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 Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics

1. a. The population is the entire set of adolescent boys who take medication for depression.
b. The sample is the group of 30 boys who were tested in the study.

2. The population is the entire group of individuals (or scores) of interest for a particular
research study. A sample is a group selected from a population that usually is used to represent
the population in a research study. A parameter is a characteristic, usually a numerical value, that
describes a population. A statistic is a characteristic, usually numerical, that describes a sample.

3 Descriptive statistics are used to simplify and summarize data. Inferential statistics use
sample data to make general conclusions about populations.

4. Sampling error is the naturally occurring difference between a sample and the population
from which the sample is obtained. Specifically, the statistics obtained for a sample will be
different from the corresponding parameters for the population and the statistics will differ from
one sample to another. This is a problem for inferential statistics because any difference found
between two treatment conditions may be explained by the treatments but it also may be
explained by sampling error.

5. A correlational study has only one group of individuals and measures two different variables
for each individual. Other research evaluating relationships between variables compares two (or
more) different groups of scores.

6. The goal of an experiment is to demonstrate the existence of a cause-and-effect relationship

between two variables. To accomplish the goal, an experiment must manipulate an independent
variable and control other, extraneous variables.

7. The independent variable is the amount of control over office design. The dependent
variables are productivity and well-being.

8. This is not an experiment because no independent variable is manipulated. They are

comparing two preexisting groups of individuals.

9. a. This is a nonexperimental study. The researcher is simply observing two variables. No

variable is manipulated to create the two groups.
b. This is an experiment. The researcher is manipulating the amount of vitamin C and
should control other variables by using equivalent groups of participants.

10. a. The dependent variable is comprehension of the passage, which is measured by the test
scores.
b. Knowledge or comprehension is continuous.
c. ratio scale (zero means no correct answers)

286
11. This is not an experiment because there is no manipulation. Instead, the study is comparing
two preexisting groups (state university and religious college students).
12. The independent variable is the substance that is inhaled, either oxytocin or the inactive
placebo. The dependent variable is how likely the people were to give their money to the trustee.

13. a, Time is continuous.

b. Discrete
c. Discrete
d. The underlying variable is knowledge, which is continuous.

14. a. An ordinal scale provides information about the direction of difference (greater or less)
between two measurements.
b. An interval scale provides information about the magnitude of the difference between
two measurements.
c. A ratio scale provides information about the ratio of two measurements.

15. a. The independent variable is Tai Chi versus no Tai Chi (control).
b. The independent variable is measured on a nominal scale.
c. The dependent variable is the amount of arthritis pain.
d. The dependent variable is measured on an interval or ratio scale.

16. Shyness cannot be observed directly like height or eye color. Instead, it is a hypothetical
construct, which is an internal attribute or characteristic that cannot be observed directly.
Shyness could be operationally defined by recording specific behaviors in a social situation or
with a questionnaire asking about behaviors and attitudes.

17. a. The independent variable is whether or not the motivational signs were posted, and the
dependent variable is amount of use of the stairs.
b. Posting versus not posting is measured on a nominal scale.

