SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

Program : CEEM222
Course Title : APPLIED MECHANICS LAB
Course Code : MEC424
Instructor : PN. NURUL SYUHADAH BINTI KHUSAINI

LABORATORY REPORT

FORCED VIBRATION EXPERIMENT: RESONANCE OF SPRING

DASHPOT SYSTEM WITH SPRING

Full Name UiTM ID No.

Members:
1. NOR FATYMA AINA BINTI FOUZI 2022490286
2. NUR ADIBAH BINTI ZAKARIA 2022478502
3. NUR AMIRAH BINTI MOHD RASHIDI 2023185445
4. NUR ASYIQIN BINTI SANUSI
2022495422

LABORATORY SESSION : 17 April 2024

REPORT SUBMISSION : 8 May 2024

Marking Scheme

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
1.0 ABSTRACT

All the machine and system vibrates on its own frequency when they are in periodic
oscillations phase in a central static equilibrium position. The intrinsic mass and elasticity
of any system or equipment can cause it to vibrate either on its own or at a different
frequency. To find the resonance of the Spring-Dashpot system under various manipulative
damping open and closed circumstances, an experiment will be conducted in this lab. Four
separate locations throughout the system will house the damper. Since the distances
between each damper point change, the amplitude will take on a distinct shape at each one.
To fulfil the experiment's goal, calculations for both the natural and external frequencies
will be made.

The experiment is study the for the spring-dashpot system where we to study the effect
of damping on the system. Through the experiment, we are to study the damped frequency
and relate it to the natural frequency as well study the occurrence of resonance and its effect
on the system. The experiment were carried out by using Control Unit to control the
Universal Vibration Systems Apparatus. The desired frequency was adjusted to 5 Hz to 14
Hz. The experiment were then repeated with the damper to off condition. The oscillation
were recorded with the mechanical recorder for oscillation with damper with length 150mm
and 550mm. The damper distance will give impact to the behaviour of the amplitude and
its value. The resonance occur when the applied frequency is same with natural frequency
of the object. The natural requency has also been calculated in order to achieve the
objectives. The knowledge of the calculating the resonance frequency and
natural frequency is very important in order to prevent catastrophic disaster.
2.0 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ 2

2.0 TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................................................... 3

3.0 LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... 4

4.0 LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. 4

5.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 7

6.0 THEORY................................................................................................................. 8

7.0 APPARATUS & PROCEDURE ............................................................................. 10

8.0 RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 12

9.0 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................ 21

10.0 CONCLUSION...................................................................................................... 24

11.0 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 25

12.0 APPENDICES ....................................................................................................... 26

3.0 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Overall Amplitude ......................................................................................... 12

Table 2:No Damped - 650mm ..................................................................................... 14

4.0 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1:Effect of resonance frequency to a glass ........................................................... 8

