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Full Download PDF of Test Bank For Respiratory Care Anatomy and Physiology, 2nd Edition: Will Beachey All Chapter
Full Download PDF of Test Bank For Respiratory Care Anatomy and Physiology, 2nd Edition: Will Beachey All Chapter
Full Download PDF of Test Bank For Respiratory Care Anatomy and Physiology, 2nd Edition: Will Beachey All Chapter
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Test Bank 1-2
Squamous, nonciliated epithelium lines the anterior third of the nose; pseudostratified,
ciliated columnar epithelium interspersed with many mucous-secreting glands covers
the posterior two thirds, including the turbinates. This mucous-secreting epithelium is
called the respiratory mucosa.
REF: Page 5
3. What mechanism is responsible for improving the nasal mucosa’s ability to adjust the
temperature and water content of inspired air?
a. Counter-current blood flow and connections between arterial and venous vessels
b. Na–Cl shift across the epithelium
c. Thermoregulation
d. Vessel vasoconstriction
ANS: A
Counter-current blood flow and connections between arterial and venous vessels
(arteriovenous anastomoses) improve the nasal mucosa’s ability to adjust the
temperature and water content of inspired air.
REF: Page 5
REF: Page 5
ANS: D
The nose is so efficient as a filter that most particles larger than 5 m in diameter do
not gain entry to the lower airways.
REF: Page 5
Test Bank 1-3
6. Which function of the nose is lost if a plastic endotracheal tube is inserted through the
nose or mouth and into the trachea?
a. Air-conditioning
b. Antibacterial
c. Antiinflammatory
d. Bactericidal
ANS: A
If a plastic endotracheal tube (Figure 1-4) is inserted through the nose or mouth and
into the trachea, the air-conditioning function of the nose is lost and unmodified cool,
dry gas directly enters the trachea. This places a heavy burden on the tracheal mucosa,
which is not designed to accommodate cool, dry gases.
REF: Page 5
8. Which of the following two reflexes are responsible for preventing aspiration of
foreign material into the lungs?
a. Laryngeal and pharyngeal
b. Laryngeal and carinal
c. Pharyngeal and carinal
d. Laryngeal and vocal cord
ANS: A
Deeply unconscious persons sometimes lose the pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes and
aspirate foreign material into their lungs.
REF: Page 6
9. After a tracheal tube is in place, which action will form a seal between the tracheal
wall and tube to minimize aspiration of pharyngeal contents?
a. The tip of the tube is placed against the carina.
b. The tip of the tub is wedged into the right mainstem bronchus.
c. The cuff is inflated.
Test Bank 1-4
d. No action is required.
ANS: C
In deeply unconscious individuals, an artificial airway (endotracheal tube) with an
inflatable cuff may be inserted orally or nasally through the larynx and into the
trachea. After it is in place, the cuff is inflated to form a seal between the tracheal wall
and tube to minimize aspiration of pharyngeal contents (see Figure 1-4).
REF: Page 6
10. In a deeply unconscious patient, which of the following is the most common threat to
upper airway patency?
a. Cervical spine movement
b. Bulbar paralysis
c. Neural compromise
d. Soft tissue obstruction
ANS: D
Deep unconsciousness may relax pharyngeal muscles enough to allow the base of the
tongue to fall back against the posterior wall of the pharynx, occluding the upper
airway. This soft tissue obstruction is the most common threat to upper airway
patency.
REF: Page 6
11. Which of the following signs is not consistent with complete airway obstruction?
a. Low-pitched snoring sound
b. Intercostal retractions
c. Increased work of breathing
d. Suprasternal retractions
ANS: A
Partial upper airway obstruction produces a low-pitched snoring sound as inspired air
vibrates the base of the tongue against the posterior wall of the pharynx. Complete
obstruction causes strong inspiratory efforts without sound or air movement. Soft
tissues between the ribs and above the sternum may be sucked inward (intercostal and
suprasternal retractions) as the person struggles to inhale.
REF: Page 6
12. Which of the following maneuvers best describes the sniffing position?
a. Extending neck and extending jaw
b. Pulling jaw and extending neck
c. Extending neck and pulling chin
d. Pulling chin and flexing neck
ANS: C
Test Bank 1-5
Both forms of soft tissue upper airway obstruction can be easily removed by extending
the neck and pulling the chin anteriorly (see Figure 1-5, C). This maneuver pulls the
tongue forward out of the airway and aligns the oral and nasal cavities with the
pharynx-larynx axis. This is sometimes called the sniffing position.
REF: Page 6
13. Which of the following structures is an important landmark during the insertion of a
tube into the trachea?
a. Thyroid cartilage
b. Cricoid membrane
c. Vallecula
d. Oropharynx
ANS: C
The vallecula is an important landmark during the insertion of a tube into the trachea
(intubation).
