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Chapter 19
Reproductive System
Lecture Outline
Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Eleventh Edition
Cinnamon VanPutte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
The Reproductive System
• The human species could not survive without functional

male and female reproductive systems.
• The reproductive systems play essential roles in the
development of the structural and functional differences
between males and females, influence human behavior,
and produce offspring.
• However, a reproductive system, unlike other organ
systems, is not necessary for the survival of an individual
human.
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 2
Reproductive System Functions
1. Production of gametes
2. Fertilization
3. Development and nourishment of a new individual
4. Production of reproductive hormones
Major Reproductive Organs
Figure 19.1
Access the text alternative for slide images.
Formation of Gametes
Gametes:
• reproductive cells
• sperm in males
• oocytes (eggs) in females
Meiosis:
• a special type of cell division that leads to formation of
gametes
Each sperm cell and each oocyte contains 23 chromosomes
Meiosis 1
1. Before meiosis begins, all the chromosomes are

duplicated creating identical copies called chromatids.
2. At the beginning of meiosis, each of the 46 chromosomes

consists of 2 chromatids connected by a centromere.
3. The chromosomes align as pairs in a process called

synapsis.
4. Because each chromosome consists of 2 chromatids, the

pairing of the chromosomes brings 2 chromatids of each
chromosome close together.
From Fertilization to Fetus
Fertilization:
• union of sperm and oocyte
Zygote:
• A fertilized oocyte
• develops after fertilization
• develops into an embryo 3 to 14 days after fertilization
Male Reproductive System
• The male reproductive system consists of the testes, a

series of ducts, accessory glands, and supporting
structures.
• The ducts include the epididymis, the ducta deferens, and

the urethra.
• Accessory glands include the seminal vesicles, the

prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands.
• Supporting structures include the scrotum and the penis.
Male Reproductive Structures 1
Figure 19.3
Male Reproductive Organs 1
Scrotum:
• contains testes
• contains dartos muscle that moves scrotum and testes
close to and away from body depending on temperature.
• sperm must develop at temperatures less than normal
body temperature.
• cremaster muscles - extensions of abdominal muscles
can contract and pull the testes nearer the body.
Testes:
• primary male reproductive organ
• produces sperm
• in scrotum
• contain seminiferous tubules: where sperm is produced
Testes continued:
• contain interstitial cells: secrete testosterone
• contain germ cells: cells that sperm cells arise from
• contain sustentacular cells: nourish germ cells and
produce hormones
Spermatogenesis 1
Spermatogenesis:
• formation of sperm cells
• begins in males at puberty
• interstitial cells increase in number and size
• seminiferous tubules enlarge
• seminiferous tubules produce germ cells and sustentacular
cells
Production of Sperm Cells
1. Germ cells
2. Spermatogonia
3. Primary spermatocytes
4. Secondary spermatocytes
5. Spermatids
6. Sperm cells
Spermatogenesis 2
Figure 19.5
Sperm Cell Structure
Head:
• contain a nucleus and DNA
Midpiece:
• contain mitochondria
Tail:
• flagellum for movement
Ducts 1
Epididymis:
• thread-like tubules on side of each testis
• where seminiferous tubules empty new sperm
• where sperm continue to mature and develop the ability to
swim and bind to oocytes
Ducts 2
Ductus deferens:
• “vas deferens”
• extends from epididymis and joins seminal vesicle
• cut during a vasectomy
Ducts 3
Seminal vesicle:
• Sac shaped gland near the ampulla of each ductus
deferens
• Ducts from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the
ductus deferens join at the prostate gland to form the
ejaculatory duct.
• Each ejaculatory duct enters the prostate gland and joins
the urethra.
Ducts 4
Urethra:
• extends from urinary bladder to end of penis
• passageway for urine and male reproductive fluids
Penis:
• corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum, spongy
urethra are 3 columns of erectile tissue which fill with
blood for erection
• Transfers sperm from male to female
• excretes urine
• distal end of the penis forms a cap, the glans penis.
• Urethra opens to the exterior as the external urethral
orifice.
Male Reproductive System Glands
Prostate gland:
• surrounds urethra
• size of a walnut
Bulbourethral gland:
• small mucus secreting glands near base of prostate gland
Male Reproductive Structures 2
Figure 19.3
Structure of the Testis and Sperm Cell
©De Agostini Picture Library/Science Source KEN WAGNER/Medical Images

