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1. Cover
2. Title
3. Copyright
4. List of Figures
5. List of Tables
6. Brief Contents
7. Contents
8. About the Series
9. About the Authors
10. Preface
11. Acknowledgments
12. Chapter 1 Strategic Management
13. Chapter Learning Outcomes
14. Strategic Management at The Bay
15. A Need for Strategic HRM
16. Strategy
17. Strategic Types
18. Corporate Strategies
19. Business Strategies
20. The Strategic Planning Process
21. 1. Establish the Mission, Vision, and Values
22. 2. Develop Objectives
23. 3. Analyze the External Environment
24. 4. Identify the Competitive Advantage
25. 5. Determine the Competitive Position
26. 6. Implement the Strategy
27. 7. Evaluate the Performance
28. Benefits of Strategy Formulation
29. Summary
30. Key Terms
31. Discussion Questions
32. Exercises
33. Case Study: Loblaw Companies Ltd.
34. References
35. Chapter 2 Aligning HR with Strategy
36. Chapter Learning Outcomes
37. HR Structure at Johnson and Johnson
38. Strategic HRM
39. Theories of the Strategic Management of Human Resources
40. HRM Making Strategic Contributions
41. The Contingency Perspective
42. Behavioural Theory
43. Strategic HR Planning
44. The Importance of Strategic HR Planning
45. Improved Goal Attainment
46. Linking HR Processes to Strategy
47. Corporate Strategy Leads to HR Strategy
48. HR Competencies Lead to Business Strategy
49. Reciprocal Interdependency Between HR Strategy and Business Strategy
50. HR Becomes a Business Partner
51. Strategic Partnering
52. Becoming More Strategic
53. HR Strategy Differentiation
54. Characteristics of an Effective HRM Strategy
55. Focus on Results
56. Summary
57. Key Terms
58. Discussion Questions
59. Exercises
60. Case Study: Linking HR Practices to Performance
61. References
62. Chapter 3 Environmental Influences on HRM
63. Chapter Learning Outcomes
64. Environmental Scanning at GM
65. Introduction
66. Environmental Scanning Sources and Methods
67. Sources of Information
68. Methods of Forecasting
69. Competitive Intelligence
70. Challenges in Environmental Scanning
71. Isolating the Critical from the Insignificant
72. Environmental Factors
73. Economic Climate
74. Globalization
75. Political and Legislative Factors
76. Technological Factors
77. Demographic Factors
78. Social and Cultural Factors
79. Stakeholders
80. Responding to External Factors
81. A Proactive Approach
82. Summary
83. Key Terms
84. Discussion Questions
85. Exercises: Scenario Planning
86. Case Study: Work–Life Family Balance
87. References
88. Chapter 4 The HR Forecasting Process
89. Chapter Learning Outcomes
90. Workforce Planning in Canada
91. What Is HR Forecasting?
92. The Strategic Importance of HR Forecasting
93. Increasing Organizational Flexibility
94. Ensuring a Close Linkage to the Macro Business Forecasting Process
95. Ensuring That Organizational Requirements Take Precedence Over Issues of
Resource Constraint and Scarcity
96. The Value of Human Capital to the Firm
97. Generic Human Capital
98. Firm-Specific Human Capital
99. Human Capital Stock and Flows
100. Key Human Capital Analyses Conducted by HR Forecasters
101. Strategic Forecasting
102. The Forecasting Process
103. Forecasting Methods
104. Environmental and Organizational Factors Affecting HR Forecasting
105. HR Forecasting Time Horizons
106. Reconciling Net HR Requirements
107. Institute HR Programs and Policies
108. Summary
109. Key Terms
110. Discussion Questions
111. Exercise
112. Case Study: Forecasting for Home Support Workers
113. References
114. Chapter 5 Determining HR Demand
115. Chapter Learning Outcomes
116. Increase in Uncertainty Around the Demand for Labour in Canada
117. Forecasting Demand
118. Certainty in Forecasting
119. Volume and Complexity of Available Data
120. Quantitative Methods
121. Trend/Ratio Analysis
122. Time Series Models
123. Regression Analysis
124. Structural Equation Modelling
125. Qualitative Forecasting Techniques
126. Management Survey
127. Scenario Planning
128. Delphi Technique
129. Nominal Group Technique
130. HR Budgets/Staffing Tables
131. Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
132. Simulation
133. Summary
134. Key Terms
135. Discussion Questions
136. Exercise: Scenario Planning
137. Case Study: Ontario Power Generation
138. References
139. Chapter 6 Ascertaining HR Supply
140. Chapter Learning Outcomes
141. Aboriginal People: A Growing Labour Source
142. Introduction
143. Segmenting the Internal Supply of Human Capital
144. HR Supply Programs
145. The Role of Employers in Influencing Supply
146. Other Labour Pools
147. Influence of Government Programs
148. HR Retention Programs
149. Methods for Modelling the Supply of Human Capital
150. Skills and Management Inventories
151. Markov Models
152. Linear Programming and Simulation
153. Movement Analysis
154. Vacancy Model
155. Substitution and Other Gap Strategies
156. Managing the Bullwhip Effect
157. Summary
158. Key Terms
159. Discussion Questions
160. Exercise
161. Case Study: HR Planning at M&K
162. References
163. Chapter 7 Succession Management
164. Chapter Learning Outcomes
165. Succession Management at Edwards Lifesciences
166. Importance of Succession Management
167. Evolution of Succession Management
168. Broader Focus
169. Time Horizon
170. Talent Pools
171. Rating System
172. Succession Management Process
173. Summary
174. Key Terms
175. Discussion Questions
176. Exercises
177. Case Study 1: The People Development Framework at Ford of Canada
178. Case Study 2: Executive Succession Management Program at Emend
Management Consulting
179. References
180. Chapter 8 Information Technology for HR Planning
181. Chapter Learning Outcomes
182. Software for HR Planning
183. IT and HRM
184. New Service Delivery Models
185. Web-based HR
186. Enterprise Portals
187. Self-Service
188. Different Solutions for Different Needs
189. HRIS
190. Specialty Products
191. Enterprise Solutions
192. Big Data
193. Types of Big Data
194. The Five Pillars of Big Data
195. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
196. Ethics and Big Data
197. HR Metrics and Workforce Analytics
198. Maximizing the Benefits of HR Metrics
199. Other Aspects of IT for HR Planning
200. Workforce Management and Scheduling
201. Forensic Reporting
202. Ensuring Data Security
203. Evaluating HR Technology
204. Conduct a Needs Analysis
205. Summary
206. Key Terms
207. Discussion Questions
208. Exercises
209. Case Study: Sustaining Talent with Strategic Workforce Planning Software at
the Energy Resources Conservation Board
210. References
211. Chapter 9 Change Management
212. Chapter Learning Outcomes
213. Can HR Lead Change?
214. Why Is Organizational Change Important?
215. The Increasing Pace of Change
216. Societal, Industrial, and Organizational Levels of Change
217. Models of Organizational Change
