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1~ 7
 I Keywords I written documents, Socrates, forgetfulness, external marks

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::;rg oHi1 ,e 6 Socrates was an important philosopher in Ancient Greece, [who was not at all
interested in {keeping written records of his thoughts}].

0 From the remainder of the dialogue it is clear [that Socrates {wholeheartedly

agreed with the king of Egypt} and {thought (that the availability of books made
students lazy and discouraged them from properly studying)}].
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2. Socrates strongly believed that written records could he l p improve human

memory. IT:ZI]

' --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~
 I Keywords I duty.:based, deontological, moral obligations, intent

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1. The history of ethics is I large/ largely Ia history of the development of two central
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2. A deliberately told lie is I right/ wrong I because of what it is, not what is does: by its
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'

1~ 11
 I Keywords I algorithms, independence, human information processing

L -"?-01 r ~01 §AK-"?-01QJ ~~Wf re levance)

0 L I he communicative relevance of algorithms ] / is actually related to I their
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understanding]. // 8 My assumption is / Lthat this difference is not a liability / but instead
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is the very root of / the success of these technologies]. // 8 LJust as human beings first
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results / [that we see today] / after abandoning the ambition / [to reproduce in digital
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form I the processes of the human mind]. // 0 fNow that they no longer try to resemble
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our consciousness ], / algorithms have become / more and more able to act as
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=;I§ i'iH~ ,e 6 We are facing a way [to process data (and to manage information )] [that is
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1. Digital information processing managed to achieve the results that we see today
after I abandoning/ cultivating I the ambition to reproduce in digital form the
processes of the human mind.
2. Now that they no longer try to resemble our consciousness, algorithms have
become more and more able to ac t as competent communication partners,
I responded/ responding I appropriately to our requests and providing information
neither constructed nor reconstructible by a human mind.

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1~ 13
 I Keywords I human culture, population growth, change

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of I its greatest single source of dynamism I - population growth itself}]. II

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@½§-~. ½s-~ ~Q,i'£f, ~:xi~ ~£f, -0~£f2.I 7lf:!.g 2.-"i=- '2.1-=?- -g.7f '9g'2J 3:i-2..£ .s:!.'2.!Cf. @.:::12-iLf '2.1-=?- -g.7f7f :i!f
712.1 7fJ.:l 2?-R~ g£f \!'JQ'jOJl;,.i ~~"§ ~q:Jl oHAi, .:::13:101 2.-§ g£f 1!'1%0!I w-*~012.fe ofLlcf. owe!
cH 8-c?ol '2J-=?-7f 8~£1'11.cf.:il oHAi .A.fEt"§:01 ~'i!=JOII cH~ c-j q.g :xlE~"§ ~e 3:!"§ %8~ 71-5~.g 712.J filOi
.s:!.'2.!Cf. 0 7ilCf7f '2J-=jl -§-7f7f filCfe 3:!0I 'lf~J,.I '2.1-=?-~(,\DffiE)OI filcfe 3:!"§ 'rlecf. 0~,:il.£
Thomas Robert Malthuse '2J-=j17f ~fil.£ ITH-±:xf 71,e ;1:f-'?:12..£ ~7-11 ]¥~-"? fil"§ ~5=.QJ LW ~-"?
fr-9..£ 8~£f£le ~~01 '1!0iAi. g£f 1!'1%011 cH~ J.:14.'~'2.1 ~~"§ '§t{!!J,.Jf!cf.:il 'EJ'1!cf. 0.:::12.1 filo1 ~S1cf'2"!.
1::JJ.:IOi -"?:xl.g-2..£ '2.l-=?-5=. g9.~.2..£e .g~~-9..£ ~8~ofcf.

~HEJ J;:16.J ,e Thomas Robert Malthus

~~QJ ~;i::iJ°2fJ.:fOIJ.:f '2J-,12j-J.:f.£, 1789\:IOII ~ll~ r'2JftJOII.A.i '2.1-=?--E- 7lof-e-"?~.2..£ -g.7fol-E 'll-'2"!, ~-&.g -0
~*~.2..£-g.7fof[lj OJ.£ '2.loH ~{!!ol-E '2J-=j12f ~-&2.I ~'§2..£ '2.loH \!J~:ilf 71~ '§!'2j~Ol2.f.:il 2?-~~q,

.:;ig oH~ ,e 6 [T he origins of agriculture, agricultural intensification, political evolution,

industrialization] - all appear [indebted to population growth ].
3:! ~7,1.H [ ]E g.~2.1 ?OiOI01, ?Oi.£1 QJJ{:JOi7f ~;,.f originsOl-9.£ %;,.f appear7f J,.f-§-£19!.
Cf.¥~~ [ lE ?:?:\ .s:!.OJ ofe ~%;,.f-,101q.

0 However, [population growth's role in a few major cultural transformations of

the past] doe:5 not mean [that it is essential for all culture change];-.
3:! [ le g.~2.1 ?OJOICf. ¥ ~7,l.H [ le mean.£1 ~~Oj O['E ~J,.f~OICf.