Figure 2:Resonance frequency....................................................................................... 9
Figure 3:Figure 3: Universal System Vibration Apparatus (TM155) ............................. 10
Figure 4:Graph Recording Paper ................................................................................. 10
Figure 5: Amplitude vs Frequency Condition 1 ............................................................ 18
Figure 6: Frequency vs Amplitude Condition 2 ............................................................ 19
Figure 7: Amplitude vs Frequency Condition 3 ............................................................ 19
Figure 8: Amplitude vs Frequency Condition 4 ............................................................ 20
Figure 9:Data Condition 1 - 5Hz......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 10Data Condition 1 - 6Hz.....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 11:Data Condition 1 - 7Hz....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 12Data Condition 1 - 8Hz.....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 13Data Condition 1 - 8.1Hz.............................................................................. 27
Figure 14:Data Condition 1 - 8.2Hz.................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 15:Data Condition 1 - 8.3Hz.................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 16:Data Condition 1 - 8.4Hz............................................................................. 27
Figure 17:Data Condition 1 - 8.5Hz............................................................................. 28
Figure 18 Data Condition 1 - 8.6Hz............................................................................. 29
Figure 19: Data Condition 1 - 8.7Hz............................................................................ 29
Figure 20:Data Condition 1 - 8.8Hz............................................................................. 29
Figure 21:Data Condition 1 - 8.9Hz............................................................................. 29
Figure 22:Data Condition 1 - 9Hz................................................................................ 29
Figure 23Data Condition 1 - 10Hz............................................................................... 29
Figure 24:Data Condition 1 - 11Hz.............................................................................. 29
Figure 25: Data Condition 1 - 12Hz............................................................................. 29
Figure 26 Data Condition 1 - 13Hz.............................................................................. 29
Figure 27: Data Condition 1 - 14Hz............................................................................. 29
Figure 28: Data Condition 2 - 5Hz............................................................................... 30
Figure 29 Data Condition 2 - 6Hz................................................................................ 30
Figure 30 Data Condition 2 - 7Hz................................................................................ 30
Figure 31 Data Condition 2 - 8Hz................................................................................ 30
Figure 32 Data Condition 2 – 8.1Hz ............................................................................ 30
Figure 33 Data Condition 2 - 8.2Hz............................................................................. 30
Figure 34 Data Condition 2 - 8.3Hz............................................................................. 30
Figure 35 Data Condition 2 - 8.4Hz............................................................................. 30
Figure 36 Data Condition 2 - 8.5Hz............................................................................. 30
Figure 37 Data Condition 2 - 8.6Hz............................................................................. 30
Figure 38 Data Condition 2 - 8.7Hz............................................................................. 30
Figure 39 Data Condition 2 - 8.8Hz............................................................................. 31
Figure 40 Data Condition 2 - 8.9Hz............................................................................. 31
Figure 41 Data Condition 2 - 9Hz................................................................................ 31
Figure 42 Data Condition 2 - 10Hz.............................................................................. 31
Figure 43 Data Condition 2 - 11Hz.............................................................................. 31
Figure 44 Data Condition 2 - 12Hz.............................................................................. 31
Figure 45 Data Condition 2 - 13Hz.............................................................................. 31
Figure 46 Data Condition 2 - 14Hz.............................................................................. 31
Figure 47 Data Condition 3 - 5Hz................................................................................ 31
Figure 48Data Condition 3 - 6Hz................................................................................. 31
Figure 49Data Condition 3 - 7Hz................................................................................. 32
Figure 50Data Condition 3 - 8Hz................................................................................. 32
Figure 51 Data Condition 3 – 8.1Hz ............................................................................ 32
Figure 52 Data Condition 3 - 8.2Hz............................................................................. 32
Figure 53 Data Condition 3 - 8.3Hz............................................................................. 32
Figure 54 Data Condition 3 - 8.4Hz............................................................................. 33
Figure 55 Data Condition 3 - 8.5Hz............................................................................. 33
Figure 56 Data Condition 3 - 8.6Hz............................................................................. 33
Figure 57 Data Condition 3 - 8.7Hz............................................................................. 33
Figure 58 Data Condition 3 - 8.8Hz............................................................................. 33
Figure 59 Data Condition 3 - 8.9Hz............................................................................. 33
Figure 60 Data Condition 3 - 9Hz................................................................................ 33
Figure 61 Data Condition 3 - 10Hz.............................................................................. 33
Figure 62 Data Condition 3 - 11Hz.............................................................................. 33
Figure 63 Data Condition 3 - 12Hz.............................................................................. 33
Figure 64 Data Condition 3 - 13Hz.............................................................................. 33
Figure 65 Data Condition 3 - 14Hz.............................................................................. 33
Figure 66 Data Condition 4 - 5Hz................................................................................ 34
Figure 67 Data Condition 4 - 6Hz................................................................................ 34
Figure 68 Data Condition 4 - 7Hz................................................................................ 34
Figure 69 Data Condition 4 - 8Hz................................................................................ 34
Figure 70 Data Condition 4 -8.1Hz.............................................................................. 34
Figure 71 Data Condition 4 - 8.2Hz............................................................................. 34
Figure 72 Data Condition 4 - 8.3Hz............................................................................. 34
Figure 73 Data Condition 4 - 8.4Hz............................................................................. 34
Figure 74 Data Condition 4 - 8.5Hz............................................................................. 34
Figure 75 Data Condition 4 - 8.6Hz............................................................................. 35
Figure 76 Data Condition 4 - 8.7Hz............................................................................. 35
Figure 77 Data Condition 4 - 8.8Hz............................................................................. 35
Figure 78 Data Condition 4 - 8.9Hz............................................................................. 35
Figure 79 Data Condition 4 - 9Hz................................................................................ 35
Figure 80 Data Condition 4 - 10Hz.............................................................................. 35
Figure 81 Data Condition 4 - 11Hz.............................................................................. 35
Figure 82 Data Condition 4 - 12Hz.............................................................................. 35
Figure 83 Data Condition 4 - 13Hz.............................................................................. 35
Figure 84 Data Condition 4 - 14Hz.............................................................................. 35
5.0 INTRODUCTION

Forced vibration arises from external forces acting upon a system, causing it to oscillate
at the frequency of the excitation. When the excitation frequency aligns with a natural
frequency of the system, resonance emerges, leading to potentially hazardous, amplified
oscillations. Structures such as buildings, bridges, and aircraft wings are susceptible to
collapse under resonance conditions. At resonance, the system experiences maximum
displacement, underscoring the criticality of natural frequency assessments in oscillation
studies. Vibrating systems inherently undergo damping, experiencing energy dissipation
due to factors like friction and resistance.