218. Organizations as Open Systems
219. The Importance of Feedback
220. Single-Loop Learning
221. Double-Loop Learning
222. The Generic Model of Change
223. Recognizing the Need for Change and Starting the Process
224. Diagnosing What Needs to Be Changed
225. Planning and Preparing for Change
226. Implementing the Change
227. Sustaining the Change
228. The Planned Model of Change
229. Field Theory
230. Group Dynamics
231. Action Research
232. Three-Step Model
233. Development of the Planned Change Approach
234. Emergent Change
235. Chaos Theory and Emergent Change
236. Organizational Learning
237. Strategic HR and Change
238. Summary
239. Key Terms
240. Discussion Questions
241. Exercises
242. Case Study: Change at Tiger Boots
243. References
244. Chapter 10 Downsizing and Restructuring
245. Chapter Learning Outcomes
246. Downsizing: A Thing of the Past?
247. The Downsizing Phenomenon
248. Defining Downsizing and Restructuring
249. Why Do Organizations Downsize?
250. The Downsizing Decision and the Sears Closure
251. Alternatives to Downsizing
252. The Future of Work
253. Artificial Intelligence and Job Loss
254. The Amazon Effect
255. Inplacement and Outplacement Issues
256. Some Ethical Considerations
257. Planning for Downsizing
258. Adjusting to Job Loss
259. The “Survivors” of Downsizing
260. Perceptions of Justice
261. Survivor Reactions
262. Impact on the “Downsizers”
263. Financial Performance and Downsizing
264. Consequences of Downsizing
265. Downsizing Strategies
266. Strategic Downsizing
267. Effective and Ineffective Approaches
268. The “New Deal” in Employment and the Psychological Contract
269. Labour Relations Issues
270. Summary
271. Key Terms
272. Discussion Questions
273. Exercises
274. Case Study: A Downsizing Decision at the Department of Public Works
275. References
276. Chapter 11 Strategic International HRM
277. Chapter Learning Outcomes
278. The Would-Be Pioneer
279. Introduction
280. Key Challenges Influencing HR Practices and Processes Within an
International Context
281. Workforce Diversity
282. Employment Legislation
283. Security
284. Strategic International Human Resources Management
285. The Domestic Stage and Strategy
286. The Multidomestic Stage and Strategy
287. The Multinational Stage and Strategy
288. The Global Stage
289. Key HR Practices and Processes Within an International Context
290. International Assignments
291. Purposes of International Assignments
292. Types of International Assignments
293. International Human Capital Demand and Supply
294. 1. Labour Market Data
295. 2. External Human Capital Demand and Supply
296. 3. The Environment
297. 4. Flexible Labour Strategies
298. International Recruitment and Selection
299. Recruitment
300. Selection
301. Pre-Assignment Training
302. Post-Assignment Activities
303. Repatriation
304. Career Development
305. Labour Relations
306. Summary
307. Key Terms
308. Discussion Questions
309. Exercises
310. Case Study: Dangerous Assignments
311. References
312. Chapter 12 Mergers and Acquisitions
313. Chapter Learning Outcomes
314. Big Is Beautiful
315. Mergers and Acquisitions
316. Definitions
317. The Urge to Merge
318. Strategic Benefits
319. Financial Benefits
320. Management Needs
321. Merger Methods
322. The Success Rate of Mergers
323. Financial Impact
324. Impact on Human Resources
325. Cultural Issues in Mergers
326. HR Issues in M&As
327. HR Planning
328. Selection
329. Compensation
330. Performance Appraisal
331. Training and Development
332. Labour Relations
333. Evaluation of Success
334. Summary
335. Key Terms
336. Discussion Questions
337. Exercise
338. Case Study: Molson Coors and Acquisitions
339. References
340. Chapter 13 Outsourcing
341. Chapter Learning Outcomes
342. Outsourcing at Canadian Banks
343. Outsourcing
344. Outsourcing HR Functions
345. The Rationale for Outsourcing
346. Financial Savings
347. Strategic Focus
348. Advanced Technology
349. Improved Service
350. Specialized Expertise
351. Organizational Politics
352. Benefits to Canada
353. Risks and Limitations of Outsourcing
354. Projected Benefits versus Actual Benefits
355. Service Risks
356. Employee Morale
357. Security Risks
358. Reduced Value
359. Management of Outsourcing
360. Selecting the Vendor
361. Negotiating the Contract
362. Monitoring the Arrangement
363. Policy Options to Limit Outsourcing
364. Summary
365. Key Terms
366. Discussion Questions
367. Exercise
368. Case Study: Outsourcing at Texas Instruments Canada
369. References
370. Chapter 14 HR Assessment and Analytics
371. Chapter Learning Outcomes
372. Keeping Score with the Scorecard
373. Workforce Analytics
374. The Importance of Evaluating HRM
375. Resistance
376. Rationale
377. The 5C Model of HRM Impact
378. Compliance
379. Client Satisfaction
380. Culture Management
381. Cost Control
382. Contribution
383. How HR Contributes to Organizational Performance
384. Financial Measures
385. Measures of Managerial Perceptions of Effectiveness
386. Approaches to Measuring HRM Practices
387. Cost–Benefit Analysis
388. Utility Analysis
389. Benchmarking
390. The HR Scorecard
391. Measuring the Worth of Employees
392. Universality of Best Practices
393. Separation of Cause and Effect
394. Successful Measurement
395. Reporting to Boards of Directors and Shareholders
396. The Future of HR Analytics
397. Summary
398. Key Terms
399. Web Links
400. Discussion Questions
401. Exercise
402. Case Study 1: Talent Management and Workforce Analytics at Frito-Lay
403. Case Study 2: Measuring Culture to Support Growth at CMA
404. References
405. Glossary
406. Index
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 When the disease has existed for a certain time, sub-epithelial
hæmorrhages, ulcerations, vegetations and points of sclerosis may all
co-exist, a fact which shows that the disease does not develop all at
once, but that, on the contrary, every little lesion develops separately
and continuously. This fact also explains the length of time for which
blood may be passed, despite the presence of old or healed lesions.
Finally, in very old standing cases dating from several years back
(Moussu saw an animal aged twenty-eight years which had suffered
from this disease for more than twenty years, but in a very
intermittent fashion), it is not exceptional to find numerous
papilliform vegetations 1 or 2 inches in length, either with a fine
pedicle or largely sessile, invading one-half or two-thirds of the
internal surface of the bladder.
These vegetations sometimes, though rarely, invade the ureters.
When they occur towards the point where these conduits enter the
bladder, they obstruct the passage of urine, and lead to the
development of hydro-nephrosis or pyelo-nephritis.
Symptoms. The early symptoms often escape notice, because