'
'

1. According to Malthus, once the population is stabilized, there is no room for any
cultural change. ITZIJ
2. Indeed, Thomas Robert Malthus believed that populations, when they do stabilize,
Itend/ to tend I to do so at a level too high to be easily supported by existing
'
I resourc,es, creating constant pressure for culture change.
'
'' '--------- ----------------------------·------------------------------- ------------------------------------~
puaq: ::l" L IEfil

1~ 15
 7C)~o
-
I !i:!~1
- , a;..;

I Keywords I recover a species, river restoration, endangered

C?Oi(~\!'J.,'-f-~) rin ordertd do: ~W I ~iiH ¥A~('Ys!.)~ (it is)

0 tHestoring a river I {in order to recover a species, I <whethervsalmon in the Columbia
*'i':!fih':c 3!g I B ;;~ 2-l*WI ~ll'iH I ~~t1Iom f/.Q12.I 'c!Oi§ I •
rwhether ~ or ": ~OI§ ·OI§ ~Oi ~AK8"?-~)7
River Basin, I or any other species I in diverse ecologies around the world)}], I requires I
OiC[iB Cfe %01§ I Ail71I2.I Cf'YB {!!EH ~~OIi Ai-6.Jfih':c I Bef /
rfrom ~to"': ~ OIIAi "•7/fAI
drawing from expertise across many fields I : from engineering to biology to ecology to
012.i l'E0(21 ~g :,;I-6.J~ ~§fih':c :;.-!~ I E~OIIAi {!!~~- {!!EH~. Xl~~fOII Ol,s7l11fXI II

geomorphology. II 6 River restoration I is about more than just "fixing" a broken

~2.I *'i':!g I 8f>fil f;f~~ '.il.:;:le' 3'! 01~2.1 I
involves2.I ~~Oi / [ t/71I~ •
stream I ; it also involves I everything I {that connects to that stream} I and the
C::i:;.!g) ~2f.s:. tf~OI 'I/Cf I 2§ 3'! I ::::i fif~:i'.f '22~-'EI I ::::12.l.il. ::::i:;.!OII
---~t!lll~ r¥A~(AI~)
organisms {that rely on it} I - in this case, the endangered salmonids I {as they move
2.I-eth':c 2§ {!j~ I oI ~!?-DIie \l:1% W IOII :;:,B 'c!Oi:i:1.f ~.il.7 I I * ~ "?-'23 ?71 $'2!
c¥A~(AI~) r ~OIi CHiiHAi \'jsfifcf
throughout their complex life cycles}]. II 6 LWhen people in the field I refer to the work
LHLH 01$~ rrH2.I II ::::i gof2.I Affil~OI I '*'l':1'0I2.h':c ~Oil cttl'iHAi

of "restoration" ] I they ·are usually casting a broad net. II 8 They may be including I
\'js~ rrtt I ::::i~ 'c:IXl.il. 'I/CK7roB B 'r,tg :;.-!~ .il.2.jf;f_:j:i_ 'I/Cf) II ::::i~g .5':grofOj ({!j:z.Fof.il.
::::i~g .'i'.~
gE{:) flOIIAi riverside and streamside habitat ~'23 7
riverside a_nd streamside habitat I : the wetlands and forests and estuaries I {that
. t/71I~

'I/~Xl.5:.) 2eef / ~\!2:i'.f fif~\!22.I Ai-6.]XI / sXl2.f %, ::::12.1.:2. oh'- I

salmon pass through at different times in their (non-ocean) lives}], I as well as the
'i:1017f (t1fq 2.12.1) {!j~IAi 012.i Cfe A!JIOII ~:i'.ffih':c I c-j~Oi fif~ XI~~ I
• CgE{:) flOIIAi the stream morphology~~ t!lll~
stream morphology I : Lthe arrangement of rocks and debris I {that forces the stream to
'bf6:l:i'.f 'bf~2.I tlH~ I fif~OI ~'21 '2J'-6.J~ a- 2 7il fih':c II
r lorce+~~Oi+to do: ~01 "·l'if.5:.~ \:!~cf • ccovers2.I ~Oi
move in a particular way}]. II 0 Restoration, therefore, also covers I Lthe geology of the
ccf2.fAi &'i':!Olle .'f.B .5':fil-'E!Cf I ~2.I Xl%l~~ ;;:f:;:JI I
~ t!lll~
river itself, I along with the flow of water] I : the element I [that is most often in greatest
~2.1 .2.~2f fil77ll I Ole ~0Iq I 71{t ~fil &'i':!OI 71{t ~RB II
r~~AfQj %~(being p.p.) L.¥,A~('2J'EH) r-9-'Z'l 5'.0i(to¥~Af'i'-)
need of being restored]. II 0 tAs one restorationist said], I their job I is Lto "re-complexity
B &'l':I ~@7f7f ~%1~01 I ::::1~2.1 / '8f>2.f-'Ei CfAI *lfoflll

