CE 317: Design of Concrete Structures II

3.00 credit, 3hrs/week

Dr. Tahsin Reza Hossain

Professor, Room No-536
Email: tahsin@ce.buet.ac.bd,
Tahsin.Hossain@gmail.com
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 Syllabus New

• Design of column supported slabs

• Introduction to floor systems
• Design of columns under uniaxial and biaxial
loading, Introduction to slender column
• Structural design of footings, pile caps
• Seismic detailing
• Shear wall
• Structural forms
• Introduction of prestressed concrete, Analysis
and preliminary design of prestressed beam
section
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 Class routine
• A section- Wednesday (2)
• B section- Saturday (4)
• C section- Sunday (2)

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 Books
• Design of Concrete Structures
– Darwin, Dolan, Nilson 15th Ed
• Structural Concrete- Theory and Design
– Hassoun, Al-Manaseer 7th Ed
• Reinforced Concrete- Mechanics & Design
– Wight & McGregor 7th Ed
• Reinforced Concrete Design
Wang, Salmon, Pincheira, Parra-Montesinos
8th Edition
Many more……..
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COLUMNS
Short columns

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 Introduction: Axial Compression
• Columns are members that carry loads chiefly
in compression
• Usually also carry bending moment. Tensile
stresses may be produced over a part of the
cross section
• Columns are generally referred to as
compression member. Compression
dominates behavior

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• Generally vertical members
• Also arches, truss members,
• Column= compression member

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Gravity load Lateral load

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Moment Frame

Braced Frame
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 Three types of column
1. Members reinforced with longitudinal bars
and lateral ties
2. Members reinforced with longitudinal bars
and continuous spirals
3. Composite compression members

• 1 and 2 are common

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Types- 1. Tied Column

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2. Spirally reinforced column

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3. Composite columns

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 Main reinforcement
• Main reinforcement is longitudinal, parallel to
load, square, rectangular or circular
arrangement
• Reinforcement ratio- 0.01 to 0.08 (1 to 8 %)
• Lower limit to ensure resistance to bending
not accounted for and reduce effects of creep
and shrinkage
• Higher limit – not economical and difficult due
to congestion
• Normally 2-3 %, preferably not exceed 4%. 15
 Main reinforcement
• Higher size (No 5 and more) used
• Even No 14 and No 18, even bundled
• Minimum 4 longitudinal bars when
rectangular or circular ties
• Minimum 6 bars when continuous spiral is
used

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 Short column and Slender column
• Secondary effects - buckling

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 Reinforcements –usual sizes
• Slab- No 3, 4, 5 (10mm, 12mm, 16mm)
• Beam- No 5,6, 7, 8 (16 20 22 25mm)
• Stirrup/tie- No, 3 4 (10 12mm)
• Column –No 5, 6 7 8 9 10 11 14 18 (16 20 22
25 28 32 ….)
• Mat- No 4,5,6,8 (12 16 20 25 mm)
• Smaller sizes preferred as long as there is no
congestion
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Elastic
range

Nominal
Strength
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Design strength

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Strength reduction factor

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8.2 Lateral ties and spiral

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• Large P, small M – longitudinal bars uniform (a to d)
• Large M – bars at maximum distance from axis of
bending
• Bundled bar- 2,3,4
• Bundled bars act as a unit
•

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 Purpose of Lateral ties and spiral
• Hold longitudinal bar in position while
concrete is placed
• Prevent longitudinal bars from buckling
• Shear steel

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ACI provisions for ties

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ACI provisions for spirals

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 Axially loaded column
• 𝑃𝑢 ≤ 𝛼∅𝑃𝑛 Demand< Capacity

• 𝑃𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 +𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦

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• 𝛼 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
=0.80 for tied column
=0.85 for spiral column

• ∅ = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

=0.65 for tied column
=0.75 for spiral column

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 Purpose of Lateral ties and spiral
• Hold longitudinal bar in position
while concrete is placed
• Prevent longitudinal bars from
buckling
• Shear steel

• Spiral gives confinement

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 ACI provisions for ties
• All bars shall be enclosed by lateral tie
• #3 tie bar for up to longitudinal bar #10
• #4 tie bar for longitudinal bar #11 and above
• #4 tie bar for bundled longitudinal bar
• Spacing of tie shall be less than
– 16dlong, 48dtie, Least dim

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 ACI provisions for ties
• Every corner and alternate bar shall have
lateral support provided by corner of tie
(<135)
• Clear spacing between supported bar and
unsupported bar shall be less than 6in.

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 Problem 1
• Determine nominal and design axial
compression capacity of a column
12˝X12˝reinforced with 4 No 9 bars. Also check
the ties No. 3 @ 12in c/c. Given: fc’= 4ksi and
fy=60 ksi.

