In a study by Engy MM Khair et al.

(2022), they compared different nozzle types to determine

the most suitable one for use. They found out Nozzle No. 4 has the most efficient water application
amongst the other nozzle types. It also has lower over irrigation percentages, and it has the best
uniformity coefficient. The other nozzle types must operate at higher pressures to have the same
performance as Nozzle No. 4. This study can help us in choosing the right nozzle types for the design.
A study about different piping layouts was conducted by Kshitiz Vishnoi (2017). A software
called SprinkCALC was used to determine its performance and suitable application. They found out that
branching pattern type requires high pressure and high pump capacity but a low volume of water flowing
through the pipes. On the other hand, they also found out that grid pattern type requires less pressure than
branching pattern type but higher than grid pattern with loop type. Lastly, grid pattern with loop type
requires low pressure and low pump capacity but a high volume of water flowing through the pipes.
Determining the appropriate layout of the piping for the fire sprinkler system is important since different
areas also have different conditions.
The performance of automatic fire sprinkler systems can be affected by seismic events as it could
damage it. The study of Rajesh P. Dhakal (2018) concluded that past seismic events could lead to serious
damage to the automatic fire sprinkler system of the building which is dangerous if a fire has occurred.
For the design and installation of the automatic fire sprinkler systems, the standards of NZS 4541 and
NFPA 13 are used. Furthermore, the performance of riser and dropper pipes in an automatic fire sprinkler
system during a seismic event must be validated. The durability and longevity of the automatic fire
sprinkler systems must be considered in designing a building as unexpected events such as seismic events
may occur.
NFPA 13D states that sprinkler system for residential areas should have a 12.7mm orifice, a
maximum coverage of 23.8m2, a spray density of 0.10 L/m2, and a flow rate of 94.6 L/m2 but a stored
water supply with a capacity of 943 L should be used if there is no available water source. It was also
stated that sprinkler systems should only be in areas which are occupied pretty much all the time. This
code should be followed in designing an automated water sprinkler system.
According to NFPA 750 Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems, water mists could be
used to control and extinguish fires. Water mists are smaller and have high pressures compared to NFPA
13D. Water mists also have smaller spacings compared to NFPA 13D so more nozzles should be used to
have a larger coverage area. It was stated that “water mist systems could provide equivalent levels of fire
safety relative to a residential sprinkler system, however, at a significantly higher cost”. This code could
be used if an alternative to a residential sprinkler system is needed for the design and installation.