in attacking and receiving the enemy as
well a s in rallying and rene wi ng the fight on equ al
term s T h o se who from the ramp art s were spec
.
t a t o r s of this doubtful b attle which oft e n varyi ng , , ,
favoured each side in turn when the ir ow n men had ,
the advantage inspired them w ith fresh cour age

,
by their e x hort at i o ns and songs o f vi ctory and when ,
they were hard pressed and pursued prevented ,
them by their prayers and lamentations from

proving utter c o wards ; and thanks t o th ese shouts
of encour agement and entreaty the c o mb atants
were c o mpelled t o endur e the p er ils of the stru ggle
even beyond their strength And so aft er they had .
,
thus carried on the contest a ll that day without a

decision darkness now coming o n they b o th gladly
, ,
retired t o th e ir o w n camps .
X LII But on the fo llowi ng days they b u ried thei r

.
dead t ook care o f t h e w o un ded and reinforced their

,
a rm i es then resolvi ng t o engage in another b attle

, ,
th e y met aga i n in the s ame plai n as befo re and

fought til l ni ght In thi s b attle when the R o mans
.
,
had the advantage o n b oth win gs ( the right was

comm anded by Romul us h imself and the left by
Lucum o the T yrrhe ni an ) but in the centre the
,
b attle remained as yet undecided one man prevented ,
t h e utt er defeat of the S ab i nes and ra llied the ir

w aver ing fo rces t o renew the struggle w ith the
victors This man wh o se name was M e t t i u s Curtius
.
, ,
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BO O K I I 4 2 .
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i n his rear w hich it was d i fficult fo r him t o ma ke h is

way r o un d his enemies being massed o n all si d es o f
,
it an d impossible t o p ass t h r o ugh by reas o n o f t h e

,
q uantity o f mud o n the m a shy sh o e su r o u n d ing r r r
it and the depth o f wat er that st o o d in the mid d le .
When he came t o the lake he thre w himself int o ,
the water armed as he w a s a n d R o mul us supp o sing

, , ,
that he would imme d iately perish in the lake ,
more o ver i t was not p ossible t o pursue him thr o ugh

,
s o much mud and w ater turned upon the rest ,

—
o f the S abines But Curt ius w ith great difficu lty

.
got s afely o u t o f t h e l ake after a time without l o sing

his arm s and w a s le d a w ay t o the camp T his .
place is n o w fill e d up but it is called from this

,
incident the L a cu s C u rtius being ab out in the mi ddle

,
o f the R o man F o rum

1
.
XL I I I R o mulus while pur sui ng the others had

.
, ,
drawn near the Capit o li ne and had great h o p es o f

capt u ring the strongh o ld but being weakened by m any
,
o ther w o un d s and stunned by a severe bl o w fr o m a
stone whi ch w as hurle d from the heights and hit hi m

o n the temple he was t aken up h alf dead by th o se
,
ab out hi m and carri ed i nside the wal ls When the .
Rom ans no l o nger s a w their leader they were seiz ed ,
with fear and the ri ght wi ng tur ned t o flight ; b ut

the tro op s th at were posted o n the left wi th Lucum o
st o od their ground fo r s o me time enc o uraged by ,
their leader a man most famous for his warli ke

,
pr o wess and who had p erformed m any expl o it s

during the c o u rse o f t hi s w ar But when he i n hi s .
Cf L i vy i 1 3 5
1
. .
, .
4 35
D IONYS IUS O F HALI CARNASSUS
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4 38
B O OK 44 . 1 3 -
X LIV But during the fo ll o w ing days the S abi nes

.
w ere taki ng counsel w hether they should lea d their

forces b ack home after d o ing all p o ssibl e damage
,
t o the enemy 5 c o untry o r sh o ul d sen d fo

, an o ther r
army fr o m home an d still h o l d o u t o bstinat e ly until

they sh o ul d put an end t o the w a r in t h e m o st
h o n o u rable manner They c o nsidered that it w o uld
.
b e a ba d thing fo r them either t o return h o me W i th

the shame o f ha ving effected n o thing o r t o stay there
wh e n n o n e o f the ir attempts succeede d acc o r d ing
t o the i r expectati o ns An d t o t e at w ith the enemy
. r
c o ncerni ng an acc o mm o dation which the y looke d ,
up o n as the only h o n o urabl e means of putting an

end t o the w a r they c o nc e ive d t o be n o m o re fi tting
,
for them than fo r the R o mans On the o ther side .

,
the R o mans were n o t less but even m o re perplexed

, ,
t han the S ab ines w hat c o urse t o take in the pres e nt

j uncture Fo r they coul d n o t res o lve either t o
.
rest ore the women or t o ret ain them believi ng that ,
the former cours e involve d an ackn o w ledgment o f

defeat and that it wo ul d be necess ary t o s u bmit to
whatever else might be im p o sed up o n them and ,
that t h e altern ative cour se w o ul d necessitate the i r

witnessin g many terrible sights as the ir country
was be ing l a id waste a n d the fl o wer of the ir youth
destroyed ; and if they sho ul d treat with the S abines
,
for peace they d esp aire d o f o btaini ng any m o derate

,
te rm s n o t only fo r man y o ther reas o ns but chiefly

,
.
,
b ecause the proud a n d hea d str o ng treat an e nemy

wh o resort s t o c o u rting them not with moderation
, ,
b ut wi th severity .
43 9
D I ONYS IUS O F H A L IC A R N A S SU S
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4 42
B OO K I I . 4 5 , 4— 4 6 , 2
o fthem a s they wi shed and end e av o ur t o rec o ncil e

the t w o nations A fter thi s t h e women went o u t
.
dresse d in mourni n g some o f them also carry in g their

,
i nfant c h il dren When they arrived in the camp o f

.
the S abines lamenting an d fa ll ing at the feet of

,
th o se they met they ar o use d great c o mp assion in all

,
who s a w them and n o ne coul d refrain from tears .
And when the counc il lors had b een call ed t ogether

t o receive them and the ki ng had commanded
them t o st ate thei r reasons fo r c o ming Hers ilia , ,
who ha d pr o p ose d the plan and w a s at the hea d

of the emb assy d e li vered a long and p athetic
,
plea b egging them t o grant peace t o th o s e wh o

,
were i nterceding for their husb ands and o n whose

account s h e p o i nt ed out the war ha d been under
, ,
t aken A s t o the terms however o n whi ch peace

.
, ,
sho ul d b e ma d e she sai d t h e leaders coming to

, ,
gether by themselves mi ght settle them wi th a Vi ew ,
t o the advantage o f b oth p arties .
XLVI After s h e had sp oken thus all the women

.
,
wi th the i r chil dr en threw themselves at the feet o f

the ki ng and rema ined prostrate t ill th o se wh o were
present raised them fr o m the gr o und and pr o mi sed
t o do everythi ng that was reas o nable and i n their
p ower Then havi ng ordered them t o with dr aw
.
,
from the counc i l and havin g consulte d t og ether ,
they dec i d ed t o m ake peace And first a truce .
was agreed up on between the t w o nations ; then

t he ki ngs met t o gether and a treaty o f friend
shi p was concluded The terms agreed upon by the.
tw o whi ch they confirmed by their oaths were as

, ,
2
7 0 a d de d b y Jaco by .
4 43
D IONYS IUS OF HALICARNASS US
I
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pa t r ici a ns by a dding t o the most disting u ished
fa milies others fr om am o ng the ne w set t lers eq u a l

in n u mber to the old a n d they c a lle d these new
,
a trici a ns Of these a h u n dr ed ers o ns c h o sen by

p .
p ,
th e cu ri a e were enrolle d with the o r igin a l sen a t o r s

, .
Concerni ng t hese m a tters a lm o st a ll the w r iters of

R om a n hi st o ry a gr ee B u t s ome fe w d i ffer r e
.
g a r d ing the n u mber of the ne w ly enr o lle d sen a t ors -

.
for they s a y it w a s not a h u n d red b u t fifty th a t were , ,
a dded t o the sen a te Concerning the hono u rs

. ,
a lso ,
whi c h the kings conferre d o n the women
i n ret u rn fo r h a vi ng reconcile d them n ot a l l the ,
Rom a n hi stori a ns a gree ; for s om e write th a t ,
bes i d es m a ny other sign a l m a r ks o f h ono u r which

they besto w e d u p o n them they g a ve t h e i r n a mes ,
t o the c u ri a e which were thi rty a s I h a v e s a i d th a t

, , ,
being t h e n u m ber of the women who went u p on the

emb a ssy Bu t T e re n t iu s V a rro does not a gree with
.
them in this p a rtic u l ar for he s a ys th a t Rom u l u s

,
g a ve the n a mes t o the c u ri a e e a rlier th a n this when ,
he first di vi de d the p eo p le some o f these n a mes ,
being t a ken from men who were their le a ders a n d

others from d istri c ts ; a n d h e s a ys th a t the n u m ber
o f the women wh o went u on the emb a ssy w a s not
p
t hi rty b u t fi ve h u ndred a n d twenty se ven a n d h e
,
-
,
thinks it very im p rob a ble th a t the ki ngs wo u l d h a ve

de p ri ved s o m a ny w o men of this hono ur t o bestow
it u p on only a few o f them Bu t a s reg ar ds these .
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re p u t ed to be o r a s other st a te fr o m a s p e a r
, ,
s
.
,
sin c e the S a bines c a ll s p e a rs c u re s This 18 the .

‘
a c c o u n t gi ven b T e re n t i u s V a r ro
y .
X LI X Bu t Z e n o d o t u s o i T o e z e n a
. his r ,
t ori a n rel a tes th a t the Umbri a ns a n a ti ve r a c e first

2
, , ,
dwelt in the Re a tine territory a s it is c a lle d a n d th a t , , ,
being dri ven fr o m there by the Pel a sgi a ns they c a me ,
int o the co u ntry whi ch they now inh a bit a n d c h a ng .
ing their n a me with their p l a ce o f h a bit a ti on from .
Umbri a ns were c a lled S a bines B u t Porci u s C a to .
s a ys th a t the S a bine r a ce re c ei ved its n a me from

S a b u s the s o n of S a nc u s a di vi n ity o f t h a t co u ntry
, .
,
a n d t h a t this S a nc u s w a s by some c a lle d J u iter

p
Fi d iu s He s a ys a lso th a t t h e ir first p l a c e o f a b ode
.
w a s a cert a in vill a ge c a ll e d T e s t r u n a sit u a te d ne a r ,
the city of A mi t e rn u m th a t from there the S a bines

m a de a n inc ur sion a t th a t tim e int o the Re a tine
territory whi c h wa s inh a bited by the A b o ri g
,
ines together with the Pel a s gi a ns a n d took their 3

,
most fa mo u s city Cu t i li a e by force of a rms a n d , ,
oc c u p ied it ; a n d th a t send i ng c oloni es o u t of the ,
Re a tine territ ory they b ui lt m a ny c ities in which

, ,
they li ved wi th o u t fortif yi ng them a mong others ,
the city c a lled C u res H e fu rther st a tes th a t the .
O r q u i res
l
T h e G r e e k s p ll n g ca
. r pr s t e i n e e en eit h e r
form .
2
T h e G r k t e xt ee
u gg t s es s
t h e lo o f a adj c t v ss n e i e or
p h ra s u eq
al i fyi g h t or an n S is i
e e cr cal o t . iti n e .
3
T h e word Pe s i n
la g a s is d u e t o R e i s ke S e e cr i . ti c a l
n t
o e a n d i 19 f . .
5
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T h e P0 1 np t 1 m w a ge r of L v i y ( ii . 34 ; iv . T he
m arg in a l d la n s s r e ch ing ro un d
t t the P o n t ine m ar s h es .
’
45 2
D IONYS IUS O F H A LI CA RNA SSUS
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B OO K II . 4 9, 5 5 0 —
, 3
in a ll the a cti o ns o f the ir li ves B u t this is eno u gh .
a b o u t the S a bine r a c e .
L Rom u l u s a n d T a ti u s imme d i a tely enl a rged the

.
c ity by a dding t o it two o ther b ills the Q u i r in a l a s , ,
it is c a lled a n d the C a eli a n ; a n d se p a r a ting the ir

,
h a bit a t i ons e a c h of them h a d his p a rti c u l a r p l a ce

,
o f residen c e Rom u l u s oc c u p ie d the P a l a tine a n d

.
C a eli a n hills the l a tter being ne x t to the P a l a tine

, ,
a n d T a ti u s the C a itoline hill whi c h he h a d seized

p ,
in the begi n ning a n d the Q u irin a l A n d c u tting

, .
d own the woo d th a t g r ew on the p l a in a t the foot

o f the C a itoline a n d fil li ng u the gre a test rt
p p p a
o f the l a ke whi ch sin c e it l a y in a hollow w a s

, , ,
ke p t we l l s u p p lied by the w a ters th a t c a me down

from the hil ls they con verted this p l a in into a
,
fo r u m whi c h the Rom a ns contin u e t o u s e e ven now

,
there they h el d the ir a ssemb lies tr a ns a ct ing their ,
b u siness i n the tem p le o f Vul c a n whi ch st a nds a ,
little a b o ve the For u m They b ui lt tem p les a lso .
a n d consecr a ted a lt a rs t o those go d s t o whom they
h a d a ddr essed their v ows d ur i ng the i r b a ttles

R om ul u s t o Ju p iter St a t or ne a r the Port a M u g o ni a
1
, ,
a s i t is c a lled whi c h le a ds t o the P al a tine hill from

,
the S a cred W a y bec a u se this g o d h a d he a r d hi s

,
v ows a n d h a d c a u se d his a rmy t o sto p in its flight

a n d t o renew the b a ttle ; a n d T a ti u s t o the S u n
a n d Moon ,to S a t u rn a n d t o Rhe a a n d besi d es , ,
these to Vest a V u lc a n Di a n a E ny a li u s a n d to
, , , , ,
other gods whose n a mes a r e d iffic u lt t o b e e x

ressed in the Greek l a ng u a ge ; a n d i n e ver y c u ri a
p
1 T he S t ay er of t h ei r fl i gh t .
45 5
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45 8
B O O K II . 5 1 , 1— 5 2 , 1
h aving lost his li fe a s the res u lt o f a p lot whi c h the

p rinci p al men o f L a vi n i u m fo rme d a g a inst him .
The occ a sion fo r the p l o t w a s this Some friends of .
T a ti u s h a d led o u t a b a nd of robbers int o the terri

t ory o f the L a vi n i a n s where they seize d a gre a t
,
m a ny of their e ffects a n d dro ve a w a y their herds o f

c a ttle killi ng or wo u ndi ng those who c a me t o the
,
resc u e U p on the a rri va l o f a n emb a ssy from the

