•

ac ice xe c1se
The following information belongs to a section of a rural four-lane freeway.
0 Determine the LOS.
75 mph base free flow speed
volume = 1800 vph
12-ft wide lanes
5 mile roadway section
Rolling terrain
5-ft shoulder
4% trucks and buses
2%RVs
Ramp density = 4 ramps/mile
PHF = 0.92
Commuter traffic
a) B b) c
c) D d) F

0
Calculate FFS as per HCM 2016
FFS = 75- fLw- fLc - 3.22 TRD0.84
fLw = 0.0 (12ft lanes) ---- Exh. 12-20
fLc = 0.6 (2 lanes and 5' shoulders)--- Exh. 12-21
TRD = 4 ramps/mile
FFS = 75-0.0-0.6 -3.22 (4) 0·84 = 64.1 mph.
FFSadj = FFS = 64.1 mph (ideal conditions)

v =----
v
Adjust Demand Volume:
p PHFxNxfHT,.

1
Adjustment for heavy vehicles: fHv =
1+ Pz.(Er -1)

Heavy vehicles: 4% trucks+ 2% RVs = 6% SUT

0 Rolling Terrain: See Exhibit 12-25, Er= 3.0

85
 ·c e
1
J; = = 0.893
HV 1+ 0.06(3 - 1)
1800
vP = 0.92x2x0.893 = 1096 pel hr/ln
0
Find Breakpoint for FFS = 64.1 using Exhibit 12-6
BP adj = [1,000 + 40 x (75 - 64.1)] x I2 = 1,436 pc/h/ln
Since vP = 1096 pc/hrlln < BPadj' the freeway operates within the constant speed flow
curve so S = 64.1 mph. The density of the traffic stream

v 1096 .
D = __i!_ = - - = 17.1 pc I m 1 I ln
s 64.1

Checking exhibit 12-15: for D = 17.1 pc/hrlln, LOS = B

Answer is a

0
A new freeway facility is being planned with a forecasted opening day AADT
of 80,000 vpd, in a rolling terrain. How many lanes will be needed to provide
LOS C during peak periods given the following information:
~ PHF = 0.94
~ Trucks = 10%
~ RVs = 4%
~ K = 0.11
~ D = 60/40
~ Provision of 12-ft lanes
~ Provision of 8 ft right side shoulder
~ Diamond interchanges spaced at 1.5 miles apart
~ BFFS = 70 mph

a) 2
c) 4
b) 3
d) 5
0
86
 Practice Exe. 2· Solution
1 ) Convert AADT to DHV
DDHV = AADT x K x D = 80,000 veh/day x 0.11 x 0.60 = 5280 veh/hr
0 2) Calculate FFS
FFS = 70 - fLw- fLc - 3.22 TRD0.84
I diamond every 1.5 miles result in:(2 ramps x 4)/6 miles = 1.33 ramps/mile/direction
FFS = 70 - 0 - 0 - 3.22 (1.33)0·84 = 65.90 mph
FFSadj = FFS = 65.90 mph (ideal condition)
Estimate number of lanes needed N = _ _ _V_ __
MSF; X PHF X fHv
To find MSF use Exhibit 12-37 and round FFS to the nearest 5 mph. For FFS = 65
mph and LOS = C , the MSF = 1630 pc/hr/ln
Now calculate f,HV: 1
J; = =0.781
HV 1+ 0.14(3-1)

N = 5280 veh I hr = 4 .4 2 lanes

1630 pcphp/ X 0.94 X 0.781
Therefore 5 lanes (each direction) must be provided for LOS = C
Answer is (d)

0
Given a 4.25 mile undivided four-lane highway on level terrain. A 4620 ft
segment with 3.5% grade is included within the limit of the study. Given
the following:
~ 46.0 mph field measured FFS
~ 11-ft lane width
~ 1,900 veh/hr Nbnd peak hour volume
~ 11% trucks (7% SUT and 4% TT)

• 2% RVs
~ 0.92 PHF

1- Find the peak hour LOS and density for the level terrain portion of the
highway.
~A ~B ~C ~D
0 2- Find the peak hour LOS, speed and density on the 3.5% grade.
~A ~B ~C ~D
87
 olution
For the level terrain portion :
~
- 3

