Science 10

Chemistry
And so our journey begins…
Classifying Matter
 Beforewe can address some of the (slightly)
more advanced concepts in Chemistry,
there’s a small matter we have to attend to
first…

 Matter. Well, what is it?

= anything with a mass (symbol: m; units: g),
and volume (symbol: V; units: L)

 Useful
to develop some sort of classification
scheme of matter.
 Classifying Matter
 Help me fill out this diagram (and maybe even
consider writing all this down – i.e., take notes).
MATTER
- m and V
- solid, liquid or gas

MIXTURES PURE
- no
separable
definiteby SUBSTANCES
physical means
composition - have a definite
composition

HETEROGENEOUS HOMOGENEOUS ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS

MIXTURE MIXTURE - can NOT be chem. - CAN
two or
be chemically
more
- composition
Eg)diff. components
mechanical mix., broken down into separated
chemicallyinto
- Different
are visible
variable
suspensionsthroughout
& colloids smaller substances combined
simpler elements
substances
components not
visible
Classifying Matter
PURE SUBSTANCE
MIXTURE
PURE SUBSTANCE MIXTURE

HOMOGENEOUS
HOMOGENEOUS

HOMOGENEOUS
HETEROGENEOUS

ELEMENT COMPOUND
ELEMENT COMPOUND

ELEMENT HOMOGENEOUS
MIXTRUE
HOMOGENEOUS
MIXTRUE COMPOUND
How do changes happen?
 Looking around we can all see that pretty
much everything changes and things are
rarely staying exactly the same. Why?

 Physical changes
 Chemical components stay the same
 No new substances are formed
 Usually reversible

 Chemical changes
 Always results in new products being made
 Usually not easily reversible
Periodic table review
 What do you remember about the
periodic table?
 What are the up-and-down columns
called?
 What do we know about elements in the
same group?
 What are the left-to-right rows called?
 What do we know about elements in the
same period?
Developing Atomic Theories
 Started with “atomism.”
 Naturalworld composed of two parts: individual
atoms and the empty void.
 Atoms move through void, bouncing and
hooking to one another.

 Basic gist – matter made up of tiny particles.

Developing Atomic Theories
 Published a comprehensive
atomic theory in 1808.
 Matter composed of tiny,
indestructible particles called
atoms.
 Atoms are indivisible.
 Atoms of same element are
identical to one another;
different from atoms of other
elements (mass, size, shape).
 Compounds = different, fixed
combinations of atoms.
 Chemical reactions = John Dalton
rearrangement of atoms.
Developing Atomic Theories

Dalton’s Billiard Ball Model of the Atom

Developing Atomic Theories

 Refinement of the gasthroughout

Ongoing experiments discharge tube1800sled
ledto
researchers to infer
improvements on Dalton’s
that matter
Billiard
contains
Ball model.
tiny
particles thatglass
= A sealed have negative
vessel charges.
containing a gas at low
pressure.
 Atoms As electricity
appeared to be flows through, aof
composed even
“ray” is
formed,
smaller and light is produced.
particles.
Developing Atomic Theories
 Experimented with modified
gas discharge tubes (CRTs).

 Concluded that matter

contains tiny, charged
particles = (corpuscles) =
electrons. J. J. Thomson
Developing Atomic Theories
= negative charge
= much less massive than atom
= present in all atoms

Kelvin/Thomson
Plum Pudding/Raisin Bun
Model of the Atom

atom = neutral
Developing Atomic Theories
 Known as the “father
of nuclear physics” and
for his gold foil
experiments.

 Observed the
trajectories of alpha
particles (α-particles;
He2+) that were shot at
a gold foil.
Ernest Rutherford
Developing Atomic Theories
Developing Atomic Theories
Developing Atomic Theories
= extremely small region of atom
= positively charged (protons; 1+)
= contains most of the atom’s mass
= electrons (1-) orbit outer
region of atom
= much less massive than
protons (and neutrons; 0)
= # of protons

Rutherford’s Solar System Model of the Atom

Atoms
 alpha particles pass through atoms of gold foil (not between)
 atoms therefore mostly comprised of empty space
Developing Atomic Theories
 Hypothesized the
existence of neutrons by
comparing mass of
hydrogen to mass of
helium.
 Any idea how?

