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2) The nurse is preparing to provide teaching to a client at risk for diabetes. During which time
should the nurse recognize is the most effective moment for teaching?
1. During health promotion.
2. When the client is ready to learn.
3. During the discussion of disease prevention.
4. When a knowledge deficit has been identified.
Answer: 2
Explanation: 1. Health promotion is important; however, if the client is not ready to learn new
information, the teaching may be ineffective.
2. A client must be ready to learn new information or the teaching may be ineffective.
3. Disease prevention is important; however, if the client is not ready to learn new information,
the teaching may be ineffective.
4. Once the knowledge deficit is identified, it is important that client is ready to learn or the
teaching may be ineffective.
Page Ref: 2
Cognitive Level: Applying
Client Need & Sub: Health Promotion and Maintenance; Health Promotion/Disease Prevention
Standards: QSEN Competencies: III.B.3. Base individualized care plan on patient values, clinical
expertise, and evidence. | AACN Essentials Competencies: IX.7. Provide appropriate patient
teaching that reflects developmental stage, age, culture, spirituality, patient preferences, and
health literacy considerations to foster patient engagement in their care. | NLN Competencies:
Relationship Centered Care: Factors that contribute to or threaten health; communicate
information effectively; and listen openly and cooperatively. | Nursing/Integrated Concepts:
Nursing Process: Planning
Learning Outcome: 1.3: Explain the steps of the nursing process.
MNL Learning Outcome: 1.1: Distinguish between the various roles of the professional nurse in
healthcare.
2
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc.
3) The nurse is conducting a workshop on wellness and health promotion using the initiatives
of Healthy People 2020. After the session, which statement by a participant indicates an
understanding of the initiatives?
1. "It will allow healthcare providers to lobby legislators for more funding."
2. "The primary goal of Healthy People 2020 is to assist healthcare providers in determining risk
factors for premature birth."
3. "Healthy People 2020 seeks to promote health, prevent illness, disability, and premature
death."
4. "The initiatives will outline standards of care for providers in managing diseases."
Answer: 3
Explanation: 1. Healthcare providers and other persons interested in programs to promote
health have found the document to be a useful source of information in their efforts to gain
funding.
2. The Healthy People 2020 initiative is a 10-year strategy intended to promote health, prevent
illness, disability, and premature death. The document identifies leading health indicators that
reflect public health concerns. Risk factors for premature birth may be part of those health
indicators, but the scope of the document covers broad areas of concern.
3. The Healthy People 2020 initiative is a 10-year strategy intended to promote health, prevent
illness, disability, and premature death.
4. Standards of care in disease management is not a component of the document.
Page Ref: 7
Standards: QSEN Competencies: I.A.1. Integrate understanding of multiple dimensions of
patient centered care; patient/family/community preferences and values; coordination and
integration of care; information, communication, and education; physical comfort and
emotional support; involvement of family and friends; and transition and continuity. | AACN
Essentials Competencies: IX.2. Recognize the relationship of genetics and genomics to health,
prevention, screening, diagnostics, prognostics, selection of treatment, and monitoring of
treatment effectiveness, using a constructed pedigree from collected family history information
as well as standardized symbols and terminology. | NLN Competencies: Teamwork: Adapt
communication to the team and situation to share information or solicit input and initiate
requests for help when appropriate. | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process:
Assessment
Learning Outcome: 1.6: Describe the concepts of health, wellness, and health disparities.
MNL Learning Outcome: 1.2: Recognize the significance of evidence-based practice and its use
in nursing.
3
4) The nurse is reviewing the advanced practice roles in nursing. Which role should the nurse
recognize is most likely to provide indirect patient care?
1. Nurse Researcher.
2. Nurse Administrator.
3. Nurse Educator.
4. Nurse Anesthetist.
Answer: 2
Explanation: 1. A nurse researcher may provide direct care through their work in a clinic,
hospital, or laboratory focusing on patient care outcomes, administering treatments for clinical
trial, or collecting data to help understand population based outcomes.
2. The nurse administrator does not provide direct patient care but may be utilized for
consultation. Other responsibilities vary and could include management of complex patient
care areas, staffing, budgets, organizational and staff performance, and ensuring that the goals
of the agency are being accomplished.
3. The nurse educator is responsible for didactic and clinical teaching, curriculum development,
clinical placement, and evaluation of learning. Direct patient care occurs during clinical
teaching.
4. The nurse anesthetist has direct patient care by providing a full range of anesthesia services.
Page Ref: 2
Client Need & Sub: Management of Care; Concepts of Management
Standards: QSEN Competencies: II.B.4. Function competently within own scope of practice as a
member of the healthcare team. | AACN Essentials Competencies: VI.1. Compare/contrast the
roles and perspectives of the nursing profession with other care professionals on the healthcare
team (i.e. scope of discipline, education, and licensure requirements). | NLN Competencies:
Teamwork: Clarify roles and integrate the contributions of others who play a role in helping the
patient/family achieve health goals; function competently within one's own scope of practice as
leader or member of the healthcare team; and manage delegation effectively. |
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Assessment
Learning Outcome: 1.1: Explain the roles of the professional nurse in healthcare.
healthcare.
4
5) The nurse conducts a health history while admitting a client to the acute care facility. When
collecting primary subjective data, which source should the nurse use?
1. The client's physical assessment.
2. The client's self-reports.
3. The client's healthcare provider.
4. The client's significant other.
Answer: 2
Explanation: 1. The physical assessment will be recorded as objective data.
2. Subjective data are gathered from the interview. The interview includes the health history
and focused interview of the patient which is considered primary subjective data.
3. The client's healthcare provider and significant other may contribute in the data collection
process. The information obtained from friends and family members is considered subjective.
This source of information is termed secondary.
4. The client's significant other may contribute in the data collection process but that input is
classified as secondary data.
Page Ref: 6
Standards: QSEN Competencies: I.B.1. Elicit patient values, preferences and expressed needs as
part of clinical interview, implementation of care plan, and evaluation of care. | AACN
Essentials Competencies: IX.1. Conduct comprehensive and focused physical, behavioral,
psychological, spiritual, socioeconomic, and environmental assessments of health and illness
parameters in patients, using developmentally and culturally appropriate approaches. | NLN
Competencies: Relationship Centered Care: Communicate effectively with all members of the
healthcare team, including the patient and the patient's support network. | Nursing/Integrated
Concepts: Nursing Process: Assessment
Learning Outcome: 1.2: Explain evidence-based practice and its significance in nursing.
MNL Learning Outcome: 1.3: Examine the steps of the nursing process and their association
with critical thinking.
5
6) The nurse is reviewing a client's medical records. Which should the nurse recognize as
subjective data?
1. The client tells the nurse their abdomen hurts on the left side after eating.
2. The client's abdomen is tender on the left side during palpation.
3. The CAT scan reveals a large mass in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen.
4. The client's hemoglobin is 14.1 gm/dL.
Answer: 1
Explanation: 1. Subjective reports by the client are those feelings or symptoms that cannot be
observed by others. The statement "My abdomen hurts," is subjective data.
2. Physical examination findings, radiographic findings, and laboratory analysis reports are
objective data.
objective data.
objective data.
Page Ref: 6
Client Need & Sub: Health Promotion and Maintenance; Health Screening
Standards: QSEN Competencies: I.B.1. Elicit patient values, preferences, and expressed needs
as part of clinical interview, implementation of care plan, and evaluation of care. | AACN
parameters in patients, using developmentally and culturally appropriate approaches | NLN
Competencies: Personal and Professional Development: Identify problems and contribute to
assessment of outcome achievement. | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process:
Assessment
Learning Outcome: 1.5: Apply the critical thinking process to health assessment in nursing.
MNL Learning Outcome: 1.4: Examine the components of health assessment.
6
7) The nurse is reviewing a client's medical record. Which documented data should the nurse
recognize is objective?
1. The client states, "fell and hurt myself."
2. The client states, "I am six years old."
3. "Six-year-old child observed holding a towel to her forehead."
4. "Client states that she was running and fell at the playground."
Answer: 3
Explanation: 1. Statements the client makes are subjective data.
2. Statements the client makes are subjective data.
3. Objective data are data that can be observed or measured by the nurse. The nurse can see
the child holding the towel to her head.