.
i nj u red t o dem a nd s a tisfa ction Rom u l u s de c ide d ,
th a t those who h a d done the inj u ry sho ul d be de

li vered u p for p u nishment t o those they h a d wronged .
T a t iu s howe ver es p o u sing the c a u se o f his friends

, , ,
wo u ld not consent th a t a n y p ersons sho u l d b e

t a ken i nt o c u stody by their ene m ies before tri a l ,
and a rti c ul a rly Rom an citizens by o u tsiders

p ,
b u t ordered those who com p l a ined th a t they h a d

been inj u red t o come t o Rome a n d p roceed a g a inst
the others a ccording t o la w The a mb a ss a d ors .
,
a ccordi ngly h a vi n g fa i led t o obt a in a n y s a tisfa ct i on

, ,
went a w a y full of resentment ; a n d s ome o f the

S a bines incensed a t the ir a ct i on foll owed them a n d
, ,
s e t u on them while the y were a slee p i n the i r tents

p ,
whi ch they h a d p it c hed ne a r the ro a d when e vening

o vertook them a n d not o nl y robbed them o f their
,
money b u t ou t the thro a ts of a ll they fo u nd still

,
in the i r beds ; those howe ver who p ercei ved the

, ,
p lot p rom p tly a n d were a ble to m a ke the i r esc a e

p
got b a ck t o the ir c i ty A fter this a mb a ss a dors c a me
.
b oth from L a vi ni u m a n d from m a ny o ther cities ,
com p l ai ni n g o f thi s l a wless dee d a n d t h re a te ni ng war

i f they sho ul d not obt a in j u st i ce .
LII This vi olence committed a g a i n st the a mb a s

.
s a dors a p p e a re d t o R om u l u s a s in de e d it w a s
, , a
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B OO K I I . 52 , 5— 53 , 3
Suc h was the end t o which Tatius came after he ,
had warred against Romulus for three years and

had been his colleague for five H is body w as .
b rought to R ome where it was given honourable

,
bur i a l ; and the city o fl e rs p ub li c l ib ations to hi m

'
every year .
LI I ] B ut Romul u s now establi shed for the

.
1
,
second time as sole ruler expiated the crime com ,
m i t t e d against the amb assadors by forbidding those

who had perpetrate d the outrage t h e use o f fire and
water ; fo r upon the death of Tati u s they had a ll fled
from the c i ty After that he brought to tri al t h e
.
,
L a vi n i a n s who had conspired against Tatius a n d wh o

h a d been deli vered up by their o w n city and when ,
they seemed t o plea d with consi derable j ustice that

, .
they h a d but avenged vi olence wi th vi olence he freed ,
t h em of the charge After he had attended t o these

.
matters he led out h i s army against the city o f

,
Fi de n a e which was situated forty stades from Rome

,
a n d was at that time b oth large and populous .
For o n an occasion when the Romans were oppressed

by famine and provi sions whi ch the people of
Crustum erium had sent t o them were being brought
down the ri ver i n boats the Fi de n a t e s crowded ,
ab oard the b oats in great num bers seized the ,
pro vi sions and kill ed some of the men who de fended

them and when c al led up on t o make satisfacti on
, ,
th ey refused t o d o s o Rom ul us in censed at thi s

.
, ,
m ade an incursion i n t o the i r territ ory with a con

s i d e r a b l e force and havi ng p osses se d hi m self o f a
,
great q uant i ty of b ooty was p rep a ing to lead h i s

, r
army home ; but when the F i de n a t e s came out

Cf L iv y i 1 4 4 1 1
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bro nz e t o Vulcan an d near it he set up hi s own st atue

,
wi t h a n in scription in Greek characters setting forth

h i s deeds The th ird w ar Romul us engaged in was
1
.
aga i nst the most p owe rful city o f the Tyrrheni an

race at that t ime c al led Veii dist ant from Rome
, ,
ab out a hundr ed stades it is situated o n a high and

craggy rock and i s as large as Athens T h e Ve ie n t e s .
made the taki n g o f Fide n a e the pretext for thi s w a r ,
and sendi n g amb assadors they b ade the R oma n s ,
wi th draw their garrison from that city and rest ore

t o i t s original p ossessors th e terri tory they had t ake n
from them and were n o w o ccupying An d whe n .
their demand was not heeded they took the field ,
wi th a great army an d est ab l ished their camp in a

co ns picuous place ne a r Fi d e n a e Rom ul us however .
, ,
havin g received advance in form ati on of their m arch ,
had set out wi th the flower of hi s army and l ay ready

at Fi d e n a e t o receive them Whe n all their pre .
ar a t i o n s were made for the struggle b oth armies

p ,
advanced i n to the plai n and c a me to grips and they ,
continued fight in g with great ardour for a long

t ime t ill the comi n g on o f ni gh t p art ed them aft er
, ,
th ey ha d prove d themselves evenl y m atched in th e

stru ggl e Thi s was the course of the first b attle
. .
LV B ut in a second b attle wh ich was fought

.
,
n ot long afterw ards the Romans were vi ct orious

,
a s the res ult o f the strategy o f the i r general who

‘
had occup ied i n the ni ght a cert a in height n o t far

d i st ant from the enemy s camp and place d there i n
’
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B O O K II . 55 , 4— 5 6 , 1
Fi de na e in which the Rom a ns were vi ct ori o u s a fter

, ,
killin g m a ny of the Ve i e n t e s a n d t a ki ng more o f

them p ri soners E ven their c a m p w a s t a ken which
.
,
w a s fu ll o f money a rms a n d sl a ves a n d l ikewi se , ,
the ir b o a ts whi ch were l a d en with gre a t store of

,
p ro vi sions ; a n d in these the m u ltit u de o f p risoners
were c a rrie d down the ri ver t o Rome This w a s .
the t hi rd tri u m p h th a t Rom ul u s c elebr a ted a n d ,
it wa s m u ch more m a gnificent th a n eith er o f the

former A n d when not long a fter wa rds a mb a s
.
, ,
s a d o r s a rri ved from t h e Ve i e n t e s to seek a n end
t o the wa r a n d t o a s k p a rdon for their o ff ences ,
Rom u l u s im p osed the fo llowi ng p en a lties u p on them

t o de liver u p t o the Rom a ns the co u ntry a dj a cent
to the Tiber c a lled the Se ven Districts a n d t o
,
1
,
a b a ndon the s a lt wor ks ne a r the mo u th of the -
ri ver a n d a lso t o b ring fift y host a ges a s a p ledge

,
th a t they wo u ld a ttem p t no u p ris i ng in the fu t ur e .
When the Ve ie n t e s s u bmi tted t o a ll these dem a nds ,
he m a de a tre a ty with them for one h u ndred ye a rs

a n d engr a v ed the terms of it on ill a rs H e the n
p .
dismissed wi tho u t r a nsom al l the p risoners w h o

desired t o ret u rn home b u t those who p refer r ed to
rem ai n in Rom e— a n d these were far more n u mero u s
th a n the others— h e m a de citiz ens distr i b u tin g ,
them a mong the cu ri a e a n d a ssign ing to them a ll ot

m ent s of l a n d o n t hi s side of the Tiber .
L V I These a re the memor a ble w a rs whi c h

2
.
Rom ul u s w a ged His fa il u re t o s u b d u e a n y more

.
S e p t m P agi
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.
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,
-
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to r
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B OO K I I . 5 6 , 4— 7
c a rri ed o u t the deed in t h e sen a te ho u se they di vided -

,
hi s b ody int o se v er al p ie c es th a t it migh t n o t be ,
seen a n d then c a me o u t e a ch o n e hiding hi s p a rt

, ,
of the b ody u nder hi s robes a n d a fterw a rds b u rying ,
it in secret Others s a y th a t while h a r a n g u ing the

.
eo
p p le he w a s sl a in by the new citizens of Rome a n d ,
t h a t they u n dert ook the m u rder a t the time when th e

r a i n a n d the d a rkn ess occ u rred the a ssembly o f the ,
p eo p le being then d is p ersed a n d their c hief left with
o u t his gu a rd . A n d for thi s re a son they s a y the d a y , ,
o n whi ch t hi s e vent h a ened got its n a me from

pp
the flight o f the p eo p le a n d i s c a lled Pop u lif ug i a 1
down t o o u r tim es B e th a t a s it m a y the i ncidents

.
,
th a t o cc u rred by th e di rection o f He a ven in conn e xi on

wi th thi s m a n s conce p tion a n d de a th wo ul d seem t o
’
gi ve no sm a ll a u thority t o the vi ew o f th ose who m a ke

gods o f mort a l men a n d p l a ce the so ul s of ill u strio u s
p ersons i n he a ven For they. sa
y th a t a t the t i m e
w h en hi s mother w a s vi ol a ted whet h er by s ome m a n ,
o r by a god there w a s a tot a l e c li p se of the s u n

,
a n d a gener a l d a rkn ess a s in the ni ght co vered t h e
e a rt h a n d th a t a t h i s de a th the s a me t hi ng h a p p ene d
, .
S u ch then i s re p ort ed t o h a ve been the de a th o f

,
Rom u l u s who b u ilt Rome a n d wa s chosen by her

,
cit i z ens a s the ir first kin g He left no iss u e a n d a fter

.
,
rei gni n g thi rt y se ven y e a rs di ed in the fift y fift h

-
,
-
1
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P ap l zf u gi a T he am
. x p la a os e e
of t h e or g n n ti n i i
of t is esti i en P
h f val is g v by l u t arch ( R om who a l o . s
e s e n e i nt i i t
r cord t h e m or co m m o v rs o ha t t h e or g n al fli gh
e e
o f t h e p op l e s te e e
occ ur r d hort ly af r t h e d p art u r of t h e
G a uls t t e
a a im wh
, en se e tin t i es s en
v ral L a rb u dd ly
e e e e i t i ie
a p p ar d b for t h e c t y A ccord in g t o a h rd V w ,
.
i t s
fo un d in M acro b u s ( i ii 2 , ee n e
E ru c an s w r t h e i vad rs
.
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B OO K ll . 5 7 , 3— 58 ,
2
interests to a king o r t o annu al ma gi strates T h e .
people however did not take the choi ce upon them

, ,
selves but referred the decision to the senat or in

, s .
t i m a t i n g that they woul d be s atisfied with whichever

form o f government the others sho ul d approve The .
sen at o rs all favo u red estab li shing a m onarchi cal form

o f g o vernment but strife arose over the q u estio n
,
from whi ch group t h e future king shoul d be chose n .
Fo r some th ought that the o n e who was to govern

the commonwe a lth ought t o be ch osen from among
the original senators and others that he sho ul d be
,
chosen from among those who had been admitted

afte rwards and whom they called new senat ors .
LVIII The contest being drawn out t o a great

.
len gth they at last reached an agreement o n the

,
b asi s th at o n e of two cour ses shoul d b e followed

either t h e older senators shoul d choose the ki n g ,
wh o must n o t however b e o n e o f themselves but

, , ,
m ight b e anyone else whom they shoul d regard as

most suit ab le o r the new s enat ors sh oul d d o the s ame
, .
T he older senators accepted t h e right o f choosing ,
a n d after a long cons u ltation among themselves

decided that s in ce by the ir a greement they them
,
selves were excluded from the soverei gn ty they ,
wo ul d not confer it o n any o f the newly admitt e d -
senators either but woul d fin d some man from o u t

, ,
si de wh o wo ul d esp ouse neither p arty and declare ,
hi m ki n g as the most e ff ectu al means of putting an

,
end t o p arty stri fe After they had come t o thi s re

.
solution they chose a man of the S abine race the s o n

, ,
o f Pomp i li us Pomp on a pers on of di st i nction whose

, ,
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B OO K I I . 5 9 , 2— 4
n ot merely a few years younger than Numa but ,
actually lived four whole generations later as we ,
learn from u niversal hi story ; for Num a succeeded

t o the sovereignty of the Romans in the mi ddle of
the s ixteenth Olymp i ad whereas Pythagoras resided
,
i n It aly after the fift i eth Olym pi ad 1

B ut I can .
a dvance yet a stronger argument t o prove that the

c h ronolo gy is i ncomp atible with the reports handed
down ab out Numa and that is that at the t i me
, ,
when he was ca lled t o the sovereignty by the Romans

t h e city of Croton di d not yet exi st ; for it was n o t
unt il four whole years after Numa had begu n t o
r ul e the Romans that M ys ce lu s foun ded thi s c i ty ,
i n the thi rd year o f the seventeenth Olympiad 2

.
Accordi ngly it was imposs ible for Numa either t o

,
have studied phi losophy with Pythagoras the

S a mi an who flo u rished four generations after hi m
, ,
or t o h ave resided in Croton a city n o t as yet ,
in existence when the Romans call ed h im t o the

s overei gn ty B ut if I may express my own op i ni on
.
,
those who have writte n hi s hi story seem t o have

t aken these tw o admitted facts namely the r e , ,
s i de n c e of Pyt hagoras i n It a ly and the wi sdom o f
Num a ( for he has been al lowed by everyb ody t o

h ave bee n a wise man ) and combining them t o have
, ,
m ade Numa a di sciple of Pythagoras wi thout going ,
o n t o i n q ui re i nt o the i r li ves as I have now done

, ,
t o di scover whether they b oth flourished at the s ame

peri od— u nl ess indeed o n e i s goin g t o assum e that
, ,
there was another Pythagoras who t aught p h ilosophy

b efore the S amian and th at with h im Numa
,
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, 1
S tate to be most excellently governed They relate .