REF: Page 7
REF: Page 9
REF: Page 9
d. Corniculate cartilage
ANS: B
The membranous space between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, the cricothyroid
membrane (see Figure 1-6), is sometimes the puncture site for an emergency airway
opening when structures above it are occluded. A longer-term surgical opening into
the airway (tracheostomy) is generally located 1 to 3 cm below the cricoid cartilage.
REF: Page 9
17. What is the narrowest portion of the airway in the adult larynx?
a. Vocal cords
b. Cricoid ring
c. Vallecula
d. Glottis
ANS: D
The glottis is the narrowest part of the adult larynx.
REF: Page 10
18. Which of the following is the term associated with a sound created by high-velocity air
flowing through a narrowed glottis?
a. Crackle
b. Stridor
c. Grunting
d. Wheeze
ANS: B
During inspiration, croup causes a characteristic high-pitched crowing sound called
stridor. This sound is created by high-velocity air flowing through a narrowed glottis.
REF: Page 10
19. Which of the following mechanisms explains why drowning victims often have little
water in their lungs?
a. Bronchospasm
b. Vasospasm
c. Laryngospasm
d. Glossospasm
ANS: C
The laryngeal reflex, which has sensory and motor components in the vagus nerve,
causes the vocal cords inside the larynx to close the tracheal opening (laryngospasm).
Laryngospasm occurs if anything except air enters the trachea. Drowning victims often
have little water in their lungs because of laryngospasm.
REF: Page 10
Test Bank 1-7
REF: Page 10
21. Which feature of the trachea prevents collapse from external pressure, especially
during vigorous coughing?
a. Flexibility
b. Rigidity
c. Malleability
d. Distensibility
ANS: B
Rigidity of the trachea is important for preventing collapse from external pressure,
especially during vigorous coughing.
REF: Page 10
22. If an endotracheal tube is inserted too far in the process of intubation, its tip is more
likely to enter the left bronchus.
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
ANS: B
If an endotracheal tube is inserted too far in the process of intubation, its tip is more
likely to enter the right bronchus than the left.
REF: Page 11
23. Which of the following is the term that describes a volume of gas that is approximately
150 mL in the average adult and does not participate in gas exchange?
a. Tidal volume
b. Residual volume
c. Anatomical dead space
Test Bank 1-8
d. Shunt
ANS: C
The volume of conducting airway gas must be relatively small so that most of the
inhaled breath can contact the gas-exchange membrane. The volume of this gas
(including the upper airways) is only approximately 150 mL in the average adult,
compared with a total inhaled volume per breath of approximately 500 mL. Because
the conducting airways do not participate in gas exchange, they are called the
anatomical dead space.
REF: Page 14
24. Which of the following are collateral air passages that make it possible for the acinus
and alveoli to receive ventilation from neighboring airways and alveoli?
I. Pores of Kohn
II. Canals of Lambert
III. Intraalveolar digitations
IV. Brewer connections
a. I, II
b. III, IV
c. I, II, III
d. I, III, IV
ANS: A
Collateral air channels called pores of Kohn connect adjacent alveoli with one another
(see Figure 1-13). The canals of Lambert connect terminal bronchioles and nearby
alveoli. These collateral air passages make it possible for the acinus supplied by a
mucous-plugged bronchiole to receive ventilation from neighboring airways and
alveoli.
REF: Page 15
25. Which of the following are histologic components of the conducting airway?
I. Mucosa
II. Lamina propria
III. Submucosa
IV. Adventitia
a. I, II
b. III, IV
c. I, II, III
d. I, II, III, IV
ANS: D
Test Bank 1-9
26. Which of the following is the best description for the conducting airway mucosal
epithelium?
a. Columnar, ciliated, pseudostratified cells with goblet cells
b. Squamous, ciliated cells with goblet cells
c. Cuboidal, ciliated, pseudostratified cells with goblet cells
d. Squamous, ciliated, pseudostratified cells with goblet cells
ANS: A
The mucosal epithelium of the trachea and bronchi consists of tall, columnar, ciliated,
pseudostratified epithelial cells interspersed with numerous mucous-secreting goblet
cells (see Figure 1-15).
REF: Page 16
27. If the delicate balance between mucous water content and airway humidity is
disrupted, all of the following will be the effects on the mucous sheet, except:
a. It may become dehydrated.
b. It may become thick.
c. It may become immobile.
d. It may become infected.
ANS: D
If the delicate balance between mucous water content and airway humidity is
disrupted, the mucous sheet may become dehydrated, thick, and immobile.
Conversely, overhydration causes mucus to become thin and watery, destroying the
ciliary propulsive mechanism.
