Incoming Singaporean Prime Minister Lawrence Wong is sworn in at a ceremony at the Istana in Singapore on

May 15. EDGAR SU/AFP VIA GETTY IMAGES

When asked whether the U.S. government works, most Americans

say no. According to recent polling by Ipsos, more than two-thirds of adults in the
United States think the country is going in the wrong direction. Gallup reports that only
26 percent have confidence in major U.S. institutions, such as the presidency, the
Supreme Court, and Congress. Nearly half of Americans aged 18 to 25 say that they
believe either that democracy or dictatorship “makes no difference” or that “dictatorship
could be good in certain circumstances.” As a recent Economist cover story put it:
“After victory in the Cold War, the American model seemed unassailable. A generation
on, Americans themselves are losing confidence in it.”

Most Singaporeans have a very different outlook on their government, a managed

political system that has elections but nonetheless facilitates the dominance of one
party, the People’s Action Party. According to a Pew Research Center report, three-
quarters of Singaporeans are satisfied with how democracy is working in their country.
Moreover, 80 percent think their country is heading in the right direction—the highest
number in any of the 29 countries surveyed in the May Ipsos poll.

In 2024, both the United States and Singapore are facing one of the most challenging
tests of any system of government: the transfer of power from one leader to the next.
Textbooks on government identify this as an arena in which democratic systems have
the greatest advantage over authoritarian or managed alternatives. Yet, as this year
shows, that isn’t always the case.

Wong shakes hands with former Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong during Wong’s swearing-in ceremony in
Singapore on May 15. EDGAR SU/AFP VIA GETTY IMAGES

In May, as then-Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong passed the baton to his chosen
successor, Lawrence Wong, Singaporeans almost unanimously applauded the orderly,
peaceful transition. In contrast, Americans’ sense of gloom is growing as they
approach a presidential election in which voters will have to choose between two
candidates who claim that the other’s victory would mean the end of U.S. democracy.
According to an April Reuters/Ipsos poll, two-thirds of U.S. voters believe that neither
candidate should be running.

These comparisons invite the question: Is Singapore simply better at governing than
other countries?

To answer this, consider the following three Report Cards, which use data from
international organizations to assess Singapore alongside two countries holding major
elections this year: the United States and Britain. Each report card grades the
countries on how well they have fulfilled the requirements that Singapore’s founder
and first prime minister, Lee Kuan Yew—the father of Lee Hsien Loong—believed were
the function of government: to “improve the standard of living for the majority of its
people, plus enabling the maximum of personal freedoms compatible with the
freedoms of others in society.”

The first Report Card considers citizens’ well-being, which we’ve assessed based on
categories for which there is ample data, such as income, health, safety, and sense of
security.

The second Report Card covers what the World Bank calls “governance,” or a
government’s effectiveness in facing issues, making policy choices, executing policy,
and preventing corruption.
The third Report Card, which considers both individual rights and citizens’ satisfaction
with their government, is more difficult to interpret. It includes the judgments made
both by international organizations and by polls that gauge how citizens feel about their
democracy.

It’s worth reflecting on nine takeaways related to these Report Cards. First, Lee Hsien
Loong left to his successor a population that is now wealthier than Americans—and
almost twice as wealthy as their former British colonial overlords. When he took office
in 2004, the so-called Singapore miracle had already happened: Singapore’s economy
had soared since the 1960s, taking the country from poverty to having a GDP per
capita that was approximately three-quarters of that of the United States, where many
analysts thought it would remain. Yet 20 years later, Singapore’s GDP per capita is
more than 4 percent higher than that in the United States: $88,500 compared with
$85,000.

Second, while rapid economic growth often produces greater income disparity, over
the past two decades, Singapore has reduced inequality significantly—from 0.47 to
0.37 (as measured by the Gini coefficient, a measure by which 0 equals complete
equality and 1 represents complete inequality)—while the United States has remained
around 0.47. (For comparison, China’s Gini coefficient is 0.46, and the country with
the highest level of inequality is South Africa, with 0.63.)

Third, Singaporeans are generally healthier and live longer than their counterparts in
the United States and Britain. Just 20 years ago, life expectancy in all three countries
was approximately the same. Today, the life expectancy in Singapore is longer (84
years) than that in the United States (76 years) and Britain (80 years). Singapore’s
infant mortality has fallen from 27 deaths per 1,000 births in 1965, to 4 in 2004, to 1.8
today—considerably lower than both other countries. Furthermore, 93 percent of
Singaporeans express satisfaction with their health care system in contrast to 75
percent of Americans and 77 percent of Britons.

