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    This document provides a summary of a coin from the Bodleian Library collection depicting Alexander the Great. The coin is part of the Earl of Winchelsea's collection, which was purchased and donated to the University of Oxford. It is identified as a silver diobolus coin from Alexander's reign, and the portrait is considered an authentic likeness based on evidence from other scholars who have studied the coin. An engraving of Alexander's portrait from the coin is included.

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    The Voyage of Nearchus and the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea

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    This document provides a summary of a coin from the Bodleian Library collection depicting Alexander the Great. The coin is part of the Earl of Winchelsea's collection, which was purchased and donated to the University of Oxford. It is identified as a silver diobolus coin from Alexander's reign, and the portrait is considered an authentic likeness based on evidence from other scholars who have studied the coin. An engraving of Alexander's portrait from the coin is included.

    Copyright:

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    604 views151 pages

    The Voyage of Nearchus and The Periplus of The Erythrean Sea

    Uploaded by

    coruncanius
    This document provides a summary of a coin from the Bodleian Library collection depicting Alexander the Great. The coin is part of the Earl of Winchelsea's collection, which was purchased and donated to the University of Oxford. It is identified as a silver diobolus coin from Alexander's reign, and the portrait is considered an authentic likeness based on evidence from other scholars who have studied the coin. An engraving of Alexander's portrait from the coin is included.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    of 151

    ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM

    LIBRARY
    Deposited by Brasenose College

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    THE
    VOYAGE OF
    AND
    THE PERIPLUS
    OF
    THE ERYTHREAN SEA,
    BY
    WILLIAM VINCENT, D"D.
    DEAN OF WESTMINSTER.
    OXFORD,
    AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, FOR THE AUTHOR;
    AND 80LD BY 1IIB88Jl8. CADBLL AND DAVIB8 IN TBB 8TJlAXD, LOlfDOlf.
    ISO!).
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    CONTENTS .
    DEDICATION
    Prtiface
    On the Coin of 4le:cander

    pOgevii.
    lX.
    ...

    Greek Tut of tile Seventeen firfi Chapters of 4rrian's
    Indian Hiflmy 1.
    Abfira8 from the firfi Seventeen Chapters 15.
    Yqgage of Greek and Englifo 25.
    Periplas of tile SeD, Greek and Englifo 71.
    On Mdmharus
    Sequel to tile Periplt1.& of the Sea
    Notices
    Errors correRed
    - 111.
    113.
    118.
    120.
    Digitized by Google

    ~ o o g l e
    TO
    THE REV. ROBERT NARES, A. M.
    ARCHDEACON OF STAFFORD,
    AND
    CANON RESIDENTIARY OF LITCHFIELD ..
    DEAR SIR,
    IF Patronage has a demand upon the gratitude of an author.
    Friendthip has a claim of equal validity, which the ungenerous
    alone will refufe to ackn()wledge. But an uninterrupted friend-
    (hip' of forty years continuance impofes obligations of fuperior
    importance: it confiders advice on the one part, and attention on
    the other, as reciprocal duties, and interchangeable according to.
    the exigencies which may occur ..
    I had concluded my Commentary on Ancient Commerce, I
    bad relinqui1hed my purfuits conneCted with the (ubjeCt, and I
    bad promifed to intrude no more upon the indulgence of the
    public: but you have contlantly maintained, that the Commen-
    tary .. without the Originals, was incomplete; and. that the Ori-
    ginal in one inftance was either not procurable, or, if procured,.
    that the value was inadequate to the price ..

    Digitized by Google
    viii DEDICATION.
    In deference therefore to your jUdgme.nt. I have proceeded to
    the execution of your plan; and I fubmit the refult of my labour,
    not without he1itation, to the tribunal of the Public. Profitable
    it cannot be; and credit, if credit filould accrue, I filall confider
    as derived from fuggeftions originating in the partiality of a
    friend: but in no cafe filall the failure of my hopes dimini1h
    the regard and efteem which I you for the fincerity of your
    advice, or the of your attachment. Impre1fed with
    thefe fentiments, I fubfcribe myfelf
    Your faithful friend and fervant,
    WILLIAM VINCENT.
    July 1, 1809.
    Digitized by Google

    PR E F ACE .

    ALL the editions of the Peripl-us of the Erythr&n Sea are now
    fo fcarce, that a nngle copy is feldom to be met with in the mod
    exten1ive catalogues. This has been the principal inducement for
    undertaking the following publication.
    A objeCt was, to every clafs of readers to com ..
    pare the contents of both the originals with the Commentary
    atready publi1hed, and to judge whether the deduCtions were
    correa, or the conclunons juftifiable.
    To efFed: this purpofe, the tranl1ations are given in a ftyle of
    language fuitable' to the narrative of a navigator and a merchant:
    all embellilhment therefore. or curiofity of expreffion, are dif-
    claimed. But if I have failed in giving the genuine fenfe of. the
    originals, or in preferving the purity of the Engllih idiom, it is
    but loft labour after all.
    The 'Verfion is not literal, neither (if executed according to its
    intention) it be thought cllifufe. To comprefs is more de-
    firable than to dilate; but circumlocution is preferable to ob ..
    fcurity.
    The language of the Peripl6s, more efpeciaUy, is fo abrupt and
    that withQut the aid of infertioDs, in 'fome inftances, the
    fentence would be incomplete; and in others,. \1n1effJ fome liberty
    b
    Digitized by Google
    PRE FACE.
    of expreffion were allowed, perfpicuity would be utterly unat-
    tainable.
    If I have perfuaded myfelf that I am better qualified for an
    interpreter of thefe works than many others of fuperior talents
    and acquirements, it does not arife from prefumption, but from
    the contemplation of thefe fubje8:s for many years, and from the
    po1feffion of materials. which few would have had the curiolity to
    coned, and fewer ftill the patience to arrange and prepare for

    It was originally intended to give the text, Greek and Engli{b,
    without farther remarks; a few notes have been now added for
    the purpofe of correCtion. and to fave the trouble of perpetual .
    reference: but wherever inveftigation is requifite, recourfe muft
    be had to the former work.
    The Greek text of both the following works is that of Nicolas
    Blancard; but in the Voyage of Nearchus it has been correCted
    from the edition of Gronovius, (Leyden, 1704.) and moft of the
    readings of his beft Florentine manufcript admitted into the text.
    That manufcript was one of thofe' procured by Lorenzo de Me-
    dicis, and it is
    The Periplds has received but little correCtion finee its firft
    publication by Gelenius at Bafie. 1533. The edition of Stuckius
    (Geneva, 1577.) has large Scholia; but, in a geographical point
    of view, of no great value. J i,'
    The Oxford edition by Hudfon, 16g8, is moft accurately print-
    ed; but the ftate of the text, where defedive, is rarely touched.
    The few -marginal notes he has added are' nOt'of imptlttam:e, and
    fame of them are erroneous; but without dJ8 in
    Digitized by Google
    PRE FACE. Xl
    giving the text correCl:ly. and leaving the difficulties as they
    ftood.
    Blancardts edition (Amfterdam, 1680, as appears by the Dedi-
    cation) is profe1fedly from Stuckius; his fcholia, though learned,
    add little to our geographical knowledge: and in his edition of
    the. Hifi:ory and Indica of Arrian. which bears date 1668, he,
    among other editors of the fame works, falls, fometimes not un-
    juftly. under the fevere laih of Gronovius.
    His edition of the Periplds I was obliged to adopt, becaufe I
    could obtain no other to ufe as copy: neither did I know of its'
    exifi:ence, till it was procured for me within thefe few months.
    It is contained in a volume which comprifes the Tad:ics, the
    treatife on Hunting, the Periphis of the Euxine Sea, and the
    Commentary on Epiaetus. all by Arrian; and this of
    the Sea, ufually bearing the name of Arrian, was af-
    figned, with the others, to Arrian of w.hofe work it
    certainly is not. I find thefe feveral traas bear diiFerent dates,
    as 1680. 1681. 1683. and I conclude therefore, that the rarenefs
    of this volume proceeds either from the interval between their
    refpeC\ive publication; or that, when the traas were colleaed
    into a pody, the impreffion was confined to a fmall number of
    copies. This indeed is a mere conjed:ure; but I had never met
    with this volume, w.hile the other is common in every cata-
    logue.
    The ftadium employed in the Voyage of Nearchus is fuppofed
    to be a ftadium of 51 French toifes, about 15 of which are equal
    'ft.a. pUk .Roman, .. l6, to a ",ile Engli.1h, 1 11 to.a degree.
    t:"1 ,It,,1 . ,'
    -.. .. of Sea is
    mppofwl.tq. hc::a pf.which 10 are equaJ to a mile Roman.
    Digitized by Google
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    APERIAM THRRAS
    " : I ' ~ ~ ~ \
    ~ ~ i
    ~
    GENTIBUS.
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    THE
    PORTRAIT OF ALEXANDER,
    Fao M
    A COIN
    IN THE BODLEIAN LIBRARY AT OXFORD.
    7b MR. JOHN PRICE, principal Librarian of tke Bodleian. I am
    indebted for accefi to this fingular Coin. and the 1mowledge of it,
    BZijlence in the IYinchelfea colleElion; and with much gratitude
    I ac1mowledge hill communication of the evidence on which ita au-
    thenticity " l!ftablifAed, and hii obliging reaJinep in permitting it
    to be engra-qed.
    THE. Coin from which this Head of Alexander is engraved, forms part
    of the Earl of Winchelfea's Collectioq, which was purchafed by Mr.
    Charles Godwyn, Fellow of llalliol College, and by his will bequeathed to
    the Univerfity of Oxford. It is apparently the fame as Chauffantts
    No. 5, mentipned errorieoufi.y as brafs, in the account of the former en-
    graving. But it is a fUver diobolus, or third of a drachma, nearly the flze "
    of an Englifh and ought to weigh twenty-two grains and one
    Publicola Cbautrard publlibed a French trarulation of Arriau in 1801, and gave a Table of Ales.-
    Coins. At p. 140. he cites Haym, tom. ii. p. 18. IUld his Catalogue raUooiM!, p. t. adding,
    fvoipc d4Iu c-. tlerrrier 011 ,., 'roIItIC poin' tie c:orII& Whether Haym's Catalogue dilFers &om his Tee
    foro Britannico, I cannot fay; but in the latter he exprefsly mentiou8 the born. Iu Chautrard's plate
    the horn is wrinkled like that of a ram, in Lord Winchelfea'l Coin"it. is plain. This raifes a doubt
    either in regard to its identity or itl accuracy. But it feems intended for the fame, and CbaulFard
    hears ample teftimony to the beauty of the wmk, and the 6deiity or the portrait; cUe rqriferate k
    Wilabk portrait tie " PriJlU.
    Digitized by Google
    PORTRAIT OF ALEXANDER.
    fixth b, but has received an iniuiy, which reduces it to twenty grains and
    an half. Its value is ten farthings and a third. Haym, in his Teforo
    Britannico, tom. ii. p. 11. has copied the following defcription of it from
    the catalogue of LOrd Winchelfea.
    "This Coin, which is extremely rare
    c
    , is valuable on feveral accounts,
    "but more particularly as exhibiting a genuine portrait of Alexander,
    " which his Coins in general do not: for they.ufually reprefent a Jupiter,
    " a Hercules with, or without d a beard, a Pallas
    c
    , &c. &c. but that the
    cc head on this Coin is a portrait, there is little room to doubt. The
    " Diadem and the Horn of Ammon the King, and his fiCtitious de-
    " fcent from that Deity of the defert. Added to which, the fingular
    " beauty of the workmanfhip is a chara8:eriftic of the agef, rarely equalled,
    " and perhaps never excelled in any other fpecimen of the art '."
    " The Lion on the reverfe is of the be fuperiority; it may reprefent
    (C Fortitude or Power, but more probably relates to a dream of Philip's,
    " recorded- by Plutarch, [and noticed by Tertullian] in which he is (aid
    " to have feen the matrix of Olympias, (ealed with the figure of a Lion."
    l\{r. Combe fuppofes that the Lion refers rather to Hercules, from whom
    the Kings of Macedon derived their origin.
    The prefent Engraving has been confided to an artift of and
    has been fubmitted during the whole progrefs of the work to the judg-
    ment of Mr. B. Weft, who has honoured it with his peculiar attention.
    The opinion of a profeffional man, whofe talents have placed him (0 de.
    fervedly at the head of the Britifh School, may be admitted as "decifive
    upon queftions of more importance than the prefent, and his opinion is
    this:
    " According to Mr. Combe.
    C It is not found in the Briti.fh Mufeum, or in Dr. Hunter'1 eol1eaion.
    In Mr. Combe'l opinion the head of Hen:ules it IIfttCr repreCented _Ila a beanl on the coins of
    Alexander.
    In fome of Le Brun'I Battles the portrait of Alexander it copied tiom this head of Pall ...
    r Both M. CbaufI'anl, and Mr. Combe of the Britifh Mufeum, judp the coin to be of 1a&er date
    than the age oC Alexander; but ooth unite in fuppo6Dg it to be a genuine portrait.
    I This estraa c:onfiftl more properly of the CubftaDc:e than the wonU of HapD.
    Digitized Google
    PORTRAIT OF ALEXANDER. xv
    er The Features of the face are not thofe which the ancient Greek ar-
    " tifts gave to their Ideal b chara8ers of that Prince; but they are deci-
    " dedly done from individual features, delineated from Life, or a Buft
    " taken from Life .. They mark a portrait, and that portrait cannot
    " be any other but Alexander, in the charaCler of young Ammon .
    " As a work, I admire the mind of the artift who made the Coin, or
    " formed the compontion, for. his innght into the harmony of nature ..
    " It is almoft without example in its department of art, both in the
    " head, and in the Lion on the reverfe."
    The teftimony of the hiftorians is uniform in afiigning a coun-
    tenance of nngular beauty to Alexander, and it is highly probable that in
    this Coin we have the peculiar traits which characterized this beauty, and
    diftinguifhed it from that of every other perfon. Thefe feveral evidences
    in favour of its originality are fanctioned by the concurrent fentiments of
    Lord Winchelfea, Haym, Cbau1fard, Mr. Combe, and Mr. Weft, who all
    unite in opinion, \hat it is a genuine refemblance of that Prince, whofe
    name is infcribed on the reverfe.
    There is another Coin of .AlesBDder in Chauft'ard's plate. No. 1, which, if I underftand it ript,
    is the ODe commented OD by Schla&er. De N umo Alesandri Magni: the chara&er is DOt very ditlimilar
    from that of No. 5. BDd Schla&er al"erts it to be the work of Pyrg6teles, the OJily anitlwbo WIll aI-
    lowed to engrave the refemblance of this Prince. But this a8'ertiOD is difputed by Chaull'arcl, and the
    bead ha diadem or horn; the hair is loofe BDd wild.
    by Google

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    A P P I A NO T
    I N d I K H .