Damping minimally alters the system's natural frequency, thus natural frequency
measurements are generally conducted without consideration of damping effects. To
achieve this, it's necessary to identify resonance in the Spring-Dashpot System across
different damping scenarios to evaluate the associated risks. Concurrently, research into
strategies for mitigating and controlling resonance hazards can enhance safety and well-
being for human users, along with yielding various other benefits.

Vibrations can be detected through various means, such as by using musical instruments
like the ukulele. When the ukulele strings are plucked, they initiate vibrations at their
inherent frequency. This energy transfer to the instrument disrupts its particles, causing it
to vibrate at its natural frequency. Strumming the strings of a ukulele can similarly induce
vibrations in the soundbox, resulting in amplified sound production. The vibrations
generated by the soundbox cause air molecules within it to vibrate at the same frequency
as the strings, leading to a synchronized vibration of the entire ukulele structure. Force
vibration refers to an object's ability to induce vibrations in interconnected objects, a
principle that guides experimentation in this context.
6.0 THEORY

Vibration arises from the oscillatory movement of a medium or system, displacing it

from its initial position. This motion enables external or internal forces to eventually restore
it to equilibrium. Vibrations are commonly classified into two primary types: free vibration
and forced vibration. Free vibration occurs when a material or system is initially disrupted
and subsequently allowed to move or oscillate without restraint. An illustrative instance of
this phenomenon is observed when a weight is affixed to a spring, prompting vertical
oscillations without continuous external force application.

In contrast, resonance, as observed in forced vibration scenarios, is a concept of

relatively straightforward nature. It occurs when an external frequency synchro nizes with
the natural frequency of a system, leading to amplification of the system's oscillations. For
example, when an opera singer hits a high note that aligns with the natural frequency of a
glass, the glass starts vibrating. Further escalation of the pitch or frequency might result in
the glass shattering. Similarly, when a child swings on a swing and we push it at the same
frequency, the swing moves higher than usual, offering another common illustration of
resonance.

glass
Figure 1: Effect of resonance frequency to a glass.

Resonance manifests when the frequency of an external force aligns with one of the
inherent frequencies of a system, a phenomenon widely acknowledged. When an oscillating
force closely matches the "natural" frequencies of an object, it gives rise to what we term
as simple resonance. This can lead to significant outcomes, inducing considerable
oscillations. These intensified oscillations can be leveraged to amplify the amplitude of
oscillation within a specific body, finding utility across various applications. For instance,
when robust oscillations are applied to a bridge or another structural system, it may
experience its most pronounced deformation. The resultant effect, whether immediate or
delayed, is contingent upon material properties, loading conditions, and other influencing
factors.

Figure
Figure2:2:
Resonance frequency
Resonance frequency

Resonance occurs when the excitation frequency aligns with the fundamental
frequencies of the system. This synchronization leads to a phenomenon termed resonance,
wherein both frequencies harmonize, inducing a distinct and potent oscillation. The impact
of resonance amplifies as the two frequencies converge. At the resonance point, the
maximum amplitude of oscillation becomes evident, underscoring the importance of this
phenomenon.
7.0 APPARATUS & PROCEDURE

APPARATUS

Figure 3: Figure 3: Universal System Vibration Apparatus (TM155)

Figure 4: Graph Recording Paper

1. Unbalance Exciter
2. Beam
3. Damper
4. Control Unit
5. Mechanical Recorder
6. Spring
7. Pen
8. Graph Recording Paper
PROCEDURE
Before start working;
1. Review the labsheet and manual thoroughly.
2. Activate both the main power supply and the Control Unit (TM150).
3. Ensure a clear understanding of the fundamental setup of the equipment.
4. Familiarize yourself with the safety procedures for the laboratory apparatus before
proceeding with the experiment.

While Working:

1. Secure the graph paper onto the mechanical recorder.

2. Position the pen on the mechanical recorder at an appropriate distance and with a
secure grip.
3.Test the alignment of the pen by running the mechanical recorder.
4. Ensure the damper is removed to collect data under undamped conditions.
5. Gradually increase the frequency to 5Hz using the Control Unit (TM150) knob.
6. Monitor the clarity of the plotted graph and prevent paper damage.
7. Record the oscillation period for 5 seconds at each frequency.
8. Increase the frequency incrementally from 5Hz to 12Hz, adjusting by 1Hz each
time. From 8Hz to 9Hz, increase by 0.1Hz before reverting to 1Hz increments.
9. Regularly inspect the quality of the plotted oscillations on the graph paper.
10. Analyze the oscillation patterns and corresponding data collected.
11. Repeat steps 1 through 10 for three additional conditions: open damping at a
distance of 150mm, closed damping at a distance of 150mm, and closed damping at a
distance of 550mm.
12. Record all data in a table format and create graphs based on the collected data for
analysis.