a simplified river:' ] II
'2J.<::::.e' :;.!Olcf II
* geomorphology: x[~~ ** estuary: t!YWOI t1fef£ ~2.i ~Oi7fe Oi=r[) *** debris: 'Et~W6:1 J¥.62.i7[), FoH

salmon 'i:10i
basin (§.- ~2.1) ~'2:1 • ecology {!!EH .@~. ~EH2j-
draw from~~ ~§[o[§]tfef. ~.£$Ei ~OiLHcf x[-6.][7I~]
salmonid \:10i2f2.[ ~..il.7[ refer to "'.Oil ctttHAi '2:!Elofcf cast eix[q
habitat .A.-J-6.J;q arrangement tlH\l:!, tlH;i;[ geology X['§J2j-~ x['§J2j-
 • ~.QI o~ IiJQJ- •·- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

5:.~(0 ) RAl(f}) .!¥'c! 1(0 ~ 0 ) -$'c!2(0 ~ 0 )

~Oil ,1.fe {!l~~

~~&f:! ~&f:!~\!i-'f-I1 ~&f:12.I \!i-'f-12
&f:!O!l 1§!R~ {!g Al~
+ + +
Oj2.i ."EOf({!j~£/. {!JEH of~:ilf 'c!~~ 2§ 3:! 7"5~ '2J".§- .TI2.i ~2.1 .2.~:ilf glJil ~2.1
£/, Al~£!)~ {!g ;q~ :ill- .::::i.3:!0!I 2.Ieofe 2 - {!1~2.1 Ai-1>-IAI of Al~£/<S:l Af'i:il.5:.
~~~c5HOfg § t!-t:101 <Ug Al~£/ ~fil

c:!§ oH6-l . . 0 ~~1:!IOfY ~Qi.£I 'r'!Oi-§- .A.il7-1I£I Cf'b'~ {!JEH ~~Oil ,\.-j6jof.E Oj[[i~ Cfe §01-§-, ;:';~ 2l*W I --'f-lc5H Y
*~of.E 3:1.g ~~OilAi {!l~~. {!JEH~. Al~~Oil Ols7I7Jf;q 012.i gof.£I ~g Al61~ ~%of-E ?.:!~ ~££
Cf. o y2.I *~g 8-2:ol ~7f~ oft!~ '.:i:15::le' 3:i 01~2.1 .:::i oft!:ilf 'r'!~B £-§- 3:i:ilf .:::i3:!0il 2.I~
o'f-E £-§- {!l~. 01 ~~Oile * ~ 4'-'i!=J -'?-7 1-§'2_1- LHLHOI-§~ rrH.£1, ~§ .'fl7 I0il 5::i ~ 'r'!Oj:ilf ~.:il7 IS'.f£ tr
~0 1'1!Cf. o j_ gof£I Af"S~O I '*~·0 I2.fe -Q~Oil cHoHAi rrH .:::i~g .!i!.~ ~lg:J.'fl~ .:::i~ \:!Al.:il '1!Cf
(7ro~ ™g 3:i~ .:il2.1o"f.:il '1!Cf). O.:::i~g Y~:ilf o"ft!~.£I )..-j6JAI, 'r'!Oj7f (1:!fef 21£1) {!j~OjlAi Oj2.i Cfe
Al7I0il ~:ilfo"fi::- 'EfAIS'.f %. .:::12.I.:;i o"i,12.f c-j~Oj o"ft! Al~~.~ o"ft!OI '61'61££ E 2 7il o"fi::- 'E:J'-6i:ilf 'Ed'~
£1 tlH~£ ±lfilofOl {!JZJ'o'f.:;i '1!~AI£ £-eef. 0 [[f2.fAi *~Oile ~£1.2.-§:ilf fil7Jll Y£I ;q§,J~-'S:J ;t;f'i:il£ ±l
fil£IeciL 0Ie 71{t ~o"I *~01 71{t ~£.~ ~0Iq. 0 ~ *~ ~gmf w~~o1, .:::1~2.1'Ed~ '8-22fB y
CfAI *lfof7-II '2.!'E.e' 3:10 lef.

~ g oH@1 -e @ River restoration is about more than just "fixing" a broken stream; it also
involves [everything {t hat connects to that stream } and the organisms {that rely
on it} - in this case, the endangered salmon ids {as they move throughout their
complex life cycles}] .
[ l e involves£! &~o-JOICf. ~l,'lH { }e everything~ -9-6lo"fe tf7-1l~Ol.:c!., -"f- ~l,'lH { le the
organisms~-9-6.lo"fe tf7-1l~OICf . .A.ii ~l,'lH { le .A. l{!-£I ¥.A.f~OICf.

0 Restoration, therefore, also covers [the geology of the river itself, along with the
flow of water] : the element [that is most often in greatest need of being restored ].
~l,'lH [ le covers£! &~o-JOICf. -"f- ~l,'lH [ le the element~ -9-6.Jofe tf7-1l~OICf. tfl-1I~£I {:j~J,.f<2.)
the element7f restore£l ?7.il7 f Of\:! CH~O l££-§-ii!J.A.f£I -'?--§-~(being p_p.)OI .A.f%£I21.Cf.

' 'I

1. In order to restore a species that lives in a river, your focus should only be on fixing
a broken stream. ITZIJ
2. Restoring a river in order to recover a species, whether salmon in the Columbia River
B~sin , or any other species in diverse ecologies around the world, I require/ requires I
drawing from expertise across many fields: from engineering to biology to ecology
to geomorphology. I
I
', }
~--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;
saJinbaJ ·z :I •L !ml

1:Y 17
 I Keywords I eating, food-borne illnesses

!p.Al',1 r='i:ig~
0 Eating offers pleasure / f; the risk of future pain]. // 6 This obvious truth holds today /
'!:ii= ~g ~71~ Xil~~q I .:;:,_~~~ II ___ 01,:p~~ ~2.li= 2~'ae/ I
+ I to!\"'2:/Ah'
more than ever / with our increasing ability / [to detect and identify food-borne