 Existence of neutrons
accounted for the
existence of isotopes.
= atoms of same
element that are
chemically alike, but
differ in terms of
mass. Ernest Rutherford
Developing Atomic Theories
 Here’s a pretty picture of neon isotopes:

If an element contains two or more naturally

occurring isotopes, is it a pure substance?
Nuclear Notation
system consisting of the element’s
 Simple
symbol, and two numbers: the atomic
number and the mass number of the
element.
 atomic number = # p+ in the nucleus
 mass number = # p+ and n0 in the nucleus

(= p+ + n0)

(= p+)
Nuclear Notation
 Number of neutrons = mass # – atomic #

Determine the number of neutrons in carbon-14, and

represent the isotope using proper nuclear notation.
Nuclear Notation
Nuclear Notation (ANSWERS)

12
2
20
14

8
8
9

17
Cl
35 Cl
17

23
More Atomic
Theories
Getting to be a real Bohr.
Developing Atomic Theories
Scientist Observation Hypothesis Proposed Atomic Model

(revision of atomism) Billiard Ball

When substances All matter made up of
Dalton react, total mass tiny, indestructible
does not change. atoms.

Cathode rays are Atoms contain tiny, Plum Pudding/Raisin Bun

attracted to negatively charged
positively particles. Atoms also
Thomson
charged plates. contain sufficient
They curve with a positive charge to
measurable counteract the
radius. negative charge.
Solar System
Most alpha Atoms have a tiny,
particles pass dense nucleus, but are
Rutherford through a gold mostly empty space.
foil, but a few
rebound.
Developing Atomic Theories (Continued)

 Understood that
Rutherford’s model could
not account for emission
spectra of various
elemental gases.

 Used spectroscopes to
separate light into
different colors.

Niels Bohr
Developing Atomic Theories (Continued)
Developing Atomic Theories (Continued)

 Bohr hypothesized that

electrons in atoms have
certain allowed energies
that enable the atoms to
remain stable (= electron
shells / energy levels).
 Electrons absorb a quantum of
energy, and move to a higher
energy level.
 By emitting the same quantum of
energy (as light or radio waves),
they move back down to their
original energy level.
do not exist
 Electrons
Niels Bohr
between energy levels.
Developing Atomic Theories (Continued)

Bohr Model of the Atom

Bohr Diagrams
1st Energy Level
- max 2 electrons (e-)

2nd Energy Level

- max 8 electrons (e-)
Ca
20p+
20n0
3rd Energy Level
- max 8 electrons (e-)

4th Energy Level

- max 18 electrons (e-)
Bohr Diagrams

 Diagrams do not represent position or path of

electrons
- i.e., electrons repel

 Period # = # of occupied energy levels

Energy Level Diagrams (a quick side-note)

3e- # of e- in 3rd energy level

8e- # of e- in 2nd energy level
2e- # of e- in 1st energy level

13p+ # of p+
14n0 # of n0

Al Element Symbol

Draw the Energy Level diagram that 27 Al

corresponds to the following element: 13
Energy Level Diagrams (a quick side-note)

 Ions – two types (anions and cations)

 Anions = negative ions (due to a gain of electrons).
 Non-metals gain electrons to complete their
valence shell and form negative ions.
6e- Draw the Gains 2e- to 8e-
8e- Energy Level complete its 8e-
2e- diagram for 3rd energy 2e-
sulfur and its level, and
16p+ corresponding therefore 16p+
16n0 anion, sulfide. form a stable 16n0
S octet. S2-
Energy Level Diagrams (a quick side-note)

 Ions – two types (anions and cations)

 Cations = positive ions (due to a loss of electrons).
 Metals lose electrons to remove an energy level
(complete valence shell) and form positive ions.
3e- Draw the Loses 3e- to
8e- Energy Level eliminate its 3rd 8e-
2e- diagram for energy level, 2e-
aluminum and and therefore
13p+ its form a stable 13p+
14n0 corresponding octet. 14n0
cation.
Al Al 3+
Valence Electrons
 Theoutermost occupied energy level is referred
to as the valence energy level (valence shell).

 Theelectrons in a valence shell are called

valence electrons.
= involved in bonding!

Draw a Electron Level representation for

magnesium and state the # of valence electrons.
Developing Atomic Theories (Continued)

 Currentmodels of the atom are far more

complex than both Rutherford and Bohr’s
models.
Eg) Energy levels have sub-shells
Eg) > three sub-atomic particles
Eg) n0 and p+ composed of quarks
Developing Atomic Theories (Continued)

The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom

- uses a mathematical
model to describe how
electrons exist
= probability cloud
Developing Atomic Theories

Scientist Observation Hypothesis Proposed Atomic Model

Bohr Model
Hydrogen Electrons in atoms exist
emission spectra in specific energy
Bohr
consist of only a levels.
few specific
colors of light.
End Presentation Here