AFTER WORKING
1. Open the damper by using the provided Allen key to unscrew it.
2. Turn off both the main power supply and the Control Unit (TM150).
3. In case of any equipment damage during the experiment, promptly notify the
instructor for safety precautions, as the equipment will be utilized by subsequent
groups for conducting experiments.
 8.0 RESULTS

Table 1: Overall Amplitude

Amplitude (mm)
Frequency (Hz) Damped (open), Damped Damped
No Damped
150mm (closed), 150mm (closed), 550mm

0 0 0 0 0
5 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.50

6 0.5 3.05 3.75 0.60

7 0.95 2.75 2.50 1.00

8 1.55 1.45 1.50 1.50

9.1 2.00 1.40 1.45 1.95

8.2 2.50 1.35 1.40 2.00

8.3 3.05 1.25 1.35 2.00

8.4 4.00 1.20 1.30 2.00

8.5 8.75 1.15 1.10 1.95

8.6 12.00 1.05 1.05 1.95

8.7 7.55 1.00 1.05 1.65

8.8 6.25 1.00 1.05 1.50

8.9 3.25 1.00 1.00 1.40

9 2.75 1.00 1.00 1.05

10 2.00 0.95 0.90 1.00

11 1.50 0.85 0.80 1.00

12 1.00 0.65 0.75 1.00

13 0.95 0.55 0.65 0.90

14 0.75 0.50 0.55 0.85

Mass of beam = 1.68kg

Mass unbalance = 0.772kg

Beam length, L = 700mm @ 0.7m

l = 650mm @ 0.65m
Spring constant, k = 3.0N/mm @ 0.003N/m

Theoretical Result
a) Condition 1: No damped (650mm)
Angular natural frequency, 𝜔𝑛
3𝑘𝑙 2
𝜔𝑛 = √
𝐼0

3(3000)(0.65)2
𝜔𝑛 = √
2.452(0.7)2

56.26𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔𝑛 =
𝑠

Natural frequency, f
1
𝑓 = 2𝑛 𝜔𝑛
1
𝑓 = 2𝑛 (56.26)

𝑓 = 9.0𝐻𝑧
Period time, T
1
𝑇=𝑓
1
𝑇 = 9.0

𝑇 = 0.111𝑠
Unbalanced Force, 𝐹0
𝐹0 = 𝑢𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑙 × 𝜔 2
𝐹0 = 0.772× 0.65 × (56.26)2
𝐹0 = 1.588𝑘𝑁

b) Condition2: Dampened – Open (150mm)

Moment of Inertia, 𝐼0
𝑚𝑙 2
𝐼0 = 3
(2.452)(0.7)2
𝐼0 =
3

𝐼0 = 0.4𝑘𝑔𝑚2
Damping ratio,
𝑐𝑙 2
=
2𝑙 0𝜔𝑛

(5)(15)2
=
2 0.4)(56.26)
(

= 2.5 × 10−3
Natural frequency, 𝜔𝑛
𝜔𝑑 = 𝜔𝑛 √1 − 𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 2
 𝜔𝑑 = (56.26)√1 − (2.5 × 10−3 )2
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔𝑑 = 56.26
𝑠

c) Condition 3: Damped – Close (10mm)

Damping ratio,
𝑐𝑙 2
=
2𝑙 0𝜔𝑛

(15)(0.15)2
= 2(0.4)(56.26)

= 7.5 × 10−3
Natural frequency, 𝜔𝑛
𝜔𝑑 = 𝜔𝑛 √1 − 𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 2

𝜔𝑑 = (56.26)√1 − (2.5 × 10−3 )2

𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔𝑑 = 56.26 𝑠

d) Condition 4: Damped – Closed (550mm)

Damping ratio,
𝑐𝑙 2
= 2𝑙
0 𝜔𝑛

(15)(0.55)2
=
2(0.4)(56.26)

= 0.101
Natural frequency, 𝜔𝑛
𝜔𝑑 = 𝜔𝑛 √1 − 𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 2

𝜔𝑑 = (56.26)√1 − (0.101)2
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔𝑑 = 55.97
𝑠

Experimental Result
𝜔𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝜔𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2𝜋8
50.26𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑠

a) Condition 1: No Damped (650mm)

Table 2:No Damped - 650mm
Frequency, Amplitudes, 𝜔 𝑥𝑘
𝜔 (rad/s) 𝜔𝑛 , (rad/s) 𝐹0 , (kN)
f (Hz) x (mm) 𝜔𝑛 𝐹0

0 0 0 0 0
5 0.45 31.41 56.26 0.56 1.588 0.85
6 0.50 37.70 0.67 0.94
 7 0.95 43.98 0.78 1.79
8 1.55 50.27 0.89 2.93
8.1 2.0 50.89 0.90 3.78
8.2 2.5 51.52 0.91 4.72
8.3 3.05 52.15 0.93 5.76
8.4 4.0 52.78 0.94 7.56
8.5 8.75 53.41 0.95 16.53
8.6 12.0 54.03 0.96 22.67
8.7 7.55 54.66 0.97 14.26
8.8 6.25 55.29 0.98 11.8
8.9 3.25 55.92 0.99 6.14
9 2.75 56.55 1.005 5.2
10 2.0 62.83 1.12 3.78
11 1.50 69.11 1.23 2.83
12 1.0 75.40 1.34 1.89
13 0.95 81.68 1.45 1.79
14 0.75 87.96 1.56 1.42

b) Condition 2: Damped Open (150mm)