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    A R R I A N I I N DIe A. 13
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    14 ARRIANI INDICA.
    Nl.fl.C,J".,11S ':.r4
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    i,.,tp,"r ;xMltU8-", or;; ,1-
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    ABSTRACT
    FROM
    . THE FIRST CHAPTERS
    OF
    ARRIAN'S INDIAN HISTORY.
    ARRIAN has himfelf confidered this
    part . of his work as s digreffion a, and it
    is in reality a colleCtion from the Mace-
    donian and Greek writers, who had pre-
    ceded him in recording all that was then
    known of Indian manners, cuftoms, bil-
    tory, and geography.
    It contains likewife a variety of matter
    purely mythologicill, relative to Hercu- .
    les, and Bacchua or DionUfus, whofe ex-
    iftence 'Or expeditions into India the au-
    thor treata with little more refpe& than
    they merit at the prefent hour; and the
    report of which he regards as the b boaft
    of the Macedonians, who fought to raife
    their own fon of Ammon above all the
    deified invaders of India who fprung from
    the Jupiter of Greece.
    Another invafion of India was attri ..
    huted to Semil'lUDis and the Affyrians,
    and one more to the Egyptians under
    Sefofiris; but there is fo little hiftorical
    foundation for either, that Sefoftris is not
    noticed in the work before us: and
    T,wra X "... IF''' 'f'.i c,
    Il'
    know from a variety of authors, as well
    as Arrian, that the Affyrians, Medes, and
    Peruans, never paffed the Attock, but
    called the conquefts, which extended only
    to the weftem fide of that river, conquefia
    . of India.
    To omit relations of this fort, or para
    them over with the Oighteft notice, will
    relieve the reader from the contemplation
    of fubje&s from which he can derive nei-
    ther intereft 01' informl1tion. An abfiraa
    therefore of thefe firft chapters has been
    preferred, in which it is allowable to in-
    fert nothing but what bears relation to
    a knowledge of the country, or
    what will elucidate the fubjea propofed,
    that is, the Voyage of Nearchus.
    I. We learn then, that the country
    weft of the Indus, extending from that
    river to the K6phas, is poffeffed by tho
    Aftakeni and Affakeni, tribes not pro-
    perly Indian; for neither is their COIQ.
    plexion fo dark, neither are they in C per.
    fonal form or cowage to the
    b )( ... .. Jd, t .. l .. 1'" .,a c. 6.
    c See 41.11.
    Digitized by Google
    16
    Indians on the eaftern fide. They had
    been fubdued, and were tributary to the
    Affyrians, Medes, and Pernans; but they
    refilled Alexander, and the Atrakeni had
    defended Matraka their capital with great
    bravery. Peukela was another fortrefs of
    importance in the fame tra8, but nearer
    to the Indus.
    11. On the eaft of that river is the com-
    mencement of India proper, the boundary
    of which on the north is Taurus, on the
    fouth the Ocean, and on the weft the In-
    dus.
    Taurus is that mountain which, rifing
    from the Bay of Itrus in Cilicia, dextends
    through the whole of Afia to the Eaftern
    Ocean. In its courfe it atrumes various
    names, as ParapiLmifus in BaCtria, Em6-
    dus and Imaus in different parts of India.
    The Macedonians called it Kaukafus, but
    the real Kaukaf us is in Scythia, (between
    the Euxine and the Cafpian Sea.]
    Alexander went no farther towards the
    eaft than the river Hyphafis, [and thus
    far only we can fpeak with precifion:]
    there are indeed fame writers who treat
    of the Ganges, and its itfue into the O-
    cean, and the great city of Palimbothra;
    but their number is finall, [and their au-
    thority not always to be depended on.]
    Accordiag to the orthography I have adopted
    in the Commentary on Ancient Commerce, this
    word ought to be written Kilikia; aDd ScJlh.ia,
    Skuthia; but in names long fllllliliar to our ear and
    eye, this feems fanciful and affeCted. In oriental
    names liowever, which have feldom arrelled our
    attention, the prefervation of the Greek orthogra-
    phy is far preferable; for upon a very tranfient in-
    fpeaion of Ptolemy'1 catalogues it will readily ap-
    pear, that he bad not only obtKined a great num-
    ber of native appellations in the remotell coun-
    tries, but that, by adhering to his pronunciation,
    we can frequently identify them with names at
    prefent in elliilence. The rule d.erefore to guide
    me in the prefent work will be, to. continue the
    Greek pronunciation in the oriental appellations,
    Ill. Erat6fthenes of is an au-
    thor of better credit; he calculates c 13000
    ftadia from the fourcea of the Indus to
    the fea, and the oppofite boundary on
    the eaft at f 16000; but in this he includes
    a great promontory or Cherfonefe, pro-
    jeding '3000 ftadia into the [Southern]
    Ocean.
    Such is the breadth of India from north
    to fouth; but the length from weft to
    eaR; is firft from. the Indus to Pa-
    limbothiu, at 10000 ftadia, by the mea-
    furement of. the royal road. and beyond
    Palimbothra we cannot fpeak with cer-
    tainty: but report fays, that it is another
    10000 ftadia to the h Cape on the [Eaft-
    em] Ocean.
    Ctclfias fuppofes that India is equal to
    all the reft of Afia; Oneaicritus eftimates
    it at a third part; Nearchus Rates it as
    requiring a journey of four months; Me-
    gifthenes converts its length into its
    breadth, and fays it is 16000 ftadia where
    {horteft: but from north to fouth, which
    he calls ita length, he makes it I u300
    ftadia.
    The rivers of India are larger than any
    other in Afia j but the moft magnificent
    are the Indus' and the Ganges, k both
    flowing with a greater body of water
    but to avoid pving ofFence by the atreaation of
    writing Skuthia, N earlthus, Arlthias or
    Ius, for the correfpondent IlUIleII which are fi&miliar
    to us in another funD.
    . e 1625 miles.
    , 2000 miles.
    . I 815 miles. The great peninfala of Ava abd,
    MalllCCL '
    b This evidently proves that the ancients confi.
    dered India heyond the Ganges as extending to
    the Sea of China. The Cape is the Taurus of "Era-
    t6ftbenes.
    I i787 miles.
    k Thi. may be true of the Gauges, \)ut the In-
    dus is greatI.t amplified.
    Digitized by Google
    17
    than the Nile and the Danube, if they were
    united. Nay, the Akesfnes alone, after
    receiving the Hydafpes, Hydrabtes, and
    Hy'phafis, is entitled to the tame preemi-
    nence; for its breadth is 30 ftadia when
    it joins the Indus: .and 'i! is probable that
    there are many other rivers ftilllarger.
    IV. Beyond the Hy'pbafis, which was
    the limit of the conquefts of Alexander,
    little can be faid with certainty: but Me-
    afJ'erts, that the Ganges is much
    larger than the Indus; for it is a vaft
    ftream from its very fource I, and it re-
    o ceives the KAinas m, the Erranabbas, and
    the ltos-Soanus, as well as the S6nus, the
    Sittokeftis D, and the Solomatis, all navi-
    gable ftreams. Betides thefe alfo the Kon-
    dOkhates, the Sambus, the Mag6n, the
    AgOrania, the O'malls, the P !Commen&- 0
    fes, the ICak.oothis, and the And6matis
    from the country of the Mandiadini, the
    Amuftis from Katad60pa, the Oxtimagis
    from Pbala, and the q which
    has its con8uence at Mathai. In the opi-
    nion of Megafthenes, none of thefe rivers
    are lefs than the M&der: but the Gan-
    ges itfelf is 100 ftadia broad where oar-
    roweft; and in the fearon of inundation,
    where the cop,ntry is Jevel, the oppofite
    fhores are refpc?ffively invifible.