:ef71 01-'=- [[H.'i!.c.t c-1 I ~2.IQJ 3ss101 :1,~0II rrf2.f I ~'i!J~ <g,:lof.:;:,_ ~~ofi= II
C?Oi¥ make+~"10i+~"1~ .s!.Oi(~§J,.f) 7
illnesses]. // 0 LWell-publicized outbreaks of cholera and Salmonella] I have made people
"§c.il2.f2f&l/mone//aQl '§2.I ~2.W g~{!lg I • .A.~~Oll7il '2J~Wil of'.?ic.f I
C awareQj ~"10,('i!'jJ,.~) r make+~"10i+~"1~ .s!.O,(~§J,.f) •
aware I Lthat food-borne disease makes a lot of us sick / every year] I : an estimated 76
- -- ~'i!JOI ~2.1 7j-gCil \'Jg OIOll7il ~'i!J~ ~.Q.z.Jc.fi= I I Oi'a~Of 7:t:I 6'!11~ {iQI
r {!:k!Af withQj ~"10i
million illnesses / annually / in the United States alone, I with Lover 300,000
~'i!J~ I 'ell! I I 30~ l!OI 'ai= 'fd'E:! tlE£f

hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths], / fimfE; :ing an estimated cost I in the tens of
5:t:I l!OI 'ai= mt~ .!lfilofO'i I O,EJ~g t1I~ '¥'-:i!foflil ~q I *'!!I'!:! ~2.iOII ~fi= II
• r 'ci~AKOflJ,.I) estimatedQj ~O,('i!'jJ,.~)
billions of dollars]. // ° For exam ple, / Jean C. Buzby and Tanya Roberts estimated I Lthat
Ofl~ ~o, I Jean C. Buzby2f Tanya Robertsi= I 01~ 7HQI

for six bacterial pathogens, / the costs of human illness are estimated I to be US$9.3-12.9
'2,ff:112.IOf 'i!J'E:!i?OII cHoH I '2J{JQI ~\!l til~OI ~H.§lc.f.:;:,_ I 'ell! 93'!:IOll"i 129'!:i ~2.iOII
L¥"h1 be attributed~ to ... : ~.g ... QI §:tOl2.f.:iJ. ofcf7
billion annually]. // 8 LUf these costs], / US$2.9-6.7 billion are attributed / to food-borne
~fi= II 012.,~ til~ g I 29'!:IOII.A.i 67'!:i ~2.iOII ~fi= til~ I ~ ',;tOl2.f.:iJ. i':_lcf '2,fEil2.IOfQI II
. • r,suggestsQj ~"10i('i!'JJ,.~)
bacteria . II 0 One estimate suggests / Lthat 1 out of 3 consumers in industrialized
~~tlOII rrf~'cl I -t::1~~QJ .:'.l::.t1l,:f 3\!:'l g 1\!:'!0l '¤li=c.f I
r suffer from: ~~ '[Jcf[~1cf]
nations suffers / from known and newly recognized food-borne diseases / each year]. //
~2.W .:::i.2.1.:;:,_ AH~lll '2J,:1£li= ~\!l~ I II
c¥A~(_:;i:_:ci) C noteQI ~"10,(\!:'!A~)
0 And / Lit we look globally], / we might also note / Lthat "hundreds of millions of people
.:::J.2.l.:iJ. I Ail.7jl£ ~2.l'cl I ~2.l7f EE~ (~'2J *.'r. 'll~ ~Olc.f I ~ Ail.7jl *<!:I \!32.I "~~OI I
.~ £1 ~i!f£ 7 r of£! ~"10,(~'i!'JAh') .
around the world I fall sick / as a result of {consuming contaminated food and water} .... ] II
~§Ah'
'¤iEc~ I 2.~~ ~.il~
r
{;!-}I~ ~ .il~ //
suffer£! ~"10,
° Children [under five] / still suffer / Lan estimated 1.5 billion annual episodes /
5Ail o,~01~g I O'i~ol "l~~q I o,EJ~>of 'ell! 15'!:i {iQI ~'i!JOII I
r tf711~ r ~~ .=f.c.Hofcf .
of diarrhea], / Lwhich result in more than three million premature deaths]:' II
~.A.KQI) I .::i.~g 3'!11~ l!OI 'ai= 3::71J,.f~~ .=f.c.H~c.f II

* pathogen: \!l'E:!i? ** contaminate: 2'fi.A.l:11q *** diarrhea: ~Af

Al '2J~ outbreak 8 ~{!!

ui • estimated OIEJgg_~H£1E tlli
impose ¥:i!fofcf. ~Rofcf be attributed to ~QI ~012.f.:i!. ofcf i
 • §.QI~;;; m9.t .,1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

OJI.A.I 1(8 ~ 0 ) OJI.A.I 2(0 ~ 0 )

~t:1.§ ti-~@ Ail711~

• li/Ell2.IDf£. ·2.~@ -§~:ilf ~£

~E -3:!-§ "§'~P~ll2.!". ~~:ilf =i. '2J~1:11~?~JI CZJ~~~
~~Oil ctt~ £ '2.l~ J,.f2Sc.£ QJ"CH • {:!{!~QI • Oi'E.c!Dl~QI ~Af
Sc.£ '2.l~ 3':71 Af2
?~JI

~g oH6i • O9:1-E ~g .:i:l.~ ~71~ Ail~E!"Cf. 6 6.J~ ~\!J~ 'E/Alfif.:i:l. ~-c!tf!E ~2.12.J "5elOI
;1m011 ITf2.f 01 :,:f~E!" ~2.I-E :il.f71 Oi~ ITH.!i:!.Cf .2:g~ Ci ~§-'Eief. @~2.il2.f2.f Salmone!la2.I ~2.1
g -"fEl°"§0117il 6-l~ ~\!JOI ~2.1 7!ifc,I \:Jg 010117-ll ~\!J~ '§!~f!cf-E '2.16.lof71I of~-Ec,1, 30121
-c!OI 's-E 'flf:! Jl.fil'.f 5~ -c!OI 's-E J,.f'bf~ .£.gYc,f~. Oi'Ei~Of 'cl-l!- 7~ 6~121-l:!2.I ~\!32£. Oi'Ei~