general disturbance is rare. The first appreciable signs are cystitis
and frequent urination.
The urine passed is turbid, particularly towards the end of the act
of urination; then it is of a pink or red colour, and all intermediate
shades between a pale pink and a bright arterial red colour may be
observed.
The patients sometimes seem to pass unaltered blood in the urine,
but on microscopic examination this blood is found to be extremely
diluted. Provided the bladder is not gravely infected by the
(secondary) penetration of germs into its cavity the blood corpuscles
remain normal, or are scarcely changed. As soon as the bladder,
however, becomes secondarily infected an almost immediate change
takes place; the red blood corpuscles become crenated, broken up
and dissociated; the hæmoglobin is also partly dissolved and
modified, and at this stage the urine is red-brown or coffee-coloured,
according to the length of time it has been retained in the bladder.
In other cases, chiefly when hæmaturia has existed for some time,
the extravasated blood coagulates in the bladder, and the urine
passed contains filamentous clots the size of a man’s thumb, a
pigeon’s egg, or more. If the clots formed are too large to be passed,
which is often the case in the ox, they may obstruct the urethra,
causing retention of urine and all the accidents which accompany
this condition, even including rupture of the bladder. This, in the ox,
is a frequent termination. In the cow the dilatability and shortness of
the urethra render retention of urine much rarer. It is certainly
possible, however, and it is not exceptional, to find from 4 to 6 lbs. of
clotted matter in the distended bladder. All these conditions can be
detected by rectal exploration, and by attention to the symptoms of
obstruction of the urethra.
Whenever there is retention of clots dysuria is extremely marked
and, so to speak, permanent, the animals having continual tenesmus.
Hæmaturia observes a slow, progressive course, which, in time,
ends in death by exhaustion, though this is not invariably the case.
Hæmaturia is frequently intermittent, and, after having been very
marked for weeks or months, may suddenly or gradually cease, and
only reappear a long time afterwards. This fact is explained by a
study of the development of the lesions. When ulceration occurs the
sub-epithelial vessels of the mucous membrane, which have
contributed to the formation of the hæmorrhagic spot, are widely
open, and a capillary hæmorrhage results; but as soon as a small clot
forms in this position, or local capillary thrombosis occurs, the
hæmorrhage ceases, with the result that the hæmaturia disappears.
Unfortunately, however, the obliterating clots are not permanent,
any more than the local thrombosis—or, in the event of their proving
permanent, another small lesion develops at a different point, and
this lesion may at any time cause the reappearance of the hæmaturia;
the process goes on until the animal succumbs. Should the lesions
heal successively, spontaneous recovery may take place, but such
recovery is exceptional.
The animals may not appear to suffer from the passage of blood
for weeks or even months, but after a time they become less capable
of replacing the loss. They become anæmic, the number of corpuscles
falls from the normal figure of from six to seven millions of red
corpuscles per cubic millimètre to three millions, two millions, one
million, and even to five hundred or eight hundred thousand.
The richness in hæmoglobin simultaneously diminishes; wasting
progresses to the point of cachexia, and the appetite diminishes
while diarrhœa appears; swellings are noticeable about certain parts
of the body; and the animals, continuing to pass blood, die in a state
of absolute exhaustion, without apparent suffering.
This termination is the most common, unless slaughter is
determined on, and is very different from the premature end which
follows the formation of clots and obstruction of the urethra.
Externally the patients only show feebleness, pallor of the visible
mucous membranes, and difficulty in urination. The bunch of hair at
the lower commissure of the vulva is always soiled with blood-
stained urine or little clots.
Hæmaturia may cause death by exhaustion in from six weeks to
two months, but not infrequently it lasts for months or even years.
Diagnosis. The diagnosis presents no difficulty when the urine
can be examined; but in the periods of intermittence no opinion can
be advanced. These intermittences are so frequent that in parts of the
country ravaged by this disease it is a usual custom, when selling, to
grant or refuse guarantees for a longer or shorter term.
The condition can be distinguished from parasitic hæmoglobinuria
(piroplasmosis) or from Brou’s disease (a febrile disease of rapid
development) by simply examining the urine or blood.
Prognosis. The prognosis is extremely grave, for, up to the
present, no really efficacious treatment has been discovered, and
although some animals may live for years without their lives being in
any way endangered, this cannot possibly be foreseen, and there is
no economic advantage in keeping them.
Treatment. No curative treatment is known.
It is true that iron salts, tonics, Rabel’s liquid, decoctions of certain
plants, such as plantain, have been recommended, but apart from the
fact that they are of doubtful efficacy, they cannot be used over long
periods. All these preparations also tend to increase the coagulability
of the blood; but considering that the disease is beyond question of a
parasitic character, good results cannot always be expected of them.
Preventive treatment appears more hopeful, although even in this
connection, the best informed appear to have considerable doubts.
All those who have studied the question agree in recommending
drainage of the pasturages, and their improvement by the use of
various manures, particularly superphosphates and lime. These
improvements alter the character of the pasture, render the soil
healthier, and may perhaps prove sufficient to diminish or prevent
the local growth of the germs. Under such conditions, Boudeaud
declares that he has seen hæmaturia disappear from farms where it
had previously been in permanent possession. It has also been
recommended that the affected cattle should be sent elsewhere to
places where the disease does not exist, and experience shows that
spontaneous recovery is more frequent under such conditions.
It is probable that, during attacks of hæmaturia in a contaminated
country, successive parasitic infestations occur, which would explain
the persistence with which blood is passed, a symptom which does
not occur in a healthy country. This view, however, is still only an
hypothesis.
 CHAPTER III.
DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS.