    I This is true. if ccmidered as entering the
    plaiDS ef IDdia at Koopele or Gangotri but it has
    a long courfe north er the Himmala 1IlOUIltaina, of
    wlUcb Megafthenes oouId not be iuformecl.
    .. It is .impolJible to aftigD all there rivers to
    their modem reprefentativea; but it is a fubjea
    worthy of eaquiry. aDd. u it can enly be prefe-
    cuted.in the COWltry itfelf. aD objea _rthy of Iibe
    Anatick Societ)' in Bengal. From the little iD-
    formation IUtherto obtained. I can only CODjeaure
    the Erranab6as, Ko.Sobus. aDd Sonus, are
    'three ftream. UDited. wbic:b join the Ganges UDder
    the name of Soaae at Dyuapoor j (or Ko&-Soanus
    is poIJibly 0011 KoO-Soaau, the moUDtain So-
    aae.
    'The Indus likewiCe has its tributary'
    ftreams; for the H ydrabtes receiving the
    Hy'phafis at A'ftruble, the Saranges from
    the diftria of the and the Neu-
    drus from that of the r Attakeni,
    all their waters into the Akesines at Kam-
    biftholi. The Hydafpes alfo, after previ-
    ouOy receiving the Sinarus, joins the fame
    river at Arifple: and the Akesines itfelf.
    ftill farther enlarged by the confluence
    of the Tootapus, falls into the Indus in
    the country of the Malli: it is a mighty
    ftream, and its name prevails over all the
    rivers it 'receives.
    On tlte weft of the Indus are the 1(6-
    the Malantus, the Soaftus, the Gar-
    rhoia, the Parenus, the Saparnus, and the
    Soanus. 0 The Piienus and Sapamus are
    the moft northern ftreamli, and, whero
    they join the Indus, their mOllths are not
    far diftant. 'The t receives the
    Malantus, the Soaftus, and the U Gar-
    rhoia, before it joins the Indus in the
    Peukaliotis; and the So&nus, from the
    mountainous traa of the Beffiuians, fall.
    in without a partner. .
    For the multitude and magnitude
    of thefe rivers, I leave it, fays Arrian, for
    others to affign the caufe; and as to what
    I have faid on the fubjea, it is only the
    Sittokatis.
    Agul"lUlis.
    , Kommina 6s.
    'I Breane6 ..
    r The Attakhi (u BOt a comaptictn) muA be a
    dilFerent tribe from theAftakeni IIIld ALkeni
    mentioued above.
    I The preioce of Multan; for I_ it ea ...
    6ve of -'r:.. RI Hindoftan, Loriftan, &c. and
    Mul or Mal are iutercbaageab1e. T.imoar writea
    Hullub for Haleb. or Aleppo.
    l Stin called The Cowe.
    The Gureus, ftiII called Gboar. Coloael Bey-
    notd.'. Map "ill giye all cbefe riYerI OD the "eft,
    aDd add to the number.
    D
    Digitized by Google
    la
    report of the beft accounts I have been
    able to obtain. But Megafthenes men-
    tions many other ftreams beyond the In-
    dus and the Ganges, which take their
    courfe mto the Ocean, fome to the eaft,
    and fome in a fouthem direaion; reckon-
    ing upon the whole fifty-eight that are
    navigable: but Megifthenes himfelf faw
    only a fmall part of India, though he
    went farther than Alexander, or any of
    his officers; for he reached the court of
    Sandracotta, the fovereign of a moft ex-
    tenfive empire, and of a monarch ftill
    more powerful, who bore the name of
    s P6rus. Meg!fthenes fays, that the po-
    tentates of India neither Y invade other
    nations, nor are expofed to invafion them-
    {elves.
    VI. The rainy feafon of India is in the
    fummer, when there is a fall of long con-
    tinuance, not only on the mountains of
    Parapamifus, Em6dus, and Imaus, but
    . upon the plains which are inun-
    dated to a great extent. This circum-
    {lance was experienced by Alexander
    when he was on the banks of the Ake-
    sines; and to a fimilar caufe ocNt"ing in
    the. mountains of Ethiopia, we may attri-
    bute the increafe of the Nile in the fame
    feaJon. The rivers of India likewife re-
    femble the Nile in producing the croco-
    dile and the hippop6tamus, as Onesicritus
    atTerts.
    The natives in the fouth refemble the
    Ethiopians in the colour of their com-
    plexion; their hair alfo is black, but not
    J: Poor is IUl appellative, and not proper
    name; it 6gnifies Chief, Prince, or Rajah. Ales-
    ander met with two; and another of the fame name,
    probably at Ougein, fent an embatry to Auguftul.
    '1 This il. vulgar error; true in. theory, but falfe
    in prat'lice. The lawl of Menu gne lIhUIy precepts
    for the promotion of conqueft. ,
    The N ecruea. Ethiopia, as a seneral title.
    neither is their face flattened
    like the Z Ethiopians: but in the north-
    ern provinces their make and frame is
    altogether funi1ar to that of the Egyp-
    tians.
    VII. Megafthenes reckons up an hun-
    dred and eighteen provinces or nations in
    India; but how he obtained this number is
    not clear; for he vifited only a fmall part
    of the country, and the intercourfe of
    thefe feveraUy with each other is not
    open. The whole body was formerly
    vagrant, like the Scythian hordes: they
    had neither cities or temples, they .were
    clothed with the {kins of the animals which
    they had taken in the chace: the bark of
    trees ferved them for bread, and in their
    language TaJa was the name of the tree.
    The a fruit 'of this tree is fpherical, and
    grows upon the head like dates on the
    palm. Their animal food they ate raw
    before Bacchus came into their country,
    who civilized them, and introduced the
    habits of life which are common to the
    reft of the world.
    VIII. Who this Deity was, or the
    other who (ubdued India under the name
    of Hercules, it is fruitlefs to enquire; but
    to the latter .is attributed the difcovery of
    the pearl, which he employed as an or-
    nament for his daughter. The pearl in
    later times was brought to Eurt\pe by
    the merchants who traded with India,
    and was purchafed with great avidity both
    by the Greeks and Romans: its price waa
    fixed at triple its weight in the pureft
    comprehends all the black AfriClUls; but, when
    ufed precifely, it defignutes Meroe only.
    See c. si. He fays they fed on the
    and is bark: but, by tile defcription or the
    fruit immediately, we may conclude be meaDI the
    cocoa, the tree of which is a palm, as well .. tIMt
    date tree of Egypt. '
    Digitized by Google
    19
    !Old of India. -In the fiibery of it, there
    is a fable of a king or queen ibell fiib, like
    a queen of the bees: but to this [a finguJar
    truth] is added, that the method of obtain-
    ing the pearl was by futrering the fiib it-
    felf to putrefy on the ibore.
    IX. From Bacchus to Sandi-acotta the
    Indiana reckon an hundred and fifty-three
    kings, or fix thoufand forty-two years b:
    but, befides Bacchus and Hercu1es, no fo-
    reigner ever invaded their country except
    Alexander. He indeed fubdued all as far
    as he went; and be would have reduced
    the whole empire, if his army would have
    followed him; but fuch is the juftice of
    the Indians, that they are never known'
    to invade the tenitories of their neigh-
    bourse.
    X. In India no monuments are ereaed
    for the dead, but their virtues are confi-
    dered as a fufficient memorial; and to be
    celebrated in fong is 'the bed record of
    their worth.
    The number Qf their cities it is impof-
    fible to afcertain; thofe which are con-
    tiguous to rivers, or to the fea, are built
    of wood, as the nine and the inundations
    would render bricks ufelefs:
    but thofe which are, built in loftier fitua-
    . tions are of brick and clay. The largeft
    city in India is Palimbothra, the capital
    of Prafii, at the d confluence of bra-
    nab6as and the The ErranabOaa
    is the third in rank of the Indian rivers,
    and larger than thofe of other countries ;
    but upon joining the Gangel its name is
    10ft. The length of Palimbothra, according
    to Megafihenes, on both itl fides il eighty
    ftadia, and its breadth fifteen. The ditch
    which enclofes it is fa hundred feet wide,
    and its depth forty-five. On the wall are
    570 towers, and the gates are fixty-four.
    lu India there are no Oaves; or if
    there be, they are not Indian, but of a
    difJerent race, like the Helots of
    mono
    XI. Thc:whole body of natives is dif-
    tributed into feven tribes or cafts. The
    firft confifts of their inftru&rs, [the Bra-
    mins,] the fmalleft in number, but the
    higheft in revereuce and eftimation; for
    they are fubjea to no bodily labour, and
    contribute not to the public In
    ibort, they are fubjea to no duty, but to
    perform the facrifices for the common-
    wealth; or even when private people
    crifice, a Bramin muft attend; for with-
    out a Bramin no facrifice can ,be accept-
    able to the Gods. Augury is alfo wholly
    confined to this caft; but thofe only of
    the order who are denominated WISE,
    are allowed to exercife the art.
    augury is, chiefly concerned in predia-
    ing the condition of the approaching
    feafons, and in cafes of public concern:
    but in private interefis augury is not al-
    lowed; either becaufe trifling matters
    are no objea, or becaufe the Bramins
    will not coodefcend to individuals. If
    a Bramin ails thrice in his prediaions,
    he is not punifhed, but condemned to
    filence; and nothing can compel a man .
    under this fentence to attempt a pre-
    diaion. .
    Thirty-nine years to a reign. Guges; for the Emmab6u, c. iv, is coupled with
    c The army of Porus was prepared for the in.... KoG:oinus and 8Ooaa, and the want. of ruins at
    600 of a neighbouriog territory at the time Alel:- this junaion is no argument agaiDll it, if we con-
    aoder attacked and defeated him. 6der it, as Arrian does, a city built of wood aDd
    .After all the difputes abOut. the 'te of this plaifter. PatDa is not. tweoty miles from thisjuac-
    cit.y, I fubfcribe to Sir William JODft'. opinion, tion; and fome of our EngIifb gentlemen baYe
    cIaaC it. ".. at the con8uence of Soane and. the ,found an old DUDe for it, refembliog
    DI
    . Digitized by Google
    20
    The c Bramina are without clothes,
    bafking in the fun during the winter;
    and in fummer, when the heat is excef-
    five, they lie plunged in water, or retire
    to the fbade of the [Banian] trees. Thefe
    are fo large that, according to Nearchua,
    their UDlbrage extends to five hundred
    feet, and ten thoufand men can be c0-
    vered by a fingle plant.
    . Their food confifta of the fruits of the
    feafon, but efpecially the fbark of a tree,
    which is as fweet and nutritive as the
    date of the palm.
    !&. The fecond tribe confills of huf-
    handmen, and this is far the moll nume-
    rous; they have no concern with arms
    or war, but tillage is their foIe employ-
    ment; and their only burden is to pay
    their taxes to the kings, where the go-
    vernment is regal; or to the public cham-
    ber, if they live under a commonwealth.
    Neither are they dillurbed even in time
    of g war; for their perfons and their lands
    are facred, and two armies may be fight-
    ing in their neighbourhood, while they
    purfue the bufinefs of the plough, or the
    labours of their harvell, unmolelled.
    3. The third tribe compofed of herdf-
    men and fhepherds; they live in the field,
    and frequent neither cities or villages, but
    roam over the country, and prefer the
    mountains to' the plains. There is a tax
    on their herds and flocks, and they are
    hunters and fowlers at the fame time.
    XII. 4. Artificers and traders are com-
    preliended in the fourth olafs, and thefe
    are all fubjea to a tax upon their gains,
    except thofe who are employed in the fa-
    e M.,pftheneI confounds the Bramint witll the
    Jogeea.
    f Nut the bark, but the fruit.
    . "I Twiee before it has been faid, that there i. no
    'W1Ir or iDvBtioo iD India.
    be meaDI by tbiI, that there are DO
    brication of anDS: thefe are paid by the
    public; fhip-builden are of this caft:, and
    the Jailors who an h employed aprm tle#
    rivers.
    5. The fifth clafs contains the military;
    they are numerous than any of the
    others, except the hufbandmen, and their
    condition of life is more free and happy.
    Their profeffion is their foIe employment;
    for they neither fabricate their arms, or
    fumifh their horfes or drefs them, or pitch
    their tents, or clean thek accoutrements,
    or condua the elephants, or drive their
    chariots: for all there offices are performed
    by perfons 'allotted refpeaively to each.
    But in time of war it is their duty to ferve;
    and on the return of paee, they enjoy all
    the comforts oflife,for their pay is fufficient
    not only to fupport them at eafe, but to
    maintain their family and their fervants.
    6. In the fixth clafs are enumerated
    thore who are called intendants or iover-
    feers of the public weal; they vifit the ci-
    ties, the villages, and the country in ge_
    neral, and report to the king, where the
    government is regal, or to the magif-
    trates, where they live under a common-
    wealth. It is facrilege to make a fa)fe
    report; but in raa k lying is unknown in
    India.
    1. The public counfellon of the realm
    form the feventh clafs, whether the go-
    vernment be regal or republican. They
    are fewell in number, but are elleemed
    for wifdom and jullice above all others ;
    and from this order are feleaed all that
    bear rule as governors of dillria. and ci-
    ties; all the commanders, naval and mi-
    other fort of fai:lon; which is a raa at the pref.
    hour. '
    1 Tbi. is the or BD office fer a cia&.
    le Happy oation three cboufand yean Rgo! Col'
    the,. lie DOW u readil,. u the rea of the world.
    Digitized by Google
    21
    litary; all that prefide over the receipt or
    expenditure of the revenue; and all that
    fuperintend the 1 agriculture of the coun-
    try. ,
    Thefe are the feven tribe8 or cafta;
    they are all preferved facred and diftina :
    they cannot intermarry, they cannot pafa
    from one tribe to another, arid no one is
    allowed to exercife two crafts, or to prac-
    tife an art appropriated to a different
    tribe.
    [Thefe particulars are all eoUe8ed from
    the authority of Megafthenea, and appear
    the fame, with fome flight variatiol,l, in
    " Strabo: but Megafthene8 feem8 to have
    confounded the political inftitution8 with
    the religious and civil eftablifiunent8,
    whereby he has made feven cla1fea out of
    four, which are now well known to be
    the Bramin8, or religious; the Kfhetria,
    or civil and military j the Vayfhya, or
    mechanics and artificers; and the 800-
    draa, who are the fervant8 of all. But the
    intermediate fhadea and diftinaiona of
    thefe are branched into varieties without
    end; and the grand diftinaion in India
    at prefent is, between Choutres and Pa-
    rias; thofe that have a caft, and thofe
    that have none: and yet again the Pariaa
    are fubdivided into fuperior and inferior
    oafts.]
    One circumftance indeed i8 common to
    all, that a GymnOfophift (that is, a Jogee)
    is a charaaer which may be a{fumed by
    a man of any caft; becaufe it i. not a life
    of eafe, but the moft wretched and mife-
    rable that can be imi.gined.
    XIII. The Indians purfue the common
    I .According to AyeeD Aobari, the proportion
    of the crop paid in lieu of tu. was fettled iumoally
    by fuperioteodantl.
    The mlUlJler of buDtinc the elephant i. fiuni.
    liar to eRr1 one: but tb8 whole lK:COuot is given
    beafta of the chace, like the Greeks; but
    their hunting of the m elephant is pecu-
    liar, becaufe the animal itfelf is different
    from all others. The lirA: operation is to
    felea a place in the open and level coun-
    try, expofed to the utmoft heat of the fun.
    This they enclofe with a trench of extent
    fufficlCnt for the encampnent of a large
    anny. The trench is thirty feet deep, and
    twenty-four wide; and the earth thrown
    out of this is raifed on the brink of the
    correfponding banks to ferve as a ,ram-
    part. In this rampart, on the outfide of
    the trench, the hunters form a fort of
    cafemate, concealed, and provided with
    loopholes, through which they can dif-
    cover the approach of the animal to the
    enclofure: within the trench, they place
    three or four of the female elephants that
    are the moft tame. The enclofure has
    only one entrance, and that over a bridge
    carried acrofs the trench, which is well
    covered with earth and grafs, that it may
    caufe no fufpicion to the wild animal 88
    he advances. The hunters then withdraw
    themfdvea into their cafemates,' where
    they are completely concealed, and wait
    for the approach of evening; for during
    the day time the wild elephants never are
    feen in the cultivated 4mda; but at night
    they wander at large, and Collow the
    mafter of the herd, as COWl follow the
    bull. When therefore they approach the
    enclofure, and hear the cry of the fe-
    males, and are attraaed by the {cent,
    they hurry towards ~ e place, and pare
    along the fide of the rampart till they
    come to the bridge, by which they enter
    here, in order to fhew how much infonnation wu
    colleaed by the Macedonians 00 this fubjeCt, and
    how little ha. been added to it by the relatio.u of
    modern travelllll'l.
    Digitized by Google
    22
    'the enclofure. As' foon . as the hunten
    -perceive this, fome inftantly break. down
    the bridge, and others run to the neigh-
    bouring villages, to report that the game
    is in the toil. Upon this, they mount
    their beft and tameft elephants, and haften
    to the fpot. Here they paufe, before they
    proceed to the attack of the captives,
    and leave them unmolefted till they are
    emaufted with thirft and hunger. After
    giving 'time for this, they repair the
    bridge, and advance the tame elephants
    'to the attack. The firft encounter is
    iharp; but the wild ones, as previouQy
    oppretred with hunger, are naturally in-
    ferior to their invaders. Then the hunt-
    ers difnlGUnt, and faften cords round the
    feet of the vanquifued; they likewife bring
    forward the tame ones, and make them
    ftrike their Bdverfaries till they fall down
    from diftrefs. As foon as they are on the
    :ground, the purfuers mount on their
    backs, and make an incifion round their
    neeks with a fuarp inftrument; into this
    incifion a cord is introduced, fo that the
    head and neck are rendered immovable;
    and this, hoWever violent the animal may
    be, is fufficient to prevent the efFea of
    his rage: for if he attempts to turn, the
    wound is lacerated by means of the cord.
    He is thus fixed in one pofture, and,
    .giving up the conteft, fuffers himfelf to
    be led wherever the tame ones eondua
    him.
    XIV. Thofe that are caught young,
    or thought unfit for ufe, are again let
    loofe; but fuch as are ferviceable they
    condua. to the villages, and fupply them
    with green fodder in plenty. At firft they
    are fullen, and refufe to eat; but the
    hunters amufe them with fongs, and
    drums) and muGe, and by degrees foothe
    them to a better temper. The intelligent
    gature of the elephant is above that of
    ..
    'any other'animal, and [when.they have
    'once become tame] their. affea.ion to
    their keeper or rider is fuch, that if he
    falls in battle, they have been known to
    take up the body, and bring it home for
    interment. They wi1llikewife defend him
    by their own efforts if difmounted; and it
    has been faid that fome, who from pro-
    vocation have turned upon their riders
    and Qain them, have aauaIly pined to
    death, as if fenfible of grief, and penitent
    for their offence. I have myfelf feen an
    elephant beat a drum, and dance and
    keep time to mufic. The drum he held
    in his probofcis, and ftruck it alternately
    on either knee; while others have-danced
    in a circle round, lifting up and. bending.
    their fore legs in turns, and obferving
    the meafure according to the beating of
    the druiD. Their rutting time is in fpring,
    and their time of geftation from eleven
    to eighteen months. The female never
    has twins, but fuckles her young for
    eight years. The duration of their life
    is faid to be two hundred years, unlers
    they perifu by violence or difeafe; and
    the Indians have feveral remedies appro-
    priated to their peculiar diforders.
    XV. T ~ r s are another fpecies pecu-
    liar to I ndia. They are as large as a
    horfe, and an overmatch for an elephant.
    Thofe which we fee in Europe are .Dot
    tigers, but lynxes, and fpotted : [while the
    royal tiger of India is ftriped.] Nearchus
    fayl, he, faw the fldn of one,. but never
    faw the animal alive. Neither did he fee
    the ants, [that turn up the gold,] but
    many {kins of, thefe alfo were brought
    into the camp. Megafthenes fays, they
    are as large as foxes, but he never faw
    them; and therefore it is better to pUI
    to another fubjea. For parrots are d e ~
    fcribed likewife by Nearchus, and their
    power of imitating the hwnan voice:
    Digitized by Google
    this, howe\rer thought ftrange fonnerly,
    is now daily experienced in Europe.
    Monlties are mentioned by the fame au-,
    thor, who {peaks of fome as beautiful;
    and ferpents, finely fpotted and very fwift,
    one of which was killed by Python four
    and twenty feet long: and the natives
    faid, that there were fome larger. The
    Greeks had no antidote for their bite, but,
    the Indians are provided with one; and
    fome that were pofrefred of the fecret
    Alexander had always in attendance, and
    the foldiers who were tit were ordered
    to apply for relief at the king's tent. The
    Indians have remedies alfp for other dif-'
    eafes, but thefe are not many: 'and in ex-
    traordinary cafes recourfe is had to the
    Bramins.
    XVI. The clothing in India confifts of
    linen from trees, according to Nearchus;
    (by which he means cotton;] the colour
    of this linen is brighter than any other,
    or e1fe the black complexion of the na-
    tives makes it appear more white. Their
    under gannent is a tunick of this mate-
    rial, reaching to the middle of the leg,
    and a cloak of the fame is thrown over
    their {boulders. The better fort wear
    earrings of ivory, and their beards are
    dyed of different' colours; fome exceed-
    ing white, others dark or purple, and
    fome crimfon, or even green. All above
    the loweft carry umbrellas, and wear fan-
    dals of white leather, highly omamented.
    The heels of thefe are of different colours,
    and raifed to make them appear taller.
    Their bows are the height of a man, and,
    when they {boot, they reft one end of it
    againft their foot, and draw the ftring
    back with great" force: the length of
    their arrow is four feet and an half, and
    its force is fuch, that neither {bield or
    breaftplate is a fufficient defence. In the
    left hand they have an oblong target,
    not fo wide as the body, but as ...
    the wearer. Some are armed with jave-
    lins inftead of bows, and all have a fabre"
    [broad towards the hilt,] and four
    and a half long. In clofe battle this is
    wielded with both hands, in order to give
    weight to the blow; but to this there i.
    feldom recourfe, as they rarely engage
    hand to hand.
    The horfemen are armed with two ja-
    velins, n {lender and tapering; and their
    target is fmaller than that of the foot.
    Their horfes have neither faddles, houf-
    ings, or bridles, like thofe of the
    or Gauls; but a ftrap of leather is faft-.
    ened round the extremity of the jaw, with
    a rowel of brafs or iron bent inwards,
    and not very {harp: thofe who can afford
    it have the rowel of ivory. The bit is a
    {lender bar of iron, to which the bridle is
    faftened; and, when they tighten the
    rein, the bar and the rowel bring the
    horfe under command: for the whole
    bears upon him in fuch a manner that he
    cannot but obey.
    XVII. In perfon the Indians are {len-
    der and tall, and aaive above all others.
    Their beafts of burden [or for the faddle]
    are camels, horfes,' and afres, and, for
    thofe who can afford it, elephants. The
    elephant is peculiar to kings; next in
    rank is the chariot with four horfes; and
    the l,1ft a camel: but to {ene on a fingle
    horfe is not an honourable fervice. Their
    women are chafte, and above temptation;
    but if an elephant is offered as the price
    of their favours, it is no di{bonour to ac-
    cept it: for they deem a woman worthy
    of fuch an offer exalted by the price.
    Marriages are contra8ed without confi-
    deration of money on either fide; but
    thofe who have daughters marriageable
    cr ."I., fpit-fa1hioaed.
    Digitized by Google