Of *~<2:l 1§2.1011 \§fif-E i:Jl§OI ]¥:il.f.5:.l~cf. 0 011~ "§Oi, Jean C. Buzby2.f Tanya Roberts-E ~-)! 7H2.I ~E:112.IOf
\!Jf:!irOll CHfiH '2.1-l!-2.I ~\!J i:Jl§OI 'cl-l!- 93'2:l011Ai 129'2:l 1§2.1011 \§fif-E ~.££ ?~-'Eicf.:i:l. ?~~cf. 0 012.,E]-
1:JI§ %. 29'2:1011-"i 67'2:l 1§2.i011 filc;f-E 1:Jl§OJ 6-l~ ~E:112.IOf 5:/"012.f.:i:l. E!"cf. OE]- ?~JI011 ITf~'22 {:j~
~2.1 ~1:Jl:,:f 3~ g 1~01 ~2.m .:J.2.l.:i:l. .A.H§71I '2_1:,:1£1-E 6-l~ ~\!J~ '¤1-Ecf. O.:::i.2.l.:i:1. .A.11711£
"§"2.1'22. "{! ,.,1711 *<2:l ~2.I -"fEf"§OI 2.'~'l-'Ei ~:il.f {14'-IE!" ~:il.f \!3~ '¤t-Ecf· ... 0 5.A.il Oi~OI"§
g ~{!ti Oi'Ei~Of 'cl-l!-15'2:l -l:!2.I ~-"f ~\!3011 .:::i~g 3~\:.!" -c!OI 's-E .D I Af'bi°~ ~2.HE!"cf."-E
~2.l7f EEE!" *.!i. 'll~ ~Olcf.

~Hf3 J:161 ,e ~2.il2.Kcholera)

~2.il2.firr2.I .Y'Ei.££ -g{aJ ~Af7f i?-~£10i %82-I '@*7f iif~7il ~~£1~. 01£ '2.1fiH -"f'bl-011 01~ *£ 'll-E {!'Ei
-;g .Y'Ei ICf.

::;:rg oH~ ,e @Well-publicized outbreaks of cholera and Salmonella have made people aware
[that food-borne disease makes a lot of us sick every year]: an estimated 76
million illnesses annually in the United States alone, with over 300,000
hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths, [imposing an estimated cost in the tens of
billions of dollars].
3:! \!:!o<H [ ]-E aware2.l ~?;:j0, £!-Cf. rmake+~?;:jO, +~?;:j::>:j .!i:!.OiJ -,l-~7f \!:! ~~q- \!:!o<H [
-E-i:E-.A.f7 ~01q_

0 One estimate suggests [that 1 out of 3 consumers in industrialized nations

suffers from {known and newly recognized } food-borne diseases each year].
[ ]-E suggests2.I ~?;:jOi "6f-E ~.A.f~o1q_ { }-E food-borne diseases~ *6.1£1-q_

T, F 2..E.71 '
''
''
1. Our ability to detect and identify food-borne illnesses is increasing. T / F I I
'' 2. Episodes of diarrhea among children under five result in less than three million
''
'' premature deaths. ITZ[]
''I
'' '--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~
1~ 19
 I Keywords I cost, wage rates, manufacturing firms

-9'-0i
0 frhe need to contain cost] I is a major driver I of globalization. II 6 Firms are
t:11~ Qj;i:iltiHOf ~R~g / -9'-R-'r:!§"'10lcf / -'i l711~21 // 7l~g
rencourage+&"'10i+to do: ~ OI • tif.5:.~ ;q~ t;fq rto¥WIT(&"'1)
encouraged to expand I beyond their home jurisdictions I Lin order to capitalize on low
~ lfof.5:.~ ::X:P,'E!°;"::-cf / :q~ -HW -71Q1% 'aOi / \;!g ~el~:; ~ ~WI ~tiH /

wage rates I in other countries]. II 0 A significant number of North American and

E~21// . .ggl'\I 'i'Jg ~'E;J 7l~OI /

European companies, 1 rm! A

n7 of them I well-known manufacturers of branded
.::l.% 'i'Jg '9'7f / ~'i§ .gR .e:i:t:IIAH21 ::X:i'i§B Ail~ AfW:ilOlcf /
rmove ~ to ... : ~ %···.££ Olt!t;f(::}
consumer products], I have elected to move I their manufacturing operations I to China I
Olt!WI£ / ::X:f~~21 Ail~ AfW:il~ / /
rto¥~AIT(&"'1) r ~ % Ol~tifef ;i;IAIAfl + L -9'-0i
Li n order to take advantage I of that country's low wage structure]. II 8 LC1othing and
Ol~WI ~tiH / • .:J. Lf~K~).£1 mJii -11~~ // 21*
r ~XH-'ti-£ 't!~~(have been -ing)
shoe manufacturing firms] I have been producing I in China I for many years I but I so
2.IAF2g /
r -9'-0i2.f -§Af .5:.:,:1
{!J~H %fcf /
r ~OJIAi /
other sectors2J O!IAI
01~i tiH §~ / t;f::X:I~ /
·
also have com anies I in other sectors I Lsuch as consumer electronics, food and
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c ¥A~(~5!.) . t:i l.ii!.s 7 =the wage rates 7
industrial products]. II 9 LWhile China's wage rates are considerably lower I than those I
~21 ~~OI .ggr;1 Ci\;!{.) 5fAI~ / .:J.3:1(~~)5!.cf /
r=China·s wage rates
in western industrialized economies], I they have been rising significantly I in recent