CONGESTION OF THE KIDNEYS.

Congestion of the kidneys is not a morbid condition in the strict

sense of the term, for it is merely the forerunner of nephritis caused
by infectious diseases or intoxications (primary active congestions)
or the final consequence of other diseases, such as diseases of the
heart or liver, mechanical compression of the vena cava or renal
veins (secondary passive congestion, cardiac kidney).
Nevertheless, under certain circumstances the development of
nephritis may be arrested at the primary congestive stage, and it is
only then that an opportunity occurs of studying it as a definite
complaint.
Causation. All infections accompanied by lesions of the kidneys,
and these are numerous (gangrenous coryza, anthrax, parasitic
hæmoglobinuria), produce congestion of the kidneys.
Cold also acts directly under certain conditions, as do large doses
of diuretics, irritant foods the principles of which are eliminated
through the urine (fermenting or putrid sugar-pulp, for example),
and foods rich in resins, essential oils, various glucosides, tannin, etc.
(young shoots of trees during the spring-time).
Symptoms. The symptoms are difficult to define accurately, and
the diagnosis can only be arrived at with the aid of the history.
Renal congestion produces pain, indicated by dull colic and
repeated and ineffectual attempts to urinate, suggesting acute
cystitis. The patients lose appetite, and present all the general
symptoms of marked visceral inflammation, viz., fever, acceleration
of breathing, somewhat tumultuous action of the heart, etc.
External or internal examination of the kidneys reveals abnormal
sensitiveness. The urine is of a dark or bright-red tint, owing to the
presence of red blood corpuscles. These blood corpuscles are
precipitated on placing the fluid in a tall glass, and can be detected,
together with renal epithelium, by microscopic examination.
 The diagnosis is somewhat difficult, and it requires very careful
attention to distinguish between congestion of the kidney and true
nephritis.
The prognosis should always be reserved until it is certain that
acute nephritis will not ultimately develop.
The treatment consists in removing the cause of the congestion;
rich foods, or foods containing irritant principles, should, therefore,
be avoided, as also the administration of diuretics, etc.
Otherwise, the treatment is similar to that employed in all visceral
inflammations: bleeding to the extent of two to four quarts,
according to the size of the animals, warm poultices to the loins and
flanks, dry friction, mucilaginous drinks and emollient decoctions of
barley or pellitory. The animals should be kept in a warm place.
In cases of passive and secondary congestion, treatment must be
directed towards improving the condition of the organ primarily
affected, whether it be the heart, liver, or lymphatic glands.

ACUTE NEPHRITIS.

The term nephritis applies to inflammation of the renal tissues.