18. a. X = 10
b. X2 = 38
c. X + 1 = 11
d. (X + 1) = 14

19. a. X2 = 48
b. (X)2 = 142 = 196
c. (X – 1) = 9
d. (X – 1)2 = 25

20. a. X = 0
b. X2 = 50
c. (X + 3) = 15

287
21. a. X = 4
b. Y = 18
c. XY = 11
22. a. Σ(X + 1)
b. Σ(X + 1)2
c. (ΣX)2 – 3

23. a. X2 = 50
b. (X)2 = 122 = 144
c. (X – 3) = 0
d. (X – 3)2 = 14

288
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Neeltje, 228

Neerlangbroek, 86

Neerpelt, 73

Neetesonne, 147

Neirinckx, Neirynckx, 146

Nemck wedue, 274

de Neve, 141

Nicolaas, 192, 210, 228, 251

Niedorp, 63

Niehove, 56

Nieneven, Ninove, 76

Nieske, 132, 133

Nieupoort, 76, 78

Nieuwe-Diep, 63

Nieuwerkercke, 116

Nieuwkerke, 74

Nine, Nynke, 217, 251

Ninove, 73, 76, 78

Nittert, Nidhart, 201

Niukerke, Niwkerka, 116

Nolle, 180

Noord-Beveland, 83
Nordahn, Norda, 122

Nordernei, 88

Nordkerke, 116

Notecraeckers van Orchies, 76

Notgrim, 201

Nye Gerryt, 263

Nynke, Nine, 217, 251

Oaljekoeken van Bolsward, 14, 16, 20

Oanbreide hoasen van Ureterp, 35

Obbe, 212, 221

Obbe Scriuwer, 266, 268

Ocko, Ocke, Okke, 262, 273, 284, 288

Odelbald, 201

Odo, 230

Oebe, 221

Oebele, 214, 221, 226, 229

Oed, 275

Oeds, Oets, Oedtsen, 190, 230, 239

Oedsinga, 239

Oedske, 220

Oege, 212, 226, 233

Oeke, 250
Oene, 212, 230

Oentje, 214

Oentse, 215

Oentsje (Oentje), 215

Oepke, 203, 215

Oepkje, 203

Oesinga, Oesingha, 238, 239 [317]

Oeswalt Kokenmester, Koeckenmeester, 268

Offa’s Dyke, 115

Offa, Offe, Offo, 115, 203, 212

Offekerque, 115

Offema, 115

Offen, 115

Offenwarden, 115

Offes, 115

Offignies, 115

Offinga, 115

Offingawier, 115

Ofke, 203, 220

Ofkes, 115

Offrethun, 113

Offringa, 113
Okeghem, 77

Okele, 214

Okke, 212

Okkehel, 284, 285, 288

Oksen van Eestrum, 36

Olbren, 202

Oldeboorn, 34, 40, 117

Olde Her Albert, 263

Olde Her Dowe, 263

Oldenzaal, 7, 8, 59, 114

Olde Peter Symonsz, 263

Olde Wybrant, 262

Oldorf, 57

Olfert, Olfhart, Wolfhart, 201, 226

Oliezeekers van St.-Nicolaas, 71, 73

Olincthun, 103

Onderdendam, 56

Onkerzeele, 71, 73

Onne, Onno, 212, 227, 230

Onze-Lieve-Vrouwen-Parochie, 36

Ooievaars van ’s-Gravenhage, 66

Oorebijters van Jisp, 63

Oostburch, 77, 78

Oosterboorn, 117

Oostergoo, 86

Ooster-Littens, 36

Oostermeer, 36

Ooster-Wytwerd, 157

Oost-Malle, 72

Oostwoud, 63

Oostzaan, 63, 64, 65

Opdorp, 71, 73

Ophem, 127

Ophove, 115, 126

Opperdoes, 63, 71

Orchies, 76

Ork, 202

Orseltsje, Osseltsje, 282

Os, 67

Osborne, 117

Ose, Osi, 239

Osinga, Osenga, Ozinga, 237, 238, 239, 240, 244

Osinga-hûs, 238

Osinga-huzen, Oessingahuyssen, Oedsyngahuysen, 238

Osinga-state, 238

Ostkerke, 116

Ostraet, 120

Oswin, 134

Otte, 212

Otterfretters van Gaast, 37, 50

Otlinga Saxonica, 110

Otrange, 160

Oude Bildtzijl, 36

Oudemonstre, 118

Oudenaarde, 73, 76, 79

Oudenburgh, 77

Ouderkercke, 116

Ouderwijk, Ouderwick, 114

Oudewater, 66

Oudeweg, 121

Oudewog, Oudewoghe, 120

Oudezele, 114

Ouistreham, 110, 111

Overahn, 122

Overmoedighe van Ronsse, 77, 79

Oye, 119
Pabe, 212

de Pachtere, 140

Paddelanders van Zuid-Beveland, 83

de Paepe, 140

Paesche Backer, 267

Paesche, Paeske, Paschasius, 274

Palingstroopers van Mendonk, 73

Pallington, 129

Panne, 249, 251

de Pannemaecker, 139

Papbuiken van St.-Oeden-Rode, 67

Papenwoge, 120

Pap-eters van Denterghem, 71, 77

Pastei-eters van Kortrijk, Pastey-eters van Curtrycke, 71, 74, 76, 78, 79

de Pauw, 143

Pauwels, 146, 147

Peasens, 34

Peer, 71, 73

Peerdenprossers van St.-Nicolaas, 73

Peeters, 146, 147

Peevreters van Noord-Beveland, 83

Pekelsma, 237, 238, 245

Pelincthun, 103, 129

Pellemans, 193

Pelserstraat, Pelsterstraat, 267

Pelsmakers van Meenen, 71, 81

Pelsnaaien van Ninove, Pelsnaeyers van Nieneven, 76, 78

Peperloock-eters van Eecloo, 77

Pepernoten van Elburg, 60

Peren van Cadzand, 67

Peter Art Peter Meeussoens soen, 177

Peter Casteleyn, 268

Peter Corstken Lemmens dochter, 185

Peter Janz, 258

Peter Kamingh, 261

Peter Kamminga, 257, 260

Peterken, Pietertje, Pietje, Petronella, 185

Peter Lambertz, 258

Petermannen van Leuven, 72

Peter Michiels, 178 [318]