1
also many marvellous stories a b o ut hi m attributing ,
hi s human wisdom to the suggestions o f the gods .
For they fabulously affirm that a certain nymph ,
E geria used t o visit him and instr u ct hi m on each

,
occas i on i n the art o f re i gning though ot h ers s a y th at ,
it was not a nym ph but o n e o f the Muses And

, .
thi s they cl aim b ecame clear t o every o n e ; for

, , ,
when people were incredul ous at first a s m ay well b e ,
supposed and regarded the story concerning the

,
goddess a s an i nvention he in order t o give the u n , ,
believers a mani fest proof o f hi s converse with thi s

di vini ty d i d as foll ows pursuant t o her instructions
, , .
He invi ted t o the h o use where he lived a great many

o f the Romans all men o f worth and havi ng shown
, ,
them his ap artments very meanl y provided with

,
furni ture and p artic ul arly lac kin g i n everyt hi ng that

was n ecess ary t o entert a i n a numerous company ,
he ordered them t o depart for the t ime b ei n g b ut ,
i nvi ted them t o d i nner i n the eve ni n g And whe n .
they came at the appo in ted h o ur he showed them ,
rich couches and t ables laden wi th a mul titude of

beaut i ful cups and when they were at t able he
, ,
set before them a b a n q uet co n s i st in g of all sort s of

vi ands such a b an q uet indeed as it wo ul d not have
, , ,
been easy for any m an i n those days t o have prep are d

in a long t ime The Romans were astoni shed at
.
everyt hi ng t h ey s a w and from that t ime they enter

,
t a i n e d a fir m b elief that some goddess held con

verse with him .
L X I B ut those who b a n i sh everythin g th at i s

.
fabul ous from history s a y that the rep ort concern ing
F 1
4 7 f L ivy i 1 9 1 5
or -
o . .
,
- .
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B O O K II . 6 2 , 1—4
cla imed t h e r ight not only o f delivering their opinions

,
first and enj oying the greatest honours but also o f ,
being courted by the newcomers Those o n the .

,
other b a n d who had been a dmitted afterw ards into

,
the number o f t h e patricians from among the new

settl ers thought that they ought not t o be excluded
from any honour s or t o st and in an inferi or position
t o the others Thi s was felt p art icularly by those
.
who were o f the S abine race and wh o in virtue o f ,
the treaty m ade by Romul us wi th Tatius supposed ,
they had been granted citizenshi p by the ori gin al

inh ab i tants o n e q u al terms and that they had ,
shown the same favour t o the former i n their turn .
The senate being thus at odds the cli ents also were ,
divided into two parties and each j o in ed their re

S e ct i v e
p fact i ons T h ere. were t oo among the , ,
plebeians not a few lately a dmi tted in t o the num

,
ber of the c i tizens who havin g never ass i sted

, ,
R omul us m any o f hi s wars had been negle ct ed b y ,
hi m a n d ha d received neither a sh are o f land n or

any b ooty T hese havin g no home but be ing p oor
.
, ,
and vagabonds were by necessity e n e mi es to the i r

,
superiors and q ui te ri pe for revolutio n S o Num a .

,
havin g foun d the a ff irs o f the St ate in such a ra gi n g

a
s e a of confusion first reli eved the p oor amo n g the

,
pleb ei ans by distri bu t ing t o them s o me small p art

o f the land whi ch Romul us had p ossessed a n d o f
the pub li c lan d a n d afterwards he allaye d the stri fe

o f the pa t ri c i ans not by deprivi n g them o f anyt hi ng
,
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B OO K II . 63 , 2 64 , 1
-
hi t hert o received no ho n ours erecting many altars ,
and temples instituting fest i vals i n honour of each

, ,
an d appoint ing priests t o have charge o f their s a n c t u

aries and ri tes and enacting l aws concerning p u rifi c
, a
tions ceremonies expi ations and many other o b s e r

, ,
vances and honours in greater number than are to

be found i n any other city either Greek o r barbari an , ,
even i n those that have prided themselves the m ost

at one time or another upon their piety H e a lso .
ordered that Romulus himself as o n e who had ,
sho wn a greatness beyond mortal nature shoul d be ,
ho n o ured under the name o f Qui rin us by the erec

, ,
t i o n of a temple and by s acrifices throughout the year .
1 whil e the Romans were yet in doub t wheth r

Fo r e
di vin e provi dence o r hum a n treachery had been the

cause o f h i s disappearance a certain man name d , ,
J uli us descended from Asca ni us who was a husb and

, ,
m an and o f such a blameless lif e that he would

n ever have told a n untruth for hi s private advantage ,
arri ved in the Forum and s ai d that as he w a s com ing ,
in from t h e coun try he s a w Romul us dep artin g ,
from t h e c i ty ful ly armed an d that as he drew near ,
t o him he he ard hi m s a y these words :

,
J uli us ,
a nn ounce t o the Romans from me that the genius ,
to wh o m I w a s allotted at my birth is conducti n g

me t o the gods n ow th at I have fi ni shed my mort al
,
”
li fe and that I am Qui ri n us
,
Num a h avi ng re .
,
du ce d hi s whole system o f religious laws t o writ i ng ,
di vi ded them i n t o e i ght p art s that be in g the n um ber ,
o f the di fferent classes o f re li gious ceremo n ies .
L X IV The first divi sion o f reli gious rites b e

.
assi gn ed t o the thirty cu ri on e s who as I have stated 2

, , ,
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.
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v
f ( I
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0
a p1
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m i af t e r fiff m d e le t e d by A m b ro s ch
arr .
2
077 6p b e f ore 05 d e le t e d by A m b ro s ch
11 .
2 word
T he mean s , as a c o mm on noun h e a rt h ,
“
,
a nd ,
p ro p r n un H s t i a
as a e o ,
e , t h e h e a rt h g o dd e s s corre -
,
s p n d in g t
o t h R o ma n V es t a
o e .
4 98
BO O K II . 64 , 5 — 6 5 , 2
R o mans after the goddess whom they serve he

, ,
hi mself h avi ng been the first t o build a temp l e at

Rome t o Vesta and t o appoint vi rgins to be her
pri estesses 1
B ut concerning them it i s necessary
.
t o make a few statements that are most essential ,
since the subj ect re q uires it for there are prob lems
th at have been thought worthy o f investigation by
many Roma n historians in co n nexion with this
t opic and those authors who have not di ligently
examined i nto the causes of these m atters have
pub li shed rather worthless accou n ts .
L XV At any rate as regards the buil ding o f the

.
,
temple of Vest a s ome ascrib e it t o Rom ul us looki ng

, ,
upon i t as an i nconceivable thing that w h en a city ,
was b eing founded by a ma n sk i lled in di vi n ati on a ,
public hearth shoul d not have bee n erected first of

2
all p art i cularly since the founder had been brought

,
up at Alba where the temple of th i s goddess had

,
b een est ablished from a n cie n t times and since his ,
mother had been her priestess And recognizing .
two classes of religi ous ceremon es the o n e public

i —
and common t o all the c iti z ens a n d the other pr i vate ,
and co nfined t o p artic ul ar fami li es— they declare that

o n b oth these grou n ds Rom ul us was u n der every
obli gat i on t o worshi p t hi s goddess For they s a y .
that nothi n g i s more necessary fo r men tha n a pub lic

hearth and that nothing m o re n early concern ed
,
Rom ulus i n vi ew o f his descent s in ce hi s a n cestors

, ,
had brought the s acred r i tes of t hi s goddess from

I li um an d hi s m other had bee n her priestess Those .
,
then who for these reasons ascri be the building

,
o f the temple t o Rom u lus rather than t o Numa

4 99
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1 n tly e ac h c ap it a l cit y am ong t h e G ree k h ad a

A p p a re s
p y t n e
r u m con
a t a i nin g t h ,
co mm on h e a r t h of t h S ta t e e e ,
wh er t h s a re d fi r w k p t b ur n in g T h is b ui ld in g
e e c e as e .
woul d serv n a t u all y t h e h e a d q u a rt e r

e o f t h e c h ie f
r as s
mag is t rates ( t h ough in A t h ens t h e arc h ons remove d a t a n

5 02
B OO K 11 . 6 5 , 4 66 , 3 -
them are temples o f Hestia and are served by the ,
c hi ef magistrates of the cities 1

.
LXVI Numa upon taking over the rule did n ot

. , ,
distur b the individual hearths o f the c u ri a e but ,
erected o n e common t o them a ll in the S pace b e

tween the Capitoline and the Palatine ( fo r these
h ills had a lready been un ited by a single wall int o
o n e city and the Forum in which the temple is
, ,
b ui lt lies between them ) and he enacted in accord

, , .
ance with t h e ancestral custom of the Latins that ,
the guarding o f the holy things should be committed

t o virgi ns There is some doubt however what it is
.
, ,
that i s k ept i n this temple and for what reason the

care of it has been ass i gned to vi rgins some affirm in g ,
that n othi ng is preserved there but the fire w hi ch ,
is vis ible t o everybody And they very reasonably

argue that the custody of the fire wa s committed t o
vi rgi ns rather than t o men because fire i s incorrupt
, ,
and a vi rgin is u n de file d and the m ost ch aste o f ,
mort al thi ngs must be agreeable t o the purest o f those

that are divi ne And they regard the fire as c o n
.
s e cr a t e d t o Vest a because that goddess be i ng the ,
e a rth and occupy in g the central pl ace in the

2
u ni verse ki n dles the celesti al fires from herself

, .
B ut there are some wh o s a y that besi des the fire

there are some holy t hi ngs in the temple o f the
g o ddess that may n o t b e revealed t o the publi c ,
e a rly dat e t o t h e T h s m t h t u n a n d t h p yt n i t oo k
e o e e r e r a e s
t h eir m e a l s i n t h T h o los ) ; a n d h re w r en t ert a in e d

e e e e
f orei gn amba ss ad ors an d a lso c i t izen s w h o had d s rve d e e
well o f t h S t a te e .
V es t a is s im ilarl y i d ent i fi e d wi t h t h e a rt h b y O vi d
2
e ,
S i J am es F r a zer s i n s t ru c t ive note n

’
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as . S . ee r o
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5 06
BOOK II . 66 , 6 67—
, 3
I find from very many evidences that there are

i ndeed some holy things unknown to the public , ,
kept by the virgins and n ot the fire alone ; but

,
what they are I d o not thi n k shoul d be i n q ui red

int o t oo cur iously either by me or by anyone else
,
who wishes t o observe the reverence due t o the

g ods.
L XVII The vi rgins who serve the goddess were

.
originally four and were chosen by the ki ngs accord

ing to the principles establi shed by Numa but after ,
wards from the mul t ip li city o f the s acred rites they

,
perform their number w as i ncreased t o six and

, ,
h as so remai n ed down t o o u r t i me They li ve in the .
temple o f the goddess into whi ch none wh o w i sh are

,
hi ndered from enterin g in the d ayt ime whereas i t ,
is not lawful for any man t o remain there at ni ght .
They were re q ui red to remai n u n de fil e d by marriage

for the sp ace of thi rty years devot in g themselves ,
t o o ffering sacri fices and performi ng the other rites

ordained by l aw Dur i ng the fi rst ten years the ir
.
duty was t o le a rn their fu nctions i n the second ,
ten t o perform them and during the remai ni n g ten

,
t o teach others After the expir ation o f the term of

.
thi rty years n othi ng hin dered those who s o des ired
from marryi ng upon l ayin g as i de their fillets and
,
the other i n signi a o f their p ri esthood An d some .

,
t hough very few h ave done this ; but they came

,
t o ends t h at were n o t at all happy or envi able l n .
c onse q uence the rest looki ng upon the i r mi sfor

, ,
tunes as om i nous remain vi rgi n s i n the temple of

,
the goddess till the ir death and then once more ,
another is chosen by the po n ti ffs t o supply the

vacancy Many hi gh h o n o u rs have bee n granted
.
5 07
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'
.
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'
,
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B OOK I I . 68 , 2— 1
To be sure the professors o f the atheist i c phi l o

,
sophies i f indeed their theories deserve the

,
—
, ,
name o f philosophy who ridicul e all the ma ni,

—
fe s t a t i o n s o f the gods which have t aken pl ace among

either the Greeks or b arb arians w ill also laugh ,
these reports t o scorn and attr ibute them to human

i mposture o n the ground that none of the gods con
,
cern themselves in anyt hi ng relating t o mankind .
Those however who do not absolve the gods from

, ,
t h e care of hum an a ff a i rs but after looking deeply , ,
into hi story hold that they are favourable t o the

,
good and host il e t o the wi cked will not regard even ,
these mani festations as i n cre dible It is said then .

, ,
that o n ce wh e n the fir e had bee n ext in gui shed through

,
some n egli gence on the p art o f Aemili a who had the ,
care of it at the t i me and had entrusted it t o another

vi rgin o n e o f those who h ad b een newly chosen
,
and were then lear ni n g the i r duties the whole city ,
was in great commotion and a n i n q ui ry w a s made

by the pont iffs whether there mi ght n ot have bee n
some de file m e n t of t h e priestess t o account for the
extinction of the fire Thereup on they s ay A e .
, ,
mi li a who was innocent but distracted at what had

, ,
h appened stretched o u t her hands t owar d the altar

,
and in the presence of the pr i ests and the rest of the

vi rgin s cr i ed O Vesta guardian o f the Romans ,
’
city if during the space o f near ly thi rty ye ars

, , ,
I have performed the sacred offices t o thee in a

holy and proper manner keeping a pure mi n d and a ,
chaste b ody do thou manifest thyse lf i n my defence

,
and assist me and do not suffer thy priestess t o di e

the most m iserable of all deaths but if I h ave been
guilty o f any imp i ous deed let my p u ni shme n t ,
5 11
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3 “ C o lli n hi ll t h ab sur d re ad in g f t h
e , e o e M S S an d .
e d i t ors a n no t b f r m t h ha n d o f D ion y sius

, c e o e .
5 14
B OO K I I . 69 , 3 7 0, 2
-
mani festat i ons of thi s goddess I rc g a rd what has ,
already been said as s u fficient .
L XX The sixth divi sion of h i s religious i n s t it u

.
t i ons was devoted to those the Romans call S a li i .
whom N u ma himsel f appointed out o f the patricians ,
choosin g twelve young men of the most gracefu l a p

p e a r a n ce
1
These
. are the S a lii whose holy things are
depos ited on the Palatine hi ll and who are the m selves

called the ( S a li i ) Pa la t i n i ; fo r the ( S a li i ) Ago
n a le s ,
2
by some called the S a li i Coll i n i the repository ,
o f whose holy t h i ngs i s o n the Qu i rinal hill were

3
,
appo i nted after Num a s time by King H o s t ili u s in

’
,
pur suance of a vow he had made in the war again st

the S ab i nes All these S a l i i are a ki nd o f dancers
.
and s in gers o f hymns in praise o f the go ds of war .
The ir fes tival falls ab out the time of the Panathenaea 4