Clinically, two forms only can be distinguished, the acute and the
chronic.
As regards its pathological anatomy, the inflammation may
principally affect either the interstitial tissue or the epithelial
parenchyma, a fact which has suggested the division of the condition
into epithelial nephritis, interstitial nephritis, and mixed nephritis.
Clinically, such distinctions are impossible; and in reality all forms of
nephritis are to a varying degree mixed, the lesions predominating in
one or other of the constituent tissues. These lesions depend on the
extent, intensity, and duration of the inflammatory attack, whatever
the primary causes. All the constituent tissues of the kidney may be
affected, simultaneously or individually: the Malpighian corpuscles,
the convoluted tubules, the collecting tubules, or the interstitial
connective tissue.
Causation. Cold seems to be an important factor. All acute or
chronic intoxications in which the toxic principles are eliminated by
the kidneys, such as poisoning by cantharides, fermented beet pulp,
young shoots of trees or toxic plants, may cause acute nephritis.
Infectious diseases, such as gangrenous coryza, hæmoglobinuria,
tuberculosis and post-partum infections, also play an important part,
whether the nephritis be direct, that is to say, the result of the
infecting agent itself, or indirect, i.e., produced by toxins generated
in the body. In female animals gestation is an often unsuspected
cause. Moussu believes that albuminuria is frequent during
gestation, and although in most cases it is only of moderate degree,
he thinks it is often associated with subacute nephritis, which might
be aggravated by an accidental cause.
Many forms of nephritis are overlooked in consequence of their
slight character.
Symptoms. The early symptoms are similar to those of
congestion of the kidney, viz., dull colic, excessive sensitiveness over
the region of the loins, passage of pink urine, loss of appetite, and
fever. At a later stage, in cases of acute nephritis due to cold, the
animal stands with the limbs close together and remains stationary,
arching the loins and back, which are held stiffly. The animal
obstinately refuses to move in consequence of the pain produced by
so doing.
The general condition becomes grave, respiration is rapid, the
pulse frequent, the artery tense, the muzzle dry, the accessible
mucous membranes are injected, and appetite is almost entirely lost.
Urine is frequently passed, but the act causes pain, and the
quantity is small. Absolute anuria is rare, and does not last long.
The urine is generally sanguinolent, at least at first, but to a very
varying extent. It is always albuminous, the quantity of albumen
varying enormously, and on microscopic examination, is usually
found to contain red and white blood corpuscles, epithelium from
the kidney hyaline or epithelial cylinders, and, towards the end, pus
corpuscles.
Œdema or anasarca, though common in mankind, does not occur
in a very marked form, except in intense acute nephritis. Epistaxis is
also rare.
Diagnosis. The diagnosis requires some care, because unless the
urine be examined the symptoms might lead to error. Nevertheless,
it is always possible to distinguish between this condition and
hæmaturia or accidental renal hæmorrhage.
Prognosis. The prognosis is grave, because absolute recovery is
rare, and because the condition is very apt to become chronic.
The degree of anuria and the respiratory difficulty are of great
service in confirming the prognosis. As soon as urine is freely passed
the prognosis becomes more favourable.
Treatment. Among the most effective methods of treatment must
be included bleeding, which always produces some improvement.
Dry friction over the kidneys and flanks, hot moist applications, and
the application of a sheep-skin to the loins are also of service.
Internally, mucilaginous drinks, diuretic decoctions and milk give
the best results. The proportion of albumen rapidly diminishes,
dysuria becomes less marked, urine is passed in greater quantities,
and in from eight to ten days all the alarming symptoms disappear.
Bicarbonate of soda may then be given for a fortnight.
In very grave cases camphor, bromide of camphor, injections of
camphorated oil (1 to 2½ drachms internally, or 1 to 1¼ drachms in
subcutaneous injections) give excellent results in modifying the pain
and moderating the inflammation.
From ½ to 1 drachm of digitalis in powder, or better still an
injection of from 5 milligrammes to 1 centigramme of digitalin may
also be given when dyspnœa is very great and is accompanied by
anasarca. Medicines such as oil of turpentine and considerable doses
of nitrate of potash, however, are contra-indicated.