Table 3: Damped Open - 150mm
Frequency, Amplitudes, 𝜔 𝑥𝑘
𝜔 (rad/s) 𝜔𝑛 , (rad/s) 𝐹0 , (kN)
f (Hz) x (mm) 𝜔𝑛 𝐹0

0 0 0 0 0
5 0.55 31.41 0.56 1.04
6 3.05 37.70 0.67 5.76
7 2.75 43.98 0.78 5.20
8 1.45 50.27 0.89 2.74
8.1 1.4 50.89 56.26 0.90 1.588 2.6
8.2 1.35 51.52 0.91 2.55
8.3 1.25 52.15 0.93 2.36
8.4 1.2 52.78 0.94 2.27
8.5 1.15 53.41 0.95 2.17
8.6 1.05 54.03 0.96 1.98
 8.7 1.0 54.66 0.97 1.9
8.8 1.0 55.29 0.98 1.9
8.9 1.0 55.92 0.99 1.9
9 1.0 56.55 1.005 1.9
10 0.95 62.83 1.12 1.79
11 0.85 69.11 1.23 1.61
12 0.65 75.40 1.34 1.23
13 0.55 81.68 1.45 1.04
14 0.50 87.96 1.56 0.94
c) Condition 3: Damped Closed (150mm)
Table 4: Damped Closed - 150mm
Frequency, Amplitudes, 𝜔 𝑥𝑘
𝜔 (rad/s) 𝜔𝑛 , (rad/s) 𝐹0 , (kN)
f (Hz) x (mm) 𝜔𝑛 𝐹0

0 0 0 0 0
5 0.65 31.41 0.56 1.23
6 3.5 37.70 0.67 6.61
7 2.5 43.98 0.78 4.72
8 1.5 50.27 0.89 2.83
8.1 1.45 50.89 0.90 2.74
8.2 1.4 51.52 0.91 2.64
8.3 1.35 52.15 0.93 2.55
8.4 1.3 52.78 0.94 2.46
8.5 1.1 53.41 0.95 2.08
56.26 1.588
8.6 1.05 54.03 0.96 1.98
8.7 1.05 54.66 0.97 1.98
8.8 1.05 55.29 0.98 1.98
8.9 1.0 55.92 0.99 1.90
9 1.0 56.55 1.05 1.90
10 0.9 62.83 1.12 1.70
11 0.8 69.11 1.23 1.51
12 0.75 75.40 1.34 1.42
13 0.65 81.68 1.45 1.23
14 0.55 87.96 1.56 1.04
d) Condition 4: Damped Closed (550mm)
Table 5: Damped Close - 550mm
Frequency, Amplitudes, 𝜔 𝑥𝑘
𝜔 (rad/s) 𝜔𝑛 , (rad/s) 𝐹0 , (kN)
f (Hz) x (mm) 𝜔𝑛 𝐹0

0 0 0 0 0
5 0.5 31.41 0.56 0.94
6 0.6 37.70 0.67 1.13
7 1.0 43.98 0.78 1.9
8 1.5 50.27 0.9 2.83
8.1 1.95 50.89 0.91 3.68
8.2 2.0 51.52 0.92 3.78
8.3 2 52.15 0.93 3.78
8.4 2 52.78 0.94 3.78
8.5 1.95 53.41 0.95 3.68
55.97 1.588
8.6 1.95 54.03 0.96 3.68
8.7 1.95 54.66 0.98 3.68
8.8 1.5 55.29 0.99 2.83
8.9 1.4 55.92 1 2.64
9 1.05 56.55 1.01 2.98
10 1.0 62.83 1.12 1.90
11 1.0 69.11 1.23 1.90
12 1.0 75.40 1.35 1.90
13 0.9 81.68 1.46 1.70
14 0.85 87.96 1.57 1.61

Percentage Error
a) Condition 1: No Damped (650mm)
𝜔𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 −𝜔𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100%
𝜔𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

56.26−50.26
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | |× 100%
56.26

𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 10.66%

b) Condition 2: Damped Open (150mm)
𝜔𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 −𝜔𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100%
𝜔𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
 56.26−50.26
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100%
56.26

𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 10.66%

c) Condition 3: Damped Close (150mm)

𝜔𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 −𝜔𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100%
𝜔𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

56.26−50.26
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100%
56.26

𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 10.66%

d) Condition 4: Damped Close (550mm)