,
i n the month which they ca l l M arch and is cel e ,
b ra t e d at the p ub li c expense for many days dur ,
i n g wh i ch they proceed through the city wi th their

dances t o the Forum and to the Capitol and t o many
other places b oth private and publi c They wear .
embroidered tuni cs g i rt ab out wi th w ide g irdl es o f

bron z e and over these are fastened with brooches
, , ,
robes striped wi th scarlet and b ordered wi th pur ple ,
whi ch they call t r a be a e thi s garment is peculi ar t o

the Romans and a m ark of the greatest honour .
4 “ P an at h en ae a d oes n t h er e m e an t h e w ll kn own
o e -
A t h eni a n f es t iva l ( w h i h t oo k p l a e in A u gu s t ) b u t t h e
c c ,
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( M a rc h 19 T h p rin i
e pa l ecl b r a t i n o f t h S li i
c e o e a
b ega n n t h firs t o f M a r h n d con t inue d un ti l t le a s t

o e c a a
th e 2 4 t h ; P o l yb i u s ( x x i 1 0 1 2 ) g iv s t h e to t a l p erio d
.
, e
as t h irt y day s .
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T h e le g en d t ha t mad e t h e m t h e p ro t e ct ors o f t h e in fan t
Z eu s in t h e is lan d o f Cret e se e chap 6 1 2 T h e y were .
, .
5 18
B OOK I I . 70 , 5— 7 1 , 4
was origi nated by the Curetes I need n o t mention .
the legend which I S related concerni ng them since

1
,
almost everyb o dy I S ac q uainted wi th i t .
LXXI Among the vast number of bucklers which

.
b oth the S a lii themselves bear and some of their

servants carry suspended from rods they s a y there ,
i s o n e that fell from heaven and was found in the

p alace o f Numa though no o n e had brought it
,
thi ther and no buckler of that shape had ever b e

fore b een kno wn am ong the It alians ; an d that fo r
b oth these reas on s the Roman s concluded that this
buckl er had b een sent by the gods They a dd that .
Num a desiring that it sho u l d b e honoure d b v b eing

carried t hrough the city on holy days by the m o st
distinguished youn g men and t hat a n nual s acr ifices
shoul d b e o ffere d to i t but at the same time b eing
,
fearful b oth o f the plots of hi s enemi es and o f it s di s

appear ance by theft caused many other b u c klers t o
,
be made resemb li n g the one whi ch fell from heaven ,
Mamurius an ar t i fi ce r havi ng un dert aken the w or k ;

, ,
s o th at ,
as a resul t of the perfect resemblance of
the man made imi tations the shape o f the buckler
-
,
sent by the gods was rendered i nconspicuous and

di ffi c ul t t o be di stingui she d by those who mi ght
plot t o p ossess themselves of it Thi s dancing after .
the manner of the Cur etes was a native in stitution

among the Romans and was held in great honour
by them as I gather from many other in di cations
,
and espec i al ly fro m wh a t akes place in their pro t

.
cessions b oth in the C ircus and in the theatres Fo r .
s a i d t o hav la s h d t h i s p a s aga i n s t t h e ir s hi e ld s
e c e e r e r
i n or d er t d rown t h rie f t h e in fa nt Z e us lest h i

o e c s o , s
w h ereab o u t s s h uld b e d i covere d
o s .
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522
B O O K II . 72 , 3 5
—
Romans It was instituted by Numa when he was

.
upon the point of making war on the people of

Fi de n a e who had rai ded and ravaged his territories
, ,
in order to s e e whether they would come t o an a c c o m

m o d a t i o n w ith hi m wi thout war ; and that is wh at
they actually did being constrained by necessity
, .
B ut s i nce the college o f the fe t i a le s is not in use

among the Greeks I t hi nk it i ncumbent o n me t o
,
relate h o w many and h o w great affa irs fall under its

j urisdi ct i o n t o the end that those who are u m
,
ac q uai n ted wi th the p iety practised by the Romans

o f t hose t i mes m ay not b e surpri sed to find that
all their wars ha d the most successful outcome ; for
i t will appe ar that the ori gin s and mot i ves o f them
a ll were most holy and for thi s reason especi all y
,
the go ds were propitious t o them in the dangers

that atte n ded them The mul titude of duties t o b e
.
,
sure th at fa ll wi thi n the pro vin ce of these fe t i a le s

,
m akes it n o easy matter t o enumerate them all ; but

t o in di cate them by a sum m a ry outlin e they are as ,
foll ows : It i s their duty t o t a k e care that the

Roma n s do n o t enter up on an unj ust w ar against
any c i ty in al li ance wi th them and if others b e gi n
,
the vi olat i on o f treat i es again st them t o go as amb a s ,
s a d o r s and fir st m ake form al demand fo r j ustice ,
and then if the o thers refuse t o comply with their

,
dem ands to s an ction w ar In li k e manner if any

, .
,
p eople in alli ance wi th the Romans compl ai n of

h avi ng bee n inj ur ed by them and demand j ustice ,
these men are t o determi ne whether they have s u f

fe re d anyt hi n g i n vi olation o f the i r alliance ; and
i f they fi n d the i r complai nts well grounded they are ,
t o se i ze the accused and deliver them up t o the

i nj u red p art i es T hey are also t o take cog n i z a n c e
.
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A ccor d in g to D i o n y si u s hi m se lf ( i ii . 45 ) the p om
s u b l ic i ua w as b ui lt b y A n cu s M a rcius b ut i t wi ll b e not e d
526
B OO K I I . 72 , 7— 73 , 1
stand there he discu ssed wi th the m a gi strates the

,
reasons for his coming adding eve ryw here t h e same ,
oaths and imprecations If then they were dis .

, ,
posed t o o ff er satisfaction by delivering up the

guilty he departed as a friend taki ng leave of friends
, ,
carrying the prisoners wi th him Or i f they desired .

,
time t o deliberate he a llowed them ten days after, ,
which he returned and waited t ill they had made

this re q uest three times B ut after the exp ir ation .
of the thi rty days if the city st il l persisted in re,
fusing to grant hi m j ust i ce he called both the celes ,
tial and infernal gods t o wi tness and went away ,
sayi ng no more than thi s th at the Roman Stat e ,
wo ul d del iberate at i ts leisure concerning these people .
Af terwards he together with the other fe t i a le s a p

, ,
e ar e d before the senate and declared that they had

p
done everythi ng that was ordained by the holy laws ,
and that if the senators wi shed to vote for war there

, ,
wo ul d be n o obstacle o n the part of the gods B ut . .
if any of these thi ngs was omi tted ne i ther the senate ,
nor the people had the power t o vote for war Such .
,
the n is the accoun t we have received concernin g the

,
fe t i a le s .
L XX III The last branch o f the ord in ances of

.
Num a related t o the sacred o ffices allotted to those

who held the hi ghest priesthood and the greatest
p ower am o n g the Romans 1
These from o n e o f th e .
,
duties they perform namely the repairing of the , ,
w oode n bri dge are in their own language calle d

2
,
p on t
ifices but they have j uri sdiction over the most
t ha t h d oes n o t y ex p li i t ly t h a t t h ese p ries t s b ore t h
e sa c e
n am e p 0 M fi e f ro m t h firs t
1 c 3 e .
527
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5 30
B OO K II . 73, 3 74, 3
-
approved of receives the priesthood provi ded the ,
omens are favourable to hi m These not to speak

.
—
of o t hers less i mport ant— are the greatest and the

most notable regul ations made by Numa concerni n g
reli gi ous worshi p and d i vided by him accordi ng
t o the di fferent classes o f s acred r ites and thr ough
these it came about that the c i ty in creased in
p iety .
L XX I V H i s regulations m o reover that tende d

.
, ,
t o i n sp ire frugali ty and moderation i n the life of

the i n divi dual citizen and to create a p assion for
j ust i ce whi ch preserves the harmony of the State
, ,
were exceedingly numerous some of them bein g,
comprehended i n writte n laws and others not wr itten

,
down but emb odi ed i n custom and long usage T o .
treat o f all these wo ul d be a di fficult t ask ; but

ment i o n o f the t w o o f them whi ch have been most
fre q uently cited wi ll suffice t o gi ve evi dence o f the
rest Fi rst t o the e n d that pe o ple sho ul d be con
.
,
tent wi th what they had and sh o ul d not c o vet what

belonged t o o t h ers there was t h e law that appo in ted
,
b o u n daries t o every man s possessions Fo r havi n g

’
.
,
o rdered every o n e t o draw a lin e aroun d hi s own land

and t o place stones o n the bounds he consecrated ,
these stones to J upiter Termi nali s and ordained

that all shoul d assemble at the place every year on
a fixed day and offer sacrifices to them ; and he
m ade the festival in h o nour of these gods of
b o un daries among the m o st dign ified of all T hi s .
festival the Romans call Terminali a from the ,
b oundari es and the boundaries themselves by the

, ,
ch an ge o f o n e letter as comp ared wi th our language ,
531
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B OO K I I . 7 4 , 5— 7 5 , 3
either by violence or b y fraud ; whereas now t h er e

are some who in disregard of what is best and o f
,
the example of their ancestors instead of dis ,
t i n gu i s hi n g that which is the irs from that w hi ch

belongs t o others s e t as b ounds to their possessions
, ,
not the law but the ir greed to possess everything

, ,
— whi ch is disgraceful behavi our B ut we leave the .
considerat i ons o f these matters t o others .
LXXV B y such laws Num a brought the St ate

.
t o frugal ity and moderation A n d in order to .
encourage the observance o f j ustice in the m atter

of contracts he hi t upon a devi ce whic h was unknown
,
t o all who have establ i shed the most celebrated c o n

st i t u t i o n s
. Fo r observi ng that contracts made in
,
public and b efore witnesses are out of respect for ,
the persons present generall y observed and that

,
few are guil ty of any vi olation of them but that ,
those whi ch are made without witnesses and these —
are much more numerous t h an the others rest o n —
no other secur ity than the faith of those who make

them he thought it incumbent o n him to make thi s
,
faith the chi ef obj ect o f hi s care and t o render it

worthy o f di vi n e wors hi p For he felt that J ustice
.
,
T hemis Nemesis and those the Greeks call E rinyes

, , ,
with other concepts o f the kind had been s uffi ,
c i e n t ly revered and worshipped as gods by the men
o f former times but that Faith

, than whi ch there is ,
nothi n g greater n o r more s acred among men was ,
not yet worshi pped either by st ates i n their public

capacity or by private persons As the result of .
these reflexions he first o f all men erected a temple

, ,
t o the Public Faith and instituted sacrifices in her

h onour at the public expense in the same manner as
535
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D IONYS IUS O F HALI CA RNASSUS
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B OO K I I . 76, 2 4 -
record of the lands that were w ell and ill cultivated

and l ai d it befo re the ki ng wh o repaid the d ili gence
,
o f the careful husbandmen with commendati o ns and
fav o u rs and by reprimanding and fini ng the sloth

,
ful encouraged them t o cultivate the ir lands with

greater attenti o n Accordingly the people being
.
, ,
freed from wars and exempt from any attendance

o n the a ff airs o f the State , and at the same t ime
being dis graced and puni shed fo r idl eness an d sloth ,
all became husb andm en and l o oked up o n the riches

which the earth yields and which o f all o thers are
the most j ust as more enj oyable than the precari o us
a ffluence o f a mi li tary li fe And by the same .
means N u m a came t o be beloved o f hi s sub j ects ,
the example of hi s neighb o u rs and the theme of ,
p osterity It was owi ng t o these measures that

.
neither c ivi l di ssens i on broke the harm o ny o f the

State nor fore i gn war i nterrupted the observance
of hi s most excellent and admi rable i nstitutions .
For the i r neighb ours were s o far fr o m l o oking upon

the peaceful tran quil li ty o f the Romans as an o p p or
t un i t y for attacking them that if at a n y t i me they
, ,
were at war wi th o n e another they ch o se the ,
R o mans for medi ators and wi shed t o settle the i r

enm ities under the arb itrat i o n o f Numa Thi s .
man therefore I sho ul d t ake n o shame in placing

, ,
among the foremost of those who have been celebrated

for the i r feli city in l ife For he was of royal b irth and
.
of royal app earance ; and he pursued an educati o n

w hi ch was not the kind of useless tra i ni ng that
deals only wi th wor ds but a discipli ne that t aught
,
1
1
A t h r u s t at t h e s o p hi s t s or h e t o i ia n s
r r c .
5 39
DIONYS IUS OF HA LI C A R NASS U S
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54 0
IND E X
A a oai orm zs or g n of 3 1 4 3 3 0 7 , , ii ,
-
,
A e ne i a s , c u l t tit l f A ph d ite -
e o ro ,
415 ; c es of iti
4 3 49 5 1 5 5 6 1 , - -
1 6 5 1 75
f A i l i It l i t i b 5 2 1
, , , , .
4 49 45 1 4 5 7 , cf 65 un e it cq u co a an r e
it P l s i s i p t
. .
, , , , .
w h e a g an 5 5 , 6 1 6 7 , 6 9 7 5 A es h y l us , t ( 525
g
-
ra g c oe
l d ll
,
s
, ,
83, 31 5 45 1 ea r y we e r on 1 70
A t li s
.
sit
.
e of R om e , 2 9 , 99 1 0 9 1 2 5 1 2 9 e o an 57 1 69
f d l li
, , , , , , .
3 07 , 3 1 3 u n e r ru e of F a u nu s ti s
A e ze ia ns e ar e r na me of O e no r an ,
d
.
ti s
, ,
1 01 , 1 4 3 ; u n e r La nu , 37
1 4 3 1 8 9 f 1 9 5 2 0 1 , 2 09 , 2 3 9 , 2 4 1 -
l k Pl p s s
A e ze i us ea r y ing i n e o o nn e u
l d ti s
, .
, ,
ca l e La n , 3 1 , 2 0 1 35 37
st ss A A t ls t t
. .
s
,
A ca llaris ance re of e n e as , 2 0 7 ga h o c e yra n of S yra cu e , 2 3 9