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 Problem 2
• Design a tied column for
– PDL= 300 kip and PLL= 200 kip
– fc’= 3 ksi and fy=60 ksi

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 Problem 3
• Design a tied column with section 10˝x10˝ for
– PDL= 60 kip and PLL= 30 kip
– fc’= 3 ksi and fy=60 ksi

– Read Minimum column dimensions, reinf

percentage in ACI, BNBC, IS, EC, BS

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 Problem 4.
• Determine nominal and design axial
compression capacity of a circular pile 40inch
diameter reinforced with 40 No. 10 (32mm)
bars. Also design the ties. Given: fc’= 3ksi and
fy=60 ksi. Note bundle bars. Alternate bars?

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Spirally reinforced column
• If filled with sand, load carrying
capacity is due to hoop tension only
• If filled with concrete, it can carry
without confinement
• Closely spaced spiral behaves like this
drum, ie. it counteracts expansion of
concrete
• Capacity of the core greatly increased
• Failure occurs when spiral yields and
confinement greatly reduces

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Tied and spiral behavior
• A tied column fails when load reaches Pn
• Concrete fails in crushing and shearing in
inclined plane
• Longitudinal steel buckles between ties
• A spirally rein column, the outer shell spalls
off at the same load Pn
• Depending on the amount of spiral, the
failure load can be much higher than Pn
• Axial strain will be much higher- higher
toughness

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 Effect of confinement

• Increases strength
• Increases failure strain
• Ductility and toughness 52
Failure of tied and spiral columns

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 ACI spiral (also BNBC 2020)
• Excess capacity is wasted
• ACI provides minimum amount of spiral that
contributes to capacity slightly higher than
that concrete shell
• This is ACI spiral-
• It hardly increases Pn
• It prevents instantaneous crushing, buckling of
long steel, produces a gradual and ductile
failure- a tougher column
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ACI spiral derivation

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 Problem 5

• Design a circular spiral column to support

– PDL= 475 kip and PLL= 250 kip
– fc’= 4 ksi and fy=60 ksi
– Steel ratio of about 3%.
– Also design necessary spiral

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Compression plus Bending

Rectangular columns

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Gravity load Lateral load

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Moment Frame

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Moment diagrams of frame under
gravity load and lateral loads
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• Columns chiefly carries compression
• But bending is almost always present
– By continuity, part of monolithic frames
– By transverse loads, wind, earthquake
– By eccentric on bracket
– By inevitable construction imperfection
– Arch axis not coincides with pressure line

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Statically equivalent
• Two loads are statically equivalent
• Columns can be classified by e
• Small e
– Comp over entire section
– If overloaded, fails by crushing of concrete
and yielding of steel in comp in
overloaded side
• Large e
– Some part in tension
– If overloaded, may fail in yielding of steel
in tension at the farthest side from load

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8.4 Strain Compatibility Analysis and Interaction
diagram

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• For large reinforcement ratio

• For large e
– Failure is initiated by yielding of tension steel fs=fy
– When εu is reached, compression steel may or may not
have yielded, can be found from compatibility of strain
• For small e
– εu is reached before tension steel yields
– Stress in the other side of load may also be in
compression, not in tension.
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Interaction
diagram

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Interaction
diagram 79
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Balanced Failure

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Balanced Failure

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Problem

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c>cb

c<cb
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Bending is generally present in both axes, most of the time reinforcement is
distributed in all faces
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ACI 318 2008: Strength reduction factor

Our book,
14 th edition

Our book, 14 th edition,

is based on ACI 318-08
104
 BNBC 2020:
Strength reduction
factor
BNBC 2020 is based
on ACI 318-08

BNBC has lower phi values for

Less controlled situation

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 Our book,
ACI 318 2014 15th Edition

We WILL use this Figure and Our book, 15 th edition, 106

table is based on ACI 318-14
 ACI 318 2019

We shall NOT use this one as not compatible with BNBC 2020 107
 Read
article-
important
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109
 Why phi is low for column?

Warning in beam, no warning in column

Column is brittle in Compression failure range, beam is ductile,

ductility is important in energy absorption and stress redistribution 110
Why alpha?