4. Statements the client makes are subjective data.
Page Ref: 6
Competencies: Personal and Professional Development: Identify problems; Contribute to
Assessment
7
8) The nurse is evaluating the plan of care and notes that none of the goals have been met for
the client with impaired gas exchange. Which action should the nurse take?
1. Report the lack of achievement of the goals to the healthcare provider.
2. Review the data and modify the plan.
3. Reformulate the nursing diagnosis to a more realistic one.
4. Request a consult for the client to be seen by a pulmonologist.
Answer: 2
Explanation: 1. Reporting the lack of achievement of the goals to the healthcare provider is not
appropriate, though reporting undesirable client physiologic responses may be.
2. The plan of care should be evaluated periodically at established time frames to determine
achievement of the goals. If goals have not been achieved, revisions should be made which may
include adding, changing, or discontinuing nursing diagnoses or nursing interventions.
3. Reformulating the nursing diagnosis to a more realistic one is not the best course of action,
as the diagnosis established came from subjective and objective data specific to that diagnosis.
4. There is no data to support the need for additional medical consultations.
Page Ref: 5
Client Need & Sub: Physiological Integrity; Illness Management
expertise, and evidence. | AACN Essentials Competencies: III.6. Integrate evidence, clinical
judgment, interprofessional perspectives, and patient preferences in planning, implementing,
and evaluating outcomes of care. | NLN Competencies: Personal and Professional
Development: Identify problems and contribute to assessment of outcome achievement. |
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Evaluation
8
9) The preceptor has created a teaching plan about the concepts of health and wellness for a
new nurse. Which statement by the nurse indicates an understanding of health?
1. "Health is the absence of illness, disease, and symptoms."
2. "Health is a state of well-being and when the client feels good."
3. "Health is the state when a person is viewed as a holistic being."
4. "Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being."
Answer: 4
Explanation: 1. Health extends beyond the absence of illness and disease.
2. Defining health as a state of well-being is limiting as it does not encompass all of the
elements of an individual's being.
3. While health does require a holistic approach, this definition does not explore the context of
health.
4. Health is a physical, psychosocial, and spiritual wellness.
Page Ref: 7
expertise, and evidence. | AACN Essentials Competencies: VII.5; IX.7. Use evidence-based
practices to guide health teaching, health counseling, screening, outreach, disease and
outbreak investigation, and referral and follow-up throughout the lifespan. Provide appropriate
patient teaching that reflects developmental stage, age, culture, spirituality, patient
preferences, and health literacy considerations to foster patient engagement in their care. |
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Practice: Health promotion/disease prevention |
in nursing.
9
10) The nurse is caring for a client who is recovering from abdominal surgery. Which goal
should the nurse include in this client's plan of care?
1. The client will verbalize pain relief using an intensity rating in 1 hour.
2. The client will state that they feel fine in 1 hour.
3. The nurse will observe fewer signs of pain in the client's every 1 hour.
4. The nurse will re-evaluate the client's pain level every 1 hour.
Answer: 1
Explanation: 1. The goal s is directly related to the nursing diagnosis. Goals are stated in a
positive fashion and have measurable criteria.
2. This statement is not related directly to the diagnosis and is not measurable.
3. A goal must be reflective of client activities. This is an incorrect answer because it reflects
activities of the nurse and not the client.
4. A goal must be reflective of the client's activities. This is an incorrect answer because it
reflects activities of the nurse and is not client directed. Although there is a time frame listed, it
is not correct as it is related to nursing actions.
Page Ref: 5
Client Need & Sub: Physiological Integrity; Basic Care and Comfort
Standards: QSEN Competencies: I.A.3. Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of the
concepts of pain and suffering, including physiologic models of pain and comfort. | AACN
Essentials Competencies: III.6. Integrate evidence, clinical judgment, interprofessional
perspectives, and patient preferences in planning, implementing, and evaluating outcomes of
care. | NLN Competencies: Personal and Professional Development: Identify problems and
contribute to assessment of outcome achievement. | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing
Process: Planning
in nursing.
10
11) The nurse is developing the plan of care for a client who is recovering from abdominal
surgery. Which intervention should the nurse implement to address this client's pain?
1. The healthcare provider will prescribe additional analgesics.
2. The client will have reduced pain after administration of analgesics.
3. The client will vocalize reduced levels of pain within 1 hour.
4. The client will be assisted with guided imagery to manage pain levels.
Answer: 4
Explanation: 1. The prescribing of additional analgesics does not determine the characteristics
of the pain and does not provide for the assessment of subjective information.
2. This is a goal statement, not an intervention.
3. This is a goal statement, not an intervention.
4. Nursing interventions, such as assisting the client with guided imagery, are geared to assist in
meeting client goals. The interventions are based upon nursing actions.
Page Ref: 5
Client Need & Sub: Physiological Integrity; Non-Pharmacological Comfort Interventions
Standards: QSEN Competencies: I.A.3. Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of the
concepts of pain and suffering, including physiologic models of pain and comfort. | AACN
assessment of outcome achievement. | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Planning
in nursing.
11
12) A new nurse asks the preceptor how the Healthy People 2020 goals can affect a hospitalized
client. Which response by the educator is the most appropriate?
1. "Healthy People 2020 is a tool for the healthcare providers to offer information to their
clients."
2. "Healthy People 2020 seeks to improve health and prevent illness, disability, and premature
death."
3. "The purpose of Healthy People 2020 is to reduce healthcare costs for hospitalized clients."
4. "Healthy People 2020 is seen as a tool by hospitals to reduce length of stay."
Answer: 2
Explanation: 1. Healthy People 2020 is a resource tool for all healthcare professionals but its
purpose is not to provide patient education between the healthcare provider and client.
2. Healthy People 2020 presents a 10-year strategy with objectives intended to enhance health
and prevent illness, disability, and premature death.
3. Reduction of hospital costs is the not the primary purpose of Healthy People 2020.
4. Reduction of length of stay is the not the primary purpose of Healthy People 2020.
Page Ref: 7
Standards: QSEN Competencies: II.B.11. Solicit input from other team members to improve
individual, as well as team, performance. | AACN Essentials Competencies: IX.4. Communicate
effectively with all members of the healthcare team, including the patient and the patient's
support network | NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Practice: Health promotion/disease
prevention. | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Implementation
Learning Outcome: 1.7: Examine how national health policy is structured to enhance individual
and population health.
in nursing.
12
13) The preceptor is reviewing a new nurse's goal statement of, "The client will resume normal
bowel elimination patterns," created for the care plan of a client with irritable bowel
syndrome. Which feedback should the preceptor provide the nurse?
1. "This plan of care has an appropriate goal statement which meets criteria."
2. "This goal statement requires a time frame to be appropriate."
3. "This goal statement is not reflective of the client's diagnosis."
4. "This care plan is accurate and should be entered in the client's medical record."
Answer: 2
Explanation: 1. This goal statement does not meet criteria as it lacks a time frame.
2. Time frames are an important component of goal statements and provide guidelines for
when to evaluate the achievement of the goal.
3. The defining characteristics of the diagnosis and the etiology of the diagnosis are
components of the diagnostic statement.
4. This goal statement does not meet criteria as it lacks a time frame.
Page Ref: 5
Client Need & Sub: Physiological Integrity; Elimination
individual, as well as team, performance. | AACN Essentials Competencies: IX.14. Demonstrate
clinical judgment and accountability for patient outcomes when delegating to and supervising
other members of the healthcare team. | NLN Competencies: Teamwork: Adapt
communication to the team and situation to share information or solicit input; initiate requests
for help when appropriate. | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Evaluation
in nursing.
13
14) The nurse is caring for a newly admitted client with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
Aureus (MRSA). Which goals should the nurse include in the initial health assessment?
Select all that apply.
1. Determine the client's current state of health.
2. Predict risks to current health status.
3. Use only objective data to determine client allergies.
4. Identify the client's ongoing health activities.
5. Identify the client's ability to adhere to treatment.
Answer: 1, 4
Explanation: 1. Health assessment goals are used to determine the client's current state of
health.
2. Health assessment activities are used to predict risks to health and identify health status
both current and future.