Peter Moelker, 268

Peter Pedelmans, 182, 194

Peter Scutmaker, 269

Peter Stippelmans, 182, 194

Peter Trap, 272

Peter Tyeusker, 268

Peter van den Doseldonck, 181

Peter van Eyndhouts, 182

Peter van Harlingen, 271

Peter Willem Luppensoen van Bakel, 177

Peting, 146

Petrick, Pietrikje, 274

Petrus, 228

Peuplingue, 96

Pezerikken van Loenhout, 72

Pibbe, 210, 217, 218, 250, 251

Pibe, 212, 249, 250, 252

Pickaert, 143, 144

Pier, 147, 228

Pieren van Halle, 73

Pieren van Liezele, 72

Piers, 146, 147

Pieter, Piet, 176

Pieter Cammingha, Pieter Kamminga, 261

Pieters, 146, 147

Pike, 250

Pim, 150, 249, 252

Pingjum, 35, 36, 37

Pinnekenmakers van Arendonk, 72

Pittendal, 117

Plaetevoet, 134

Plasschaert, 144

Platpooten van Purmerland, 63

Platte gesellen van Sleedingen, 81

Plattekèèsboeren van Opdorp, 71, 73

Pletinckx, Plettinckx, 146

Ploegsma, 245

Po, 250

Poai, Poi, 250

Poehoannen van ’t Heerenveen, 37, 54

Poepen, 83

Poepen van Deventer, 59, 85

Poepen van Onderdendam, 56

Poggen van Aurik, 5, 57, 58

Pohlenga, 115

Poi, 217, 218

Pole, 115

Polincove, 114

Pollema, 139, 246

Pomme, 217, 218

Pompsma, 237, 238, 245

de Poorter, 134, 141

Poorters van Brugge, 76, 79

Pootenvreters van Haasrode, 73

Poperingen, Poperynghe, 74, 76, 79, 81

Popke, Popco, 215, 230

Popma, 241
Poppe, Poppo, 212, 230, 241

Poppel, 72

Poppen, 236

Potatenboeren van Esschene, 71, 73

Poteerddabbers van Ramsel, 72

Potestraet, 120

Potigny, 110

Potschijters van Emden, 5, 7, 57

de Potter, 139

Powels Olyslager, 268

Powels Tymmerman, 267

Praamsma, 245

de Praeter, 141

de Prince, 140

Prom-iters, Prommen van Hilaard, 36, 38

de Proost, 140

Pruiksma, 245

Pruimsma, 245

Prunkers van Burhafe, 57

Puieraars van Leiden, 66

Puiers van den Briel, 66

Purmerland, 63
Putoor-eters van Waestene, 77

Puutfangers van Sillensted, 57

de Puydt, 143

Pybe Rogdrager, 266

Pynaert, 144

Pypaert, 144

Pyttsje (Pietje), 218, 250

Quaesaet, 137

Raapkoppen van St.-Anna-Parochie, 36

Rabout heeren Raboutssoen van Vloedorp, 179

Rabout, Radbout, Radbold, Redbald, 189

Radbald, Radbad, Radbod, Rabbod, Rabbold, Radbout, 201

Radcot, 128

Raeckelboom, 134

Raepeters van Waes, 76, 78

de Raeve, 143

Raginwulf, Reinolf, 162

Rakkers van Gouderak, 66

Rakkers van St.-Anthonius, 72

Rambrectesgat, 121

Ramkama, Ramkema, 237, 238

Rammevreters van St.-Jacobi-Parochie, 36

Ramsel, 72

Randolf, 201

Rapenplukkers van Heiloo, 63

Rappoltsweiler, 110

Ratger, Redger, 201

Ratsma, 287

Ratten van Kolhorn, 63

Rattekot, 128

Rauwerd, Rauwerda, 236, 246

Ravenstiene, 121

de Reade Hel, 283, 288

Readhel, Reahel, Rahel, Rohel, 283, 288

Readtsjerk (Roodkerk), 283

Reberg, 116 [319]