A A di p t
.
, ,
i s
ca rn an a n , 1 6 5 1 6 9 a n d no e ts A g a t h yllus , r ca a n oe , 1 5 9 , 2 3 7
A s t k li C
. .
,
ch a ea n a e T roy , 1 4 5 5 1 , 1 5 7 -
A gy lla , e ar e r na m e of a cre , 6 5
A lb A b k
.
, ,
1 7 3 , 1 9 3 , 2 09 2 2 9 , 2 3 7 , 5 0 5 a, l a n i ng , 2 3 3
Pl p A lb f
, .
s s
.
a na t i on in t h e e o onne u , a Lo ng a , 1 4 5 , 2 1 7 243 , 2 75 ,
8 3 ; cf 3 09 2 7 7 , 2 95 2 9 7
t ib A b d ist i t
. .
,
st s
.
a r e on t h e ea e rn h ore of l an r c 1 1 9, 2 1 9
A lb s f d
.
,
t h e E uxi ne , 3 09 a n , o un R om e , 2 3 5 2 4 3 , 3 1 5
A P s id f d t
.
s
,
ch ae u , s on of o e on , 5 7 o un o her citi s e , 41 7 , 45 7 465 ;

A i Pl p l si s
. .
ch a a , i n t h e s
e o onn e s u , 35 , 83 t
o h e r a l u on to , 2 5 3 , 2 5 5 , 3 1 7,
s l
.
i n T h es a y , 5 7 4 1 9 , cf 4 8 9
A ls A lb l ib
. . .
chi l e , 1 5 7 , 1 7 3 u a , old n a m e for t h e T e r, 2 3 3

A t p i s l C l idi Al ls
. .
c e, e n n u a of ha c ce, 8 1 t
cm e na , m o h e r of H e rcu e , 1 3 1
A ti Al p i st ss A s
. .
c um , 1 65 cy one, r e e at rg o , 7 1
Ad i t A l d P is
. .
r a i c s ea , 9 , 4 5 3 e xa n e r ( ar ) , 1 5 7
i il G t
. .
A e g es t t it
( S e g es a ) , c y in S c y t he rea , 9 , 1 63
? f t
, .
1 73 i si s
a h e r of D ony u , 2 7
j
.
A e g es t us , a T ro a n , 1 5 1 , 1 7 1 7 5 -
Ali me nt us , L Ci nci us ( 12 ca
pi t list
. . . .
a r e
s a t L a vin i um , 2 21 R om a n ann a 2 1 , 2 45 263
f
. , , ,
s on o f Numi t or 2 5 3 423
A lb k
.
, .
A e li i , t h e , 2 5 and n 2 A ll od i us , an i ng 2 3 3
A il Al p s i Pl p
. . .
,
e m i a a Ve s ta l, 5 1 1 s s
h e u r ve r i n e o onn e u , 1 1 1
A f A l ps
. . .
st
,
e n eas , a n ce ry oi , 2 0 7 , cf 2 01 , 3 1,
1 37
f l d A si
. .
a t a ll o f T ro y , 1 4 7 ea s i t it
l um , a nc e n c y o n coa st of
j s
T ro an t o I al y , 1 4 3 i t
1 5 3 2 01 , t i
E ru r a , 6 7
i il
.
2 0 9 f , 3 1 7 , 5 05 , cf 2 1 9 , 2 3 7 , t
A lunt i um o wn i n S c y, 1 6 9
d t
.
A t if
. .
s i
,
2 41 f ; ea h of, 2 1 1 f ; hr n es ti s
m a a , W e of La nu , 2 1 1
f
. . .
a nd m onum e n s t o , 1 6 7 , 1 7 5 , 1 79 t A m b ra ci a , 1 6 5
l
.
f , 213 A m b ra cia n gu f , 1 6 5
t f p A b k
. . .
( d ff e re n i r om re ce di ng ) , m ra s , i ng of A m b ra ci a , 1 65
l j s t l b t
.
s
ea d T ro a n t o I a y 1 7 7 A mi t e rnu m old S a i ne o wn , 4 9 ,
i lvi s A lb k i
.
, ,
s on of S u , an ng , 2 33 451
A i s Alb ki
. .
A e ne ia , t
o wn in T h ra ce , 1 61 f , . m ul u , an ng , 2 3 5 , 2 5 3 - 6 3 ,
cf 1 7 9 2 7 7 - 8 7 , 2 89 9 3 -
A t ds ls
. . .
d t
o wn i n La um , 2 4 3 ti . myn or, gra n on of Pe a gus , 9 1 .
I ND EX
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t i f t A ss y i s 7
.
,
t
, , .
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A th 1 07 2 2 5 f
.
, , .
3 e na ,
t wn i n I t l y 2 4 3
.
A t h i s 9 2 07 3 3 5 3 3 9 3 5 9
.
,
A nchi s a, o a en an
A hi s s f t h f A s 1 4 1 1 5 5
.
,
A t h ns 8 3 9 3 2 3 5 2 4 7 f 2 5 1
, , , , , .
nc e a er o e n ea , , e
A t l fi st k i g f A d i 1 6 3
, , , , , , .
, .
167 1 7 7 , 2 07 , 2 1 3 , 2 43 3 17 ; as r n o rca a,
2 01 f
, , , ,
cf 1 4 9 1 5 3
b
p i us 1 67
. .
f A tti
. .
H a r o ur of , i n E
'
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L or ae o ca ,
An u M c s i u S M i us a rc s n ee a rc c f 2 05 1
A ni us kin g f D l s 1 6 3 1 9 7 A tti 2 7 2 05
. . .
, . .
o e o ca ,
A t y s L y d i ki g 8 7 8 9
, , . .
t own i n L ti m 5 5 4 05
, ,
A t mn
n e ae , n a u an
A g st s C
, , , , , , .
41 5 u u n 2 3 231
u 1 aes a r,
i nh b i t ts f Aut m t ib
.
, , . .
A nt mn t e a es , n a
u un c r an o e A ur o i i( f A
ss i e rror or r e
n 407 4 1 1 1 5
ae , -
i C mp
n i 67 a an a ,
é wi f f A
.
,
s 1 59
.
A nt h m e on u un e o e n ea A r i 67 d ct an no e
f d f A nt i m 2 41 A s i G k m f I t ly 1 1 5
, , .
, .
A t i
n e as , ou n u n er o u o a, re e na e or a
A s i
,
t h y f 147
.
.
,
A nt id
e n or ae u n n re ac er o o 37 a se a,
A nti V l i s hist i n ( l y A s ni
, , . .
as a er u u n or a e ar o 7 1 93 a s
fi st ti hi ll 1 03 2 3 5 2 7 1 28 9
, , , , .
r 2 5 34 9 n Av en e
A ti g us hi to i n ( d te un
.
, , , , , ,
n on s r a a 2 97 419
kn wn) 1 9 A lb ki g 2 3 5
, , .
o nu n A v tien s an
A ti h s f S y u h ist i n
.
, , .
n oc u o ra c s e , or a
( l t fif t h
a e 39 73 113 f
B AB Y L ONIA 1 1 7
24 3 f
, , .
,
f D d nus 1 63 2 07
,
B t i wif
.
A t i m t w i n L ti um 2 4 1 n 1
a e a, e o ar a
B ti t wn f t h A b i gin s 4 7
, . .
n u o n a
A p nni m t ins 2 9 4 3 , . .
, ,
a a, o o e or e
o un a
d i t i t n t h H ll s p n t
, .
e ne
B b y i
A p h d ite 1 5 5 1 6 1 6 7 1 7 7 2 0 7
.
, ,
e r c a, s r c o e e e o .
ro -
1 79
s u n m d A i 1 6 5 1 75 B e ti 5 7
, , , , ,
31 7
.
r a e e n e as ,
A p ll 7 5 4 8 9 ; f 6 1 6 3
.
,
o o a, .
o o, c
B ut t i n 3 07
A di i g i l h m ( ) f B t u L J ni us (
. .
, ,
r a s, .
rca a, or na o e a o
2 47
t i ns 3 5 4 1 3 1 3 f
ru s u cos
O 41 5 ;
B ut h t um t wn i n E p i
.
, . .
e no r a
( b ) f E v nd mp
167
.
, , , ,
ro o rus
d hi , , .
o y a e r an s co an
j ns 2 01 05 ;
,
99 3 1 5 ; ( ) f T c o ro a
C AB E R I d ivini ti w sh i pp d in
-
, ,
A i i
e ne as 1 5 9 1 79 n, I s
e or e
A di ns i n t h P l p s us 3 5
,
S m th n i g h b u i ng
. .
rca a nd e e o onn e a o r ace a e o r

It l y gi s 77
, ,
wi t h
,
43 83 1 63 ; i n a re on
Ev d C s bbe 1 2 7 f 1 3 7 i
.
, , ,
an 9 9 1 09 129 33e r, 1 39 -
a cu a ro r,
C l i hi ll 4 1 7 4 5 5
-
.
1 4 3 1 4 5 2 6 7 2 8 9 3 07 3 1 5 f
.
, , , , ,
ae an
pi p t 2 2 5 2 2 7
, , , .
n E t us
, , , , .
A t in
rc us , e C li u c n 41 7
oe ae s, a r ca
Ad t wn i n L ti m 5 2 1 C l ( U u ) 3 6 3
.
, , .
,
r ea , o a u ae u s ra n s
, .
i n t own i n L ti m 2 7 3 405
,
C
4n
cf 241 1 n ae a, a u
f d f A d 2 41
.
, . .
, .
,
A dr e l as , o un 5 er o r ea,
A g s 5 5 6 7 7 1 8 3 1 2 5 1 3 5 1 4 1 ; C i n i nh b it nts f C nina
. .
r o , , , , , , ,
ae n n e s es , a a o ae ,
cf 3 07 4 07 4 1 1 1 5 -
di n C
.
t hu ) A
,
it y i n E t i 6 5
. .
A ri t hae ( A us or rae s rca a a e re , c rur a ,

C s A gu t s 2 3 2 3 1 n 1
.
,
h ist i o r an 1 59 a e a r, u s u
A ist tl p hi l s ph ( f u t h J li s 2 3 1 n 1
, , . .
.
,
r o e, o o er o r u u
I t l i n p m nt y 1 7 5
. .
, ,
237 f C i t a e a, a a ro o or , .
A t m is 3 7 3 us hi st i n ( 11 a
.
r e C lli f Sy a as o ra c e, or a c
A s ni n l k i n A i M i
. .
,
ca a 153
a e, 2 39 s
a no r,
As ni s fA s 1 5 3 1 7 7 f C lli h e d ugh t f O nus 8 5
. .
ca u so n o e ne a a rr o a er o ce a
d gh t f S m nd 2 0 7
, , , .
, , , .
213 17 229 f 237 241 329 au er o ca a e r,

C llist tus D mi ti s h ist n
-
.
,
.
, , , ,
4 95 f 1 49 c a ra o u o ri a
7 5 7 8 5 8 9 2 03 f (d t
,
t i n) 2 2 5
.
,
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.
s a, 225 . a e u n ce r a ,
.
b t h r f A t ys 8 7
,
m t h r 01 T y h nu 8 7
, , ,
A i
s es , ro C l li t h
e o , . a ea , o e rr e s, .
5 44
I ND E X
D AICL E S , O ym c ct or 2 3 5 l pi vi i s
E nn u , R om a n oe t ( 2 39 p
l g ist
.
st s
,
Da ma e of S i g e u m , g e n ea o 111, n 1
ph
. .
and g e og ra er (fl . ca . 237 E ny i li us , 4 4 9 , 4 5 5
'
i t p pl ls
.
p
.
D a rda ni d a e 3 1 7 E e a n , an c e ns eo e of E i , 1 1 1 ,
d A
.
f
,
D ar a n u a n ce o r of s e n ea , 1 6 3
, st s 1 3 9 , 2 01 , 3 1 5
pi
, .
2 03 f , 2 0 7 , 2 2 5 f 5 05 i s s i i
E g on , on of t h e D ad och , 1 9
d
. . .
,
it
c y i n t h e T roa 1 47, 1 5 1 , a nd n o e t
pi
,
s
.
2 01 , 2 05 E ru , 1 9 , 1 6 7
d ist i t P p
.
s st s G k s i ti fi it
.
D as cy li t is , r c on t h e r o o nt i , t
E r a o h e n e , re e c en c wr e r
l 52 t
( hi r d 2 47
d
.
.
D a uni ans , 1 1 9 H i ch t h oni us , s on of Dar anu , s

if Pls s
.
i
D e a ni ra , w e of e a g u , 3 5 , 4 1 1 6 3 f , 2 07
d
. . .
D e im as , s on of D ar a n us , 2 0 3 E ri ny e , 5 3 5 s
li s s d p i
. .
D e an , 1 9 7 E r t h e ia , i la n near S a n , 1 2 5 ,
ls g
.
De o 1 63 15
lp ib l
. . .
D e hi , 6 1 , 4 89 E ry t hrae , S y of, 1 8 3 an d no e t
i l
. .
D e ma g oras of S a m o , wr e r on s it it
E ry x , c y an d m oun a in i n S ci y, t
j
T ro an or S a m o h rac an a n t i ti 1 73 , n 3
dt s i li l
. .
q ui t i es ( a e unk n own ) , 2 3 7 . E q u ne hi l 4 2 1 .
t
D e m e e r, 3 9 2 0 5 t i
E rur a a n d E ru ca n S e e T yr t s s
l P
.
, .
D e u ca i on , s on of rom e h e u , 5 7 t s i
rh e n a a nd T yrrh e n a n i s
kl s b
. .
D e xa m e nu , son of H e ra e s 165 E u oe a , 5 7
i d d A s
.
t
, .
D a ochi , t h e S u cce or of ss s E um e es , a n ces o r of e n ea , 2 07

Al d G t
.
e xan er t h e rea , 9 , 1 6 3 ; of s
E un om u , n e p h e w of L y cur gu , 4 5 3 s
p
. .
1 9, n 1 E uro e , 7 f , 4 3 , 1 1 7 , 1 5 3 , 1 8 1 , 2 03
l A i s
. . . .
i
D an a 4 5 5 E ury l e on , ea r i er n am e of s ca n u ,
C b t As i s
.
it t
,
D c é , m oun a in in re t e , 4 8 9 213 or ro h e r of ca n u , 2 3 7
i d s ki
. .
B om e 227 E ur y h e u ,st n g of M yce nae , 1 2 5