3. The initial health assessment includes both objective and subjective information.
4. Health assessment goals are used to determine ongoing health promoting activities.
5. The health assessment is not focused on the client's compliance to treatment.
Page Ref: 5
Client Need & Sub: Physiological Adaptation; Alterations in Body Systems
Standards: QSEN Competencies: I.B.3. Provide patient-centered care with sensitivity and
respect for the diversity of human experience. | AACN Essentials Competencies: III.6. Integrate
evidence, clinical judgment, interprofessional perspectives, and patient preferences in planning,
implementing, and evaluating outcomes of care. | NLN Competencies: Personal and
Professional Development: Identify problems and contribute to assessment of outcome
achievement. | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Assessment
14
15) During a physical assessment of a client, the nurse notes wheezing and documents the
findings in the medical record. Which phase of critical thinking is represented by the nurse's
actions?
1. Collection of information.
2. Evaluation.
3. Generation of alternatives.
4. Analysis of the situation.
Answer: 1
Explanation: 1. Collection of information is the initial step in the process. During this phase, the
nurse will assess available information and document the findings in the medical record.
2. Evaluation is the final step in the process. During evaluation, the nurse will determine the
effectiveness of actions taken.
3. When generating alternatives for action, the nurse will use critical thinking skills to determine
available options for action.
4. Analysis of the situation occurs when the nurse employs assessment skills to review and
analyze the situation. The analysis will provide the nurse with the understanding of what the
best plan of action will be.
Page Ref: 7
Standards: QSEN Competencies: III.C.5. Value the need for continuous improvement in clinical
practice based on new knowledge. | AACN Essentials Competencies: IX.1. Conduct
comprehensive and focused physical, behavioral, psychological, spiritual, socioeconomic, and
environmental assessments of health and illness parameters in patients, using developmentally
and culturally appropriate approaches. | NLN Competencies: Personal and Professional
Development: Identify problems and contribute to assessment of outcome achievement. |
15
16) The nurse is obtaining an admission assessment. Which should the nurse document as
subjective data? Select all that apply.
1. The client's mother informs the nurse that her daughter has not been sleeping due to pain.
2. The client states, "I have pain in my belly that is 7 out of 10."
3. Abdominal assessment reveals a firm, hard abdomen.
4. The client is weak and looks pale.
5. The client appears nervous during the data collection period.
Answer: 1, 2
Explanation: 1. Subjective data is information the client experiences and communicates to the
nurse. This information can be provided by either the client or other individuals.
2. Subjective data is information the client experiences and communicates to the nurse.
3. Objective data is obtained through observation by the examiner.
Page Ref: 6
Assessment
16
17) The nurse is admitting a client to the unit. Which should the nurse consider when regarding
the confidentiality of the client?
1. Information sharing is limited to those directly involved in the client care.
2. All members of the unit's healthcare team may have access to the chart.
3. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) determines who can
communicate with the client.
4. The medical records are open to any hospital employee, including administration.
Answer: 1
Explanation: 1. Confidentiality means that information sharing is limited to those directly
involved in the client care.
2. Access to the chart is limited to only those directly caring for the client, not to all members of
the healthcare team on the unit.
3. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) does not dictate who is
allowed to communicate with the client.
4. The medical records are not open to any hospital employee, including administration.
Page Ref: 7
Client Need & Sub: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Confidentiality/Information Security
member of the healthcare team. | AACN Essentials Competencies: VIII.10. Protect patient
privacy and confidentiality of patient records and other privileged communications. | NLN
Competencies: Context and Environment: Act in accordance with legal and regulatory
requirements, including HIPAA, for faculty's students, patients, and families. |
in nursing.
17
18) The preceptor is reviewing the effective use of the nursing process with a new nurse. Which
statement by the nurse indicates an understanding of the information?
1. "The correct order of the nursing process is diagnosis, assessment, planning, implementation,
and evaluation."
2. "The correct order of the nursing process is assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation,
and evaluation."
3. "The correct order of the nursing process is planning, assessment, diagnosis, implementation,
and evaluation."
4. "The correct order of the nursing process is assessment, planning, diagnosis, implementation,
and evaluation."
Answer: 2
Explanation: 1. The nursing process is a systematic, rational, dynamic, and cyclic process used
by the nurse for planning and providing care for the client. The assessment phase, step 1,
involves the collection of data. Step 2 of the nursing process is diagnosis. Step 3 of the process
is planning. Implementation is step 4. The final stage in the process, step 5, is evaluation.
2. The nursing process is a systematic, rational, dynamic, and cyclic process used by the nurse
for planning and providing care for the client. The assessment phase, step 1, involves the
collection of data. Step 2 of the nursing process is diagnosis. Step 3 of the process is planning.
Implementation is step 4. The final stage in the process, step 5, is evaluation.
Page Ref: 5
Cognitive Level: Remembering
Client Need & Sub: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Management of Care
achievement. | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Implementation
18
19) The nurse is reviewing the role of the nurse practitioner. Which should the nurse recognize
is the primary role?
1. Manage complex patient care areas.
2. Attend to the health of women of all ages.
3. Engagement in quality improvement.
4. Provide primary care in acute settings.
Answer: 4
Explanation: 1. Nurse administrators manage common complex patient care areas.
2. The certified nurse midwife attends to the health of women of all ages.
3. The nurse researcher may be engaged in continuous quality improvement projects in
institutions and agencies.
4. The nurse practitioner can provide primary care in acute settings.
Page Ref: 3
Cognitive Level: Understanding
Client Need & Sub: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Concepts of Management
Standards: QSEN Competencies: II.B.4 Function competently within own scope of practice as a
Teamwork: Function competently within one's own scope of practice as leader or member of
the healthcare team and manage delegation effectively and clarify roles and integrate the
contributions of others who play a role in helping the patient/family achieve health goals |
healthcare.
19
20) The nurse recognizes that there needs to be a change in practice on the unit to improve the
client outcomes. Which is the quickest method the nurse should consider to change current
practice?
1. Research.
2. Literature review.
3. Quality improvement project.
4. Document patient outcomes.
Answer: 3
Explanation: 1. Research can be done to identify evidence-based changes in practice.
2. A literature review can help identify evidence-based changes in practice.
3. A quality improvement project led by nurses has shortened the gap of time it takes to
implement evidence-based practice.
4. Documenting patient outcomes is not a formal method for effectively changing practice on a
unit. The outcomes should be monitored through a quality improvement project.
Page Ref: 3
Client Need & Sub: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Performance Improvement (Quality
Improvement)
Standards: QSEN Competencies: III.C.5. Value the need for continuous improvement in clinical
practice based on new knowledge | AACN Essentials Competencies: III.5. Participate in the
process of retrieval, appraisal, and synthesis of evidence in collaboration with other members
of the healthcare team to improve patient outcomes. | NLN Competencies: Quality and Safety:
Current best practices | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Planning
Learning Outcome: 1.2: Explain evidence-based practice and its significance in nursing.
in nursing.
20
21) The nurse is reviewing the advanced practice roles of the nurse. Which should the nurse
recognize as the primary responsibility of the clinical nurse specialist?
1. Identify problems in regards to patient care, designs plans of study, and develops tools.
2. Provide generalized healthcare services, such as family planning, obstetric, and gynecological
care.
3. Provide direct patient care, direct and teach other team members providing care, and
conduct research within an area of specialization.
4. Combine expertise in diagnosis and illness with a nurse's understanding of health promotion
and prevention.
Answer: 3
Explanation: 1. The role of the Nurse Researcher includes the identification of problems in
regards to patient care, designing plans of study, and developing tools.
2. The Certified Nurse Midwife is an independent practitioner that provides generalized
healthcare services, such as family planning, obstetric, and gynecological care.
3. The role of the Clinical Nurse Specialist includes the provision of direct patient care, directing
and teaching other team members, and providing care and conduct research within an area of
specialization.
4. The role of the Nurse Practitioner includes combining expertise in diagnosis and illness with a
nurse's understanding of health promotion and prevention.
Page Ref: 3
Personal and Professional Development: Identify problems and contribute to assessment of
outcome achievement. | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Planning
healthcare.
21
22) The nurse is preparing to conduct a focused interview on an older adult client who is being
admitted for a urinary tract infection (UTI). Which initial action should the nurse take?
1. Obtain a urine sample.
2. Monitor the client's vital signs.
3. Assess the client's about dietary preferences.
4. Assess the characteristics of the client's pain.
Answer: 4
Explanation: 1. The client may need to have a urine specimen but that does not directly relate
to obtaining more information about the client's chief complaints.