REF: Page 17
28. If during normal breathing, inspired air reaches only 50% relative humidity at 37 C,
what will be the humidity deficit as air passes the trachea?
a. 11 mg of water vapor
b. 22 mg of water vapor
c. 33 mg of water vapor
d. 44 mg of water vapor
ANS: D
Test Bank 1-10
During normal quiet breathing, inspired air warms to body temperature (37 C) and
achieves 100% relative humidity soon after it passes the bifurcation of the trachea.
Under these conditions, each liter of air contains approximately 44 mg of water vapor.
REF: Page 17
29. All of the following inflammatory agents are contained in the cytoplasmic granules of
the mast cells, except:
a. Cyclooxygenase
b. Histamine
c. Thromboxane
d. Prostaglandins
ANS: A
Inflammatory agents include histamine, various prostaglandins, leukotrienes,
thromboxane, and platelet-activating factor.
REF: Page 19
REF: Page 21
REF: Page 21
32. Which group of cells engulfs microorganisms and foreign material in the alveolus?
a. Type I
b. Type II
c. Type III
d. Macrophages
ANS: D
Test Bank 1-11
REF: Page 21
33. Which of the following areas is the most ineffective for lung clearance?
a. Acinus
b. Bronchiole
c. Bronchus
d. Trachea
ANS: A
The acinus is the most ineffective area for lung clearance. Inorganic dusts such as coal
or silica dust (from coal mines and stone quarries) tend to be retained in the acinus
because of extremely slow clearance rates.
REF: Page 21
34. In the presence of high inspired oxygen concentrations, which substances are believed
to produce alveolar injury?
a. Antitrypsin
b. Oxygen radicals
c. Surfactant
d. Fibrinogen
ANS: B
Apparently, overproduction of these toxic O2 radicals occurs in the presence of high
inspired oxygen concentrations, leading to alveolar tissue injury, a condition known as
oxygen toxicity.
REF: Page 22
35. Which group of cells is associated with a condition called pulmonary interstitial
fibrosis?
a. Type I
b. Fibroblasts
c. Neuroblasts
d. Macrophages
ANS: B
Fibroblasts synthesize and lay down collagen fibers over the area. Eventually,
excessive fibrous tissue accumulates in the interstitium, and a condition called
pulmonary interstitial fibrosis develops.
REF: Page 23
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talvena (1827) pitää käräjiä Inarissa. Vaikka käräjäaika oli jo
edellisenä joulu- ja uudenvuodenpäivänä kuulutettu sekä Inarissa
että Utsjoella, kyselivät sittenkin lappalaiset alituisesti,
kumpaisessakin paikassa, oliko todellakin niin onnellista, että taas
saataisiin "esivalde" maahan. Toiset uskoivat näin tapahtuvan, toiset
epäilivät. Sillä oli joskus sattunut, että vaikka käräjiä oli kuulutettu,
niitä sittenkään ei pidetty. Ja jos huomautettiin, että heillä oli
melkoisia kustannuksia käräjätalon hoidosta ja virkamiesten
kyyditsemisestä edestakaisin, niin he vastasivat: "Teemme mitä
tahansa saadaksemme 'esivalde' tänne; kyllä Jumala auttaa ja suo
varoja, kun on hallitsemassa kristillinen esivalta, mutta kun se
puuttuu, niin puuttuu kaikki. Työnteko ja rukous kristillisen esivallan
hallitessa tuottaa siunausta ajassa ja ijankaikkisuudessa." Nuoret
vain, jotka eivät koskaan olleet nähneet esivaltaa, olivat
välinpitämättömiä.
Aika oli jo pitkälle kulunut, kun minä jätin esivalden; ja kun aamulla
varhain taas saavuin, tulivat myös muutamat lapinmiehet esivaltaa
tervehtimään. Vouti, joka nuoruutensa aikana oli käynyt
paikkakunnalla, oli heille hyvin tunnettu. Mutta kun heille esitettiin
tuomari, nuori hovioikeuden auskultantti, sanoi heistä yksi hyvin
hämmästyneenä: "Tämäkös nyt on esivalde, nuori ja pieni".
Tuomaria seuraavan apulaisen, varatuomari V——n, joka edellisenä
vuonna oli pitänyt käräjiä Peltovuomassa, joku heistä tunsi ja lausui:
"No, mikäs tuo? Onko tuo pantu pois, koska tämä nyt on esivalde?"
Matkaseikkailuja.
*****
*****
*****
*****
Mutta nyt puhkesikin taas hirveä rajuilma, ja opas oli ainoa johon
voimme turvautua. Hän hiihti edellä, ja nopeasti lappalainen
hiihtääkin, mutta kun hänellä on perässään kuljetettava syvässä
lumessa kahlaava poro, joka tekee vastarintaa, hän ainoastaan
hitaasti edistyy, eikä sitä kestä reippainkaan mies muuta kuin
muutaman virstan, ennenkuin hänen täytyy levähtää.