C l s k
. .
,
i i s
D onys u of h a ci , h t or an is i E ux e n u s un n own m yt h o
f t
( our h 2 41 p
g ra h e r, 1 1 1 and n o e t
l
. .
of ss s
H a i carna u , hi t or an s i E uxi ne sea , 1 1 , 3 09
l t st v d
.
( a e fir 27 . E a n e r, 99 , 1 0 3 , 1 2 9 f , 1 3 9, 1 4 1 , .
i s s
D on y u , 3 6 5 2 01 , 2 6 7 , 2 7 3 , 2 8 9 , 3 0 7 , 3 1 5
pl l
. .
D iory ct us , ace on ca na ne ar
s t
L e u ca , 1 6 5 a nd no e
d p s di s f d C s
.
it
D o ona , c y in E i ru , 4 9 , 5 9 , 6 3 , F A B ID IUS , M o u , oun e r of ure ,
1 67 4 49
F b i s M xim us S vili nu Q (
. .
i s
D or a n , 9 1 a u a er a s, 00 5
il f w k n l i gi u
. . .
t i
D re p ana , t o wn i n wes e rn S c y , 1 7 1 u th a or o a or o re o s
nti q uiti s h is t y
.
a nd 25 e a a or
and n 1
is l ds P i t Q fi st R m n nn l
. .
E CHINAD E S , an o ff coa t of s c or, r o a a a

i t (l t s nd
.
,
A ca rna ni a , 1 69 s a e 2 1 2 45 e co ,
p f
.
,
i
E g e r a , a n ym h , 4 8 7 2 63 2 75 42 3 4 2 5 4 2 7
F ith Publ i d ivin h n u s p i d
.
. , , , .
pt
E gy , 9, 1 1 7 a c, e o o r a
l s to 5 35 f
. ,
E ea n , 1 1 1 3 09 a n d not e
F l ii ity i n E t i 6 7
.
,
l t d A tl s
.
,
E e c ra , a u gh e r of a , 1 6 3 , 2 03 t a er c rur a ,
F l ni n d ist i t i n th w s t
.
,
f
.
151113 , 1 1 1 , 3 1 5 a er a r c n or -
e
f C m p ni
,
i l
.
it
E lym a , c y i n S ci y , 1 7 3 a nd n o e t co rn e r o 119 f 219 a a a, c .
F us k i g f t h A b i g i n s 1 01
.
p pl i il
.
E lymi a ns , a eo e in S c y, 7 1 , a un ,
n o e or e , ,
1 7 5 , 2 09 1 39 f 143
F usti s b th f F ust l us 2 8 9
.
,
l j
.
.
E ym u s a T ro a n , 1 5 1 , 1 71 75 -
a nu ro er o a u
F st l s f st f th f R m l u
, , ,
i il
.
ti
,
m oun a n in S c y, 1 7 5 c f au u u , o e r- a er o o u s
d R e m us 2 6 9 2 7 5 f
.
1 73 n 3 an 2 83 f , , .
, .
,
E m th i n f th
. .
s
,
a o ,
a er of B om u , 2 41 . 2 89 f .
, 3 01 .
5 46
IND E X
F e ron a , i
go e ,
45 3 dd ss . Hesp i G er a, re e k n a me for I t lya ,
t
o wn i n La um 4 5 3 ti 115 159
H sti ( V st
.
, , .
F e s ce nni um c y i n E rur a , 6 7 it t i e a e a ) 5 03 ; 499 , n 2 se e .
d ist i t s l
.
, .
t ti
,
Fi c ule a , own i n La um , 5 5 H e s t iae ot is r c i n T h e s a y, 5 7

f A is s
. .
t ti
,
Fid e nae o wn i n L a um , 4 6 3 H i e rom n e m é mo h e r of t

n ch e ,
f
, ,
46 7, 4 69 2 07
f C di
. .
F id e n a t e s , 4 6 3 H i e ron y mu s of ar a, h ist i n or a
l i s p ll i F
.
Fo ronia , e ar e r e ng of e ro n i a, ( ca 3 6 4—ca
. . 1 9, 2 3 ; f 15
c .
45 3 n 1
F tt l k t) A di f stiv l
. . .
o rum b oari um ( ca e m ar e , H i p p ocra te ia , rca an e a ,
1 33 . 1 07 .
R om anu m 2 2 3 , 3 01 , 3 9 1 , 3 9 7 , H om e r 1 4 5 1 7 7 3 4 9
ll s t i d k i
, , , , .
4 3 5 , 4 5 5 , 4 95 5 1 5 H os t i liu s , T u u h r ng of
pl C p i
.
, ,
P0 p i li i a ce i n a m an a , 6 9 ,
. R om e , 2 1 9 , 2 5 1 , 3 7 7 5 1 5 , .
t
G A BII , own i n L a um , 2 9 1 ti A I
I PY G A N p rom on ory , 3 7 f , 1 6 9 t
G l
.
au , 3 3
p i s
. .
I a yg a n , 7 1
G ls f
.
123, 247 3 07
s s b t d f
.
au
G e, g o
.
d d ss
, 85
.
I a u , ro h e r of D ar anu 2 03 s
b i s
.
e
I e r a n , 3 07
.
G e lli i , t h e , 2 5 a nd n o e t I d a , m ou n a n i n ti
h ryg a , 1 4 9 P i
.
f
G tt l
.
e ry on , ca e of , 1 1 5 2 5 , 1 3 7 -
G s C t ib 1 5 5 , 1 8 3 , 2 05
.
racch u , ( r 3 45
d d d ss C b l f
.
t ib I a e an g o ( y e e) , 3 6 5
. . .
e
T i ( r 3 45 n 1
d d s
.
G t G ds t
.
( an o h e r na me for t h e
. , . .
s
I a e u , s o n o f D ar a n u 2 0 3
i lvi
.
,
rea
Cbii
o
a e r ) , 1 65 , 2 2 5 29, 373
i
Il a ( R h e a S a) , 2 5 3 2 63 , 2 6 9 , -
G 2 89
.
re e ce , 1 1 , 3 5 , 4 3 , 5 7 , 7 3 , 7 9 , 8 3 , 9 1 ,
.
1 01 , 1 5 3 , 3 5 9
i
Il um , 1 11 , 1 5 1 , 1 7 9 , 2 01 , 2 0 7 , 2 2 7 ;
G ks p m
re e as sz
.
p pl
eo e of , 1 4 7 , 5 05 S ee a o . ls
T roy
.
,
A s
.
l i m f T h ss l y s iv
I n a ch u , r e r of rg o , 83
H M N O
pl C pi li
.
AE IA , e ar e r n a e o e a
i nt e r d uos lucns t o ne
,
a ce on a
5 7 2 01 3 1 5
ll
,
H lie
,
st ss f T y h
,
87
.
hi 3 5 5 a n d no e t
lf
.
rr e n us ,
,
a n ce
H
a
b li w
a nn l 3 61
re o .
i
I on an gu , 3 1 , 3 5 f , 4 1 , 5 9 , 9 1 , 1 6 7 . .
H t
a
d s d ts f 1 5 3
c a r, .
i
I on a ns , 9 1 ; cf 8 3
At
. .
e c or, e ce n an o
x f Al d i in t h I sa g oras , h e ni an a rch on , 2 4 9
.
,
H g i e xa n
ss is l d
.
es a na
T
e
d hi st i ( fl
o r a e
I a, an n e ar R e a e , 4 7 t
tl s d f
.
roa or a n ca
I a i an , 71, 519 na m e a te r
. .
,
157 n 3
I t a l us , 4 1
, . .
H e g e s i p p us o f M e cyb e rna , hi or an st i l tl
.
ki
f
( our h or h r t 1 57 t id f It a l us , e ar y I a i an ng , 4 1 , 7 3 ,
l 1 1 3 , 2 4 1 , 2 45
.
H e e nu , 1 6 7 s tl f
I a y p as si m ; orm er y ca e
.
l ll d
sb s l p
.
Sa
H e l lan i cus of L e o , og ogra h e r
f d
.
fit
( f h 91 , 1 1 5 , 1 5 5 , 2 3 7
t
urn a , i
59, 63 , 1 1 3 na m e
ft ft
.
a e r I t a lus , 4 1 , 1 1 3 , or a e r
and n 4
l sp t
. .
H e l e o n , 5 7 , 95 , 1 5 3 , 2 05 , 2 09
l s lf
H e rcu e
’
ca ( mt ul us ) , 1 1 5 ; i ts
H e ra , 8 3 ls J
S e e a o un o
.
i f ld tt ti s
m an o a ra c o n , 1 1 5 21 -
ls As
.
k s
H e ra l e , 8 9,
.
1 65 See a o
.
ls I u u , s on of s cani u , 2 3 1 .
ls
.
H e rcu e
l s 1 03 1 09 1 5
.
H e rcu e , ,
-
, 1 2 3 43 , -
JA M CUL UM , t h e , 5 4 1 .
2 01 3 0 7 3 1 5 i t t wn 2 43
a nc e n o
Pi ll s f 1 1
.
,
J lii i ll st i s R m n f mi l y
, , .
ar o . u u r ou o a a
231 f
,
H m s 9 9 2 03 3 1 5
,
,
er e
d t s h ist i ( fifth
.
, , ,
J l i s p ts s nsi n of R m
.
H e ro o u o r an u u re or a ce o o
l s 4 95
, ,
8 7 95 u u
H si l i l d of t h bi C s 231 n 1
.
, , .
er a ea er e Sa ne a e ar,
J un 6 7 1 7 1 ; J Q i it i 4 5 7
. .
, .
wome n ,
44 3 . o, , . ur s, .
54 7
IND EX
J upite 75 1 1 5 1 2 9 r, 2 1 5 32 5 i Lo cr i ns 5 7 a
J F ti
.
, , , , , ,
329 363 ; 41 1 ; ere r u s , Lu cu m n Et s

o, a 41 9 f 431 ru ca n ,
J Fi diu 4 5 1 ; J I v t 1 2 9 435 f
. .
,
s, n e n o r,
t ; J St t 455 ; J L p ni kn m g iv n t
. . .
a nd no e a o r, u a, cL n ti a e e o a ure a,
m i l is 2 89 f
. .
T er T rm inus na 5 31 or e
l g tt n P l t i n s d
.
L p
.
, ,
S ls Z
ee a s o eu . u e rca , ro o o a a e acre
t P n 1 03 f 2 7 5
o a
A A IA L p li f stiv l in h n of
, .
, .
L CE D E M ON NS , 1 1 3 5 1 f , 3 5 9 , , . u e rca a, e a o our
3 7 5 , 3 81 P n 2 73
a
C ti s l k f th
. .
sit
,
Lacus ur u , a e on e of Ly ca on f D i ni 35 a er o e a ra,
F f th f P ll s 1 0 7
,
Ro m an oru m , 4 3 3 f ; of 4 5 5 . . a er o a a
n f P l
. .
s s
,
Lao coon an d hi s on , 1 5 5 so gus n d D i ni o e as a e a ra ,

ki
.
Laom ed on , n g of T r oy , 1 1 1 , 1 7 1 , 35 41 315
i ld n m f A d i 3 1 5
, , .
z07 Ly ca on a , o a e o rca a.
Pls s
.
is t
.
Lar a , m o h e r of e a gu , 5 7 Ly i n
ca on a li n m f O n
s, ear er a e o e o
C p
.
anc e n own i n i tt
a m a ni a , 6 9 t i n 37
r a s,
pl tl S p art n l wgi v
. .
a ce on coa of I a y st , Ly g s
c ur u , 3 75 a a e r, ,
9 4 5 3 489
L yd i t y in A i 8 7
.
s
.
,
Lat i n 9 3 , 2 1 3 f , 2 4 3 , 3 01 , 5 03 ; a , co u n r s a,
d ft Ly d i ns 8 9 9 7 5 2 1
.
, .
n am e a e r La nu , 3 1, 1 4 3 , ti s a
ki ng f Lyd i 8 7 f
.
, , ,
2 01 , 3 1 7 Ly d us , o a,
ti s k Ab i
.
s
.
La nu , i n g of t h e o r gi ne , 3 1 ,
1 4 1 f , 1 89 2 01 , 2 1 1 , 2 2 9 , 2 3 9 , -
A A l d f fi st G k l y
.
2 41, 3 1 7 M C R, ea er o r re e co on
Ab k s t t L sb s 57
.
l an , i n g , 2 3 3 en o e o
F s d i 1 1 13 359
.
, .
L ti
a u re n a , w f e of i
a u t ul u , 2 8 9 , s M a ce on a ,
d i n m pi f 1 5 1 63
.
, ,
3 01 M a ce on a s e re o
‘
.
,
ti
, , ,
La ure nt um , t own i n L a um, 1 43 ,

’
31 1 359
C L i i ni s ( t i b
.
,
1 7 7 , 1 8 1 , 2 09 M a ce r, t c u r ora or
f l ist 2 5 4 6 1
. . .
La us us , s on of M e ze n u , 2 1 5 ti s and a nn a
if v d f Ly d i
. .
, ,
vi
La ni a , w e of E a n e r, 1 03 , 1 4 1 M i ld
a e on a , o m 85 na e o a,
d A is i i s 87 f
. .
t
a ugh e r of n u , k ng of
'
M ae on a n
ls M l p 2 39
.
,
i
_
D e o , 1 97 a ea, L acon a n ca e,
d t M ll i s ( M li s
.
ti s
.
a u g h e r of La nu , 1 9 7 f , a n L 63
or an u
f
. .
, .
211, 229 i s
Ma m ur u a n a rt i fi ce r 5 1 9
s fi st i f
.
, , .
La vi n i ans , 1 89 , 1 9 9 , 4 5 9 6 3 -
M an e r k ng of M a e on i a 8 5
f t ki
.
, ,
t ti
.
Lavi ni um , o wn i n L a um , 1 43 , Ma rc u i s
A ncu s o ur h ng of
f
, ,
1 9 7 f 2 07 f , 2 1 3 , 2 1 7 2 3 , 4 5 9 -
R om e 2 5 1 5 4 1
l i bi G k f
. .
.
, ,
s
.
t
,
Le leg es , e ar y nh a t a n s of re e M a r 4 5 4 9 , 1 01 , 2 5 5 3 1 7 4 4 9,
d
, , ,
la n s , 3 3 , 5 7 . 473 .
Le m no , 8 3 s M si ns
ar a 3 07
A b i gi s
.
bs
. ,
L es o , 5 7 M a ruvi um c it y of th e or ne
d
.
, ,
Le u ca ri a , augh t e r of La nus , 2 4 1 ti 47 .
s
Le uca , 1 6 5 , 1 69 M ate r h i m , 3 65 , n 2 ; o f 2 05
is d t l A b i gi n s 4 7
. . . .
'
Le ucos ia ,
'
la n off I a i a n co a , st it
M a t i e ne , c y of t h e or e
M d s mpi
.
,
1 75 e e f 7 e re o
b tt l
.
, ,
M d l li t wn i n L ti m 4 1 7
.
t
Le uc ra , a e of , 3 5 9 e u a, o a u
ib ity f t h A b i gi s 4 5
. .
,
L ya , 9 , 1 1 7 M ful
e a, c o e or ne
M l s g ul f b tw n T h i n
.
, .
ii s
L c ni u S e e Ma ce r e a e ee ra c a
C h s n s n d m i l n d 2 03
.
.
,
i i
L gur a , 3 9 , 1 3 7 . er o e e a a n a
i i s t h s i n Ly i
.
,
L g ur a n , 3 3 , 4 3 , 6 9 7 3 , 1 3 7 , 3 07 -
M n e t ese craf X o an u c a,
i is iv b t
.
L r , r er e wee n La um and ti h ist i n ( f or at h nt 1 5 7 our ce