Redle, 214

Redlef, 201

Redward, 201

Regina, Ragina, 231, 233

Reginhald, Reginald, Reinold, Reinout, 162

Reginhart, Reinhart, Reinaert, 162

Regino, Ragin, 233

Reichmann, 100
Rein, Reino, 233

Reina, 163, 231, 233

Reinbern, 201, 202

Reindert, 227, 233

Reinema, 163

Reiner, Reinder, 189

Reinert, 233

Reinger, Regingar, 203

Reinhard, Reinhart, Reinert, Reindert, Reginhart, 201, 203

Reinharda, 233

Reinhusen, 164

Reiningh, Reinink, 163

Reinkens, 163

Reinou, 201, 202, 225

Reins, 163

Reinseel, 164

Reinske, Reynsck, 233, 272

Reinskje, 203, 233

Reintsje (Reintje), 163, 205, 225, 231, 233

Reintjens, 163

Reitse, 215, 221, 249, 252

Reltjo, 216
Rem, Remmertje, 185

Renick Drager, 269

Renick Eminga, 261

Renick Pelazer, 267

Renick, Rienk, 274

Reningessem, 126

Rentjo, 216

Reppelmonde, 77

Rethy, 72

Reye, 249, 252

Reyn, 132, 162, 163

Reynen, 163

Reyner, Reinier, Raginheri, 189

Reyner van den Wintmoelen, 181

Reynier Haengreve, 181, 189

Reyninga, 163

Reyn Kannemaker, 269

Reyns, 146, 158, 162, 163

Reynsck, Reinske, 272

Ribbekliuwers van Staveren, 14, 30

Ribeauvillé, 111

Ricbald, 201
Ricbern, 201, 202

Ricbert, 100

Ricfred, 201

Richard, 100, 150, 210

Richolt, 201

Richtje, 132

Rickmansworth, 100

Ricman, 99, 100

Ricmaninghen, 96, 97, 99, 106

Ricolf, 100

Ricout, 100

Ricward, 201

Ricwin, 100

Ricwold, 100

de Ridder, 140

Riechmann, 100

Riede, 121

Riemer, 132

Riemke, 220

Rients, 221

Rijkhard, 100

Rijklof, 100
Rijkman, 99

Rijkmans, 100

Rikaert, Richard, Richaert, 167

Rikert, 100

Riklef, 201

Rikmenspoel, 100

Rikou, 201, 202

Rink, Rinke, 185, 215

Rinne, 241

Rinnert, 233

Rinse, Rinso, 203, 214, 223, 229, 241

Rinske, Rins, 184, 203, 220, 227, 250

Rinsma, 241

Rinsumageest, 36, 39

Rinthie Sibrenz, 258

Rintse, 132

Rintsje (Rintje), 220, 258, 273

Rinxent, 126

Rioerd, Ruurd, 274

Ripperda, Ryperda, 274

Ritse, 221

Ritsert, Richard, Rikhart, 201

Rix, 132

Robarsdal, 121

Robbe, Robbert, Hrodbrecht, 176

Robert, 150, 155, 210

Robet, Hrodbald, 201

Rocthun, 113

Rodbern, 201, 202

Rodbrecht, 155

de Rode, 134

Rodelant, 120

Rodger, 155

Rodmer, Rudimer, Hrodmar, 155, 201

Roeckaert, 144

Roef Alartssoen uten Vehuse, 174

Roef Gheryt Janssoens soen van Boerdonc, 176

Roef, Rodfred, 174, 191

Roekefretters van Holwerd, 35, 50

Roel, 162, 163, 191

Roelandts, 146

Roelant, 145, 149

Roela-sate, 164

Roelck, 275
Roelens, 146

Roelfentje, 164

Roelfina, 228

Roelfke, 227

Roeling, Roelink, 164

Roelinga, Roelenga, 164

Roelke, 163

Roelof, Rolof, Rodlof, Rodolf, Rudolf, Hrodolf, 162, 191, 233

Roels, 146, 158, 162, 163, 164

Roelsma, 164 [320]

Roeltje, 163

Roever Godart Meeussoens soen, 176

Roger, Rogier, 155

Rog-eters van Munnikereede, Rocheters van Muenickeree, 76, 78, 79

Rogstekers van Weert, 6, 67, 69

Roland, 146, 149

Rolof, 252

Roloff Schriver, 269

Rolof Gryp, 272

Rombrecht, Rommert, 233

Rombrechta, 234

Romelia, 208, 227