    24
    produce them in public, and the young
    men who carry the prize in wreftling,
    boxing, running, or any other manly ex-
    ercife, have the right to cboofe their bride
    out of the number.
    The inhabitants of the plain country
    are agriculturifts, and live upon the pro-
    duce of the field. Thofe only who live
    in the mountains are allowed to eat ani-
    mal food, and this confifta of the beafts
    they kill in the chace.
    Thefe particulars relative to India I
    have colleB:ed from Nearchua and Me-
    gatThenes, as writers beft informed on the
    fubjeB:, and moft worthy of credit: but
    as it was not my objeC\ to give a detail of
    Indian manners and cuftoms, but to de-
    liver an 8CCOuntof the voyage from the
    Indus to Perfia, performed by the Mace-
    donians, all that is here faid may be con- .
    fidered as matter of digreffi.on.
    [In the preceding Abftraa nothing has
    been omitted which could contribute to
    exemplify the. information relative to In-
    dia obtained by the Macedonians. Their
    account, like all firft attempts, is confef-
    fedly imperrea, and in fome inftances not
    accurate; but with the intelligence al-
    ready brought, and daily brillging, from
    India, which we' now poKefs, the curio-
    lity of the reader will'be more gratified
    by contemplating the acquifition of know-
    ledge by the ancients, than difappointed
    in obferving the imperfeaioos or inaccu-
    racies of their report.] .
    Digitized by Google
    TA. llEPl
    aN EAP XOi.

    IV". / I
    ""0"'0 .. T!f .'111 .. TOUTIII.
    ""'Mp" TM '{M, .nr"e,trIM 1" a.infJtr1 5
    ipfr_ TM' S-fIJvI6-
    , tI " " 'Y
    trIfid' 'f'YIiI' tl4flfU"r. Htr., tI. I(fJI "1-
    trlMr# -leer .uN. OJJ"OI i, ,.;
    Ta.UT. l"w.. IC!R 'W'1,mr. cvw,-
    , " -. ,10-
    tr1I'OJT'IOI. Te"'P"fXOI tI.
    trtU Vi M.N.,IOI'fItJ, ,u.. c Hq>tu;lfId' T'
    " 'A" 'A' ,
    I(!}I 0 "'". If!II
    ,; 'A ".s-ou.{lIr. 5 'Atrlt.Ni-
    'JI'lolfldpOr T',",/Pll. 5 'W'Apxow,; KM-
    , , , I , 'A
    "11. I(!JI 0 -w"l.tIUM; If!II e-
    -xiu ,; 'A fJ6TlI, '<><P''M Xsc-
    , , 'J . I \I .,. \
    ht'lI. If!II T'f'4F0i7"1r IITOI '"'
    - , T
    D,.eUoI. .. Ex tI. rT0 ,. trY"
    The Greek text is that of Blancud'. editiOD,
    1668. with the bell readinga of Gronoviua.
    It Scbmei4er fuppores that tbet'e oftic:era, caned
    rerembled the Trierarcba of Athens;
    DOt CODIID&Ddera, but DIeD charged with the bUr-
    THE VOYAGR
    OF
    NEARCHUS .

    I ND U S.
    XVIII. AMONG the multitude whieh
    had followed the army of Alexander in
    his progrefs to the eaft, the natives of
    Phenicia, Cyprus, and Egypt, formed a
    confiderable body. Out of thefe he fe-
    leaed fuch as were ufed to the fea; and
    as foon as the fleet was equipped, which
    he had colleaed on the Hydafpes, he fent
    them on board, either to labour at the
    oar, or to affift in any other capacity
    which the nature of the fervice might reJO
    quire.
    Befides thefe, there were Greeks from
    the Eg&m froql Ionia, and the
    Hellefpont, who were mariners [as well
    as the Phenicians;] but the officers ap-
    pointed to command [or to b fuperintend
    the equipment of the veff'els] were all
    men of rank in the army.
    The Macedonians were
    IAmyntor.
    Leonnatus Euous.
    Lysimacbus Ag8thocles.
    Afklq,iod6rus Thnander.
    ArchoD (oo of Cltnias.
    Demooikus I Atheuau..
    Arcbias Anaxidotus.
    Opbellas SiUnus.
    Timanthes LPantiadas.
    There were all from PeIla.
    den of fittiug out the public pIIiea. I tbiuk the,
    were bollOI'8l')' commauden; aDd the expret1ioa
    a. Af'fhftAll/f Hl'ON .. ?. iD m, OpiDiOD. COIl-
    firmaiL
    B

