SOCIAL STUDIES 8 REVIEWER 1st Quarter

EVOLUTION - process of gradual change that takes place over many generations, during which
species of animals, plants, or insects slowly change some of their physical characteristics

PANGEA -The continents on planet Earth were once supercontinent

EQUATOR - line that divides Earth into northern and southern hemispheres

NON- MATERIAL CULTURE - Religion, language, spiritual beliefs, and patterns of behavior.

HITTITES - used weapons made of iron through smelting.

GEOGRAPHY - study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere

ERATOSTHENES - father of geography

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY - type of geography dealing with landforms,

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY - type of geography that deals with people’s language, religion,
customs, and traditions

HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION - theme in geography discusses the relationship

between humans and their environment

LYDIANS - contributed coins, wealthiest in ancient world

PHOENICIANS - discovered the purple dye, and alphabet

PAPYRUS - the earliest form of paper.

KING TUTANKHAMUN - youngest pharaoh in the history of Egypt.

KING KHUFU - built the Great Pyramid of Giza.

OSIRIS - god of the Dead and the Underworld.

RA - Egyptian god of the sun.

DROUGHT - season of harvest and picking out of crops by ancient Egyptians.

WEATHER - condition of a place over a short period of time

DESERT - area of land that receives no more than 25 centimeters (10 inches) of precipitation a
year
STRAIT - water form has a narrow body connecting two larger bodies of water

CIVILIZATION - A group of people that live together and share set of rules.

CULTURAL EVOLUTION - early humans developed their way of life due to their adaptation to
their environment

GANGES AND INDUS - two rivers where Ancient Indus- Valley civilization flourished

ARYANS - Invaded India through Khyber Pass of hindu Kush

DELTA - mouth of the Nile River

MUMMIFICATION - to preserve them for the afterlife

Type of HOMINIDS -australopithecus

TYPES OF HUMANOID
1. Homo Habilis- “Handy Man”, skilled physically and mentally advanced.
2. Homo Erectus- “ Walking Man”, walks upright, food gatherer, learned on how to
make fire, made clothing.
3. Homo Sapiens- “ The Thinking Man”,
a. Neanderthal Man - first Homo Sapiens discovered in Neander Valley
Germany
- Nomadic hunter and gatherer
- Learned to bury their dead
b. Cro-Magnons - known as the wise man
- First artist,merely human-familiar
- High forehead
-

STAGES OF MAN’S PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

Neolithic, Mesolithic, Paleolithic, Metal Age
PALEOLITHIC REVOLUTION -
- formation of Family
- Practiced their own religion
- Usage of Fire
- Made art by making pictures on the wall
- Developed a language

MESOLITHIC REVOLUTION
- Domesticated animals
- Engaged in hunting, fishing, and pottery-making
-

NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION -
- period of shifting from hunting-gathering to farming and people learning to produce their own
food
-Learned to settle in one place to form a community
-Weaved cloth and fishnets
- Learned to use Clothes from Animal Skin

MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
- The development of Cuneiform
- King Ashurbanipal established the world; first ever library with 22,000 clay tablets.
- Lydians used coins as a medium of exchange.
- The invention of the wheel

INDIAN CIVILIZATION
- The caste system became widespread and was practiced in their society.
- Chandragupta Maurya divided the kingdom into regions.
- Composed of 3 empires: Gupta, Maurya, Mughal

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
- The Gift of the Nile
- Hieroglyphics - a picture/symbol form of writing
- The invention of Papyrus
- The discovery of the Rosetta Stone
- They believe in Ra, the god of the sun.
- The Mummification Process
- Pharaohs as the king or ruler
- Three Seasons, based on the Nile River