CHRONIC NEPHRITIS

True chronic nephritis, i.e., a condition strictly limited to the renal

tissue, and unaccompanied by pyelitis, is still little known among our
domestic animals. The symptoms characterising it have not always
been carefully noted, and the diagnosis is very often uncertain.
Nevertheless, one of the most common forms has been carefully
studied by Seuffert, viz., chronic hypertrophic nephritis.
Causation. Chronic nephritis is the common sequel to the acute
forms, whatever their origin, but it may also occur primarily from
repeated chills produced by such conditions as exposure to heavy
continued rain when at grass, chills contracted during cold nights
and the great variations in temperature in spring and autumn. The
conditions, however, thus produced are rather of the nature of
subacute nephritis than of chronic nephritis, properly so called.
These forms of chronic nephritis may also occur primarily in
consequence of chronic hepatic lesions with pressure on the
posterior vena cava, producing blood stasis in the kidneys. Finally,
they may represent the delayed effects of slight lesions which have
escaped notice and have developed during grave diseases or as a
consequence of repeated gestation.
From the anatomico-pathological standpoint, the only conditions
hitherto recognised are the chronic hypertrophic forms of nephritis
(large, white sclerotic kidney with lardaceous degeneration and
sometimes marbling). This is probably because the animals are
slaughtered as soon as they suffer in condition, but if they were kept
long enough they would undoubtedly suffer also from the atrophic
chronic forms of nephritis found in man and in the dog. In the case
of man observation has shown that these two forms only represent
different stages in the development of one disease, the large,
hypertrophied kidney of the early stages afterwards undergoing
marked progressive atrophy.
The symptoms are at first so vague that diagnosis would be
impossible on a single examination. Seuffert states that the condition
develops as follows:—
The first sign, loss of appetite, is soon followed by constipation and
dull colic, due to congestion of the kidney; the pain is often so great
as to cause intermittent groaning.
The urine passed is always turbid, and sometimes blood-stained,
but this staining rarely lasts longer than a week. The urine then
gradually resumes its normal appearance, is passed in small
quantities, and contains more or less albumen. The yield of milk
markedly and progressively diminishes.
If treatment is resorted to at this stage laxatives and diuretics
appear to effect a real improvement. Unfortunately, however, the
apparent improvement is but temporary; the kidneys become
hypertrophied, and the right soon occupies the whole of the
sublumbar space, its margin extending as far as the extremity of the
transverse processes near the anterior angle of the hollow of the
flank.
This hypertrophy and the extreme sensitiveness can be detected by
external palpation. Internal examination confirms the facts so
observed as regards both the kidneys.
The patients eat little and become thin, whatever treatment be
adopted. They progressively waste, and die after some months in a
state of marasmus, exhausted and intoxicated.
It is very probable that the digestive disturbances are complicated
by respiratory and cardiac trouble, as in man and the dog; but
neither cardiac nor uræmic disease of the kidney has been recorded.
Diagnosis. When the urine is analysed the diagnosis becomes
comparatively easy. Persistent albuminuria and hypertrophy of the
kidneys during the early stages are significant indications. There can
be little hesitation except in so far as pyelo-nephritis and hydro-
nephrosis are concerned, but the conditions are distinguished by the
character of the urine in the two latter cases, together with the
condition of the pelvis of the kidney, and of the ureters.
Prognosis. The prognosis is grave, and Seuffert believes that
recovery never occurs. This is also true, generally speaking, as
regards all forms of chronic nephritis.
Treatment. As the disease must be regarded as incurable there is
really no justification for treatment. Nevertheless, if for special
reasons the owner wishes to keep the animals for a certain time, as in
the case of a cow near its time of calving, recourse may be had to the
internal treatment suggested in acute nephritis, viz., mucilaginous
drinks, diuretic infusions, milk, bicarbonate of soda, stimulating
applications to the loins, etc.

HYDRO-NEPHROSIS.

Hydro-nephrosis, i.e., retention of urine in the pelvis of the kidney

and in the collecting and secreting tubules, is a somewhat common
malady of the bovine species. It is usually confined to one kidney.
 Causation.
Anything which
obstructs the
discharge of
urine through
the ureters may
cause hydro-
nephrosis.
Thus, vesical
tumours
pressing on the
orifices of the
ureters, calculi
which have
become fixed in
them, torsion or
“kinking” of the
ureters, may
bring about
hydro-
nephrosis. The
urine secreted
Fig. 228.—Hydro-nephrosis of the kidney. by the kidney
being unable to
escape,
accumulates in the pelvis of the kidney, in the ureter, and uriniferous
tubules, producing dull colic, which escapes observation, or the exact
cause of which is not discovered, because the second kidney
vicariously acts for the one affected, and urination continues
regularly. Secretion continuing in spite of the obstruction, that
portion of the ureter above the obstructed point, together with the
pelvis and the uriniferous tubules, gradually becomes dilated, until
the whole mass of the kidney is hypertrophied.
The ureter sometimes becomes enlarged to the size of a man’s arm,
the kidney double, treble, or quadruple its normal side: the
interlobular divisions are lost, and each circumscribed lobule soon
forms a cystic cavity varying in size. The pressure due to the
accumulated urine causes the renal tissue, first the medullary
substance and afterwards the peripheral zone, to undergo atrophy.
 The kidney is represented by a vast cystic cavity, and the lobules by
culs-de-sac; the cortical layer may become atrophied to such a degree
as to form merely a fibrous sheath, the primary constituent elements
of which are difficult to discover. From 20 to 40 pints of liquid may
sometimes be found in the cystic kidney.
Diagnosis. The condition is rarely diagnosed, because, as one of
the kidneys continues to act, no acute disturbance follows. Only in
cases where the cystic kidney projects into the flank are suspicions
aroused. Examination per rectum will then permit of the diagnosis
being made.
Prognosis. Hydro-nephrosis being, as a rule, unilateral, the
prognosis is not very grave as regards immediate danger. As the
condition is hopeless, however, the lesions being irreparable, the
animal should be prepared for slaughter.
Treatment. Practically there is no treatment. Puncture of the
cystic cavity or even the removal of the hydro-nephrotic kidney
certainly suggests itself, but, as such operations are usually opposed
to the interests of the owner, they are rarely or never practised.

INFECTIOUS PYELO-NEPHRITIS.
 Fig. 229.—Section of a kidney affected with hydro-nephrosis. The gland
substance is almost entirely atrophied, and each lobule shows marked
dilatation.