𝜔𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 −𝜔𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | 𝜔𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
| × 100%

55.97−50.26
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | 55.97
| × 100%

𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 10.20%

Graph Presentation
a) Condition 1: No Damped (650mm)

Figure 5: Amplitude vs Frequency Condition 1

b) Condition 2: Damped Open (150mm)

Figure 6: Frequency vs Amplitude Condition 2

c) Condition 3: Damped Close (150mm)

Figure 7: Amplitude vs Frequency Condition 3

d) Condition 4: Damped Close (550mm)

Figure 8: Amplitude vs Frequency Condition 4

9.0 DISCUSSION

9.1 NOR FATYMA AINA BINTI FOUZI (2022490286)

In this experiment, we are conducting a force vibration study known as the
Resonance of Spring Dashpot System with Spring. Four different scenarios were
examined: a case without damping at a distance of 650mm, an open case at 150mm
distance with a spring constant of 5Ns/m, a closed case at 150mm distance with a spring
constant of 15Ns/m, and a closed case at a distance of 550mm with a spring constant of
15Ns/m. Multiple tests were conducted to determine the resonance frequency, which
occurs when an external frequency, also referred to as an applied frequency, coincides
with the natural frequency, resulting in the resonance frequency due to their interaction.
For each scenario, the applied frequency varied from 5Hz to 14Hz, increasing by
1 Hz from 5Hz to 8Hz, and then increasing by increments of 0.1 from 8Hz to 9Hz,
continuing in a normal pattern until 14Hz. In the first condition, the maximum amplitude
ratio at a frequency ratio of 0.971 was 1.126. The second condition, which is undamped
at 150mm, requires computation of damping ratio and resonance frequency compared to
the first condition. In this case, the highest amplitude ratio for undamped open at a
frequency ratio of 2.902 was found to be 0.02. Condition 2 (Undamped Open 150mm)
exhibited the highest damping ratio of 0.0108, with a resonance frequency of 12.99 rad/s.
Despite the results obtained, the experiment's accuracy could be further improved by
addressing some of the existing errors.

9.2 NUR ADIBAH BINTI ZAKARIA (2022478502)

Forced vibration experiment clearly demonstrates the resonance behaviour of the
system: when an external force is applied to a system, it returns to its natural frequency.
In this experiment, the imbalanced mass with a motor was operated within the 8Hz to 9Hz
frequency range, which caused the beam to shake violently and the measured amplitude
to start rising.
We may infer from the experiment's results and graph that the amplitude grows as
the frequency rises and eventually reaches the natural frequency. The amplitude response
is also significantly influenced by the damper; larger damping produces smaller and
shorter recorded amplitudes. As an initial step in minimizing errors in the experiment,
students should make sure that their instruments, such as the recorder, are in good working
order and can function properly. In addition, the plotting pen's line on the graph is not
sufficiently visible. In order to get better graph results, the student's solution is to make
sure the pen has a ball tip and adequate ink. Furthermore, human error could happ en when
calibrating the pen. To ensure accuracy, students must perform the experiment multiple
times.

9.3 NUR AMIRAH BINTI MOHD RASHIDI (2023185445)

From conducting the experiment, the plotted graphs of amplitude versus
frequency, reveals distinct peak points for each experiment. Initially, the sinusoidal line
on the graph steadily rises, reaching maximum amplitude when the natural frequency is
reached.
Upon analysis, the amplitude in the undamped condition is observed to be higher
than in other conditions, followed by the underdamped condition. The primary difference
between these experiments lies in the presence of a damper. Adding a damper
automatically decreases the amplitude by reducing beam vibration. Furthermore,
comparing experiments 3 and 4 on the graph, differences in amplitude are noticeable
despite both experiments involving damper addition. This variation may stem from
differences in damper placement; when the damper is closer to the beam's end, vibration
decreases more compared to when it's closer to the hanging point.
In theory, resonance occurs when the frequency matches the natural frequency,
which can be either beneficial or detrimental. Desirable acoustic resonance is common in
musical instruments and auditoriums. However, undesirable mechanical resonance can
lead to catastrophic failures such as bridge collapses, wing breakages in aircraft, or
machinery malfunction. For instance, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge experienced significant
vibrations and structural failure due to wind gusts. This underscores the importance of
understanding resonance for engineering students.
However, upon calculation, discrepancies between the theoretical and
experimental values were observed, indicating errors during the experiment. One such
error pertains to the pen holder; the pen isn't securely fixed within the holder and is
positioned too far from the graph, making it challenging to interpret the data accurately.
Additionally, the mechanical recorder didn't function optimally during the experiment,
proving difficult to control and adjust when modifying frequencies.
These errors can be mitigated by utilizing mechanical equipment like a securely
fixable pen holder would enable smoother experimentation without the need for frequent
pen adjustments. Furthermore, employing an automatic recorder could circumvent the
issues associated with the mechanical recorder, providing a more reliable and error-free
data collection process.