2. The client's vital signs will be taken but they do not directly relate to obtaining more
information about the client's chief complaints.
3. Dietary preferences of clients are recorded but are not a part of the focused assessment.
4. The focused interview is used to allow for clarification of information from the initial
interview. The focused interview is the portion of the interview in which the nurse asks the
patient to clarify points, provide missing information, and elucidate information identified in
the health history.
Page Ref: 6
Assessment
22
23) The nurse is preparing to obtain a health history. Which should the nurse understand is the
main purpose of obtaining a health history before a physical assessment?
1. Allows the nurse to gather objective data.
2. Provides a systematic means of gathering information.
3. Enables a nursing diagnosis to be generated.
4. Assists the examiner in accurately conducting a physical assessment.
Answer: 2
Explanation: 1. A purpose of a health history is to obtain information about the client's health
in their own words and based on their own perceptions.
2. The main purpose of conducting an interview prior to obtaining a physical assessment is to
systematically gather information about the client.
3. A nursing diagnosis is not generated until both subjective and objective data have been
obtained.
4. Accurately conducting a physical assessment is based on the nurse's ability to systematically
and consistently use evidence-based methods of data collection.
Page Ref: 6
Assessment
Learning Outcome: 1.4: Define health assessment and identify key components.
23
24) The nurse is reviewing the goal statements for a postoperative client. Which goal
statements should the nurse recognize needs further development? Select all that apply.
1. The nurse will assess the vital signs every 2 hours.
2. The client will ambulate every 6 hours on the first postoperative day.
3. The client will report feeling better by the end of the day.
4. The client will begin a clear liquid diet on the first postoperative day.
5. The nurse will administer oral analgesics as prescribed.
Answer: 1, 3, 5
Explanation: 1. Goal statements are used to provide planned outcomes for the client. Goal
statements must be measurable and are reflective of client activities. This statement reflects
actions of the nurse, not the client.
2. The goal statement is used to provide planned outcomes for the client. Goal statements must
be measurable and reflective of client activities. All elements needed for an appropriate goal
statement are represented.
3. Goal statements must be measurable and reflective of client activities. This statement is
vague and does not provide a definitive means for measurement.
4. Goal statements are used to provide planned client outcomes. This statement contains the
needed elements for a successful goal statement.
5. This statement is not a client-centered goal statement. This statement reflects an
intervention performed by the healthcare provider.
Page Ref: 5
achievement. | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Evaluation
in nursing.
24
25) The nurse administrator is explaining their role to a new nurse. Which statement made by
the new nurse indicates further teaching is required?
1. "You are available for consultation."
2. "You will be conducting research."
3. "You are responsible for staffing."
4. "You will be monitoring the goals of the organization."
Answer: 2
Explanation: 1. The nurse administrator may function as a consultant.
2. The nurse administrator is not involved in conducting research.
3. The nurse administrator may be responsible for staffing.
4. The nurse administrator monitors the goals of the organization.
Page Ref: 2
Standards: QSEN Competencies: II.B.4 Function competently within own scope of practice as a
Teamwork: Function competently within one's own scope of practice as leader or member of
the healthcare team and manage delegation effectively. Clarify roles and integrate the
contributions of others who play a role in helping the patient/family achieve health goals. |
healthcare.
25
26) The new nurse is reviewing a client's plan of care with the preceptor. Which statement
made by the nurse should the preceptor be concerned with?
1. "I have created one goal per nursing diagnosis."
2. "I have created my goals based on the nursing diagnosis."
3. "I identified measurable goals during the planning."
4. "I have written the interventions based on my goals."
Answer: 1
Explanation: 1. A single nursing diagnosis may generate more than one patient goal.
2. The goals for the client are based on the nursing diagnosis.
3. Measurable goals are identified during the stage of planning.
4. Interventions are based on the identified goals.
Page Ref: 5
Client Need & Sub: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Assignment, Delegation, and
Supervision
respect for the diversity of human experience. | AACN Essentials Competencies: IX.14.
Demonstrate clinical judgment and accountability for patient outcomes when delegating to and
supervising other members of the healthcare team | NLN Competencies: Teamwork: Adapt
communication to the team and situation to share information or solicit input and initiate
requests for help when appropriate. | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process:
Evaluation
in nursing.
26
27) The nurse is reviewing a client's care plan. Which part of the nursing process should the
nurse use to determine if new problems exist?
1. Assessment.
2. Evaluation.
3. Implementation.
4. Planning.
Answer: 2
Explanation: 1. The assessment process begins during the first encounter of the patient or the
chart. The collection, organization, and validation of subjective and objective information are
obtained during the assessment.
2. During the evaluation, the nurse determines if a new problem exists.
3. During the implementation of the nursing process, the nurse carries out relevant nursing
interventions specific to the patient.
4. During the phase of planning, the nurse identifies measurable goals or outcomes, sets
priorities, and selects evidence-based nursing interventions that promote achievement of
measurable patient goals or outcomes.
Page Ref: 7
respect for the diversity of human experience. | AACN Essentials Competencies: VII.1. Assess
protective and predictive factors, including genetics, which influence the health of individuals,
families, groups, communities, and populations. | NLN Competencies: Personal and
Professional Development: Identify problems. Apply decision-making skills, particularly in the
context of uncertainty and ambiguity. | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process:
Evaluating
in nursing.
27
28) The preceptor is assessing a new nurse's ability to critically think. Which should the
preceptor include in the assessment? Select all that apply.
1. Application of logic.
2. Use of resources.
3. Ability to problem solving.
4. Use of the nursing process.
5. Use of cognitive skills.
Answer: 1, 2, 4, 5
Explanation: 1. Critical thinking is a way to apply logic to the complexities of patient care.
2. Critical thinking involves the use of resources.
3. Critical thinking is more than problem solving.
4. Critical thinking parallels the nursing process.
5. Critical thinking is a way to apply cognitive skills to the complexities of patient care.
Page Ref: 7
individual, as well as team, performance. | AACN Essentials Competencies: I.1. Integrate
theories and concepts from liberal education into nursing practice. | NLN Competencies:
Personal and Professional Development: Identify problems and apply decision-making skills,
particularly in the context of uncertainty and ambiguity. | Nursing/Integrated Concepts:
Nursing Process: Evaluation
28
29) The nurse is developing a client's plan of care. Which should the nurse base the plan of care
on?
1. The nursing diagnosis.
2. The objective data.
3. The subjective data.
4. Client goals.
Answer: 1
Explanation: 1. The plan of care should be based on the nursing diagnosis.
2. Objective and subjective data are collected and used to formulate the nursing diagnosis.
3. Objective and subjective data are collected to formulate the nursing diagnosis.
4. Client goals are developed to help determine the success of the care delivered.
Page Ref: 5
achievement. | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Diagnosis
29
30) The nurse is preparing to focus on the third step of the nursing process. Which should the
nurse anticipate obtaining?
1. Statement of client goals.
2. Collection of subjective data.
3. Performance of care activities.
4. Review of client's achievement of goals.
Answer: 1
Explanation: 1. The third step in the nursing process is the planning phase. During the planning
phase, care interventions are determined, priorities are set, and client goals are stated.
2. Assessment is the first phase of the nursing process for which collection of subjective data
occurs.
3. Implementation is the fourth phase of the nursing process for which care activities are
implemented.
4. The client's progress toward achieving the identified goals is evaluated in the final stage of
the nursing process.
Page Ref: 5
achievement. | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Planning
30
31) The nurse is reviewing the client's record for reports of pain. Which should the nurse
consider subjective data? Select all that apply.
1. The client's leg is red and swollen.
2. The client complains of leg tenderness.
3. The client's white blood cell count is elevated
4. The client demonstrates guarding behavior during the assessment
5. The client states they have leg cramps.
Answer: 2, 5
Explanation: 1. Objective information is observable by the examiner. The examiner is able to
visualize the appearance of the extremity.
2. Subjective information refers to data reported by the client. The client's complaints are an
example of subjective data.
3. The laboratory values are objective data based on measurement.
4. Objective information is observable such as the patient exhibiting guarding behavior during
an assessment.
5. Subjective information refers to data reported by the client such as in a statement regarding
the experience of pain.