    Digitize"d by Google
    IN DU S.
    i,I,' j" or 'Mlr-'II-M
    , IN .,',
    TA A/4' Tlf 'G1AeA'JTAlf A,ryeA'l-'" IC!I1
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    A .t;'e 11'" Et;' r, pa. or
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    n6.1\.,r P'" T. "E I 'f!iI
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    - 'A, I 'A I ,
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    T''JTATeM, A,'YeUos' H.iI na.mwzor N.-
    JC.oi-ll, .l..t..,p'T"r I(!I'f Mu i,." z.wlAM.
    Hi iio C 'I"rI/ " 'JTA,r A-
    ",d'OrEs. ',fM, d", Mr.;, \
    S-i""d'os. AtIf,rrrrAlor. JI 'l'elM-
    .6,. __ ,; KAe i". Kp 0 )..os , ,\t-
    1"111 ;.r r ",.
    MA,JpG)""IJS, v A,-
    JefM' If. T,,'Gr. Kurp'ld' d'f.
    N, U\ r ',(1" a.T N 5 N.
    S-.. J\w M' ).. '" T ,
    niefl"'lr ;, C BA-
    'YfMw.; ;, 1 'aur; 'AA'-
    ea. pM f.JS" JW '0 "., 1T0f
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    )..'fP,J'elf, Toir S-,07rr" 'Orro. Tt 'G14-
    INDUS
    From Amphinolis were
    Laomedon {on of L3rieh
    N ch the I'eta } J' An rotlmus
    A 01 nes le iftr s.
    Criterus
    P iee
    Pt m
    AI;frOnous
    om Ore is re
    }
    {j f { A lexaJlder,
    ono 0 nte
    From Eordea were .
    } {on of {
    rom Py na were
    M roD rE . ha 1D8
    Nlcarchldes J Slmlls
    A Ius f S ? . A r6 ne
    P llcefia& of leze A xander.
    Pithou of Alc6mene fon of Critea
    L nna S 0 gz lA Ipa
    Pantauchus of Alora Nicolalls
    M Jea f B oia us.
    Thefe were a11 Macedonians.
    The Greeks were
    M i05 f La 1fa 1 rO y'nt mi
    Eumenes of Cardia I I Hieronymu8.
    K . ob" 5 0 Cos P o .
    Thoas of Magnefia MenodoTUs.
    M nd of agl" 13
    1
    ' n / udr' en
    An ron of T 108 I Cabeleus.
    Nikocl of SliP , cr 5.
    1\ hap n 0 ala IS } tagoras.
    Bagbas the Perfian J LPhamuches
    he pIlot of A exan r's own fhip was
    o IC us A pa .
    The fecretary of the fleet was
    ua 114 f riD, f of uc cn.
    A nd the commander in chief was
    N arc s C te, on f A drQ ImUS,.
    who had b n rolled it" 0 A
    phlpohs upon toe Strymon 10 Thrace;"
    [ cit wh' h ili ha ak fr t
    Athenians, aod repeopled with a colony
    o is VI'n flab Ibm nt.
    As foon as there a oint en h d
    en place, an the fleet was ready to
    f . ,A xa er cri ed 0 t G s
    his couqtry, and to fucb others uthe
    N rou out e r.lt . r iog f t Fl ut" M will be Dit! iD th l'
    "'lthQut farthe. notice.
    1
    - ,.
    IND U S.
    "Te'OI '<iI nonJM'". 5
    . " .,. """",-
    AfdP'Tf'ry. I(!JI N"r'wl. I(!JI a.uT,,! T,,!
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    TII. CdP1'ATO' I{gf T,,! A""tr,,,. IS orr""
    i",3;/o'" CTIt#rr"S" 5 is
    --/4"" id.&-". 'AoyM'"s T. fI-II-
    .. ",,0'; '<it i7rolmo. KaI ;'ei"'
    TiJ..,,, il,/OTo.
    . XIX. '.os I. sm" ih'ewro
    if' Ke"T'foll ,.,." T4 $-,-
    T.p" Ti 'T/m,,,,, ;,'tlf n, 7r,e;
    i",i).rwf. n.",,; J. if
    ;".) $-"T'f" I. HCPtU;"'Cd' 7r"PWo-
    , '" ,.. " -
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    t I III "
    CP"rTM tJUIT,,! ""1". orrM'S
    11 TitS'
    X.a."'-'O,.,."IIS -,.,.et. 0' ;ry" TitS
    , ''''''. J' , .,
    G""M' I(!II TCdV '7r".'Cd' TIIS
    , , , .,
    x.a.Aro,.,..'IIS' TIIS """IIT"S' 's O"'T""',%'-
    .. \ ulfl' J( /J4;' ,
    A'IIS. To,trl ,.,.,. tIJf "rT' a-c;_T'fOJl 'fII
    nfr"xTo -;,,, 7rfO'll"Ofw$-illT's
    C ' ,
    V1I'Dp-"OIfJI TOIl 'll'1A''''''''' fJ.. OS
    .- , - ,..,
    PT"" tr"TPtll1l"fS T'fS TtWnfS "'.
    i.".) Ti 'AxWI'1I filOT""'; O#M
    f;1'P.7r". ;J.1'A SUA; TiTO'.
    "'HJ" .;s Ifi.t f'Vpul,j'S' ,.,.,;,-
    -, ,.... , o. ..
    "x)P-OI "".orro. fIVJI OIS' ".,..0 J __ v.,s TI
    ., ., K \ .'1'0. ." ,"
    IIINTOS ""'"1oy.. tlf 1UlJ1S' 0& ,.,.., trvn.-

    ... I/tl.... Il .. ,,'
    1x01lTfS' S"IITO,,, ..-n'" "1'A
    oi _oyom Ifit SUM _Ntr""''''''
    The Maoedooian infantry.
    The c-pniou, or 'ET-o., were a choice
    bod1 of canlr7, at the bead of which the king a1-
    INDUS.
    augurs prefcribed; to Neptune, Amphi-
    trite, and the Nereids; to the Ocean, to
    the river" Hydafpes, from which he fet
    out j to the Akesines, which receives the
    Hydafpesj and to the Indus, into which
    both thefe rivers fall. Games were like-
    wife celebrated both for the exhibition
    of mental talents and bodily agility j and
    the facrifices were diftributed to the re-
    fpe&ive divifions of the anny.
    XIX. ,\Vhen every thing W3a now ar-
    ranged for his departure, Criterus was
    direered to take the command of a body
    of infantry, and proceed on the eaftem
    fide of the river; whiie HepMftion 1hould
    condu8: a much larger force, both horfe
    and foot, with two hundred elephants,
    on the weft. With the king were the
    Hypafpifta, all the archers, and the
    ftyled e Companions, amounting an
    together to eight thoufand. Cri.terus and
    HepMftion were to advance and attend
    the motions of the flc;et j and at the fame
    time Philip, who had been appointed Sa-
    trap of the province, was difpa.tched to
    the 'Akesines with a fufficient force.
    At this period Alexander was at the
    head of 120,000 men, comprehending
    thofe he had originally brought out, and
    thofe who had joined under the officers
    he had fent into Greece to colle8: troops j
    befides whicll, he had a variety of native
    bodies, feverally armed according to the
    faihion of their country,
    El
    Digitized by Google
    I ND U S.
    f The biflory of' the ex-
    pedition of Aleunder i. written in the Attic dia-
    leCt; the Illdian hiflory in the Ionic.
    . AgathafChidel diftinguifbee the fea of
    Erytbr"s, Md the Erythran or Red fea: the dif-
    ,",aion it perhaps Dot juft; for the whole enfiem
    I NDU S.
    , The fleet, with the king on board, now
    fell down the Hydafpes towards the con-
    fluence of that river with the Akesines;
    it con6fted of eight hundred vetrels, in-
    cluding gallies, tranfports, and, other
    barks for the conveyance of horfes and
    provi60ns. But all that occurred in this
    navigation has been already fpecified in'
    my fonner f hiftory. What oations he
    fubdued, what danger he incurred in
    ftonning a fort of the Malli, the wound
    he received, the bravery of Peuceftas and
    in defending him when fallen,
    are all circumftances which need not be
    repeated. The prefent account will be
    appropriated to Nearchus, from the time
    of his leaving the Indus, till his arrival
    in the gulph of Per6a, by fome called
    the fea of Erythrasg.
    XX. Nearchus himfelf has left us an
    account of thefe tranfa8ions, in which
    he informs us, that Alexander had a moft'
    "
    ,earneft defire of exploring the patrage ,by
    fea from India to the Per6an gulph; but
    that he was under great anxiety left the
    attempt tbould expofe thofe who em-
    barked in the expedition to great ha-
    zards from the length of the voyage, the
    defert coafts that might occur, the want
    of harbours, or the different nature of
    the winds in the Indian ocean. If any
    reverfe (bould happen in fucll an atteRlpt,
    ..
    ocean acquired the title of Red, becaufe the 'BD-
    ciental approached it by means of the Red fea, tbat
    is, the of Arabia; but the mytbology of a
    king Erythras is ufuallY. or coQ{\qt1y, applied &I)
    iulph of Peru ..
    Digitized by Google
    r
    IN DU S.
    ,#U IV I '"
    T.', f-U'YUo..lln, ''''"1'''1'''''''' TJf'
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    "Ol'lllo.TtI.f TO' ''lTI'I4 seo-
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    Tllf tI' tIIIf TJff ""''If Jf.AT'X0l""'lIf
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    " '" , t I ..-..,
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    .,a iy': T" u"Ji"o,.,.4 ifm-
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    f1'407t1.f Tit t;W, I(fII ff T. "".. TII JIII
    fu,..".""",.,.''''''' ) f;up,';'fDtJ TOI ,.,;"s TU
    "At Tf a-.9-ptJrllf, If TI ;,,) n"
    nlea-,et. ,; fJ)..fArrOf T' 0
    I I ".It ""
    TtIIIT1If WO'ITC4", I(gf TO frY" 11" "7r0f"
    . AA,!",leO'l I. J\.G-y'fl
    11 Tbe ellpreffioD ill intimating that it 11'81
    pnfejJltIII only, and Dot (rrr,,) the real faB, the
    true feel"n, of his mind. ThoCe who kDOW the
    '".
    IN DU S. sg
    he thought it would be a blot upon all
    the great aCtions he had atchieved, and
    'annihilate the charaeter of good fortune
    which had hitherto attended him in every
    thing he had attempted. Still the deftre
    of atchieving fomething new and extra-
    ordinary prevailed; but he had much
    doubt about the pf9pe-r perfon to be fe-
    le8:ed for the accompli{hment of his de-
    ftgns.
    The firft point was to fecure the confi-
    dence of thofe who were to embark by
    the nomination of an experienced com-
    mander; for if this were not done, they
    might apprehend their lives were to
    be idly thrown away upon a fervice where
    the danger was evident, [and the attempt
    fruitlefs.]
    . For this purpofe therefore Alexander
    confulted Nearchus about the proper per-
    fon to conduet fuch 8,n Several
    occurred to his recoIIe8:ion; but fuch and
    fuch, he faid, would frame excufes, be-
    caufe they were unwilling to incur the
    hazard; fome, for want of fpirit, were
    unfit for the fervice; and others, beeaufe
    they thought of nothing but returning
    home. In {hort, there was fome obftacle
    or other to the appointment of every one
    that he had nanled.
    In this difficulty, fay; Nearchu8, I of-
    fered DIy own fervices to the king, and told
    him, that " I would undertake the com,.
    " mand; and that, if it pleafed God, I
    " would conduet both the men and fleet
    " in farety to the Perfian gulpb, provided
    " I {hould find the fea navigable, and the
    " undertaking pra8:icable by the power
    "of man."
    Alexander h profefTed that he was un-
    perpetual CODtmft of PJord, to (r"..,) deed,
    in Greek, will re-.uii1y fee that :".., is here im-
    plied.
    Digitized by Google
    .IND U S.
    ,u. .u i9-iNa i,. T.,..JJ. Tu...c-
    , ,,_,t\ At f
    "'Ale'''' If!JI TWO'fI. It.I'flUIIO' TAl' 1'''4 .aD-
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    OVrAl A 1" TM
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    ,-j, .pxffl 'i'A vuro,.. T"'"
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    , lilt t\_ ' , '"
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    ";,, tI'1I'la4 1';, ,;,/4J)
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    , " I
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    ..... OIlT""., ir ;.dfl"f' it,..... ;)..r'l"".
    c'''' ,,,
    l11I"e T fil4IIT0r 'P'Y """e-
    """4 ?rO)..U tTU'r7rIM"09-t14 ;1'
    .u9-upJ'I' tj T' aUTo, 'Ahf-
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    ,.....T4 ,;,!4VrlP4 ;ar ir TO' fi1"-
    TOIl, T. nornJrZ" illT'''';;',
    , " " , \I'"
    'C9I 0tT0I ti...0I JIO, Jtll.AeurtrlOl, I(JII Ofllle4
    p4'Ytll.A01I'errl4
    09-4. A)..,f';"le 1.i1"etl.- _
    , ., _ n..'
    )..ay" fi1rrOKTtrr""., o" 0, 1'1 011
    TO)../UfT" T, IfiI ieaTo,. iftr'yia-
    tB-1I.(.
    XXI.
    ".a' tI.' , ., I
    .. fll 1'4 IT"ItI'l4 1.i1.WP.4T4
    , T 9-ie,or ;;e'" 'rl14-
    '" --. I ,
    "4' """'XI' fa T VeMY'Of ",r"01lT4
    I ND US.
    willing to expo{e anyone of his friends
    to a fervice of fuch danger and diftrefs:
    but, when Nearchus ftill perfevered in hi.
    offer, and urged the acceptance of his
    propofal, Alexander was delighted with
    his alacrity, and infiantly appointed him
    to the command.
    This appointment had the full efFea.
    it was intended to produce; for the [offi-
    cers,] feamen, and foldiers, who were
    deftined for the expedition, now fet their
    minds at eafe: confcious as they were,
    that Alexander would not have mimed a
    man fo dear to him as Nearchus, .unlefs
    there were a reafonable profpea of fue-
    cefs in the undertaking.
    Under this impreffion, the fleet was