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DESIGN
CHARTS

Graph A.7

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0.570

0.175 116
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e=0.49

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 Review problem
• Use the charts to determine the column
strength ϕPn, of the short column shown in Fig
(14x24, reinforced with 8 No 10 bars), Use
fc’=4ksi and fy=60 ksi, e=12in

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 BIAXIAL BENDING
• There are situations when axial compression is
associated with simultaneous bending
present about both principal axes of the
section
• Corner column is such a case
• Interior column may also experience biaxial
bending-irregular grid, lateral load

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Load contour method

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Reciprocal Load method

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Reciprocal Load method

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Example 9.5

(Pu, Mux, Muy)=(255k, 765k-in, 1530k-in)

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(Pu, Mux, Muy)=(255k, 765k-in, 1530k-in)
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(Pu, Mux, Muy)=(255k, 765k-in, 1530k-in) 135
 For both axially loaded and biaxial problems,
alpha phi Pn should be greater than max Pu .
Ignore Mu first, check two problems of last year

do not use graph paper for interaction, make

hand sketch
don’t attach charts

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 Shear Design in Column
• Beams are subjected to Moment and Shear.
Already learned in CE315
• Effect of Axial force on Concrete Shear
capacity, Vc
• Shear is basically diagonal tension
• Compression increases Vc
• Tension decreases Vc

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Principal Stresses
Vc, shear strength provided by concrete

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Vs, Shear strength provided by steel

𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑢 − ∅𝑉𝑐
=
𝑠 ∅𝑓𝑦 𝑑

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• Case A (very low shear)
∅𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑢 ≤ 2
, no shear reinforcement needed
𝐴𝑣
𝑠
= 0,
• Case B (low shear)
∅𝑉𝑐
≤ 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑐 , minimum shear reinforcement required
2

𝐴𝑣 0.75 𝑓′𝑐
𝑠
≥ 𝑓𝑦
𝑏𝑤
𝐴𝑣 50
≥ 𝑏
𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑤

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• Case C (high shear)
𝑉𝑢 ≥ ∅𝑉𝑐 and 𝑉𝑠 ≤ 4 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑢 −∅𝑉𝑐
• =
𝑠 ∅𝑓𝑦 𝑑

𝐴𝑣 0.75 𝑓′𝑐
• ≥ 𝑏𝑤
𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑣 50
• ≥ 𝑏
𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑤
𝑑
• 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2

• 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 24"

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• Case D (very high shear)
𝑉𝑢 ≥ ∅𝑉𝑐 and 4 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 ≤ 𝑉𝑠 ≤ 8 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑢 −∅𝑉𝑐
• = Redesign if
𝑠 ∅𝑓𝑦 𝑑 exceeds

𝐴𝑣 0.75 𝑓′𝑐
• ≥ 𝑏𝑤
𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑣 50
• ≥ 𝑏
𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑤
𝑑
• 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4

• 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 12"

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BNBC 2020
Six storied building, 25’, 20’
In Dhaka , soil type SC
Addition DL=100 psf
LL =40 psf
Earthquake load in X
fc’=4ksi
fy=60ksi
Design Storey 1 column at 2B
For Pu, Mu and Vu
Size of col: 21” x 21 “ 144
1.2DL+1.6LL

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Earthquake load, X

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Comb 1= 1.4DL
Comb 2= 1.2DL+1.6LL
Comb 3 = 1.2DL+LL+1.0EQX
Comb 4 = 1.2DL+LL-1.0EQX

Pu, kip Vu, kip Mu, k-ft

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SLENDER COLUMN
Chapter 10

Introduction
• Chapter 9 deals with short columns
• Strength is governed entirely by strength of
material and geometry of cross section
• With increase in high strength material,
column sections are getting smaller
• A column is slender if cross section
dimensions are small compared to its length
 Axially loaded Column
• Euler’s buckling load:

• The degree of slenderness is expressed in terms of

slenderness ratio l/r
• l is unsupported length and r is smallest radius of gyration
of the section, √I/A
• With increase in l/r ratio, there is possibility of buckling of
column.
• If a axially loaded column fails in buckling i.e. by sudden
lateral displacement of the member between ends,
consequent overstressing of steel and concrete occur by
bending stresses that are superimposed on the axial
compressive stresses.
 Axial load plus bending
• Most columns are subjected to bending as
well as axial force.
• These moments produce lateral deflections
between ends. Associated with this lateral
displacements are secondary moments that
add to primary moments and that may
become very large for slender column.
Axial load plus bending
• A practical definition of a slender column is
one for which there is a significant reduction
in axial load capacity because of these
secondary moments
• According to ACI code column provisions, any
reduction greater than 5 percent is considered
significant requiring consideration of
slenderness effects.
• Most columns are short columns
Axially loaded: Frame buckling
Axially loaded: Frame buckling
 Compression plus bending: Frame
• Read Article 10.3
ACI criteria for neglecting slenderness effects
ACI criteria for neglecting slenderness effects
ACI criteria for neglecting slenderness effects
• Slenderness is important. Not very difficult to
included the effects in Software.
• There are actually two effects:
– Buckling (getting too close to buckling load), non-
sway effect
– Secondary moment (P-delta effect), sway effect