Page Ref: 6
Client Need & Sub: Physiological Integrity; Basic Care and Comfort
Standards: QSEN Competencies: I.B.3. Assess presence and extent of pain and suffering. |
AACN Essentials Competencies: IX.1. Conduct comprehensive and focused physical, behavioral,
Assessment
Learning Outcome: 1.4: Define health assessment and identify key components.
31
32) The nurse is evaluating the risk factors for health disparity. Which social determinant should
the nurse consider places the clients in the community at risk?
1. Lack of access to healthcare services.
2. Nonadherence to health prevention.
3. Lack of participation in exercise.
4. Chronic substance abuse.
Answer: 1
Explanation: 1. Lack of access to healthcare services is a social determinant associated with
health disparity.
2. Nonadherence to health prevention is a behavior.
3. Nonparticipation in exercise is not a health disparity, unless the reason the client cannot
participate is due to an unsafe environment or disability.
4. Chronic substance abuse addiction is a behavior or an addiction.
Page Ref: 7
Standards: QSEN Competencies: I.B.1. Integrate understanding of multiple dimensions of
patient centered care: patient/family/community preferences and values; coordination and
Essentials Competencies: VII.1. Assess protective and predictive factors, including genetics,
which influence the health of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations. |
NLN Competencies: Context of Environment: Environmental health; health promotion/disease
prevention (e.g., transmission of disease, disease patterns, epidemiological principles); chronic
disease management; healthcare systems; transcultural approaches to health; and family
dynamics. | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Assessment
Learning Outcome: 1.6: Describe the concepts of health, wellness, and health disparities.
32
33) Which should the nurse understand is the main focus of the Agency for Health Research and
Quality?
1. Nursing practice guidelines.
2. Health promotion.
3. Produce evidence-based reports.
4. Address healthcare disparity.
Answer: 3
Explanation: 1. The AHRQ produces evidence reports and technology assessments.
2. The AHRQ produces evidence reports and technology assessments.
Page Ref: 3
Standards: QSEN Competencies: I.B.1. Integrate understanding of multiple dimensions of
patient centered care: patient/family/community preferences and values; coordination and
Essentials Competencies: VII.1. Assess protective and predictive factors, including genetics,
which influence the health of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations. |
NLN Competencies: Context of Environment: Environmental health; health promotion/disease
prevention (e.g., transmission of disease, disease patterns, epidemiological principles); chronic
disease management; healthcare systems; transcultural approaches to health; and family
dynamics. | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Evaluation
Learning Outcome: 1.7: Examine how national health policy is structured to enhance individual
and population health.
in nursing.
33
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town which they called Ogryle, either preserving the name of one of
their townships in this way, or because Ogrylus was one of the
expedition. There are still places in Sardinia called after Iolaus, who
is still honoured by the inhabitants. And after the capture of Ilium
several of the Trojans escaped, as well as those who got off safe
with Æneas; part of them were carried by the winds to Sardinia, and
mixed with the Greeks who had gone there earlier. And what
hindered the barbarians from fighting against the Greeks and
Trojans was that in their equipment for war they stood on an equality,
and both armies feared to cross the river Thorsus which parted
them. Many years afterwards however the Libyans passed over into
the island a second time with a larger host, and fought against the
Greeks, and entirely destroyed all but a remnant, and the Trojans
fled to the hilly parts of the island, and occupying the mountains,
which were difficult of access from the rocks and crags, are called to
this day Ilians, but they resemble the Libyans in their appearance
and armour and mode of living. And there is an island not far from
Sardinia, called by the Greeks Cyrnus, but by its Libyan inhabitants
Corsica. A large contingent in this island, who had suffered
grievously from faction, crossed over to Sardinia and dwelt in part of
the mountainous district, and were called by the Sardinians Corsi
from the name of their fatherland. And when the Carthaginians
became a great naval power, they subdued all the Sardinians but the
Ilians and the Corsi, (who were prevented from being reduced to
slavery by the security which the mountains gave them,) and
themselves built in the island the towns Caralis and Sulci. And the
Libyans or Iberes, who were allies of the Carthaginians, disputed
over the spoil, and got so angry that they parted from them, and they
also went and dwelt in the mountainous parts of the island. And they
were called Balari, according to the dialect of the people of Cyrnus,
who give that name to exiles. Such are the races that inhabit
Sardinia, and such are the towns they have built. And in the island
towards the North and the mainland of Italy is a mountain range
difficult of access, whose summits are contiguous, and this part of
the island affords no harbours to mariners, but violent gusts and
squalls of wind sweep from the mountain-tops over the sea. In the
middle of the island are other mountains less lofty, but the air there is
generally turbid and pestilential, in consequence of the salt that
crystallizes there, and the violence of the South Wind; for the North
Winds, on account of the height of the mountains towards Italy, are
prevented from blowing in summer time so as to cool the air and soil.
Some say that Cyrnus is not further by sea from Sardinia than eight
stades, and as it is mountainous and lofty throughout, they think it
prevents either the West or North West Winds reaching Sardinia.
There are no serpents in the island either venomous or harmless,
nor wolves. The rams are of no greater size than elsewhere, but their
appearance is just such as a statuary in Ægina might suppose a wild
ram to be, thicker however in the breast than the Æginetan works of
art, and the horns do not stand out direct from the head, but twist
round the ears, and in speed they surpass all animals. The island is
free from all deadly grasses and herbs with one exception, a grass
like parsley which is deadly, and those who eat of it die laughing.
This is the origin of Homer[106] and subsequent writers speaking of
the Sardonic laughter when things are in evil plight. This grass grows
chiefly near springs, but does not communicate to them its venom.
We have introduced this account of Sardinia into our history of
Phocis, because the Greeks have such very scanty knowledge about
the island.
[106] Odyssey, xx. 301, 302.
CHAPTER XVIII.
T he horse, which is next the statue of Sardus, was they say the
votive offering of the Athenian Callias (the son of Lysimachides),
out of his own personal gains in the Persian war. And the Achæans
offered a statue of Athene after they had reduced the town of Phana
in Ætolia by siege. The siege lasted a long time, and, when the
besiegers found they could not take the town, they sent messengers
to Delphi, and this was the response they received.
“O inhabitants of the land of Pelops and of Achaia, who come to
Pytho to enquire how you are to capture the town, observe what
portion of water daily given to the inhabitants keeps them alive, and
how much the town has already drunk. In this way may you take the
fenced village of Phana.”
Not understanding the meaning of the oracle, they resolved to raise
the siege and depart homewards, as the inhabitants of the besieged
place took very little heed of them, when a woman came out of the
town to fetch water from a well near the walls. They hurried up from
the camp and took this woman prisoner, and the Achæans learned
from her that the little water from this well (when they got it each
night) was measured out, and the people in the town had no other
water whatever to drink. So the Achæans fouled the water so as to
make it undrinkable and captured the town.
And next to this statue of Athene the Rhodians of Lindus erected a
statue of Apollo. And the Ambraciotes offered a brazen ass, after
their victory by night over the Molossi. The Molossi had made ready
for a night attack on them, when an ass, who chanced to be driven
from the field, pursuing a she-ass with lust and braying, and the
driver also crying out in a loud and disorderly manner, the Molossi
were so dismayed where they were in ambush that they left the
place, and the Ambraciotes detected their plan, and attacked and
defeated them that very night.
And the people of Orneæ in Argolis, as the Sicyonians pressed them
hard in war, vowed to Apollo, if they should succeed in repelling the
Sicyonians, to have a procession to him at Delphi daily and to
sacrifice to him any quantity of victims. They obtained the wished-for
victory, but as to discharge their vow daily was a great expense, and
the trouble even greater than the expense, they hit upon the
expedient of offering to the god representations in brass of the
procession and sacrifice.
Here too is a representation in iron of the contest between Hercules
and the Hydra, the votive offering and design of Tisagoras. Making
statues in iron is most difficult and laborious. This Tisagoras,
whoever he was, is famed for the heads of a lion and wild boar at
Pergamus. These are also in iron, and were a votive offering of his to
Dionysus.
And the Phocians of Elatea, who held out against the siege of
Cassander till Olympiodorus came from Athens to their relief, sent a
brazen lion to Apollo at Delphi. And the Apollo next that lion is the
offering of the Massaliotes for their victory over the Carthaginians in
a sea-fight.