    equipped not only with what was necef-
    fary, but with fplendour and decoration.
    The attention of the Trierarchs was di-
    reCl:ed to procure the beft men,. and the
    fulleft compleruents; and the backward-
    .nefs of thofe, who had been moft unwil-
    ling to embark, was now converted into
    confidence, and pleafing hopes of a fa-
    vourable iffue of the voyage.
    A prefage no lefs gratifying arore from
    the undertaking of Alexaixler himfelf to
    navigate the two branches of the Indus
    to the fea; upon which occafion he ad-
    vanced into the oct".an, and facrificed to
    Neptune, and all tho deities of the ele-
    ment; the fea itfelf alia was honoured
    with. his munificence. In filOrt, nothing
    was wanting to confinn them in the idea,
    that the unparalleled fortune of their fo-
    vereign fupplied him with courage at-
    tempt, and means to accomplith, all [that
    was poiIible to man.]
    XXI. In the Indian ocean there is a
    regular wind which fets upon the coaft:
    during the whole fummer fea{on; and,
    while that prevails, there is no navigation
    [to the weftward.] It was in this feafoa
    Digitized by Google
    IN DU 5.
    1 The day named for tJ.e change of the S. W.
    monfoon is the fifteenth of September; the moon
    in that month is called St. Anthony's moon, and
    cbe full of that moon is the precife day in common
    acceptation. N earclms failed the lira of OCtober,
    and he might therefore fay, (';( ,,"",,,. iXI",49.,)
    IU jm GI tile 1IIOI!f_ IliIU Aujlled. But he found
    by experience that the contrary moWOOD doee DOt
    that Alexander had reached the delta of
    the Indus; but, upon the ichange of this
    wind, the voyage commenced, in the ar-
    chonlhip of on the twen-
    tie.th of k Bo6dromion, as the Athenians
    reckon, and in the eleventh year of Alex-
    ander's reign, according to the compu-
    tation of the Macedonians, and the pe0-
    ple of Afia.
    Before he embarked, Nearchus had fa-
    cri6ced Jupiter dle Preferver, and per-
    formed tJ1e games ufual upon juch occa-
    fions. He then went on board, and, tak-
    ing his departure, he dropped down the
    Indus to a large canal or cut, where he
    remained for two days: the place is nam-
    ed Stoora; about a hundred ftadia from
    his former anchorage. On the third day
    he fell down thirty ftadia lower to Kau- .
    mara, another cut, and here the water
    was brackilh; for the fea comes up as .
    far as this upon the tide of flood, and
    even upon the ebb the falt water is ftiU
    mingled with the frelh. Their next pro-
    grefs was only twenty ftadia, to Koreeftis,
    and, upon quitting this, they were foon
    forced to come to an anchor again, for
    tJley perceived a bar at the mouth of
    the river, and a great 1 furf without, beat-
    ing with much noife and violence on the
    Ihore, and the Ihore itfelf was broken.
    The foil, however, of the bar, when the
    tide left it, was foft; and, taking advan-
    tage of this, they cut a channel through
    become bed till towards the iniddle of November.
    k Tbe twentieth of Boedromion in that
    anfwen to the fira of <>aober, Si6 before Chrla,
    according to Uther and Dodwell. See the Com-
    mentary.
    I The wind lying OD the fuore, and caufing a
    furf, is a proof that OD this day tbe wiDd was run
    &om the S. W. and the monfooD Dot fettled.
    Di?itized by Google
    .
    IND US.
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    '!lflllT'Ot/,. 'EN. 11 i,
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    ".ry4f' TI ".;, " )./,,"," N,"eXffJ
    tlof .. , tWro, 'AMfcUlpll N-
    ,.,,"A. I. itj', i'll') t;O"""T'
    "'./ - .., .'_.' ,
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    '''''TA ,-; .". ,,1, xPeor ;;''11'(#
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    . fileOJlM"" TM fJ.NtYlor, ;"'ot-
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    11-' - - fJ. ... It" I ,
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    Te"''II'O'",TO, '''TWXJ''D
    H
    T., XfoIe" AKr""
    fttnrll1'f If ".!II iUt.orm ry
    1UV; ry;,.,TO. Kat Jli.yH, "' ""v4f' T.
    Tiff S-tUt.tuTlllf oi tj'e'TWTcq, 5
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    Literally, j,.,., lite lea; which, in regard to
    the poUtioa of tbi. harbour, ill S. W. from which it
    I ND us.
    it for five ftadia, fo that when the tide
    rofe again, and fined it, they carried the
    fleet through it into the open fea: and
    then failing round' the coaft for an hun-
    dred and fifty fiadia, they reached the
    harbour of Krokela. Here they came to Crntchey bay.
    an anchor near a fandy ifiet, and re- or CaraDgee
    mained here the following day.
    Adjoining fo Kr6kela is the country of
    Arabies, an Indian tribe, men_oiled in
    the fonner hiftory j they take their name
    from the river Arabia, which divides their
    country on the weft from the ()titlr.
    Upon leaving Krokela, they followed
    the coaft with a mountain called Eirus Cape }Ionze.
    on their right, and a low ifiand, almoft
    level with the fea, on the left hand. This
    ifiand, correfponding with the (bore on
    the main, fonns a narrow channel j
    through thia they patTed, and anchored
    in a good harbour, which is 1heltered by
    an ifiand called The harbour CbilneJ.
    here was fo fafe, that Nearchus honoured
    it with the name of Alexander. The
    ifiand lies ofl'it at the dinanee of two
    ftadia j the country round is called San-
    gada.
    While lying here, the wind came on fo
    violently from the m fouth weft, that it
    was thought unadvifable to move. Near-
    chus therefore brought his (hips' com-
    panies on (bore, and fonned a camp,
    which he fortified with a rampart of ftone
    as a defence againft the natives, if they
    thould be difpofed to hoftility. But his
    diftrefs was great; for he was confined
    here four and twenty days. The people
    had only brackilh water to drink, and
    the only fupply they could find were
    oyfters, cockles, and a fort of (bell-fifil
    i. evident that the S. W. moafooa ftill prevailed tiU
    .
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    ell TlIrltl "oS' d', I. .. T_
    ,,, ,
    trlf,MC'N.J, "-I.sr.'-" """, IWpatr' TI p.ry&-
    -i
    , 'Y4p u.ne rrlUl-
    plyAteY .. iqk.I.tro. 'Er,l,.
    hAItI, ... if cif'"'" 1p1'f
    ARABIES.
    0 53
    called which greatly exceed in
    fize all that are found in our feas [the
    Mediterranean.]
    Upon the cefTation of thewind
    from the fouth weft, the fleet once more
    fet fail, and proceeded fixty ftadia, when
    they anchored on a Candy {hore, under the
    lee of a defert ifiand called Dome; but
    here they found no water: at the dif
    tance, however, of twenty ftadia, fome
    was difcovered that was excellent. When
    they left this place the following morn-
    ing, othey continued their courfe the whole
    day; and, after a pa88.ge of three hun-
    dred ftadia, reached Saranga in the even-
    ing: ohere they rode at anchoro upon the
    open ihore, and found water at the dif
    tance of eight ftadia from the coaft.
    Their next an{:horage was at S8cala, Oft
    an open and defert {hore; and, weighing
    from palfed between two
    ifiets fo near, that' their oars bndhed the
    rocks 0 on eacH fide, and at laft reached
    Morontobarbara, after a cOurfe of tliree
    hundred ftadia. This is a -fine
    well {heltered from . all large and
    deep, but witli a narrow entrance. In the
    langUage of the natives it iinpliei the
    harbour of women, becaufe [aCCording to
    the tradition of the place] a :queen was
    the firft 0 fovereign of the country. In
    their pairage, be6des the -danger of the
    rocD, they had' encountered a n fevere
    gale, . and a vet'y' violent cUrrent, and
    thought they had perfermed wonders in
    the dangers that fUJTOunded
    them. 0
    , The following morning they left Mo-
    rontobarbara, and proceeded with an
    idand on their left, which iheltered them
    from fouth weft; and which ran along
    is iDftaoce of cbe preqIeDc:e of the S. W. moOrooo liD.
    p
    Digitized by Google
    ARABIES. ARABIES.
    fo parallel to the coaft, that it feemed ra-
    ther an artificial cut than an ann of the
    fea. Both fides of this channel were well
    wooded, and the trees flood extremely
    thick; ita extent was feventy ftadia. Dur-
    ing the moming they cleared the ifiand,
    but the patrage was narrow, and full of
    ihoala, and they had moved upon the ebb
    of the tide. The diftance from this ftrait
    to the river A'rabis is an hundred and
    twenty ftadia, which they reached the
    fame day. The harbour at the mouth of
    this 0 river i. large and ""good, but the The Som-
    water is not drinkable on account of ita -1'
    intermixture with the fea. At the diC-
    tance, however, of forty ftadia, they found
    a pool or well, from whente they ob-
    tained a fupply, and brought it down" to
    the fleet. Not far from the harbour mea
    a defert ifiand to a con6derable heiP4
    in the neighbourhood of which oyftera,
    and BOt of all forts, may be procured.
    The river is the boundary between the
    countrY of the Arabies and Orite J and
    the Arabies are the laft of the Ind.iaa
    tribes towards the weft.
    XXIII. From the mouth of the A',..
    bis, the fleet coaaed the territory of the
    Orite till it reached Paga1a, after a courfe
    of two hundred ftadia. This was 00 bar
    boor, but an open road, where there was
    good holding indeed for the anchQn, bat
    the ground was foul and ihoaUy; and the
    men were not permitted to land, except a
    few to procure. water. The next morn-
    ing, as foon as it was day, they weigh-
    ed, and flood OB for four hundred and
    ~ 1 i. tJae modem UIIHI uf tbe toft. The real DalDe oC ~ riTel' hu been obtaiDecl bl
    CctloQeJ Re,8oIda.
    Digitized by Google
    o It I T M.
    , This is the !aft iDAance or di1befa &om the
    wiad; ud, u the jeama1 is here broupt 10 the
    eveath or No_her. the monfooo, we may COD-
    'elude, ... now hed. From the tOlIowinJ fta&ioa
    at KObIa they failed {.:.c-J with fteadJ wind
    'iD their l'ayour.
    OR I T.II.
    3S
    thirty ftadia, till they reached Ubana in
    the evening: this again was nothing bet ..
    ter road, with foul and brokeD
    ground, where they were obliged to an-
    chor, as before, without landing. In this
    day's courfe they experienced a. P fevere
    gale fetting on the ihore, in which two of
    the ga11ies, and one of the trapfportt,
    were loft; but, as they foundered near
    the (hore, the men efca.ped by fwimming.
    Here they ftaid no longer than till mid-
    night, and then proceeded two hundred
    ftadia to q K6kala. This was no harbour,
    the (hips rode at anchor on an open
    ihore; but it was become abfolutely ne-.
    ceffiuy to laud the men, as they had fuf-
    feted much from the weather and COD-
    finement on board, and were in great.
    need of refreihment.
    Nearchus theretOre landed his whoa
    force, and fortified a' camp on (hore to
    pre\'ent a furprize from the natives. Re-
    lief, however, was at band; for in this
    camp they joined by Leonnams.
    whom Alexander had left in comnwxl
    of the country, and who had defeated
    the Orttle and their allies in a great bat-
    de, in which he had killed fix thoufand,
    with all their commanders; and loft of
    his own force only fifteen bone, and a
    finaU proportion of infantry: but one of
    the flain was Apollophanes, fatrap of Ga-
    drafia. This viaory, and the crown of
    gold beftowed upon Leonnatus, I have
    , For P6pla, Kihana, and KObIa, mere opeD
    roadI, it cannot he espeited that repre{eatatiY ..
    ftIould be t'ound: ItDt three IWIleII occur in C0m-
    modore KobiDfon'. chart between the & ......... 1
    [Arabi.] and the TomiraIt which _,
    jerab, and Kiuplah.