Ai-712.1 W~B ~Ail~21 / .::13:lg .ggt;I %7ftiH %fcf / ~12 ~I!- II
• ~Oi¥ 1 J r +
prompt+~Oi+to do: ~ OI ···tif.5:.~ ;i;gt;fq til.ii!.s sf.± I
years. II 0 This Lhas prompted some companies I to seek out even lower wage
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~Oi¥2
jurisdictions I for their manufacturing operations], I and interestingly I fhas also ·
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encouraged American firms I to move production I back to the USA]. II
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* jurisdiction: -Hw .:;:tQ1

driver %!§~ capitalize on~~ ~~ofcf. Ol~l'\fcf

wage ~-el- elect ~~ofcf. -t:!la!iofcf operation .A.f~:,:Ji
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significantly .ggol prompt ::x:P,tifcf. ~~fq
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:;:ig oHg! , e 6 Firms are encouraged to expand beyond their home jurisdictions [in order to
capitalize on low wage rates in other countries].
I )-E-~~£1 LfEfLH-Eto¥~J..l--,1-0ICf.

0 [Clothing and shoe manufacturing firms have been producing in China for many
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7f -§'.--'f-Oll ~l~lof'i'.!J..-j ?Ol (companies~ products)2.f-§-Af(have)7f 5:.~l~IS:!.Cf.

'\

1. Well-known manufacturers of branded consumer products have elected to move

their manufacturing operations to ______

CD Europe @ North America @China @ South America

2. Companies seek out lower wage jurisdictions for their manufacturing operations.
'' ITm
'\
' ~---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- -----------------~

1'2t 21
 I

I Keywords I networked information, job candidates, online contributions

f:: -9-0i . to¥'2JJ-h1

0 Luur reliance on networked information / {to assess job candidates}] / will only
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r ¥"~V-l-c!: ~011 rrtc:n
increase / Las algorithmic tools become I more sophisticated and less expensive]. //
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r---~~ tf711 - - - i
6 Today I human resources rely on Big Data / - [the collection and analysis / of massive
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rto¥'2JJ-l-,1(~~)
databases of information] / - Lto identify job prospects]. // 0 Analytics firms crunch
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rto¥'2JJ-l-,1(~~) • •
data I Lto search for and assess talent / in particular fields]. // 0 Remarkable Hire scores a
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{JxlJ-h'~rby -ing: ~~2£.ilj rat£! ~~Oi(\!'JJ-~)
candidate's talents / Lby looking at / {how others rate his or her online contributions}]. //
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9 Talent Bin and Gild create lists / of potential hires / based on online data. //
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C. Big-name companies£! OIIJ-1
0 Big-name companies L1 1ke Facebook, Wal-Mart, and Amazon ] / use these technologies /
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rto¥'2JJ-l-,1{~~) r7 identify ~as ...: ~~ 2£. ~~otc.f
Lto find and recruit job candidates]. // 0 Will algorithms identify targeted individuals /
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C 'f-A~(.~?:I)
as top picks for employment / Lif they have withdrawn / from online life]? // 0 Will they
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only guess Lthe answers / to these questions], / but my bet is / Lthat victims will not
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stack up well / next to those / {who have not suffered on line abuse}]. //