Find Vp using Equation 12-9 0

v = v 1900
= = 1167 pc I hr /ln
P PHF x N x fH v 0.92 X 2 X 0 .885
Find LOS using Exhibit 12-38 and FFS = 45 mph: LOS = C
. v 1167
Denszty = _!!_ = - - = 25.37 LOS = Cas per Exhibit 12-15 (Answer c)
s 46
~ For the 3.5% grade segment : Find fHV using Exhibit 12-28 since there are 70% SUT to 30% TT
1 1
= = 0.8 2 1
fH v = 1 + P T ( E T - 1) 1+ 0.13( 2. 68 - 1)
Find VP using Equation 12-9
v = v 1900
= = 12 58 p c I hr /In
P PHFx N x fH v 0 .9 2 X 2 X 0 .8 2 1

1258 Find LOS using Exhibit 12: 15: LOS = D

Density = VP = =27.35 pel mil ln
s 46 (Answer d)

O.U5
2"-
2.39
4'11t
2.18
5""
2.U 2.07 2.01 1.96 1.89
20""
L6S
>25""
1.113
0
0375 2.39 2.18 2.U 2.07 2.01 1.96 1.89 l.8S 1.113
0.625 2.39 2.18 2.U 2.07 2.01 1.96 1.89 l.8S 1.83
-2
D.S75 2.39 2.18 2.U 2.07 2.01 1.96 Ul9 L8S 1.83
1.25 2.39 2.18 2.U 2.07 2.01 1.96 1.89 us 1.83
1.5 2.39 2..18 2.U 2.07 2.01 1.96 1.89 us 1.83
O.U5 2.39 2.18 2.U 2.07 2.01 1.96 1.89 1.85 1.83
0.375 2.39 2..18 2.U 2.07 2.01 1.96 1.89 1.85 1.83
0.625 2.39 2.18 2.U 2.07 2.01 1.96 1.89 1.85 1.83
0
0.875 2.39 2.18 2.U 2.07 2.01 1.96 1.89 L6S 1.83
1.25 2.39 2.18 2.U 2.07 2.01 1.96 1.89 1.85 1.83

Exhibit 12-28 1.5

0.125
2.39
Ui7
2.18
2.32
2.U
2.23
2.07
2.17
2.01
2.08
1.96
2.03
1.89
1.94
1.85
1.89
1.83
Ul6
0375 3.63 2.82 2.64 2.52 2.35 2.25 2.10 2.02 1.97
PCEs for a mix of 2
0.625
0.875
4.12
437
3.03
3.21
2.85
2.96
2.69
2.78
2.49
2.56
2.36
2.42
2.18
2.22
2.08
2.11
2.02
2.05

0 °/o s a 3 o/o s 1.25

1.5
453
4.58
3..29
331
3.02
3.04
2.84
2.86
2.60
2.61
2.45
2.46
2.24
us
2.13
2.14
2.07
2.07
0.125 2.75 2.36 2.27 2.20 2.11 2.04 1.95 1.90 1.87
0375 4.01 3.G2 2.80 u.s 2.46 2.33 2.16 2.06 2.01
0.625 4.66 3.35 ).OS 2.811 2.64 2.48 2.26 2.15 2.08
2-5 2.19
0.875 4.99 3.52 3.21 3.00 2.73 2.56 2.32 2.U
1.25 5.20 3.64 3.31) 3.08 2.79 2.60 2.35 2.22 2..14
1.5 5..26 3.67 333 3.10 2.80 2.62 2.36 2.23 2.15
O.U5 2.93 2..45 2..34 2.26 2.16 2.09 1.98 1.92 1.89
0375 4.86 3.46 3.16 2.96 2.6'9 2..53 2.30 2.18 2..10
0 0.625 5.88 3.99 359 3.32 2..98 2.76 2..46 2.31 2.22
2.55 2.38 2.28
1.25 4.43 3.63 1.21 2.60 2.42 2.32
1.5 4.48 3.66 l.24 2.62 2.44 2.33
O.U5 2.56 2..34 2.21 2.13 2.01 1.!15 1.91
0375 3.99 3.32 2.98 2.76 2..46 2.31 2.22
4.5 0.625 4.75 3.85 l.39 3.10 2.71 2.51 2.39
0.875 8.!1 5.15 4.13 3.60 3.27 2.83 2.61 2.47
1 833 5.27 4.21 3.66 3.33 2.87 2.64 2.50
0.125 337 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.28 2.19 2.05 1.98 1.94