    Digitized by Google

    ORIT&.
    _leM ;, MaJOr".
    'Ewtr.U9-", mor .. swr.T4
    1I'F"llY,.,.", ;r WIII'ITItI',.,A,
    T, li"e--r;;. Lrf "1Tu,,
    f,en Xu, ;rTM ,_. KI TZ, ,,M,
    Ocrt14 ....... ,,,,,,, U,T4 1I')J.,
    \ "" "
    Till... '?"fl'''IIJd4'''''. Kf TM' ,aHrIfM,
    WII' ;, T;; trY,,' {9."'* ;((J_.JIT. N.-
    I , \ I
    TItTItS 1"" rIlY
    fI
    , A .. "."
    'IM"'" tt.UTG" JI TM' A,...-""

    li"p4TIAIT;' tnJI"'If'AlteOi Te
    XXIV. 'E .9-i,1t 0piUI.9-evr,,, b-).,.,
    -pi.' 'Cif J .. i" r,,74-
    o,el-"r,.". reo". "XI'pJf-
    ;". TOiUleor O."f.14 '<iI
    )J,.".." ir1 TiM"
    , T4 JI T4 T;;
    ;, n.""..
    _ ''r w ,.,.,
    ptJt.K' If!R ,our" M"reotl"lrAl'""'" 11 .,.
    ;.&J.I"'rttri.. TI. 1tiI "''''P",TI"4rT,,,
    " , \. " ..... 00-_ t ,
    r"'P'" T.' tUY.4N,. W ""..0-
    " '" ,. .L. A'
    f""'X)If"'0I re"' Till" ry-
    X4f" Jf ., r",-xj"". ,wy,&or, IMf
    ",JI"ee".
    .Urjtr. rl'lnlf""'TM,."r,., Te
    , ,., I "'a' 'l:
    auT . ,.". .. ". ru.,Jor.' 'f""" "" 'r..4-
    , \" " .... i#
    ...,,10.. Kt14 NI4fXor "" VlrllfUI-
    0rT"", Tt ".;, '1r"'f",TIT"'"Y,MrIl" swr.TiIt,
    , \ '" I ,.,
    T"'" 11'" ,It"" 411cPA1XfW'1' ",hWI ."."
    ;"" T4 ir ;'-'
    tiur;, i!.",iU&tI4. ' AS T;'
    J " A\ J ,,,,
    MrxPt r"X't14 .."tUrOf"'t. tJ6W,.,.",XOI
    r Thil circumftance aWord. a probability that
    the whole fleet W8I drawn on fhore, and not es-
    pofed to the duger of riding at anchor iD an open
    road.
    OR IT &.
    already mentioned in my former hiftory.
    Leonnatus likewife brought a of
    corn, which Alexander had provided for
    the fleet, fufficient for ten days' expendi-
    ture. And here Nearchua took the op-
    portunity of repairing fuch r veff'els as bad
    fuflCred in the voyage; at the fame thne
    difcharging fevera1 of his men who had
    fhnmk. from their duty, and receiving'
    othe.,. from LeonnAtus in exchange, who
    were fitter for the fenice
    XXIV. [With a full complement, and
    a fre{h fupply of provifions,] and with a
    fleady wind in .his favour, Nearchua
    weighed from Kakala, and, after Il courfe
    of five hundred ftadia, reached a winter
    torrellt called which formed a
    harbour at ita mouth. The COUDtry iJ'l the
    neighbourhood was low and mafthy, and
    the cabins of the natives fmall alld fufl"o-
    cating; but, upon the approach of the
    . fleet, they colleaed in a body. and form-
    ed upon the thore, to prevent the ftran-
    gers from landing. They were armed with
    lances, . ftoutl'y made, and nine feet long i .
    not pointed with iron, but hardened in
    the fire, and very Iharp . Their nnmber
    might be about fix hundred.
    Upon obferving the oppofition intend-
    ed, Nearchus formed his fleet out of reach "
    of their javelins, but ffilf within com-
    mand of his archers; for the javelirw were
    heavy, ard adapted rather for clofe fight-
    ing, than for annoY'Dce' at a difiance.
    If we allow ten days for tbefe it bl'iJJP..
    the journal to the twenty-firft of' November: after
    which date, all navigators agree that the monfoon
    i. completely fteady.
    Digitized by Google
    OR IT .. ORIT&.
    , 31
    pS, tN ;r T' .,."'. Aa foon as be was ready for the charge,
    ., JI'" ..../, I he feleB:ed fucb of his men as were mod
    Allf'or TAl' t;pCTIAlTAI' otr" auTO. T. atuve and lighted atmed, and the mod
    Jt.J4>O'rCTOI 5 ->..w.,u,0I, expert fwimmers, to off from tI)e
    T. ,;e, Itu,fU",t;CTOI, Mllr Jf {hips at a ftgnal. The firA: man who
    ,8-1114 Jt.,AM. .0 touched the ground with his feet was to
    I T./ t / halt in his place, and be looked to as the
    TC'Y"" In "", tnrMr T.r
    point uppn !Vhicb the, line was to be
    !",or t;_ i, iIlCTI, 'Il'eotrp.'''''' TO' formed; and from this point no one was
    'Jrtt.pM.n" ,,; ;fI'o,",,, p.,,1I to advance upon the till the line'
    'Il'p,r was completed 'to three in file: But as
    ... . foon as this ,was e&eaed, they were 'to .
    tI or!:. _ .. _ C '(bout, and advance with their utmotl
    TOT. tI' tie''''' ""., ".'1114, fpeed to the The whole was exe-
    TtJI,f. ., Ap.. tI ip;4?fhw ,MirW of w) cuted with precifion j the men feleaed
    TtTtUt,u," ;". TM' ";,, ir ri, 'Il'OIl-' 'for the fervice fprung tTom the filipa, and ,
    TO', Ifit 0f',.,r, IfiI it;.,.,.o 'i, fwam vigorouily towards the filo,re j' ,they "
    -/Uf'. Kat 4>tI.AA'Yfc ;Jt.' 1l'0IfJ- took' their pofition, formed line, and
    tr4,.".,,,, leOfUfl ;".,r'fI'CII am" Tf ci.A.-' then rWhed upon the enemy With the cry
    _. I , ,_ .. of AIaJa, the filout of war. In the mean
    EIIua.Ai!, 01 "'" -: ',"":. time the people on board joined in the
    ,T' tlATO clamour; they pfied their bows, they dif.
    """"",iM" $iAl. +Iovro .r Tllr charged their tengines, and had the
    0; /. ,"," T. TM' t"aaion to find that they reached the
    WAM' ;Jt.1l'AA'Y'vr,r, Jt.4 enemy.
    IfiI 1l'eOr T;"'TOflU,u,TiM" T.1fiI The natives were not proof again!'
    _" t:J.... t:J. _ .... ! ,.!\'.. tucb an ad"ault:' the fiplendour of the ar-
    T .wAM" plM, 01. "., "IU-
    " to , mour, the rapidity of the movements, the
    CII$-PAI'IOI, MtI' OAJ'YOJ ir
    .,--- execution of tl:e artillery. upon their ill
    Tpt!llll'imr icyJVJ'lIf1'l. Kat";,,... -v armed ranks, foon determined the contetl
    .o!htitrJf.WIII, of If IfiI iuJ. to their difadvantage. Many fell in their
    " , flo h -!I". and
    ". ... IITIII4 It;I tll 01 I(JII .'."..,011 Ig 1, many were Ul&.en PDlOners, ,
    Gt''''. "HfI'CII If .: iuJrrK T'" T. tome few efcaped to the mountains.
    Jui.r, TU rcit When the prifonen were brought in,
    ,., 0...' tI ,,_.t they were obfetved to be coVered with .
    oruxcr Tiir 7J ".,
    hair upon their bodies, and their nailI
    Cftr", ;Af.yOIlTO, 5 T_ were like the claws of wild, bealls; thefe
    ' /)! I
    'XJ>J "- 1'wrOlfl'1 Jt.CT'e'Y. ferved them inftead of knives to divide their '
    C,09-I114, IfiI TM" E,t$AiM, wc fi{h, and other fubftanccs; or even wood
    I This is a fingular iuftance of ancient artillefJ fame RI that of CaptaiD Cook'. great pDI upon
    bejug employed OD board a OUp: the eIFe& is the the New Zealandera.
    -- '
    Digitized by Google
    ORITM.

    See .this c:imunftaDce difcul"e11 iD the Vo,.
    of Nearehua, p. H1.
    .1I "n..,.. . .mIen is fo po6tive, that I C8,IUlOt get
    rid of it. Schmeider the error to Aman ;
    - acufes Nean:hua, and CO'*-DI me for mak-
    ORITlB.
    of the fofter fort. Their only infuumentA
    be6dea were of {lone, for iron they had
    none. Their clothing confitled of the
    1kina of bealls, or the larger kind of fifh,
    when thick enough for the purpofe.
    XXV. At the the vetrels.were
    all drawn on (bore, and thofe that had
    fuftered in the vayage were repaired. Five
    daya were employed in thia on
    the 6xtb the tleet weighed, and proceeded
    three fladia to MAlana, which
    bounds the territory of the Orite. Of
    thia tn"be thofe who live inland are armed
    and habited after the Indian fafhion; but
    their langu&8e, manners, and cufioma are
    cliil"erent. At M&lana the courfe of the:::'
    navigation amounted to ftadia; that
    ia, 1600 along the coaft of the Arabiea,
    and 1000 &leng that of the Orite: &Ild.
    Co far the countr.r is confidered as India.
    'During thia paft"age from the Indua,
    archua notices the 11 variation of the {ha..
    dow'; for he faya, that upon {landing out
    to fea, at a confiderable diftanoe fouth
    from the ooaft, the fi1adowa rio lohger feU
    to the north, but to the fouth; and that
    at noon they lI: fjLw no 'fhadow at all. The
    confteUationa alfq, which with us appear
    elevated con6Urably, were fome ef them
    altogether invifible; while others barely
    fhowed themfelvea above the horizon, fet.- .
    ting and ri6ng again almoft immediately, .
    inftead of exhibiting a conftant light. I
    iDg him pmtaker in the ai'ertiOD. I requeft the
    reader to eumine the precediDg Darrative, and
    judge, whether N earchus at anyone time did or
    could ftand out toCea fo far u to veri(,
    DOIDeDOD.
    Digitized by Google
    ORITJE.
    ., In the word tbe geographer may ob-
    feI'Y6 the are that might be derived &om preferv-
    iDg the original foand of Greek elements.
    would be pronounced Suana; and the aauaJ lIBDle
    at prefeDt is At-Souan. How man)" onentailllDla
    pUgbt be refc;ued from obfcurity by t.bia fimple
    p...aice. CBDDOt be determiued; but J IIlways
    pt the nece6ity of ClCIIDplying with modem ufap,
    ORI!fJE.
    this account Nearchua feema to fay n0-
    thing but what is rational; for at
    m Egypt, when the fun arrives at thtl
    ftUnmer folftice, there is a well (hewn,
    which is without a filadow at noon: and
    in the fame feafon at Mtroe the fame
    phenomenon is univerfal. So that it is
    reafonable to imagine that the fame cir-
    cumfrance takes place in the fouthern
    part of India, or more efpeciallyon the
    ocean, which is more fouthem frill. But
    of this fufDcient.
    XXVI. Weftward of the Orttle, the
    Gadrofians poKefa the country inland.
    In pafiing this traa with his army, Alex-
    ander experienced greater difttefa than
    any which he fuftered iD the whoJe
    courfe of his expedition. But the account
    of this has been given in my former
    work.
    On the coaft they are Dot Gadrofians,
    but [fo called from living
    almoft wholly uponfifo:] and. along their
    territory the Beet, after weighing late in
    the evening, accompillhed a courfe of
    fix hundred fiadia to Bagafira. Here there
    was a fafe port, and a village, fixty ftadia
    inland, called Z Pasira; and the natives
    in order to a.aid the charge of atreaation and fin-
    gularity.
    a Ba Gafi,. is evidently aa Arabic ClCIIDpound
    of Gafira, Gezira, which fipifies an iGand . and
    likewife a peninfula, cape. or promontory. The
    cape here is ftill called Arrbabab, Arrhubab u.t
    AralIa retaining a memorial of the ArabiW the
    a.uoining diftri&.
    Digitized by Google
    IICIITHUOPHAGI.
    The beft FloJeDtiDe MS. reads
    for and for KIIr'."'. The firA
    is certainly not a preferable readiDgj the fecoDd
    -1 be indifferent.
    lKHTHUOPHAGI.
    of the neighbourhood Weigh-
    ing from hence at an el!-rly hour the next
    morning, they doubled a cape which pro- CRpe AI'-
    jeaed far out into the fea, bluff' and lofty; rhabah.
    when they came to an anchor in an open
    road, as a furf beat violently on the coaft.
    Here they remained all that day" and, by
    finking pits upon the ibore, obtained wa- '
    ter in abundance, but it. bad. The
    day following, after a courfe ohwo hun-
    dred ftadia, they reached 1C01ta. From
    Kolta, fix hundred fiadia brought them
    to Ka1ama; it was a village with a few
    palm trees about it, but their fruit was
    not ripe:. and off' {hore, at the difiance of
    . one hundred ftadia, lay an iOand called
    Aihtola.
    The inhabitants, however, were hofpi-
    they brought down filh and lheep;
    but the very mutton was filhy, like the
    fleib of rea fowl, and the ibeep were fed
    upon fifh: for grafs there was none in
    the country.
    The following day they advanced only
    two hundred ftadia, anchoring in an open
    road of the name of Karbia, where there
    was a yi11age called Kufa, thirty fiadia
    from the lhore., They here found a few
    boats, the property. apparently of mi-
    ferable fifuennen; but .the owners did not
    appear, for they had fled upon fight of the
    . fleet anchoring.
    Search was here made.for bread corn,
    but none found j and the people were in
    diftrefa, having nearly confumed. all they
    had [received from Leoonatua.] A few
    Tbia i. the lira notice or any fort or velfel on
    the coaft, and it ia immediately b1 a
    pilot.
    Digitized by Google
    . \
    IKHTHUOPHAGI.
    AOr Toy /A-b / /A-" f T
    na,r, if.r,. dnr''1I',,",o,. Korf 7r'f''1I'Attr
    rra, " '" ,,,. 1,,0
    i,,"a.T'o, t;a,J,lIf 4'1'"X)JfTa" if TOr "'011-
    1 "
    TOil Ta, "I fA" "A K
    " J T 'If / 1/ /
    lIUITOJ' 'I', 1(rJ.I tU.,'''r ""'0" Mo-
    . T .
    .. a.p 0'10 '1'1 T. tfA"
    " Cl.. to' ,. \ ..
    XXVII. E'J" (Jf 1(rJ.I 'I'Y'fU'I' TII
    'GlA Af-y ia.f Dr. 'I'''' ,,,
    TO",.", O'Ofl4, '1''11'-
    't;"f 'TI 'If am /A-E
    I. 4".'0 it"ir, Xa.-
    An "0' 0'10 G/A-"
    at .. \' / , /,
    Ef Tt n, TO' IfAA'1I'O' TO' Ex.
    Jf 'IV" i7r ",r )..':"11
    ;".1a.".'lIr ",;, ""Vn/UJTa" ir
    Be. 0' , ,a.)u "Ev If
    I . ' 1./ ""
    '""""", t;fI4'lIf ,va, ...,,011'1-
    "Er '11'0 i.",., , K
    11 _, , (" J ,
    .1' T'f "'I1r'f fWPP ''1''1 t7r,qN"",."", 1(rJ.I
    " " CL:'11I I
    a,.. 'J ....,.. r.I'I a,Vr.l
    j
    a,
    tT, ,,':"/A-Yf'"' ;"")..f"wro. 'Emw.9a, 7rFO'
    J{" Tt Jo; pa" 'a. rlnr
    J I CL.. 1\\ ,,, 11
    DV ?ra..rtr v'l/f,f.t/(J'a,r "'f",om:t.t'. E,-
    9-E'I f I .,11 a,J,
    Tfr , If A"/f'-"orra,' '<it af
    ,i.r '4OY 4A ,.'
    -pIP' ,vX.T4f if KMtpa.,7a,
    As",," a.q>' "0, tJif
    A, ... Nfw.4JT'f. a,).."'f
    " 'N.,_ T "
    ''f '," ?rAO WTO 'I' pa.
    b .... efert , un-
    difcovered, has no name till one is given to it by
    who t it fi Se der re rs it re