The Ætolians also erected a trophy and statue of an armed woman,
(Ætolia to wit), out of the fine they imposed on the Galati for their
cruelty to the people of Callion.[107] There is also a gilt statue of
Gorgias of Leontini, his own votive offering.
[107] See ch. 22.
CHAPTER XIX.
N ext to the statue of Gorgias is a votive offering of the

Amphictyones, a statue of Scyllis of Scione, who had wonderful
fame as a diver, and taught his daughter Hydna diving. When a
violent storm came on Xerxes’ fleet off Mount Pelion they greatly
added to the wrecks, by diving down and cutting the cables that kept
the ships at anchor. It was for this good service that the
Amphictyones made statues of Scyllis and his daughter. And among
the statues that Nero took away from Delphi was this of Hydna.
[Virgins that are virgins indeed still dive in the sea with impunity.][108]
I shall next relate a Lesbian tradition. The nets of some fishermen at
Methymna fished up out of the sea a head made of olive-wood,
which seemed that of a foreign god, and not one worshipped by the
Greeks. The people of Methymna inquired therefore of the Pythian
priestess what god or hero it belonged to, and she bade them
worship Phallenian Dionysus. Accordingly the people of Methymna
offered their vows and sacrifices to it, and sent a bronze imitation of
it to Delphi.
On the gables are representations of Artemis and Leto and Apollo
and the Muses, and the setting of the Sun, and Dionysus and the
Thyiades. The faces of all these are by the Athenian Praxias, the
pupil of Calamis: but as the temple took some time to build Praxias
died before it was finished, and the rest of the carving on the gables
was by Androsthenes, also an Athenian, and the pupil of Eucadmus.
Of the golden arms on the architraves, the Athenians offered the
shields after the victory at Marathon, and the Ætolians the arms of
the Galati behind and on the left, which resemble the Persian shields
called Gerrha.
Of the irruption of the Galati into Greece I gave some account in
connection with the council-chamber at Athens: but I prefer to give
the fullest account in connection with Delphi, because the greatest
struggle between them and the Greeks took place here. The first
expedition of the Celts beyond their borders was under Cambaules:
but when they got as far as Thrace on that occasion they did not
dare to go any further, recognising that they were too few in number
to cope with the Greeks. But on the second expedition, egged on by
those who had formed part of the army of Cambaules, who had
tasted the sweets of plunder and were enamoured of the gains of
looting, a large army of both infantry and cavalry mustered together.
This army the commanders divided into three parts, and each
marched into a different district. Cerethrius was to march against the
Thracians and the Triballi: Brennus and Acichorius were to lead their
division into Pæonia: and Bolgius was to march against the
Macedonians and Illyrians. This last fought a battle against Ptolemy
king of the Macedonians, who had treacherously slain Seleucus the
son of Antiochus, (though he had been a suppliant at his court), and
was nicknamed Lightning on account of his audacity.[109] In this
battle Ptolemy fell, and with him no small part of the Macedonians:
but the Celts durst not adventure any further into Greece, and so this
second expedition returned home again. Thereupon Brennus
urgently pressed upon the general assemblies, and upon each
individual chieftain of the Galati, the advantages of invading Greece,
pointing out her weak state at that period, and the immense wealth
of her community, her votive offerings in the temples, her quantity of
silver and gold. He succeeded in persuading the Galati to invade
Greece once more, and among other chieftains he chose Acichorius
once more as his colleague. The army mustered 152,000 foot and
20,400 horse. Such at least was the fighting force of the cavalry, for
its real number was 61,200: as each horse-soldier had two servants,
who themselves were excellent cavalry also and mounted. For the
custom of the Galati in an engagement was that these servants
should remain in the rear close at hand, and if a horse was killed
they supplied a fresh one, and if the rider was killed one of them took
his place, and if he too was killed then the third took his place. And if
one of the masters was only wounded, then one of his servants
removed him to the camp, and the other took his place in the battle.
In this custom I think the Galati imitated the 10,000 Persians, called
The Immortals. But the difference was that The Immortals were a
reserve force only used at the end of an action, whereas the Galati
used these reserves as wanted all through the action. This mode of
fighting they called Trimarcisia in their dialect: for the Celts called a
horse marca. Such was the force, such the intentions, with which
Brennus marched into Greece.
[108] I follow Schubart in surrounding this remarkable statement
with brackets.
[109] See the circumstances in Book i. ch. 16.
CHAPTER XX.
T he Greeks for their part, though very dejected, were induced to

fight bravely for their country by the very urgency of the peril. For
they saw that at the present crisis it was not merely their liberty that
was at stake, as at the time of the Persian invasion, but that, even if
they granted land and water to the enemy,[110] they would have no
future security. For they still remembered the former irruption of the
Galati into Macedonia and Thrace and Pæonia, and their recent
outrages in Thessaly had been reported to them. It was the universal
opinion therefore, both with individuals and states, that they must
either die or conquer.
It will not be without instruction to compare the numbers of those
who fought against Xerxes at Thermopylæ with those who fought
now against the Galati. The Greeks that marched against the Mede
were as follows: 300 Lacedæmonians only under Leonidas, 500 from
Tegea, 500 from Mantinea, 120 Arcadians from Orchomenus, 1000
from the other towns of Arcadia, 80 from Mycenæ, 200 from Phlius,
400 from Corinth, 700 Bœotians from Thespia and 400 from Thebes.
And 1,000 Phocians guarded the pass at Mount Œta, who must be
added to the Greek contingent. As to the Locrians under Mount
Cnemis Herodotus has not mentioned their precise number, he only
says they came from all the towns. But we may conjecture their
number pretty accurately: for the Athenians at Marathon, including
slaves and non-combatants, were not more than 9,000: so that the
fighting force of Locrians at Thermopylæ could not be more than
6,000. Thus the whole force employed against the Persians would
be 11,200. Nor did all of these stay all the time under arms at
Thermopylæ, for except the men from Lacedæmon and Thespia and
Mycenæ they waited not to see the issue of the fight. And now
against these barbarians who had crossed the ocean the following
Greeks banded themselves at Thermopylæ: 10,000 heavy armed
infantry and 500 horse from Bœotia, under the Bœotarchs
Cephisodotus and Thearidas and Diogenes and Lysander: 500
cavalry and 3,000 foot from Phocis, under Critobulus and Antiochus:
700 Locrians, all infantry, from the island Atalanta, under the
command of Midias: 400 heavy armed infantry of the Megarians,
their cavalry under the command of Megareus: of the Ætolians, who
formed the largest and most formidable contingent, the number of
their horse is not recorded, but their light-armed troops were 90,[111]
and their heavy armed 7000: and the Ætolians were under the
command of Polyarchus and Polyphron and Lacrates. And the
Athenians were under Callippus the son of Mœrocles, as I have
before stated, and consisted of all the triremes that were sea-worthy,
and 500 horse, and 1,000 foot, and because of their ancient renown
they were in command of the whole allied army. And some
mercenary troops were sent by various kings, as 500 from
Macedonia, and 500 from Asia, those that were sent by Antigonus
were led by Aristodemus the Macedonian, and those that were sent
by Antiochus were led by Telesarchus, as also some Syrians from
Asia situated by the river Orontes.
When these Greeks, thus banded together at Thermopylæ, heard
that the army of the Galati was already in the neighbourhood of
Magnesia and Phthiotis, they determined to send about 1,000 picked
light-armed soldiers and a troop of horse to the river Sperchius, to
prevent the barbarians’ crossing the river without a struggle. And
they went and destroyed the bridges, and encamped by the river.
Now Brennus was by no means devoid of intelligence, and for a
barbarian no mean strategist. Accordingly on the following night
without any delay he sent 10,000 of his troops, who could swim and
were remarkably tall,—and all the Celts are remarkably tall men—
down the river to cross it not at the ordinary fords, but at a part of the
river where it was less rapid, and marshy, and diffused itself more
over the plain, so that the Greeks should not be able to notice their
crossing over. They crossed over accordingly, swimming over the
marshy part of the river, and using the shields of their country as a
sort of raft, while the tallest of them could ford the river. When the
Greeks at the Sperchius noticed that part of the barbarians had
crossed over, they returned at once to the main army.