9.4 NUR ASYIQIN BINTI SANUSI (2022495422)

The goal of this experiment is to investigate the Spring-Dashpot System's resonance by
changing the damping conditions. As a result, data on the system's natural frequency must
be collected. We have established a basic understanding of the experiment's aims based
on theoretical concepts and derived numerous equations to assist in determining the
system's natural frequency. The frequency range tested is from 5 to 14 Hz. The experiment
includes damping systems that are both damped and undamped, representing two different
types of damping. The damped system is further separated into closed and open condition,
resulting in amplitude readings that change. According to the results of the experiment,
the external force applied to the identical system has no effect on its natural frequency. As
the frequency approaches the natural frequency of the system, the vibration becomes
stronger, resulting in an increase in amplitude. This amplitude increase happens between
frequencies of 8.0 and 9.0.

When the frequency exceeds the natural frequency, the graph of the findings begins to
fall. This decline occurs as the vibration gets more stable beyond the natural frequency of
the system. Furthermore, the experiment shows that vibrations are not present during
certain phases of the approach. This result implies that the damper's proximity to the
source of the disturbance absorbs the vibration, reducing its amplitude. Nonetheless, it is
essential to identify possible errors that could affect the experiment's findings. Systematic
and random errors could explain observed differences. For example, random mistakes
could occur due to the spring's elasticity, which may have reduced over time from its
original value because of repetitive use.

Variations in spring elasticity could cause the rod to oscillate during the experiment,
producing data inconsistencies. Precautions should be taken to improve the experiment's
accuracy, such as securing the pen and pen holder to ensure good graph recording.
10.0 CONCLUSION

10.1 NOR FATYMA AINA BINTI FOUZI (2022490286)

In summary, our experiment achieved the anticipated outcome by effectively
pinpointing the resonance of the spring under damped conditions. Resonance arises when
the inherent frequency aligns with specific frequency values. Improving error
identification and mitigation will refine the accuracy of our experimental results. This
investigation highlighted the significance of distinguishing between natural and resonant
frequencies. Potential sources of error include environmental influences on the experiment
and potential equipment-related issues, such as inaccuracies in data computation stemming
from the recording equipment used for amplitude measurement.

10.2 NUR ADIBAH BINTI ZAKARIA (2022490286)

In summary, this experiment has provided valuable insights into the concept of
resonance, demonstrating its occurrence when vibrations align with the natural frequency
of the system. The observations consistently indicate that lower damping ratios lead to
higher peak amplitudes. This suggests that the impact of an unbalanced rapidly rotating
machine on the system is minimal until it nears its natural frequency, at which point
damping significantly influences amplitude. Consequently, this experiment has enhanced
our comprehension of force vibration and resonance within the spring-dashpot system,
affirming the achievement of our objectives.

10.3 NUR AMIRAH BINTI MOHD RASHIDI (2023185445)

From the experiment, the amplitude can be observed and it is influenced by both
length and damping. Additionally, it can be noted that when a beam is equipped with a
damper positioned closer to its end, the resulting amplitude is smaller. Furthermore,
resonance can occur when the frequency matches the natural frequency . Ultimately, the
experiment successfully achieved its objectives. This experiment holds significant
importance in real-world applications, particularly for engineers. Prior to constructing
buildings and bridges, it's crucial to calculate their natural frequencies to preve nt incidents
like the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse, which was caused by substantial vibration
amplitudes and structural failure due to wind gusts.
 10.4 NUR ASYIQIN BINTI SANUSI (2022495422)
This experiment's main objective, which was to examine resonance in a spring-dashpot
system under various dampening circumstances, was accomplished. The amplitude ratio
values for each of these scenarios were shown in the accompanying graphs. However,
because of likely errors made during the experiment, there can be a discrepancy between
the theoretical and experimental values. These errors may result f rom equipment
malfunctions, computation errors in formulas, or graph plotting errors. It is advised to use
graph paper with a smaller ratio to increase the accuracy of our data because even slight
variations in the data might cause significant variations in computations. Furthermore,
putting in place double-check procedures for results calculation can lessen the impact of
thoughtless mistakes and improve the accuracy of our conclusions.

11.0 REFERENCES

Rotational inertia (article). (2021). Khan Academy.

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/torque-angular-
momentum/torquetutorial/a/rotational-inertia

Beer, F., Johnston, E., Cornwell, P., & Self, B. (2015). Vector Mechanics for Engineers:
Dynamics (11th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

Mobley, R. K. (2001). Vibration Fundamentals. Plant Engineer’s Handbook, 721–755.

https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-075067328-0/50045-8

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998, July 20). Damping | Definition, Types, &
Examples. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/damping

Vibration. (2021, May 14). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration 6. Blake, R.