Health workers take nasal swab test samples from essential workers to detect COVID-19 in Singapore on June
10, 2020. ROSLAN RAHMANAFP VIA GETTY IMAGES

Fourth, Singapore was clearly best prepared for a major public health crisis. Because
the COVID-19 pandemic struck all countries at around the same time, it provided a
clear test of their response systems. On a per capita basis, around 10 Americans or
Britons have died from COVID-19 for every one of their counterparts in Singapore.

Fifth, while approximately one-third of Singaporeans, Americans, and Britons graduate

from university, students in Singapore tend to be academically ahead of their peers in
the other two countries. In 2022, 41 percent of Singaporean high schoolers scored as
“top performers” on mathematics tests among the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, compared with just 7 percent of
Americans and 11 percent of Britons. In 2009, Singapore ranked second in
international math scores, behind China; today, Singapore is first, far ahead of China
and every other country, while the United States is 34th, and the United Kingdom is
14th.

Sixth, Singapore surpasses both the United States and United Kingdom when it comes
to ensuring rule of law and control of corruption, according to the World Bank’s
Worldwide Governance Indicators. This aligns with OECD data, which shows that
Singapore ranks first among OECD countries in citizens’ confidence in their judicial
system (89 percent) and in overall satisfaction with their government (93 percent).

Seventh, Singapore is one of the most stable countries in the world: The World Bank
ranks it in the 97th percentile of countries for “political stability and absence of
violence/terrorism,” up from the 85th percentile two decades ago. The United States,
by comparison, is only in the 45th percentile, and the United Kingdom is in the 62nd.

Eighth, multinational corporations generally consider Singapore’s political and legal

environment to be the best in the world for doing business. On the World Economic
Forum’s Global Competitiveness Index, Singapore has moved up from No. 5 in 2004
to No. 1 today, having passed the United States in 2019. In the Economist Intelligence
Unit’s annual ranking of countries in which to do business, Singapore has held the No.
1 spot for the past 16 years; the United States typically ranks third, while the United
Kingdom is not even among the top 10.

Finally—and this complicates the picture—Singaporeans have much less freedom to

exercise their political rights. According to Humans Right Watch, Singapore’s “political
environment remains overwhelmingly repressive.” Freedom House classifies
Singapore as only “partly free,” with a score of 48 out of 100, while the World Bank
places Singapore in only the 44th percentile of all the world’s countries for voice and
accountability, which “captures perceptions of the extent to which a country’s citizens
are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression,
freedom of association, and a free media.” These figures are significantly higher—
sometimes twice as high—in the United States and Britain.
People wave the flags during the National Day Parade at the Padang, a field in downtown Singapore, on Aug.
9, 2015. SUHAIMI ABDULLAH/GETTY IMAGES

Despite this, polls find that most Singaporeans are satisfied with their version of
democracy. Yet even Singaporeans who disagree with international critics of their
regime recognize the need to create more space for domestic debate. As Wong, the
new prime minister, put it recently: A majority would “like to see more opposition voices
in parliament. So the opposition presence in parliament is here to stay.”

The contrast between Singapore’s ranking on the first two Report Cards and the third
takes us back to the question: What is government for? From a Western perspective,
the possibility that a more autocratic state could govern more effectively than a more
open democracy seems almost unthinkable. History offers few examples of
benevolent dictatorships that delivered the goods—or stayed benevolent for long. But
in the case of Singapore, brute facts are hard to ignore.

Americans and Britons cherish freedom of speech, the press, assembly, and the
related basket of liberal rights. But if given a choice, would they accept limits on some
of these rights to enjoy the high standards of governance that their Singaporean
counterparts are accustomed to? Do they care more about the freedom to speak their
minds and support an opposition party, or what Singaporean businessperson Calvin
Cheng has described as the freedom to walk safely “in the wee hours in the morning,
to be able to leave one’s door open and not fear being burgled” and “knowing our
children can go to school without fear of drugs, or being mowed down by some insane
person with a gun”?
To put it more provocatively, consider an extreme hypothetical. Imagine that instead of
choosing between U.S. presidential candidates Joe Biden and Donald Trump or the
Conservative and Labour parties, citizens in the United States and Britain were offered
the chance to vote for an alternative. This alternative would be to subcontract their
country’s governance for the next four years to Singapore’s ruling party. In 2028,
citizens would have a chance to vote again between giving that party four more years
in power or returning to their current systems, in which they choose between the
candidates presented by the two parties.

It’s a radical and obviously unrealistic possibility. But reflecting on the question and
the possible benefits of such an arrangement should help us think more clearly about
what’s required to make government work.

Graham Allison is a professor of government at the Harvard Kennedy School, where he was the
founding dean. He is a former U.S. assistant defense secretary and the author of Destined for War:
Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? Twitter: @GrahamTAllison