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reliance 2.1e assess ~7fofcf candidate Xlf:/At. ~.'i'.J-:f

algorithmic ~.:i:22.1@2.J sophisticated ~.ii'.El-
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victim IIioHJ-:f on one's merits (,A.fE/2.1) ~OIi rrf2.f
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~HE! J:I61 • i;!J Cil0IEi(Big Data)

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~@ oH~ e 6 Today human resources rely on Big Data - [the collection and analysis of
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0 Will algorith_ms identify [targeted individuals] as [top picks for employment] [if
they have withdrawn from online life]?
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' \
I
I

1. What will we increasingly rely on to assess job candidates?

CD potential talents @ employment history

@ recommendation @ on line information

2. What is NOT mentioned as a company that uses on line data for employment?

CD Facebook @Wal-Mart
I
I @Amazon @Tik-Tok
I
\ ,, ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ , ;II

1~ 23
 I Keywords I philosophers, women, traditional social roles

r.1¥A~(Y5') • • take exception to: ~OIi \1CHtfcf7 1 §.21 Bl-1I7

6 LAlthough it was rare], I some ancient philosophers took exception to the view I [that
til~ .i::,_g ~Ol'j;i;l'2_1 / ~$ .ii.CH ~~;i;fe {'ltHOII ~cH~Cf /

women were complete subordinates]. II 6 Around 532 BCE I in Croton, I a beautiful and
Oj{,JOI !tfBEf tfB;i;f2.fe // 7l'i':JB 532\:1~ / CrotonOIIAi / o~~.:;:,_ ~~Ef tH'2.I Bl/
~Ah'-
prosperoUS seaside city I [located in the toe of southern Italy], I Pythagoras founded .§.
0I~2.IOf 'a.'¥ ~Oii .\<l:s:IEf / IIIEf.i!.2.f6E 2/Ilra /
.~- - ~I ~Ah'- •
school of philosophy I [devoted to mathematical and theological insights]. II 9 Women
•
*ef~O I.Jl ~~~<2.J %~~1 t:!lElO~ // ():j'2:1~~

were allowed to study and teach I in the school. II 0 Pythagoras and his followers
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. C postulated9.I E'o:1011(\!clA~) C postulated9.I &~01 2(\!clA~)
postulated I Lthat women were men's intellectual equals] I and Lthat the two were
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r
~~AKY5') from9.l E~Ol(\!clA~)
capable of friendship]. II 0 Nevertheless, I from fwhat remains of their writings today], I
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r = Pythagoras and his followers
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i---- .:;i3,_ r
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separately], I and [but for the few women in Pythagorean schools, I the rest were to
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r ~~ 7-ll~tfcf Bl-ii~
carry on I with their traditional social roles]. II 6 What's more, I the friendship [that
=i.~.<2.I B~"1'2.I Af2I~ ":!~~ // 7ilcf7f / "f- {,J~~ tfLf£ %c /

brought the sexes together] I required women's obedience. II 0 A harmonious

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r
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\!3A~(how+2f-Oj+§Af)
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r ~~AK~Ol~OI) C held9.I !?,~Oj 1(\!clA~)
as one ancient historian put it, I Pythagoreans held I Lthat wives were "not to oppose
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their husbands}]:' II
'a'l!Oll7ff //

* theologica l: 1:1~"1'2.I ** postulate: (J..f{)Ol2.f.:il) .g~tfcf *** asymmetry: c1IcH~{aJ

take exception to ~011 'cllcHtfef subordinate tfB;i;f, Ef!-of prosperous ~';§~

insight~~ equal ;i;f obedience~
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~H2l J:161 , e Pythagorean school(TIIEf.:il2.f6 2j-II.f)