E. (n.d.). Basic Vibration Theory. engfac.cooper.edu. Retrieved from
https://engfac.cooper.edu/pages/tzavelis/uploads/Vibration%20Theory.pdf. 7.
Edwards, P. (2001). Mass-Spring-Damper Systems: The Theory.
faculty.washington.edu. Retrieved from
https://faculty.washington.edu/seattle/physics227/reading/reading-3b.pdf
12.0 APPENDICES

Data Condition 1 (No damped 650mm) Recorded Amplitude

Figure 9: Data Condition z5Hz

6Hz6Hz

7Hz7Hz

Figure 10: Data Condition 1 - 8Hz

 Figure 11: Data Condition 1 - 8.1Hz

Figure 12: Data Condition 1 - 8.2Hz

Figure 13: Data

Condition 1 -
8.4Hz
Figure 14: Data Condition
1 - 8.3Hz

Figure 15:Data Condition

1 - 8.5Hz
 Figure 19:Data Condition 1 - 8.9Hz
Figure 17: Data Condition 1 -
8.7Hz

Figure 16 Data Condition 1 - 8.6Hz

Figure 18:Data Condition 1 - 8.8Hz Figure 20:Data Condition 1 - 9Hz

Figure 21Data Condition 1 - 10Hz Figure 24 Data Condition 1 - 13Hz

Figure 23: Data Condition 1 - 12Hz

Figure 22:Data Condition 1 - 11Hz Figure 25: Data Condition 1 - 14Hz

Data Condition 2 (Open damped 150mm) Recorded Amplitude

 Figure 26: Data Condition 2 - 5Hz

Figure 27 Data Condition 2 - 6Hz

Figure 28 Data Condition 2 - 7Hz Figure 31 Data Condition 2 - 8.2Hz

Figure 34 Data Condition 2 - 8.5Hz

Figure 29 Data Condition 2 - 8Hz

Figure 32 Data Condition 2 - 8.3Hz
Figure 35 Data Condition 2 - 8.6Hz

Figure 30 Data Condition 2 – 8.1Hz

Figure 33 Data Condition 2 - 8.4Hz Figure 36 Data Condition 2 - 8.7Hz

 Figure 38 Data Condition 2 - 8.9Hz
Figure 37 Data Condition 2 - 8.8Hz

Figure 39 Data Condition 2 - 9Hz

Figure 42 Data Condition 2 - 12Hz

Figure 44 Data Condition 2 - 14Hz
Figure 40 Data Condition 2 - 10Hz

Figure 43 Data Condition 2 - 13Hz

Figure 41 Data Condition 2 - 11Hz

Data Condition 3 (Closed damped 150mm) Recorded Amplitude

Figure 45 Data Condition 3 - 5Hz

Figure 46Data Condition 3 - 6Hz

 Figure 47Data Condition 3 - 7Hz

Figure 48Data Condition 3 - 8Hz

Figure 49 Data Condition 3 – 8.1Hz

Figure 50 Data Condition 3 - 8.2Hz

Figure 51 Data Condition 3 - 8.3Hz

Figure 52 Data Condition 3 - 8.4Hz
Figure 56 Data Condition 3 - 8.8Hz

Figure 60 Data Condition 3 - 11Hz

Figure 53 Data Condition 3 - 8.5Hz

Figure 61 Data Condition 3 - 12Hz

Figure 57 Data Condition 3 - 8.9Hz

Figure 54 Data Condition 3 - 8.6Hz

Figure 62 Data Condition 3 - 13Hz

Figure 58 Data Condition 3 - 9Hz

Figure 55 Data Condition 3 - 8.7Hz

Figure 63 Data Condition 3 - 14Hz

Figure 59 Data Condition 3 - 10Hz

Data Condition 4 (Closed damped 550mm) Recorded Amplitude

Figure 64 Data Condition 4 - 5Hz

Figure 65 Data Condition 4 - 6Hz

Figure 66 Data Condition 4 - 7Hz

Figure 67 Data Condition 4 - 8Hz Figure 69 Data Condition 4 - 8.2Hz Figure 71 Data Condition 4 - 8.4Hz

Figure 68 Data Condition 4 -8.1Hz Figure 72 Data Condition 4 - 8.5Hz

Figure 70 Data Condition 4 - 8.3Hz

 Figure 77 Data Condition 4 - 9Hz
Figure 73 Data Condition 4 - 8.6Hz
Figure 81 Data Condition 4 -
13Hz

Figure 78 Data Condition 4 - 10Hz

Figure 74 Data Condition 4 - 8.7Hz

Figure 82 Data Condition 4 - 14Hz

Figure 75 Data Condition 4 - 8.8Hz

Figure 79 Data Condition 4 - 11Hz

Figure 76 Data Condition 4 - 8.9Hz Figure 80 Data Condition 4 - 12Hz