C p i M i pp e wi f f P l s gus 9 1
. .
am a n a , 2 9 en e o e a
Ab i M ss p i ns 1 1 9
.
,
ist t it
.
,
L a , m o h er c y of t h e or -
e a a
M t ll u L C i l i s ( cos
.
,
i
g nes , 4 9 cf 4 7 , n 2 . . . c e s, 505 . ae c a . .
5 48
IND E X
P l p nn si ns s tt l i n I t l y 1 09
e o o e a e e a P rt T i g mi na 1 03 1 2 9
o a r e
P t us V n is i C l b i 1 69
, , , , , .
1 4 3 f 2 0 1 3 07 or e er n a a r a,
P l p n s s 11 3 5 55 f 67 83
.
, , .
P s i d n 5 7 1 7 7 4 03 S
, .
e o o ne u , , , . o e o l o ee a s
N p t un
, , , , , , .
1 63 2 0 1 f 2 2 5 e e
P n t s 221 2 5
.
, , .
P si d ni ( P st um) 2 4 5 3 1 3
.
e a e -
o o a ae
P u f th i n l w f P l s g us
.
,
f mi ly 1 3 1 f
, , .
e ne s, a e r- -
a o e a P t it i i R m
o o an a
P t it u L V l i u (
, , , .
91 o s, 2 49 a er s 003
P g mus it d l of T y 1 4 7
.
P i m 1 5 7 1 73
. . .
er a , c a e ro r a
d n t
, , ,
F is i L ti ni 1 4 5
.
an o e r e a
P s ph ne 8 6 3
.
A lb ki ng 2 3 5
. .
er e o P roca , an
P si ns 7 f
.
,
is l nd ff I ta li n s t
, .
er a P rieh yt
i7 5
a, a o a coa
t i n t i b i n A p li
.
,
,
P e u ce a s, 3 7 41 r e u a,
b th f O n t u 3 7 ,
P m th us 5 7 1 3 7
. .
P e u ce tiu s, ro er o e o r s, ,
ro e e , . .
41 Pun i w s 1 5 2 1 2 5 5 05
c ar
f 3 61 o
h is t i n ( d t ls C th g nd C rt h a
.
, , , , . .
Ph n d mua o e un s, or a a e S ee a o ar a e a a
t in) 2 05
ce r a gi ni an s
A di ns f m Ph n u
.
,
Py gi A th ni n h n 2 4 7
.
Ph t
e n ea s , r ca a ro e e s, r on , e a arc o
P y h us kin g f E p i us 1 9 f 1 5
.
,
1 1 1 2 01 rr o r c
Ph n u town in A di 11 1 139
, .
, , .
,
e e s, rca a, n 1
f A th n l g g ph Pyth g s t h phi l s p h 48 1
.
, . .
Ph ere c yd es o e s o o ra er a ora e o o e r,
( fif th
, ,
41 4 85
hi s t i n ( fi s t
.
O l ym p i vi to
.
Phi li t u s f Sy us o ra c s e , or a r 4 81 c c r,
h lf f f u t h l s 1 61
.
a o 71 o r Py thi a n o rac e
Ph is 5 7
.
, .
oc
P h b us 6 3 S A p ll Q U INA bi ll 4 2 1 4 5 5 4 93 5 1 5
.
,
oe ee o o IR L
P h n us f th f Ni b e 3 5 5 7
. .
Q i i s i d ti fi d with E y li us
, , , , , .
oro e a er o o u r nu en e n a
n f P l
, , , .
,
g us 91
,
Ph t
r as or, s o o e as 44 9
P h y gi 1 5 7 1 7 7 f 2 05 t h d i fi d R m l s 4 95
. .
,
r a, e e e o u u
P h y gi ns 93 1 5 3 1 5 7 3 6 5 f Q i iti s t m f R m iti n
. .
, , . .
r a ni r
u e er or o an c ze s
d ist i t in T h s ly 5 7 ll tiv l y 4 4 5
.
, , , , ,
Ph t hi t i o s, r c e sa co ec e
J uno
.
, , ,
3 09 n 1 Q uiri t is s urna m e of 457

b th f P l sgus 5 7
.
, .
, , .
Ph t hi u s, ro er o e a
f mi l y 1 3 1 f l d f
.
,
Pi n i i R m
ar o an a R AS E NNA , E ru ca n ea e r rom t s
Pi s ity in El is 1 1 1 d iv d
.
, ,
a, c wh om t h e na on er e it s ti
P is i t y in E t i 6 5
.
,
ac, c rur a , n am e , 9 9
Pis Cn C lp u ni u ( Ab i i s
. .
o, . 11 a r s cos . . t it
R ea e , c y of t h e or g ne , 4 5 4 9 -
ti t it
.
Frugi L C lp ni ( , . a ur us cos . R e a ne e rr ory , 4 3 , 4 4 9 , 4 5 1

nna l ist 2 5
.
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5 1 3 , 5 41 41 7
b A lb k
. .
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T ib t ti
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. . .
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T i ma e u of T a urom e ni um i n S c y, i s t s s
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st i
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di
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( c) na e of I a y , 8 5 , 9 3 9 7
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a r ou na m e for, 85 , 9 7 f ; o h er t
b t
. .
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s
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At s f
. .
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n 1 T y rrh e n us , s on of y , 85 or
di g 3 8 9 kl s p l
. . .
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(T b l lp
,
T ib l
r u a it y f t h re u a c o e or s on of T e e h us , 8 9
A b i gi s 4 5 s l d
.
or ne ( T ur nu ) , ea e r of R ut ul ia ns ,
l y m f S i i l y 69
.
,
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r nacr a , ear na e o c ,
s wi n h rd
.
T i pt l m u 3 9
r o e s, .
(T yrr h us ) , a e e , 2 29 f .
5 52
T H E L OE B CL A S S I CA L
L IB R A R Y
V O L UME S A LR E A D Y P UB L I S H E D
L ATIN AUTHO R S
A MMI ANU S M ARCE LL IN U S T ra ns l a t e d b y J C R o lfe 3 V o ls . . . . .
AP UL E IU S : T HE G OL D E N A s s ( M E T AMORPHO S E S ) W . .
A dlin g t on R e v is e d b y S G as e le e . .
S T A U G U S TIN E : CI TY O F G O D
. 7 V o ls Vo l I G H . .
, . . . .
M c Cr a c k e n VI W C G n . Vol . . . . re e e .
S T AU G U S TI N E C O NF E SS I O N S O F W Watts
. ,
2 V ls . . o .
S T AU G U S TIN E S E L E CT L E TT E R S
. J H B axt e r
, . . . .
AU S ONI U S H G E v ly n Wh i t e 2 Vo ls
. . . e . .
B ED E J E Ki n g 2 V ls
. . . . o .
B O E TH IU S T R A OT S A ND D E CO N S O LA T I O NE PH IL O S O PHI A E
: .
R e v H F S t e w a rt a n d E K R a n d
. . . . . .
C AE SAR AL E XAN D RINE AF RI CAN A ND S PAN IS H WA R S

: , .
A G W ay
. . .
CAE S AR : C I VIL WAR S . A . G . Pe s k e t t .
CAE SAR G AL L I O W AR H J
: a . . . E d w rd s .
CATO A ND VARRO D E R E R US T I OA H B A h n d W D : . . . s a . .
Ho p e o r.
CATUL L U S F W Corn ish ; TIB ULL U S J B Pos t g t e

. . . . . . a
PE R VI GIL I U M VE NE RIS J W M k il . . . ac a .
CE L S U S D E ME D I C INA W G S p n ce r 3 Vo l
: . . . e . s .
[CI CE R O ] R H E T O R I CA AD H E RE NNI UM
: H C pl n . . a a .
CI CE RO B RUT US A ND O RA TOR G L He n dri k on an d

: . . . c s
H M H u b b ll
. . e .
CI OE R O D E FA TO P AR AD O XA S T O I C O UM ; D E PA R T I T I O NE R
O R ATOR I A H R a c kh am ( W i t h D O a t o re Vo l II )
. . . e r , . .
CI cE R O D E F INIB U S H R a c kh am
: . . .
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: tc H M H u bbe ll , e . . . .
T H E L O E B CLAS S I C AL L I B R A R Y
CI CERO : D E NA TURA D E OB U M
'
A ND A CA D E M I CA . H .
R ac kh m a .
CI CE RO D E O FFI CE S
: Wal t e r Mi ll e r . .
CI CE R O D E O RATOR E E W S utt o n an d H R ac kh am
: . . . . .
2 V o ls .
CI CE R O DE RE PUB L ICA A ND DE LE C IR US Cli n t on W

: . .
Ke y e s .
CI C E RO D E S E NE CT UT E D E AMI CI T IA D E D IVIN A T I ONE

: , , .
W A F a l on e r
. . c .
CI CE R O I N CA T IL IN A M PR O MUR E NA PR O S UL L A PR O
: , , ,
FL A CC O L ouis E L or d . . .
CI CE RO LE T TE R S T o A TTICU S E O W ins t e d t 3 Vols

: . . . . .
CI CE R O L E T T E R S TO H I S F RIE ND S
: W G lynn William s . . .
3 V o ls .
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: W C A K er . . . . .
CI CE RO PR O AR CHI A P O S T R E D IT UM D E D OMO D E
: , , ,
H A B U S P I C UM R E S P O N S IS PR O PL A N CI O
'
N H Wa t t s , . . . .
CI CE R O PR O CA E CIN A PR O L E G E M ANI L IA PR O CL UE NT I O
: , , ,
PR O R A R rR I O H G o se H d g e . . r o .
CI CER O PR O MI L ONE I N PIS O NE M PR O S C AD R O PR O

: , , ,
PO NT E I O PR O R A R I R I O P O S TUMO PR O M AR CE L L O PR O
, , ,
L I C AR I O PR O R E G E D E I OT AR O
, N H Wa t t s . . . .
C I C ERO PR O Q UIN CT I O PR O B O S CI O A MER IN O PR O R OS CI O

: , ,
CO M OE D O C O NTR A R UL L UM ,J H Fre e s e . . . .
CI CE R O PR O S E S TI O I N VA T I NI UM
: R Gardn e r , . . .
CI CE R O T US CUL AN D IS PUT A II ONS J E Ki ng

:
' ‘
. . . .
CI C ERO VE RRI NE O RA TI O NS
: L H G G re e nwood 2 Vols . . . . . .
CL A UD I AN M Pl t n a u er 2 V o ls
. . a . .
C O L U ME L A D E R E R U S TICA DE AR R OR IR US H B A sh
L : , . . .
,
E S F o s t e a n d E H e if n e r
r 3 V o ls r
CU R TI U S Q H I S TORY O F AL E XAN D E R J C R olfe 2 VO

. . . . .
, : 1s . . . . .
FL OR U S E S Fors t e r ; an d C OR NE L I U S NEPO S J C Ro lf
. . . . . . e .
FB ONT I N US S T R A T A C E M S A ND A Q UE D U CT S C E Be nne tt
'
: . . .
M
an d . B M cE lwain. .
FRO NTO : CO RRE S POND E N CE C . . R Ha in e s

. . 2 Vols .
G E L LI US . J C R o lfe 3 Vols
. . . .
H ORA CE OD E S A ND E POD E S C E B e nn e t t
: . . . .
H OR A CE S A TIR E S E PIS TL E S A R S P O E TI C A
: , , . H . R .
F aircl ou gh .
JEROME S E L E CT LE T T E R S F A W igh t
: . . . r .
JUVE NA L an d P E R S I US G G R am s a y . . . .
2
T H E L OE B CLASS I CAL L IB R A R Y
TA C IT U S HI S TORI E S A ND ANNA L S
: C H M oore n d J . . . a .
Ja c ks on 4 Vo ls . .
TE RE N CE J oh n S g e aun t 2 Vo ls
. ar . .
T E RTUL L IA N AP OL O G IA A ND D E S PE CT A CU L I S T R
: . . .
G l o v e ; M INU CI U S F EL IX G H R e n d al l
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VAL ER I U S FL A C CU S J H M le y . . . oz .
VAR R O D E LI N GU A L ATIN A R G K e n t 2 Vo ls
: . . . . .
VE L LE I U S PA T E R CUL U S n d R E S G E S T AE D IV I AU GUS TI a .
F W Sh ipl y
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V IR GI L H R F air l ou gh 2 Vo ls
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VIT R Ue s D E ARCHI TE CT UR A F G a ng e
: 2 Vo ls . . r r .
G REE K AUTHOR S
A CHIL L E S T A TIU S S G as e le e . . .
A E LI AN : O N THE NA TUR E O F AN I M AL S . 3 V o ls Vols I . . . II .
an d II I A F S h lfi e ld
, . . c o .
AE NE A S T A C ITU S A S CLE PI O D OT US ,
‘
A ND ONA S A ND E R . T he
Il l in is G e e k C l b
o r u .
AE S CH INE S C D A d a ms . . . .
AE S CHYL U S H We ir S m yt h 2 . . . Vo ls .
A L CI PH R O N , A E L I A N A ND PH IL O S T R A T US : L ETT E RS A R . . .
Be nn e r an F H F be s
d . . o .
AP OLL OD ORU S S ir J m s G F a 2 Vo ls
. a e . r z e r. .
AP O L L ONI U S R H O D rUS R C S e at on . . . .
T HE APO S TO L I C F A THE RS Ki rs opp L a k e 2 V ls . . o .
AP P IAN S R OMAN HI S TORY H o ace Whi t e 4 Vols

’
. r . .
AR A TU S Cf CAL L I M A CHU S
. . .
AR IS TOPH ANE S B en j amin B i ckl y R og rs 3 Vol s Ve rs e