[110] The technical term for submission to an enemy. See
Herodotus, v. 17, 18; vii. 133.
[111] This 90 seeming a very small force, Schubart conjectures
790, Brandstäter 1090.
CHAPTER XXI.
B rennus next ordered those who dwelt near the Maliac Bay to
throw bridges over the Sperchius: which they did quickly,
standing greatly in dread of him, and being very desirous that the
barbarians should depart and not injure them by a long stay in their
part of the country. Then Brennus passed his army across these
bridges, and marched for Heraclea. And though they did not capture
it, the Galati ravaged the country, and slew the men that were left in
the fields. The year before the Ætolians had compelled the people of
Heraclea to join the Ætolian League, and now they protected
Heraclea just as if it was their own. That is why Brennus did not
capture it, but he paid no great attention to it, his only anxiety being
to dislodge the enemy from the passes, and get into Greece by
Thermopylæ.
He advanced therefore from Heraclea, and learning from deserters
that a strong force from all the Greek cities was concentrated at
Thermopylæ, he despised his enemy, and the following day at
daybreak opened battle, having no Greek seer with him, or any
priests of his own country, if indeed the Celts practise divination.
Thereupon the Greeks advanced silently and in good order: and
when the two armies engaged, the infantry were careful not to break
their line, and the light-armed troops keeping their ground
discharged their darts arrows and slings at the barbarians. The
cavalry on both sides was useless, not only from the narrowness of
the pass, but also from the smooth and slippery and rocky nature of
the ground, intersected also throughout by various mountain
streams. The armour of the Galati was inferior, for their only
defensive armour was the shield used in their country, and moreover
they were less experienced in the art of war. But they fought like wild
beasts with rage and fury and headlong inconsiderate valour: and,
whether hacked about by swords and battle-axes, or pierced with
darts and javelins, desisted not from their furious attacks till bereft of
life. Some even plucked out of their wounds the weapons with which
they had been wounded, and hurled them back, or used them in
hand to hand fight. Meantime the Athenians on their triremes, not
without great difficulty and danger, sailed along the mud which is
very plentiful in that arm of the sea, and got their vessels as near the
barbarians as they could, and shot at their flanks with all kinds of
darts and arrows. And the Celts by now getting far the worst of it,
and in the press suffering far more loss than they could inflict, had
the signal to retire to their camp given them by their commanders.
Accordingly retreating in no order and in great confusion, many got
trodden underfoot by one another, and many falling into the marsh
disappeared in it, so that the loss in the retreat was as great as in the
heat of action.
On this day the Athenians exhibited more valour than all the other
Greeks, and especially Cydias, who was very young and fought now
for the first time. And as he was killed by the Galati his relations
hung up his shield to Zeus Eleutherius with the following inscription,
“Here I hang in vain regret for the young Cydias, I once
the shield of that good warrior, now a votive offering to
Zeus, the shield which he carried on his left arm for the
first time, on that day when fierce war blazed out against
the Galati.”
This inscription remained till Sulla’s soldiers removed the shields in
the portico of Zeus Eleutherius, as well as other notable things at
Athens.
And after the battle at Thermopylæ the Greeks buried their dead,
and stripped the bodies of the barbarians. But the Galati not only
asked not permission to bury their dead, but plainly did not care
whether their dead obtained burial or were torn to pieces by birds
and beasts. Two things in my opinion made them thus indifferent to
the burial of their dead, one to strike awe in their enemies by their
ferocity, the other that they do not habitually mourn for their dead. In
the battle fell 40 Greeks, how many barbarians cannot be accurately
ascertained, for many of them were lost in the marsh.
CHAPTER XXII.
O n the seventh day after the battle a division of the Galati

endeavoured to cross Mount Œta by Heraclea, by a narrow
pass near the ruins of Trachis, not far from which was a temple of
Athene, rich in votive offerings. The barbarians hoped to cross
Mount Œta by this pass, and also to plunder the temple by the way.
The garrison however under the command of Telesarchus defeated
the barbarians, though Telesarchus fell in the action, a man
zealously devoted to the Greek cause.
The other commanders of the barbarians were astounded at the
Greek successes, and doubted whereunto these things would grow,
seeing that at present their own fortunes were desperate, but
Brennus thought that, if he could force the Ætolians back into Ætolia,
the war against the other Greeks would be easier. He selected
therefore out of his whole army 40,000 foot and about 800 horse, all
picked men, and put them under the command of Orestorius and
Combutis. And they recrossed the Sperchius by the bridges, and
marched through Thessaly into Ætolia. And their actions at Callion
were the most atrocious of any that we have ever heard of, and quite
unlike human beings. They butchered all the males, and likewise old
men, and babes at their mother’s breasts: they even drank the
blood, and feasted on the flesh, of babies that were fat. And high-
spirited women and maidens in their flower committed suicide when
the town was taken: and those that survived the barbarians
submitted to every kind of outrage, being by nature incapable of pity
and natural affection. And some of the women rushed upon the
swords of the Galati and voluntarily courted death: to others death
soon came from absence of food and sleep, as these merciless
barbarians outraged them in turn, and wreaked their lusts on them
whether dying or dead. And the Ætolians having learnt from
messengers of the disasters that had fallen upon them, removed
their forces with all speed from Thermopylæ, and pressed into
Ætolia, furious at the sufferings of the people of Callion, and even
still more anxious to save the towns that had not yet been captured.
And the young men flocked out from all their towns to swell their
army, old men also mixed with them inspirited by the crisis, and even
their women volunteered their services, being more furious against
the Galati than even the men. And the barbarians, having plundered
the houses and temples and set fire to Callion, marched back to the
main army at Thermopylæ: and on the road the people of Patræ
were the only Achæans that helped the Ætolians and fell on the
barbarians, being as they were capital heavy-armed soldiers, but
hard-pressed from the quantity of the Galati and their desperate
valour. But the Ætolian men and women lined the roads and threw
missiles at the barbarians with great effect, as they had no defensive
armour but their national shields, and when the Galati pursued them
they easily ran away, and when they desisted from the vain pursuit
harassed them again continually. And though Callion had suffered so
grievously, that what Homer relates of the contest between the
Læstrygones and the Cyclops seems less improbable,[112] yet the
vengeance which the Ætolians took was not inadequate: for of the
40,800 barbarians not more than half got back safe to the camp at
Thermopylæ.
In the meantime the fortunes of the Greeks at Thermopylæ were as
follows. One pass over Mount Œta is above Trachis, most steep and
precipitous, the other through the district of the Ænianes is easier for
an army, and is the way by which Hydarnes the Mede formerly
turned the flank of Leonidas’ forces. By this way the Ænianes and
people of Heraclea promised to conduct Brennus, out of no ill-will to
the Greeks, but thinking it a great point if they could get the Celts to
leave their district and not remain there to their utter ruin. So true are
the words of Pindar, when he says that everybody is oppressed by
his own troubles, but is indifferent to the misfortunes of other people.
[113] And this promise of the Ænianes and people of Heraclea
encouraged Brennus: and he left Acichorius with the main army,
instructing him to attack the Greek force, when he (Brennus) should
have got to their rear: and himself marched through the pass with
40,000 picked men. And it so happened that that day there was a
great mist on the mountain which obscured the sun, so that the
barbarians were not noticed by the Phocians who guarded the pass
till they got to close quarters and attacked them. The Phocians
defended themselves bravely, but were at last overpowered and
retired from the pass: but were in time to get to the main force, and
report what had happened, before the Greeks got completely
surrounded oh all sides. Thereupon the Athenians took the Greeks
on board their triremes at Thermopylæ: and they dispersed each to
their own nationality.
[112] Odyssey, x. 199, 200.
[113] Nem. i. 82. Thus La Rochefoucauld is anticipated. “Nous
avons tous assez de force pour supporter les maux d’autrui.”
CHAPTER XXIII.
A nd Brennus, waiting only till Acichorius’ troops should come up

from the camp, marched for Delphi. And the inhabitants fled to
the oracle in great alarm, but the god told them not to fear, he would
protect his own. And the following Greeks came up to fight for the
god; the Phocians from all their towns, 400 heavy armed soldiers
from Amphissa, of the Ætolians only a few at first, when they heard
of the onward march of the barbarians, but afterwards Philomelus
brought up 1200. For the flower of the Ætolian army directed itself
against the division of Acichorius, not bringing on a general
engagement, but attacking their rearguard as they marched,
plundering their baggage and killing the men in charge of it, and thus
impeding their march considerably. And Acichorius had left a
detachment at Heraclea, to guard the treasure in his camp.
