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Full Download pdf of Solution Manual for Principles of Auditing and Other Assurance Services, 21st Edition, Whittington all chapter
Full Download pdf of Solution Manual for Principles of Auditing and Other Assurance Services, 21st Edition, Whittington all chapter
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4. Opinion paragraph (PowerPoint 2-25)
5. Revision of report being considered
I. International standards
We start the discussion of this chapter with a survey of the organizations that regulate the accounting
profession. Next, we describe generally accepted auditing standards. We go through the principles
underlying GAAS. We do not ask that they memorize the principles verbatim, but that they know the
basic ideas embodied in each principle. We also stress the need for professional judgment in applying the
generally accepted auditing standards. For example, how much audit evidence is "sufficient"?
Next, we discuss the auditors' responsibility with respect to errors, fraud, and client noncompliance
with laws. We emphasize the AU-C 240 (PCAOB AS 2401) requirement to assess the risk of material
misstatement due to fraud. Also, it is important at this point to distinguish between auditor responsibility
for identifying noncompliance with illegal acts having a direct effect on the financial statement amounts
(and related disclosures) versus other illegal acts. This area is of particular interest to students, many of
whom believe that audits should detect all illegal acts. You may wish to use tax evasion as an example of
an illegal act with a direct effect on the financial statements-it results in improper financial statement
amounts. As examples of other illegal acts without a direct effect on financial statement amounts you
may use violations oflaws and regulations relating to (1) occupational safety and health, (2) insider
securities trading, (3) environmental protection, and (4) antitrust. Case 2-39 requires the students to make
a judgment regarding the appropriate course of action by a CPA firm that has discovered that one of its
large clients has engaged in certain illegal activities. Students usually are divided in their opinions
regarding the action that should be taken by the CPA firm.
We next cover the standard audit report for public entities-the technical term for public entities is
issuers in that they issue securities under the various securities acts. We highlight major elements of the
report. In discussing the phrase "accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of
America" in the auditors' report, we discuss the FASB Codification. The new requirement for inclusion
of Critical Audit Matters is very interesting. It allows us to discuss difficult audit issues that are faced in
an audit.
Following this discussion, we describe the audit report for nonpublic (nonissuer) companies. The
AICPA is currently in the process of revising this report to make it similar to the PCAOB and
international audit report.
Next, we review the nature of other reports that may be issued-qualified, adverse, disclaimer of
opinion, and unmodified reports with emphasis of matter (and other matter) paragraphs. Then, we contrast
the audit report for nonpublic companies with the report used for public companies, and lead a general
discussion of the attestation standards and their relationship to GAAS.
In presenting the related topics of quality control and peer review, we start with a discussion of the
regulatory environment for CPA firms. Next, we discuss the elements of quality control. If time is
available, we spend additional time discussing the manner in which a peer review is performed. We also
describe the regulation of auditors since establishment of the Public Company Accounting Oversight
Board. Finally, we contrast the PCAOB inspections with peer reviews.
We conclude our discussion of this chapter with a brief discussion of international auditing
standards, and the international audit report.
We often use Case 2-38 on errors, fraud, and illegal acts, allowing students 10-15 minutes to discuss the
issues in teams of three or four, and then select one team member to lead a discussion for the class. The
case forces students to distinguish between fraudulent financial reporting and misappropriation of assets,
as well as direct and indirect effect illegal acts. Also, as indicated earlier, Case 2-39 is helpful in this
area.
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Von den empirischen Gesetzen, die als durch Induktion gewonnen nie mehr als
einen — wenngleich oft sehr hohen — Grad der Wahrscheinlichkeit erreichen, sind
streng die l o g i s c h e n Gesetze zu scheiden, die — nicht a u s , sondern an der
H a n d der Erfahrung gewonnen — nicht Produkte, sondern (nach den
tiefgehenden Untersuchungen Kants) Vo r a u s s e t z u n g e n (und zwar allgemein-
und notwendig-gültige Voraussetzungen) aller Erfahrung bilden. Man hat sie
treffend als Gesetze d e s E m p i r i s c h e n den obenbesprochenen induktiv-
gewonnenen als e m p i r i s c h e n Gesetzen entgegengestellt (Riehl). Hierhin
gehört in erster Linie als oberste materiale Voraussetzung aller Erfahrung: das
allgemeine K a u s a l gesetz (das besagt, daß alles, was ist, eine Ursache hat,
durch die es ist, und nichts als ursachslos gedacht werden könne), ferner die
dazugehörigen Folgesätze, die besagen, daß aus gleichen Ursachen g l e i c h e
Wirkungen, daß aus nichts n i c h t s , daß aus dem Seienden nie ein Nichtseiendes
hervorgehen könne. In engem Zusammenhange mit diesen logischen
Grundsätzen aller Erfahrung stehen speziellere materiale Prinzipien wie das
Gesetz der Erhaltung der M a t e r i e von Lavoisier und das Gesetz der Erhaltung
der E n e r g i e von Rob. Jul. Mayer und Helmholtz, die zusammengenommen
besagen, daß die Summe der im Universum vorhandenen Materie und Energien
konstant bleibe. Die neuere Logik neigt ihren vornehmlichsten Richtungen nach
dazu, auch diese allgemeinen Grundsätze wissenschaftlichen Denkens als
l o g i s c h e (d. h. als von der Erfahrung und ihrer aufs Approximative
einschränkenden Gültigkeit u n a b h ä n g i g e , mithin allgemein- und notwendig-
gültige) Gesetze zu deuten; die Diskussion darüber ist indessen zur Zeit noch
nicht abgeschlossen.