The term “infectious pyelo-nephritis” describes an inflammation

which may involve any portion of the mucous membrane of the
urinary tract, and which is produced by a special bacillus. As a rule,
this inflammation commences in the mucous membrane of the
calices and pelvis (pyelitis). It afterwards extends into the depths of
the uriniferous canaliculi (nephritis), but in grave and old-standing
cases the mucous membrane of the ureters and the bladder may also
be affected. The disease had long been known in France (Rossignol,
1848). It was afterwards described in Germany (Siedamgrotsky,
1875; Pflug, 1876), in Switzerland (Hess, 1888), and also in France
(Lucet, 1892; Masselin and Porcher, 1895).
Causation. Female animals are more frequently affected than
males, because the lesions are produced by an ascending infection,
originating very frequently in genital infection after delivery.
Nevertheless, calculus formation is also an important factor in
producing the disease.
Many different agents are capable of producing pyelo-nephritis.
Hofflich in 1891 described a bacillus about 2 to 8 micromillimètres in
length, which stained readily with aniline colours and with Gram
solution. Lucet in 1892 found a short bacillus which did not stain
with Gram, and later another thin bacillus which did. Kitt has
described cocci, but no other organisms. Masselin and Porcher
discovered a cocco-bacillus which stained with Gram and reproduced
the disease in an animal lent by Moussu, after a single intra-vesical
injection of the culture. Cadéac has met with staphylococci, and
Moussu has discovered various bacilli, some resembling the colon
bacillus, and pyogenic streptococci.
There is no doubt that many different organisms may produce
pyelo-nephritis by ascending infection. The most common seem to
be forms of paracoli, such as the Bacillus ureæ. Moussu nevertheless
believes that Hofflich’s bacillus, which was rediscovered by Porcher,
is that which produces typical pyelo-nephritis. It grows in the
bladder without producing cystitis, and is succeeded by an ascending
infection of the ureters without causing primary ureteritis, the local
inflammation occurring chiefly, it would seem, in the pelvis and the
kidney. All the other organisms which Moussu has tested have
caused lesions of cystitis and of ureteritis, together with those of
pyelo-nephritis.
In these latter cases the pyelo-nephritis assumes the acute form,
and is accompanied not infrequently by cellulitis and abscess
formation in the tissue around the kidney.
Symptoms. Pyelo-nephritis develops in one of two principal
forms, the slow chronic form, which is the most frequent, or an acute
or subacute form, much more rapid in its development.
The chronic form for a time escapes notice. There is no doubt that
at first some general disturbance occurs, such as diminution of
appetite, disturbed nutrition, unhealthy general appearance, staring
of the coat, tightness of the hide, wasting, etc., but such symptoms
are in no wise characteristic, being found in all grave diseases.
 The signs only become really significant from the clinical
standpoint when the urine appears modified in character, and such
modification does not occur until the pelvis of the kidney and the
kidneys themselves are already gravely diseased.
The urine is then turbid, of a brownish colour, and charged with
sediment, filaments of mucin, pus corpuscles, and earthy
phosphates. On analysis it is found to contain more or less albumen.
At a late stage it may even become glairy, blood-stained, or of the
colour of blood, and when the pelvis or the calices of the kidney are
ulcerated may, on standing, deposit considerable quantities of red
blood corpuscles.

Fig. 230.—Pyelo-nephritis with

hæmorrhagic pyo-nephrosis of one
side. One ureter is dilated and
blocked with a blood clot.
 Exposed to the air, the urine rapidly assumes a brown tint and
smells strongly of ammonia.
Percussion of the loins in the region of the kidneys causes pain, as
does external palpation by the flank. On rectal examination at this
period the ureters are found to be distended and hard, and they give
the impression of rigid or bosselated fibrous cords, sometimes as
large as a child’s arm. The corresponding kidney, often both kidneys,
are enlarged, sometimes to double or treble their normal volume,
and are painful on pressure and fluctuating, at least in the region of
the pelvis. On vaginal examination the meatus urinarius is usually
found to be inflamed, rough and turgid.
In this condition the animals rapidly lose flesh, the appetite
becomes irregular, the general condition gradually gets worse, and
they die as a result of continued uro-septic fever or uræmic troubles.
The acute form takes a much more rapid course, with fever, more
marked general disturbance, acceleration of pulse and breathing, the
passage of turbid and sometimes purulent urine with a strong
ammoniacal smell. Pyo-nephrosis is the most frequent and
characteristic end. Ordinary chronic pyelo-nephritis may also occur
in these cases, and the acute course may be determined simply by
accidental ascending infections.
Diagnosis. During the early stages diagnosis is extremely
difficult, unless a careful examination of the urine be made.
Afterwards it becomes easy, the appearance of the urine and the
indications furnished by rectal exploration being perfectly
characteristic. In very exceptional cases there may be some doubt, as
where the urine remains normal, in spite of hydro-nephrosis, or
where there is old-standing hæmaturia or renal tuberculosis. In
simple hæmaturia the lesions are confined to the bladder and
ureters, the kidneys not being affected, and in renal tuberculosis the
diagnosis can always be confirmed by the use of tuberculin.
Prognosis. The prognosis is extremely grave, for the lesions
produced are irreparable, and, moreover, local intervention is
impossible.
Treatment. There is no curative treatment. All that is possible is
palliative treatment with the object of facilitating the function of the
kidney and of disinfecting the urinary passages by administering
antiseptic substances which are excreted by the kidney. It is not
possible, however, to administer active drugs of this kind (e.g.,
combinations of carbolic acid). As the kidney acts badly it soon
ceases to eliminate such substances, and the condition would not be
improved, but aggravated.
Benzoate of soda in doses of 2 to 2½ drachms per day dissolved in
diuretic liquids is the most useful drug, and sometimes holds the
disease in check for a sufficient time to allow of the animals being
fattened.
Treatment also comprises certain prophylactic precautions. As the
infection which produces pyelo-nephritis originates in the genital
tract, it is desirable to protect all animals in a receptive condition
(those about to calve or having recently calved) from infection;
hence, when the disease is detected in a cow-shed, the patients
should be isolated, and the shed thoroughly disinfected.