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:;:rg oH~ , e O [Although it was rare], some ancient philosophers took exception to the view [that
women were complete subordinates].
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0 A harmonious asymmetry is how the Pythagoreans liked to think of it, and in the
case of marriage, as one ancient historian put it, Pythagoreans held [that wives
were "not to oppose their husbands at all], " and [that wives "would achieve a
victory if they gave in to their husbands]."
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2 '~oHOf E!-cf'2.I ~~cf.

''

1. Some ancient philosophers took exception to the view that women were complete
s_______
2. Pythagoras and his followers postulated that women and men were capable of
f- - - - - - -
',, _____ _____ • ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------'~
d1~spuau11J ·z sa1eu1pJoqn(s] •L !Em

1:Y 25
 7.:12~01
o -,_ t:1=1.2.
L..,;
t..a..
.... r 0 r._t.= ::-::-101
o-

I Keywords I career success, objective criteria, intrinsic criteria

C ~Oj rofQJ ~.;,;jOj(~.A.~) . r9%EH(be p.p.)

O LUefinitions of {what a career is}] I are changing. II 6 Historically, I a career was defined I
~s101~ 'i'';:!'2Pf0ll cH~ '2:JQJ7t I \1'!£fof:il 'L!ct II "'1.A.f~.££ I ~s101~ '2:12.l'r.l~ct I

by upward mobility and advancement I in a steeply graded hierarchy, I Gct :ing

~£ Ol§'of[lj g~o~ 7,!0II QJtH I 7fllfE.)ji WOI Lr'E! ljjg :'l'.'QOII.A.i I Ci~ ~'Ed:i!f
r with+~"10l+1'E.A.l-r: ~O I .•• .gEH£ r {,g.A.J-r
greater responsibility and influence, I {with the vast majority of employees I ( remaining
'i§gj'ia:1% '§{,Jof\"!.A.i I 7iQJ ctt~QJ 'Q'f:!O I I :i;ft!QJ :'l'.'QOII

with their organizations I for life)}]. II ° Career success was measured I by objective
'ag ~EHOII.A.i I ~{!J I I ~s!OII.A.iQJ {,J~ ~'2:15:l~cf I .c!jtf~'ZJ 7 lfrOII QJtH I
robjective criteria2.I Oil.A.I be lik(}ly to do:~~ 7ro{JOI '1!ct7
criteria I Lsuch as pay, status and power]. II •Today I a career is more likely to be
801, Al!?-1. T'!sl:i!f ~g II 2'.e-'aei I ~s1g '2:jQJ~ 7f5{,JO I Ci 3.q I
rdefine ~as ... :~·-~ ~Qlotct rwith+~Ol+1'E.A.l-r r1'E.A.l-r
defined I as a lifelong series of work experiences, I Lwith job movements I {being
:g,J{!JOII ~ti ~~QI 'Q~ ~~££ I 'Q~~2.I Ol§'OI (~o~) I

upward, sideways and in some cases downward}] I - termed protean careers. II ° Career
.\<I~££. %1~££. .:::12.J:il rrHOII IIfct.A.i-l= ot2.H~££ OJ9-0iAIE I ~El'2:i(\1'!£f'i'~~) ~s!Olcf:il ~2.11= II ~s!OII.A.iQJ
r intrinsic criteria2.I Oil.A.I
success is increasingly measured I by intrinsic criteria I Lsuch as satisfaction,
{,j~ Ci ~'2:j~q I LH;i;H~ 7lfrOll 2.ltH I \:!~5=.. :g0j5=., 2f'5.
• r ~!i!.ctE external criteria2.I Oil.A.I -:--:i
engagement, meaning, learning and growth] I rather than external criteria I Lsuch as
{,J'2J':i!f ~g I 2.1$~ 7lfr!i!.Cfe I
trade~ for ...: ~~ ... ~p;iq 7
income and organizational level]. II 0 More people today I want to trade money I for

meaning. II 8 Sheryl Sandberg views careers today I more like 'jungle gyms', I
II Sheryl Sandberg-l= 2'.e-'aet2.I ~ia:1% (~0 12.f:il) g.q I ''2:J~~·:e.t Ci ~15"~ I
+ I g;._1-r
structures [allowing movement I from one rung to another], I rather than as a ladder. II
(~ ) 0I~ ol~o~ .:;i:'l'. I 7f£.CHOII.A.i Cf§ 7f£.CH£.9.I I .A.fc.tcl.s!.ct-l= 2012.1 I I

6 • mobility OI§' advancement gan g,i,~ steeply 7fIIfE'.7il

graded wo1 Lm objective ~tf~'ZJ criterion 7 lfr (pl. criteria)
downward ot2.H~.25. term (~012.t2) $E'.Cf engagement N01£
external 2.l¥~'c! trade ~ for ... ~% ... 2t l:lf.:i;>q
ladder .A.fct2.1
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