. e e . .
AR I S TOTL E : A R T O F R H E TORIC J H Fre ese . . . .
AR I S TOTL E : A THE NIAN C ON S TI TU TI O N E UD E MIAN , E THI C S ,
VI RTUE S A ND V I CE S H R a c kh m . . a .
AR I S TOTL E G E NE RA TI O N O F AN IM AL S
: A L Pe ck . . . .
AR IS TOTLE ME TAPHY S I C S H Tr d e nn i ck 2 Vols

: . . e . .
AR I S TOTL E ME TE OR O L O G I CA H D P L
: . . . . ee .
AR I STOTL E M IN OR W ORK S W S H e tt O n Co l o urs

” “
: On . . . .
,
Th i n g s H e d P h y si og n mics
ar On P l n t s
”
, On
“
o
”
,
“
a
” “
M v ll u T hin gS H
ar e o d
S M e ch an ica l P b le m On e ar
”
,
“
ro s
I n d ivi sib l e L in s S itu a ti ons a n d N am e s o f Win ds

e
”
,
“ ”
,
O n M e liss us Xe n o p h a n e s a n d G o rgia s
“ ”
.
, ,
A R I S TOT L E NI C OMA C HE AN E THI CS H Ra c kh am

: . . .
4
T H E L O E B C LAS S I C AL L I B R AR Y
AR I S TOTL E : M A G NA M ORAL IA G C
O E CO NO M I C A an d . . .
Arms tro n g ( W ith M t p h ysi s V l II ) . e a c , o . .
AR I S TOTL E O N THE H E AVE N S : W K C G u th i e . . . . r .
A RI S TOTL E O N THE S O UL P AR VA N AT UR AL I A O N B R E ATH

: , , .
W S He tt . . .
AR I S TOT L E OR G AN O N— CA TE G OR IE S O N I NTE RPR E TA

: ,
TI O N PRI OR AN AL YT I C S H P C k a n d H T e d nn i k
, . . . oo e . r e c .
AR I S TOTL E O R G AN O N P O S T E R I OR AN AL Y T I C S T OP I C S
: —
, .
H T d e nn i k n d E S F o rs t e
. re c a . . r.
A R I S TOT L E O R G AN O N O N S OPH I S T I C AL R E F U T A TI O NS
: —
,
ON C OM IN G T o B E A N D P A SS IN G AW AY O N THE C O S MO S , .
E S F rste
. .n d D J Fu l y
o r a . . r e .
AR I S TOTL E P ART S O F ANI MAL S A L P c k ; M OT I ON A ND

: . . . e
P RO G RE SS I ON O F ANI MAL S E S F s t e . . . or r.
AR I S TOTL E P HY S I C S R v P W i ks t e e d a n d F M
: . e . . c . .
C o n f d 2 Vo ls
r or . .
ARI S TOTL E P O E T I C S a n d L O N G INU S W H a milt o n Fy fe ;

: . .
D E M E T R rUS O N S TYL E W R h y s R o b e ts . . r .
A R I S TOTL E P O L IT I C S H R kh m
: . . ac a .
A R I S TOTL E PR O B L E M S W S H tt 2 Vo ls
: . . . e . .
A R I S TOTL E R H E T O R I CA A D AL E X AN D R UM
: H R ac kh am . . .
( W ith P b l e m s V l II ) ro . o . .
A R R I A N H I S TORY O F AL E XAN D E R A ND IN D I C A
: R ev E . . .
I liff R o b s n 2 Vo ls
e o . .
ATHE NAE U S D E I PN O S O PH I S T AE C B Gul i k 7 Vols

: . . . c . .
S T B AS I L L E TT E R S
. R J D e fe a i 4 V ol s
: . . . rr r . .
CAL LI MA CHU S FRA G M E NT S C A T YYEa fl i s : . . . o
C AL LI MA CHU S an d L Y COPHRO N A W M a ir ; ARA T U S . . . .
G R M air
. . .
CL E ME NT O F AL EXAND RIA R e v G W B utt e rwo rt h . . . . .
C O L L UT H U S Cf O PP I AN . . .
D APHN I S A ND C HL O E Cf L ON G U S . . .
D E MO S THE NE S I O L YNTHI A C S P HIL IP P I C S A N D MIN OR : ,
O RA T I O N S I XV I I n d XX .J H V in e .
-
. a . . . c .
D E MO S THE NE S II D E C ORON A an d D E FAL S A L E G A T I O NE : .
C A V in a n d J H V in e
. . ce . . c .
D E MO S THE NE S III ME I D I A S A ND R OT I ON AR I S TO CRA TE S : , , ,
T I M O CR A T E S AR I S T O G E I T O N J H V in ce , . . . .
D E M O S THE NE S I V VI P RIV A TE O RATI O N S A ND I N -

:
NE A E R A M A T M urra y . . . .
D E MO S THE NE S V I I FUN E R AL S P EE CH E ROTI C E S S AY :
N W a n d N J De wit t
, ,
E X ORD I A A ND L E T T E R S . . . . . .
5
T HE L OEB CLAS S I C AL LIB R AR Y
D I O CA s s rUs R OMAN HI S T ORY E Gary 9 Vo ls : . . . .
D I O CH RY S O S TOM J W Coh oo n an d H L a mar Cros b y . . . . .
5 V o ls .
D I O D OR U S S I CUL U S 1 2 Vols Vo ls I V I C H O l df t h e r . . . .
- . . . a .
Vol VII C L S h e rm n V ol s I X a n d X R M G e e r
. . . . a . . . . . . .
V l X I F Wa l t o n
o . . . .
D I O GE NE S m s R D H i cks 2 Vo ls . . . . .
D I ONY SI US O F HAL I C AR N ASS U S R OMAN ANTI Q UI TIE S : .
S p e lm an s t ns l ti on e vis e d b y E C ary 7 V ol s
’
ra a r . . .
E P ICT E T U S W A O l dfa th r 2 Vols. . . e . .
E UR IP ID E S A S W a y 4 V o ls Ve rse t rans
. . . . . .
E U S E R I US E CCL E S I A S TI C AL HIS TORY

: Ki rso pp L a ke n d . a
J E L Ou l t o n 2 Vo ls
. . . . .
G AL E N O N THE N A TU R AL F A CUL TIE S

: A J B o ck . . . r .
T H E G REEK AN THO L O G Y W R P t on 5 Vols . . . a . .
T H E GR E E K B U C O L IC P O E TS ( T HE O CR I TU S B I O N M O S C HU S ) , , .
J M E dm on d s
. . .
GR EE K E L E G Y A ND I AMB U S W I TH THE ANA CR E O NTE A .
J M E dm on ds 2 Vo ls
. . . .
G REE K M A THE MA TI C AL W ORK S I v o T h m as 2 Vols . r o . .
HEROD E S Cf THE OPHR A S TU S CH AR A CTE R S

. . : .
H E RO D OTU S A D G dl y 4 Vols . . . o e . .
HE S I O D A ND THE H OMER I C H YMN S H G E ve l yn Whi t e . . . .
HI PP O CR A TE S n d t h e FR A G ME NT S O F H E R A CL E I T U S W H
a . . .
S J o n e s a n d E T W i t hin gt o n 4 V ols
. . . . .
H OME R IL I AD A T Mu a y 2 Vo ls
: . . . rr . .
H OME R O DY SS E Y A T M u a y 2 Vols
: . . . rr . .
I S AE US E S F o rst e r
. . . .
I S O CR A TE S Ge o g N o lin an d La R u e Van Hoo k 3 Vo ls

. r e r . .
ST . J OHN D AMA S C E NE B A R L A A M A ND I OA S A P H R e v : . .
G R Wo o dw a d an d H a ol d M attin g ly
. . r r .
J O S E PH US H S t J Th a c ke ay an d R al p h M a cus 9 Vo ls
. . . . r r . .
V ols I VII . .
-
.
JUL IA N Wilme C ave W ig h t 3 Vo ls

. r r . .
L O N GU S D AP H NI S A ND CHL O E T h ornl e y s t rans l a t i on

: .
’
re vise d b y J M E dmon d s ; n d P ARTHE NI US S G le e . . a . . as e .
LU CI AN Vo ls I V A M Ha rmon ; Vol VI K Kil burn

. . .
-
. . . . . . .
Vo l V I I M D M ac l e o d
. 8 Vo ls
, . . . .
LY COPHRO N Cf CAL L IMA CHUS . . .
L YR A G RAE CA J M E dmonds 3 V ols . . . . .
LY S IAS W R M L m b . . . . a .
T H E L OE B C LA S S I C AL LI B R A R Y
P L UT AR CH M ORA L IA 1 4 Vo ls V ls I V F C B a b b i t t ;
: . . o . .
-
. . .
Vo l V I W C H e lm h o ld ; V l V II P H D e L ac y n d
. . . . o . . . . a
B E in a rs on ; Vol I X E L M in a J r F H S a n d b a c h
. . . . . r, .
, . .
,
W C H e lm h o ld ; Vo l X H N F owle ; Vol X II H
. . . . . . r . . .
Ch e m is s a n d W C H e lm b O ld . . .
PL UTAR C H T H E P AR ALL E L LIVE S B P e rrin l l Vols

: . . . .
PO L Y B rUS W R P at on 6 Vols
. . . . .
P ROCOP IU S H I S TORY O F TH E WAR S B B D win g 7 V l

: . . . e . O s.
P TO LE MY TE TR A B I B L O S Cf MANE THO
: . . .
Q U I NT U S S M Y R N A E U S A S W a y Ve se t ra ns . . . . r .
S E XTU S E M PI R I CU S R e v R G B ury 4 Vo ls . . . . . .
S OPHO C L E S F S t o r 2 Vo ls V rs e t ans
. . r . . e r .
S T R AB O G e og ra p h y H o ac e L J on es 8 Vol s
: . r . . .
T H E O PHB A S T US CH AR A CT ER S J M E dm on ds H E R O D E S
: . . . .
,
e tc A D K n ox
. . . .
T H E OPHRA S TUS E N Q U IR Y I NTO P L ANT S S ir Ar t h u H o t

: . r r .
2 V o ls .
T HU CYD ID E S C F S mit h 4 Vols . . . . .
T R Y PH I O D O R U S Cf OPP IAN . . .
X E N OPHO N CY R O PA E D I A Wa l t e M il la
: 2 V ol s . r i . .
X E NOPHO N H E L LE NI CA ANA B AS I S APO L O G Y an d S Y M

: -
, , ,
PO S I U M C L B owns o n an d O J T o dd 3 V ol s
. . . r . . . .
X E NOPHO N M E MOR A B I LI A an d OE C ONOM I CUS E C

: . . .
M rch a n t
a .
X E NOPH ON : S CR I PT A M IN OR A E C March an t . . . .
VO UM E S L I N P R E P A RA T I O N
G REE K AUT H O RS
A RI S TO T L E : H I S TORY O ANI MA LS F . A L Pe ck. . .
P L OT I NUS . A H Arm str ng

. . o .
L AT IN AUT H O RS
ST . A UG U S T I NE : CI T Y OF G OD .
B AB R I U S A ND PH AE D RUS . B E . . Pe rry .
D E S CR I PT I VE PRO S PE CT US O N A P LI P C A TI O N
L O ND ON W ILLIA MHE IN E M ANN L T D .
C AM B R I D G E , MA SS . HAR VAR D UNI VE RS I TY PRE SS

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T HE L OEB C L A S S I CA L L I BRARY

the close of the pre face to the R om a n A n t i q u i t i es

s o n O f Alexander and a native of H alicarnassus

He also informs us ( chap 7 ) that he had come t o

It aly at the time when Augustus Caesar put an end

with the language and the literature of the Roma n s ,

in gathering his m ateri als and in wri ting his Hi st ory .

The preface is dated ( chap 3 ) in the consul shi p of

Nero and Piso ( 7 and the ﬁrst p art at least of , ,

the work must have been published at that time .

It is generally assumed that the ent ire History

refers to B ook I as having been already p u bli shed

This leaves it an open q u estion in how many inst al

We do not know the exact date O f hi s birth ; but

c amp a i gn O f Crassus against the Parth i ans as an

the erection O f the original Capit ol he states that the

o n the s ame foundations as the o l d iv The

ﬁr st o f these passages shows th at he was b orn at

5 5 since the reference may very well b e t o the whole

Part hi an expe di tion The second allusion is more

i n deﬁni te . The new Capitol be gu n by Sull a shortly ,

after the b urni ng o f the O ld structure in 8 3 wa s ,

form all y dedicated by Ca t ul u s in 6 9 ; nevertheless ,

a s late a s the be gi nn ing o f 6 2 Caesar in bri n ging ,

charges of emb ezzlement against Ca t ul u s claimed ,

that m any parts of the t e m p le were st il l but half

d o n o t know how much j ustiﬁ cati on there was for

primaril y a political m ove ; in any case he wa s ,

unsuccessful and Ca t ul u s name remaine d o n the

pe di ment of the t emple Whether Dionysius kn ew .

of Caesar s charges o r att ached any i mp ort ance t o

them we can onl y conj ecture E gger t akin g these 2

ch arges seriously argued that Di onysius must have

been born after 6 3 ; yet it is j ust as n atural to

extreme limits for the date o f Di o n ysius birth 6 9 ’

that Dionysius must have been a fairly young man

ence in an ancient author t o the time when Dionysius

H a licarnassus names as authors who cl aimed th at

city as their b irthplace Herodotus H e ra cl i t u s the , , e

poet and in o u r time Dionysius the hist ori a n

grievously at the h ands O f the pirates n o t far from

a new lease o f li fe by Quintus Cicero wh ile he w as

Such was the city in which Di onysius app arently

composed any o f his rheto rical treatises while st ill

In Rome Dionysius wa s a te acher of rhet oric ,

prob ably giving private lessons ; in o n e O f his

t ook the form o f letters addresse d t o fri ends patro n s ,

o r pup ils we learn the names O f a n umber O f his

fri ends and associ ates ; but u nf ortunately they are ,

wi th one o r two exceptions otherwi se un kn o wn t o ,

us . Tub ero may have been the hist orian

histori an who is prai sed in the A n t i q u i t i e s ( i 8 0 l ) .

M e li t iu s Rufus a pupil and hi s father whom

Dionysius ca lls a most valued friend were evi dently ,

R omans Cu Po m p e iu s Geminus may well have

been a C re e k in spit o f his name ; A m m a e u s also

was prob ably a G reek and s o alm ost cert ai n ly were

D emetrius and Z eno Ca e cili u s of Ca la ct e who is