So Brennus and the Greeks gathered together at Delphi drew up
against one another in battle-array. And the god showed in the
plainest possible way his enmity to the barbarians. For the whole
ground occupied by the army of the Galati violently rocked most of
the day, and there was continuous thunder and lightning, which
astounded the Celts and prevented their hearing the orders of their
officers, and the lightning hit not only some particular individual here
and there, but set on fire all round him and their arms. And
appearances of heroes, as Hyperochus and Laodocus and Pyrrhus,
and Phylacus—a local hero at Delphi—were seen on the battle field.
And many Phocians fell in the action and among others
Aleximachus, who slew more barbarians with his own hand than any
other of the Greeks, and who was remarkable for his manly vigour,
strength of frame and daring, and his statue was afterwards placed
by the Phocians in the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Such was the
condition and terror of the barbarians all the day, and during the
night things were still worse with them, for it was bitterly cold and
snowed hard, and great stones came tumbling down from
Parnassus, and whole crags broke off and seemed to make the
barbarians their mark, and not one or two but thirty and even more,
as they stood on guard or rested, were killed at once by the fall of
one of these crags. And the next day at daybreak the Greeks poured
out of Delphi and attacked them, some straight in front, but the
Phocians, who had the best acquaintance with the ground, came
down the steep sides of Parnassus through the snow, and fell on the
Celtic rear unexpectedly, and hurled javelins at them, and shot at
them with perfect security. At the beginning of the battle the Galati,
especially Brennus’ body-guard who were the finest and boldest men
in their army, fought with conspicuous bravery, though they were
shot at on all sides, and suffered frightfully from the cold, especially
such as were wounded: but when Brennus was wounded, and taken
off the field in a fainting condition, then the barbarians sorely against
their will beat a retreat, (as the Greeks by now pressed them hard on
all sides), and killed those of their comrades who could not retreat
with them owing to their wounds or weakness.
These fugitive Galati bivouacked where they had got to when night
came on them, and during the night were seized with panic fear, that
is a fear arising without any solid cause. This panic came upon them
late in the night, and was at first confined to a few, who thought they
heard the noise of horses galloping up and that the enemy was
approaching, but soon it ran through the host. They therefore seized
their arms, and getting separated in the darkness mutually slew one
another, neither recognizing their native dialect, nor discerning one
another’s forms or weapons, but both sides in their panic thinking
their opponents Greeks both in language and weapons, so that this
panic sent by the god produced terrific mutual slaughter. And those
Phocians, who were left in the fields guarding the flocks and herds,
were the first to notice and report to the Greeks what had happened
to the barbarians in the night: and this nerved them to attack the
Celts more vigorously than ever, and they placed a stronger guard
over their cattle, and would not let the Galati get any articles of food
from them without a fierce fight for it, so that throughout the
barbarian host there was a deficiency of corn and all other
provisions. And the number of those that perished in Phocis was
nearly 6,000 slain in battle, and more than 10,000 in the savage
wintry night and in the panic, and as many more from starvation.
Some Athenians, who had gone to Delphi to reconnoitre, brought
back the news of what had happened to the barbarians, and of the
panic that the god had sent. And when they heard this good news
they marched through Bœotia, and the Bœotians with them, and
both in concert followed the barbarians, and lay in ambush for them,
and cut off the stragglers. And Acichorius’ division had joined those
who fled with Brennus only the previous night: for the Ætolians made
their progress slow, hurling javelins at them and any other missile
freely, so that only a small part of the barbarians got safe to the
camp at Heraclea. And Brennus, though his wounds were not mortal,
yet either from fear of his comrades, or from shame, as having been
the instigator of all these woes that had happened to them in
Greece, committed suicide by drinking neat wine freely.[114] And
subsequently the barbarians got to the river Sperchius with no little
difficulty, as the Ætolians attacked them fiercely all the way, and at
that river the Thessalians and Malienses set on them with such
vigour that none of them got home again.
This expedition of the Celts to Greece and their utter ruin happened
when Anaxicrates was Archon at Athens, in the second year of the
125th Olympiad, when Ladas of Ægæ was victor in the course. And
the following year, when Democles was Archon at Athens, all the
Celts[115] crossed back again to Asia Minor. I have delivered a true
account.
[114] Which after his wounds would be fatal.
[115] As Siebelis well points out, this cannot refer to Brennus’
army, which we have just been told was all cut to pieces, but to
the swarm of Celts in Macedonia and Thrace, who returned to
Asia Minor, cowed by this catastrophe.
CHAPTER XXIV.
I n the vestibule of the temple at Delphi are written up several wise

sayings for the conduct of life by those whom the Greeks call The
Seven Wise Men. These were Thales of Miletus and Bias of Priene
(both from Ionia), and (of the Æolians in Lesbos) Pittacus of
Mitylene, and (of the Dorians in Asia Minor) Cleobulus of Lindus, and
Solon of Athens, and Chilo of Sparta, and the seventh Plato (the son
of Aristo) makes[116] Myson of Chenæ, a village on Mount Œta,
instead of Periander the son of Cypselus. These Seven Wise Men
came to Delphi, and offered to Apollo those famous sayings, Know
thyself and Not too much of anything. And they inscribed those
sayings in the vestibule of the temple.
You may also see a brazen statue of Homer on a pillar, and read the
oracle which they say was given to him, which runs as follows:
“Fortunate and unfortunate, for you are born to both
destinies, you inquire after your fatherland. But you have
no fatherland, only a motherland. Your mother’s country is
the island Ios, which shall receive your remains. But be on
your guard against the riddle of young boys.”[117]
The inhabitants of Ios still shew the tomb of Homer, and in another
part of the island the tomb of Clymene, who they say was Homer’s
mother. But the people of Cyprus, for they too claim Homer as their
own, and say that Themisto (one of the women of their country) was
his mother, cite the following prophetical verses of Euclus touching
Homer’s birth;
“In sea-girt Cyprus shall a great poet one day be born,
whom divine Themisto shall give birth to in the country, a
poet whose fame shall spread far from wealthy Salamis.
And he leaving Cyprus and sailing over the sea shall first
sing the woes of spacious Hellas, and shall all his days be
immortal and ever fresh.”
These oracles I have heard and read, but I have nothing private to
write either about the country or age of Homer.
And in the temple is an altar of Poseidon, for the most ancient oracle
belonged to Poseidon, and there are also statues of two Fates, for in
the place of the third Fate is Zeus the Arbiter of the Fates, and
Apollo the Arbiter of the Fates. You may also see here the altar at
which the priest of Apollo slew Neoptolemus the son of Achilles, as I
have stated elsewhere. And not far from this altar is the iron Chair of
Pindar, on which they say he used to sit and sing Hymns to Apollo,
whenever he came to Delphi. In the interior of the temple, to which
only a few have access, is another statue of Apollo all gold.
As one leaves the temple and turns to the left, there are precincts in
which is the grave of Neoptolemus the son of Achilles, to whom the
people of Delphi offer funeral rites annually. And not far from this
tomb is a small stone on which they pour oil daily, and on which at
every festival they lay raw wool: and they have a tradition about this
stone, that it was the one which was given to Cronos instead of a
son, and that he afterwards voided it.
And if, after looking at this stone, you return to the temple, you will
come to the fountain Cassotis, which is walled in, and there is an
ascent to it through the wall. The water of this fountain goes they say
underground, and inspires the women in the sanctuary of the god
with prophetical powers: they say the fountain got its name from one
of the Nymphs of Parnassus.
[116] In the Protagoras, 343 A.
[117] The tradition the oracle refers to is that Homer died of grief,
because he could not solve the riddle which some fisher boys
propounded to him. The oracle is also alluded to in Book viii, ch.
24.

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N ext to the statue of Gorgias is a votive offering of the

T he Greeks for their part, though very dejected, were induced to

O n the seventh day after the battle a division of the Galati

A nd Brennus, waiting only till Acichorius’ troops should come up

I n the vestibule of the temple at Delphi are written up several wise

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