5.5
0.375
0.625
D.875
1
7.09
9.13
10.21
10.S2
4.62
5.68
04
&.41
4.11
4.97
5.43
5.57
3.76
4.4!1
4.88
5.00
1.31
3.88
4.18
4.Z1
3.04
3.51
1.76
3.83
2.66
3.00
3.18
3.24
2.47
2.74
2.89
2.93
2.36
2..59
2.71
2..75
0
0.125 1.51 2..76 2..59 2..47 2.32 2.22 2.08 2.00 1.95
0.375 7.78 4.98 4.40 4.01 3.51 3.20 2.78 2.56 2.44
6 0.625 10.17 &.23 5.42 4.87 4.17 3.75 3.18 2.68 2.71
0..875 11.43 6.88 5.95 5.32 4.53 4.G4 339 3.06 2.86 88
11..81 7.08 &.11 5A6 4.64 4.13 3.45 l.ll 2.90
 Practice 4
A six-lane freeway in a rolling terrain has a Design Speed of70 mph.
Cloverleaf interchanges are spaces 2 miles. Lanes are 10 ft wide. The
0 minimum clearances for obstructions are 2 ft on both shoulders. A recent
commuter traffic count shows that the directional weekday volume is 2300 vph
in one direction. The busiest 15 minutes count shows a total of760 vehicles.
The traffic mixture consists of 12% trucks, 3% buses, and 4% RVs.

~ Find the LOS the freeway is operating?

a) B b)C c) D d)F
~ Calculate v/c ratio to the nearest?
a) 0.62 b) 0.68 c) 0.76 d) 0.82
~ IfFFS =55 mph, what minimum number of lanes in one direction is needed
to provide the next better LOS?
a)3 b)4 c)5 d)6

0
• Calculate the peak hour factor PHF:
PHF = Actual hourly volume = 2300 vph = 0.757
4 x peak 15 - min volume 4x 760 veh
Find FFS: Equation 12-2
FFS = 70- fLw- fLc- 3.22TRD0.84
fLw= 6.6 check Exhibit 12-20
fLc = 1.6 check Exhibit 12-21
TRD = 2.0 (interchanges spaced at 2 miles: 2 ramps/mile/direction)
Therefore FFS = 70-6.6- 1.6- 3.22(2)0·84 =56 mph
FFSadj = FFS (ideal condition)

Calculate the fHv ----Rolling terrain-----

1 I
fHv = = =0.725
I+PT(Er-1) 1+0.19(3.0-1)
0 • Calculate demand flow rate under equivalent base conditions:
v 2300
V1J = = = 1397 pc I hr !In
PHFxNxfHv 0.757x3x0.725
89
 ol
Find Breakpoint for FFS =56 using Exhibit 12-6
BP adj = [1,000 + 40 x (75 - 56)] x 1 = 1,760 pc/h/ln
Since vp = 1397 pc/hrlln < BPadj' the freeway operates within the constant speed
o
flow curve so S = 56 mph. The density of the traffic stream
v 1397 .
D = _1!_ =- - =24.95 pc I mz I ln
s 56
Using Exhibit 12-15, LOS = C Answer b

Calculate vic ratio

c = 2200 +10(FFSadj- 50) = 2200 + 10(56- 50) = 2260 pclhrlln
cadj = c = 2260 pc/hrlln (ideal conditions)
v = 1397 = 0.62
c 2260 Answer is a
To improve to LOS = B given FFS = 55, the maximum service flow rate must be
990 pcphpl (check Exhibit 12-37). Number of lanes in each direction for LOS = B

N= 2300 = 4 .2 Say 5lanes Answer is c

990x0.757x0.725

0
A 2-lane Class I highway in rolling terrain has the following characteristics:
Lane width = 12 ft and shoulder width = 6 ft
40% no-passing zones
2-directional flow rate = 2,800 pc!hr
Directional split = 60/40
10% trucks and buses, 6% RVs
PHF = 0.85
For the design direction of the highway, the average travel speed has been
measured as 44 mph and the percent-time-spent-following has been calculated
as 57%.
The level of Service for the design direction is:
a) B b) C
c) D d) F
0
90
 olu io - ractice 5
0 Two-lanes max capacity= 3200 pc!hr (both directions)
One lane max capacity = 1700 pc/hr (One direction)

Subject segment: flow rate= 2800 pc!hr (both directions)< 3200 pc/hr
Flow rate design direction = 0.6 x 2800 = 1680 does not exceed 1700 pc/hr