SUPPURATIVE NEPHRITIS AND PERINEPHRITIS.

Suppuration of the kidney may occur under two conditions. In the

majority of cases such suppuration occurs as a complication of pyelo-
nephritis; less frequently it is the consequence of infection from
within or infection of adjacent parts, leading to the formation of an
abscess.
When it results from an ascending infection the kidney becomes
swollen, congested and inflamed, and soon displays localised minute
hæmorrhages. Pus then forms within the calices, in the large straight
tubes, and diffuse suppuration invades all the uriniferous tubules.
The enlarged kidney is yellowish, firm under the knife, and when
sections are compressed pus exudes from the openings of the tubular
canaliculi.
When suppurative nephritis has resulted from accidental infection
of internal origin, an abscess is found to have produced more or less
extensive atrophy of a portion of the kidney while not affecting the
rest of the organ.
It is only in those favourable cases where the renal abscess opens
into the pelvis that suppuration may invade the whole of the kidney,
producing diffuse suppurative nephritis by secondary infection of the
uriniferous tubules. Such complications are rare. Usually the abscess
empties through the pelvis, and recovery may occur.
More frequently suppurative pyelo-nephritis develops, together
with ureteritis, cystitis, dilatation of the ureters, dilatation of the
pelvis of the kidney, and dilatation of the collecting tubules of the
pyramids, the final stage resembling the lesions of pyo-nephrosis.
Perinephritis and perinephritic cellulitis, i.e., inflammation with or
without abscess formation in the connective tissue and adipose layer
surrounding the kidney, always occur in cases of suppurative
nephritis or pyelo-nephritis. Such inflammations may also, in
exceptional cases, follow direct mechanical injury, but they almost
invariably represent complications, the organisms infecting the
kidney passing through the tissues and the layer of fibrous tissue, or
extending by the lymphatic paths, finally attaining the fatty tissue
surrounding the kidney and there undergoing multiplication. The
fatty tissue is infiltrated with reddish serosity, is inflamed, and may
become the seat of large abscesses communicating with or separate
from the abscesses of the kidney itself.
Symptoms. Suppurative nephritis is characterised by fever, loss
of appetite, arrest of rumination, and frequent attempts to urinate.
These attempts are painful, are accompanied by groaning, and end in
the passage of an insignificant quantity of blood-stained and
purulent urine.
Palpation, more especially palpation of the right flank, percussion
over the region of the loins, and examination of the kidneys through
the rectum are painful. Wasting is rapid.
If the suppurative nephritis develops rapidly, and particularly if it
be accompanied by perinephritis, the patients refuse to rise and
appear to be suffering from paraplegia, although not really so, both
sensation and motor power persisting in a greater or less degree.
Probably the condition is accompanied by reflex pain and irritation
of the nerve trunks of the lumbo-pubic plexus.
On the other hand, when suppurative nephritis tends to develop
slowly and assume a chronic form, lesions of pyo-nephrosis
gradually develop, and are identical in appearance with those of
hydro-nephrosis, except that the ureters, the pelvis and the
dilatations corresponding to the lobules, are filled with pus.
Fig. 231.—Leaf lard around kidney of pig.

Diagnosis. The diagnosis is not very difficult. The urinary trouble

and the composition of the urine itself always arouse suspicion. The
diagnosis is confirmed by careful and methodical examination per
rectum; the inflammation of the fatty tissue surrounding the kidney
can usually be detected.
Prognosis. The prognosis is extremely grave, and almost always
fatal, particularly in cases of diffuse nephritis.
Treatment. No curative treatment can be absolutely relied on.
Treatment, if attempted, is limited to the methods suggested for
pyelo-nephritis. Mucilaginous, emollient, and diuretic drinks, and
daily doses of 2 to 3 drachms of benzoate of soda given in the
drinking water, cause some improvement.
Stimulation of the region of the loins also undoubtedly has a
favourable effect, and should always be practised, particularly where
perinephritis is developing. It may check the course of the disease
and prevent the formation of abscesses. On slaughtering animals
suffering as above described the layer of tissue surrounding the
kidney is found to be lardaceous and fibro-fatty.
Any treatment through the bladder is contra-indicated, for even
the passage of a catheter may cause severe injury of the urethra or
the vesical mucous membrane and produce a fatal aggravation.
If these conditions are diagnosed early, while the function of the
kidney is more or less preserved, and if the animal is still in good
condition, it should be slaughtered.

THE KIDNEY WORM (SCLEROSTOMA

PINGUICOLA) OF SWINE.[7]

7. From Report of the U.S.A. Bureau of Animal Industry,

1899, p. 612. (Louise Taylor.)
In the United States of America a worm is
frequently found in the fat surrounding the kidneys
of pigs, and is supposed by farmers to be the cause of
paralysis of the hind limbs.
This so-called kidney worm of hogs (Sclerostoma
pinguicola) should not be confounded with the
kidney worm (Dioctophyme viscerale) of dogs and
man. Both of these parasites belong to the same
zoological family (Strongylidæ), but to different
subfamilies and genera. The kidney worm of dogs
grows to a length of 1 to 3 feet. The kidney worm of
hogs is much smaller, attaining at most something
less than 2 inches in length.
Fig. 232.—
Sclerostoma
pinguicola.
External view
of female. a,
Male, natural
size; b,
female,
natural size;
c, mouth; d,
buccal cavity;
e,
œsophagus;
f, intestine; g,
anus; h,
genital
opening; i,