Figure 19.4
Figure 19.6a
Figure 19.6b
Secretions 1
Semen:
• mixture of sperm and secretions from glands
• provides a transport medium and nutrients that protect and
activate sperm
• 60% of fluid is from seminal vesicles
• 30% of fluid is from prostate gland
• 5% of fluid is from bulbourethral gland
• 5% of fluid is from testes
Secretions 2
Seminal vesicles:
• provide fructose
• contain prostaglandins which decrease mucus thickness
around cervix and uterine tubes and help sperm move
through female reproductive tract
• contains coagulants that help deliver semen into female
Secretions 3
Prostate gland:
• contains enzymes to liquefy semen after it is inside female
• neutralizes acidity of vagina
Bulbourethral gland:
• neutralize acidity of male urethra and female vagina
Secretions 4
• 2 to 5 milliliters of semen is ejaculated each time

• 1 milliliter of semen contains 100 million sperm
• Sperm can live for 72 hours once inside female
Path of Sperm
1. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules (testes)

2. Epididymis (mature)
3. Ductus deferens
4. Receive secretions from seminal vesicles, prostate gland,
and bulbourethral gland
5. Urethra where semen (sperm) exits body
Male Sex Hormones 1
• Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced in

the hypothalamus and stimulates secretion of LH and FSH.
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is produced in the anterior
pituitary and stimulates secretion of testosterone.
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced in the
anterior pituitary and prompts spermatogenesis.
Male Puberty
Male puberty:
• sequence of events in which a boy begins to produce male
hormones and sperm cells
• begins at 12 to 14 and ends around 18
• testosterone is major male hormone
• secondary sexual characteristics develop:
Example - skin texture, fat distribution, hair growth, skeletal muscle
growth, and larynx changes
Male Sex Hormones 2
• Testosterone is produced in the interstitial cells in the

testes and is involved in development and maintenance of
reproductive organs.
• Inhibin is secreted by cells of the seminiferous tubules
and inhibits FSH secretion.
Male Reproductive Hormone Regulation
Figure 19.7
Male Sex Act 1
• The male sex act is a complex series of reflexes that result

in erection of the penis, emission, and ejaculation.
• Emission is the movement of sperm cells, mucus,
prostatic secretions, and seminal vesicle secretions into
the prostatic, membranous, and spongy urethra.
• Ejaculation is the forceful expulsion of the secretions that
have accumulated in the urethra to the exterior.
Male Sex Act 2
• Sensations, normally interpreted as pleasurable, occur

during the male sex act and result in an intense sensation
called an orgasm.
• A phase called resolution occurs after ejaculation in
which the penis becomes flaccid, an overall feeling of
satisfaction exists, and the male is unable to achieve
erection and a second ejaculation.
Penile Erection
• Erection is the first major component of the male sex act.

• Neural stimuli cause the penis to enlarge and become firm.
• Specifically, parasympathetic action potentials from the
sacral region of the spinal cord cause the arteries that
supply blood to the erectile tissues to dilate.
• Blood then fills small venous sinuses called sinusoids in the
erectile tissue and compresses the veins, which reduces
blood flow from the penis.
Emission
• Emission is the accumulation of sperm cells and semen in

the urethra.
• Stimulated by sympathetic action potentials that originate
in the lumbar region of the spinal cord.
• Cause the reproductive ducts to contract and stimulate the
seminal vesicles and the prostate gland to release
secretions.
• Semen accumulates in the urethra.
Penile Ejaculation
• Ejaculation results from the contraction of smooth muscle

in the wall of the urethra and skeletal muscles surrounding
the base of the penis.
• Just before ejaculation, action potentials are sent to the
skeletal muscles that surround the base of the penis.
• Rhythmic contractions are produced that force the semen
out of the urethra, resulting in ejaculation.
• In addition, muscle tension increases throughout the body.

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Because learning changes everything.

• The human species could not survive without functional

1. Before meiosis begins, all the chromosomes are

2. At the beginning of meiosis, each of the 46 chromosomes

3. The chromosomes align as pairs in a process called

4. Because each chromosome consists of 2 chromatids, the

• The male reproductive system consists of the testes, a

• The ducts include the epididymis, the ducta deferens, and

• Accessory glands include the seminal vesicles, the

• Supporting structures include the scrotum and the penis.

©De Agostini Picture Library/Science Source KEN WAGNER/Medical Images

• 2 to 5 milliliters of semen is ejaculated each time

1. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules (testes)

• Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced in

• Testosterone is produced in the interstitial cells in the

• The male sex act is a complex series of reflexes that result

• Sensations, normally interpreted as pleasurable, occur

• Erection is the first major component of the male sex act.

• Emission is the accumulation of sperm cells and semen in

• Ejaculation results from the contraction of smooth muscle

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