Check HCM Exhibit 15-3, Class 1:

For ATS = 44 mph, LOS = D
For PTSF =57%, LOS= C

Controlling LOS = D

Answer is c

0
The following data is given for a two-lane highway (Class II):
Lane width : 12 ft
Hourly volume = 700 vph in each direction
PHF=0.88
60% no passing zones
Traffic is assumed 50/50 split
Rolling Terrain
6% trucks

What is the LOS for this roadway?

a) B
b) c
c) D
0 dl E

91
 s I uti - prac
For Rolling terrain and significant two-way flow rate,
Equivalence Factor ET = 1.0 (Exhibit 15-18) and fHV = 1.0 (Equation 15-8)
Grade adjustment factor f0 = 1.0 (Exh. 15-16) + 1
JJ = =10
0
HV 1+ 0.06(1.0 -1) .
Peak flow rate : v _ v; _7_0_0_ = 796
i,PTSF- PHFxfa xfHV 0.88xlxl
For 50:50 directional split, 60% no passing zones, and total flow rate in both directions
796 X 2 = 1592 pclhr, fnp = 23.4 (Exhibit 15-21)
For vp = 796, a = -0.0045 and b = 0.833 (Exhibit 15-20)

BPTSFd = 100(1- e - o.oo4sx796o.m) = 69

vd 796
PTSFd = BPTSFd + fnp _ __;;;;___ = 69 + 23.4x - - -- = 80.7
vd + vo 796+ 796
According to Exhibit 15-3, for a Class II two-lane hwy:
PTSF = 80.7 LOS= D
Answer is c

Exhibit 15-16
PTSF Grade Adjustment Factor
(f. ,...) for Level Temlln, Rolling
Tenaln, and Spedfic Downgrades
0
0.80
0.85
400 0.90
500 0 .96
600 1.00 0.97
700 1.00 0.99
79 800 1.00 1.00
~ 900 1.00 1.00
Nate: llllEfpolation to the nearest 0.011s raaJIM1el1ded

Exhibit 15·18 Directional Demand Level and Specific

PTSF Pii~Senger
EquiV•Ients lor Trucks (E•)
Car
Vehicle !YJ>I! Flow Rate. ~ ,.(veh/hJ Downgrade _C Rolling 2>
and RVs (£<) 1..- Level S IOO 1.1
200 1.1 1.8
Terr.~•n, Rolling Terr.~ ! n, and
300 1.1 1.7
Spedfic Do-.-.-ngrades
400 1.1 1.6
Trucks. Er 500 1-0 1-4
600 1.0 1.2

~
1-0 1.0
:n+
1.0 1.0
RVs E, A!1 1.0 1.0

Exhlbil15· 20 Opposing Demand Flow

PTSF Coefficlents for Use in Rllbe, "• (pc/h) coefficient a Coetrodent b
EquatiOn 15-10 for :S200 -o.0014 0.973
Estimating BPTSF .;oo -o.oon o.923
7 9 6600 ...,800.,.__ _ _ _ _.,-o...,.oo..,J,;;-3
-o.0045
~-"""01-.J0UJ0UJ4.._;5~---.ruo. 838...,7+0J" 0.833
1,000 -D.0049 0.829
1,200 -D.OOS4 0.825
1,400 -o.ooss o.821
l!: 1.600 -D.0062 0.817
Nate: Slr.I!Qht-line lrterpdatlon rl "ID the nearest 0.0001 and biD !he nearest O.OOlls recommended.

Exhibit 15-21 Tot;al Two-Way Flow Rate. et:~::mol ~g-f§Sgg Z2!!a

No-Passmg-Zone Adjustment v • "• ~ v.(pc/h) 20 40 60 80 100

0
Factor (fm,.,SJ) for
Oeterm:no.tion of PTSF
S 200 43.4 49.4 51-0 52.6
400 16.2 41-0 54.2 61.6 63,8 65.8
600 15.8 38.2 47.8 53.2 55,2 56.8
800 15.8 33.8 40.4 44.0 44.8 46.6
1592 I, ____l2.lL_ 20 fl 2l.B.---.2f>,;! 23. 47.4 28.6
2,000 10.0 13.6 15.8 17.4 18.2 18.8
2,600 5.5 7.7 8.7 9.5 10.1 103
3,200 3.3 4.7 5.1 5.5 5.7 6.1 92