    IKHTHUOPHAGI.
    g s th feize and, rryl the n
    board, proceeded to double a promon- PoS"em Paf-
    to wh pro ted h red fen
    fifty fiadia into the fea,: which having
    ac mpli d, t anc red fee
    harbour, where they found water, and
    m itan wh were {be n
    place was c led ofarna.
    XVI At far as ore
    pilot of the name of Hudnikes [or thQ
    H aki fro plac f th nam
    the (loafi.] This man -promife to con-
    d Cl: the fleet to Karmania; and infa8:
    th avi n fr Mo ate gul
    of Perfia was b better -known, and lefs
    d rou 'han hat y h alre
    patred. From' Mofarna they failed at
    m fev hun a fifty fiadi
    the road of Balbmus; and thence four hun ...
    d fiad' 0 , a ge re
    found palm trees and a cultivated gar-
    de In ga we myr" w
    the fearnen wreathed lOto chap eta or
    th . head Tb' was the firft
    of c ture, nd inh tantB ere
    quite fo ravage as thofe -they had feen
    be m h ce tw hun, I fta
    brought them to Dendrbbofa, where they Darao..
    rod at a or; d, w hing
    midnight, reached the port of K6phas, Guadelf
    aft ace four und ita
    Here 6{bcrmen were found, who had
    fm and etc boa 10 ch
    C 'en red fifty ia the
    time, becaufe a pilot 11'88 on board, who knew that
    land eze duri e Dig
    r
    IICHTHUOPIlAGI.
    , \ -, , ,
    ".Wfte-. K4 IUtl'lf'tUf IN UTtJ&
    ;e,rror 0 'EJA"'IIII' ,o/Uf)
    i:trJr,p ;, UJ'lIIIe
    "0.. 0.. ,. I
    J\O"'r DJ" '5 .,.;;r,., I14Td/II''P 01 (T1t.tI/Ir-
    ,- ... , .. IT.
    TO"fr T'If' 'Y'f'. T....,. tI. 'GIoNJ T' ", ..
    1..1"""" u9-iIIpO,. n'e) 11 'GIP*'-
    A\.. '"'' ' I
    .,.". TV).."" l&p."r, 'r Ku-
    i,ll., ;r '''T4IUt/''lIf t;,Jillr J,U/lrNMrlI.,-
    nr - aloy,tU.Or .,., .tf'lfU' If!R ptA.-
    , A-'.. .. , , .,
    XI". UfO. "'" er tllYJWe.lIII. ",,,,,,or,
    " ,
    ICl&Tl& "". T. flmrJO, ",.o"mo. Er-
    .9-,,1, 1.'1l.1I'NWrMT.r t;.Jillr 1171""0-
    d TbilI maDDer of rowiDg i. ruD praaifed in
    Av .. &c:. but it bed reprefented by the
    of aNew z.aIand canoe, in Cook'. fecond VG,..
    'J'be of tbe OIU' it there IIWl'e like a fpade
    IIClttHUOPHAGI.
    d oars were not faftened to the rowlock.,
    aa in Greek veffels, [hut held in the
    hand,] fo th.t tJley feemed to dig the
    water rather than row, and to tofs it up
    aa a labourer throws up earth with a
    fpacle. This harbour afforded good wa
    ter in plenty. Weighing again, however,
    in the eel/ming, proceeded eight
    hundred ftadia to Kuidza, where the {bore Kbudar
    was defert and {boal." Here they anchor- Guttar.
    ed in an open road, and took their f meal
    on bOard Nithout landing; but neceffity
    compelled them to proceed: they ad-
    vanced therefore to a fmall town, built
    upon a riGng ground. Here [from fome ap-
    pearances] Nearchua judged that agricul ..
    tore was not wholly unknown. The
    duce he determined to appropriate, and for
    that purpofe confulted Archiaa how to ef-
    rea it. This Archias was a man of confi-
    detation among the Macedonians; he waa
    of the fon of AnaxidotU8, and had
    failed with a command under the admi-
    ral. Nearchua told him he was deter-
    tnined to feize the place by furprife, be-
    caufe he was perfuaded the natives would
    not, without fon:e, confent to afford them
    a fupply; and that to take the place by
    force require the delay of a G"'ge;
    that immediate relief muft be had, for
    they had no bread com left: and that
    thet:e had been a harvefl in the eountry
    was from the ftubble, which flOOd
    thick within fight from the ihore. Ar-
    . chiaa joined with his commander in opi-
    nion; and it was iiIimediately refolved
    that the fleet lhould be made ready fer
    failing under Archiaa, and that Nearcbua,
    with a Gngle {hip, {bould remain, and ap-

    a.ot-1 fix o'dock.
    , I.i .. ,... It fupper, diet CIiled agaiil in _

    Digitize"d by Google
    I1CHTHUOPHAGI. IfCHTHUOPHAGI.
    pAr" ".,,,. W) S-... ply to the natives on fuore f9r leave to
    &" .,. f11tA,Qf' ;". vi6t their city. ,
    XXVIII. He approached therefore
    XXVIII. new"'lIw, 11 with his fingle ibip in a friendly manner,
    .,. <1>""""". fv,. i" and the people came out of the place with
    fIIo)urw. T. i, "e"';"ow" .".711" prefents in their hands, bf cakes, dates,
    (-rei' t,(..n, 1';, 11;- and baked 6th. Even this was a teft of
    civilization, for thefe were' the firft they
    GSpZrel flUrWr" it" had yet feen 00 the coaft, who' applied
    7rlf6IftM. W'Y., any cookery to their food. The prefenta
    1';' <1>0"'..,.'. '0 /. TAW. Nearchus received with the appearanc:e
    ,.,J, u,u""'" JI".,a.I 'S-iN.. I. of pleafure, and requefted the favour of
    a. I _a , , t' ., being permitted to fee their city. To thi8
    Jlfltl"AOTtJIf ,.", f.i111)u' III tI' """ 'li1"1',)..- they made no objeC\i.on 'j but he, the mo-
    .9-.. 'Of 11 ,r .. "" fJJA.9-,. 160 meot he bad entered, ordered two of hit
    \ IV ,t
    lV
    ' I' bo rdth dth
    ",.., T6I' TIlr;.,"6I' ""TrxJf' -"lA..", ,.", ..,. wmen to gua e gate, an en
    AVr'er If fWl''' IJo IfiI T mounting the wall with two others and
    ., '" _ , " his interpreter, he made the fignaI to
    .P,.",,"""f, W' TO T"XOf TII 1'..",., .JfA- Archias, which had agreed upon
    .9-_ T::_ tif4) TO' 0niJ' The"fignal was nofooner made than un-
    1'0,,,....1, "1"";'1, ... JI derftood; when Archias ordered the fuipa
    1TVf"tUJ.7. 'liIO';'" n T.7.'Y".;.II'. 'Jt1O.- now under weigh to fall back towards
    the ihore, and the peo' ple to plunge IOto
    'f".r tII TII "I,,,,,.ill. oi M"".tIO"r, "fill-
    , "l" ,,. , 'I: the fea on the inftant. The natives ran
    ,,,]N, T. ".,1& T4IXIIf T4&f "4&f, IC!II 'r;.'- to arms, aftonithed at what they faw;
    .,,161. 'f t1' 0; when Nearchus ordered hie mterpreter
    Nt/y'rr'f Tiir 'to proclaim that no injury wu iateod-
    'of >la '0 t.,. "eel, b ha th .. n. _11
    ... ,. T. tnrA4& eJfll.. ., 'efUI.wr ut t t ey mW1. u.a.aver up _
    .v. "lIP IJo'I"'; the bread corn in their potreftion. They
    .. , , n. ,. " , ,. declared they had none, and ftiII ,conti- ,
    "'e.T'!'. H fT6I. 'J'N.w" rxJI' ,.", fJJo-
    Of "oued to approach the ,!all, where the
    )U,O .. la "'1 r<fJW" If#! ;",.,.
    bowmen were placed; but the bowmen
    .pOtT"IIh, defended themfelves by the advantage or
    ., C ,Il' , ... 11t' , N'
    tltUTltf .. TIlr;.IITI .. ri' Tor '''eXII., their po'ition, and [Archias likewi1e was
    if inr.pA!'1t '.or at hand.] Ymding therefore pppofitiOlt'
    T. ;J" IfiI Ocr" WfItI iu1ecWo- vain, and fearing Ieaft their city be
    I,tlh,ro,u..,. d1pIfTl 7rtA". Tfrr, I. faeked as well as taken, and them1Clve.
    ;1,,,70 T "... fTir" n., carried off into (Iavery, they entreated
    .,. .,. ,., I " Nearchus to take what corn they IwI.
    ", ",WOW" M.'"" cW.Y"'. ,." ..oN,
    '.A_A'IIQ,' ,.' If' \ and depart without farther injury to their
    !Ut P-YV"f.'''. N,Cl('XOf TII'''''' city. Upon this Nearchaa ordered Ar-
    'AfXi". ",AM. "'4r "":>.Ar. <:hias to occupy the gates the acI-
    IfiI ".T" cWr4r -rHxor
    0
    5 fI1J,..- joining walla, while he Cent proper. ,...,.
    01
    Digitized by Google
    IKHTHUOPHAGI.
    IKHTHUOPHAGI.
    pIe with the inhabitants to fee that they
    delivered up their ftores without fraud.
    When the ftores were 'opened, a great
    quantity was found of a pafte compofed
    of fi{h baked and fklted, but of wheat ,and
    barley the fupply was v;ry fcant:y; for
    the cuftom of the coUntry is to, confider
    fi{h as the ftafF of life, and bread as an
    article of luxury. All that was difcover-
    ed however was delivered up' by' the inha-
    bitants, and Nearchus, contenting bimfe1f
    with what he found, abftained from far-
    ther injury, and ordered the fleet otT to a
    cape called Bageia, which is facred to the
    fun.
    XXIX. From Bageia the fleet weighed
    'at midnight, 'and advanced 1000 fuulia to
    TA.lmena, a fafe harbour; 8Ild from thence
    400 iladia farther to a deferted Tiz'
    city, where they found a wen funk, and TidgeP
    fome wild palm trees; from thefe they
    cut off the head {boot hvhich is called the
    Cabbage] and ate it in place of for
    of bread they had none left. Famine
    began now to threaten, and they ,were
    forced to proceed for the fonowing day
    and night without anchoring, and ftopped
    at laft Qn a defert {bore.
    , Here Neal"fhus was obliged to anchor
    without futTering the men to land, fearing
    that, if they {et foot on {hore, they would
    not return on board. From hence 750
    ftadia carried them to where the TancabaDca.
    {hore was low with {hallow cuts: then'
    800 ftadia to Troea, where there were a
    &w wretched villages, whioh the inhabi-
    tants had deferted; but dates and a {mall
    I TfOi'lr1l it " dubioUl readinc iQ all tbe MSS. fometim. wriueo T*OIVU, aac:l b1 Gronovius 'Icoiv .. ,
    '
    Digitized by Google
    lKHTHUOPHAGI.
    , , 1\" ", I
    c&ur0, Il', fl'tr" .Ai""
    'l! I A\ I , I
    It!I1 ,.,-..Ni. .. ,r .x ...,.,omJUM' It!I1
    .. ,., '
    1'lI'Ter. OfI'tItf >pr"" xcr.T .... -
    _ . T{r,.AJ' T. ;fI'lT'OPT
    ok. I. ,,,, t;jills Tflcr.-
    .... 'lIr TilAMllfI". I xcr..9-'e""lOPT4 ir
    A _, I 0/ n. ..!ll ,,, n.
    """tMlWp", DJer. ,o,--,r TIV'S ""JeAJ-
    .,0. I. ni, T.
    _'I'''' I n" ill., T. ;).IJI,uovr,r
    ''''')'''0'. t;Jillr
    "K)JJ T. ;U,T", if .... )",.,fI'"" TO t9-ror
    "., o.. . , , I
    l;t.., YfIIt""""". Tilo.ci. "",XII,
    TiI",.g.6mr ".;, iJ""",,,",,,,,,. "0e-
    ""lOPT4 11 ofJ Tile
    or
    n
    ,. ., , \., , s, ,
    ", f7r, ... ci,)Aer. fIS""'e"
    ,.".' 4'Yxupi"". TiIfJ. ... ).. ".;,
    w",,' TiI)"lo"r
    . /ftlJ,o, "we''', oWo, Jl .;
    , fl'1T10JTtIIf, ( u,,,."" "'e I x).."tlo"tItf )
    'O)J'Y" tiur;, .NwoPT,r
    'ratr 'O)J'YOIrr TillI.oi&
    ',w, &I, ... o,,,.,.tItf. Ifit 'fwPffTtItf
    w) :r' 11
    4,"t.rr,r amow, 0, It Ifit
    lixTrJiJ, ;.".. TiI .... .;"PTtIIf. "wy,&or
    "J. _ _ .. t.' ' "I'V Y
    .r tItJO , ..... 'alr ".er. tJUJ'I'"". n}..a-,
    JUlr. J\: am. ;x T 4>""XA/,.
    T 4>),,010, i./nr'e ";.0.. 'En.
    11 .9-J.N.wcrer. IfiI w ...
    ".er. "u. fife" woJJnrlTtItf,
    ., , ,. "n. l:I_
    'e"""" TO TilMfI ,t;" DJer. Il'
    IKlITHUOPHAGI.
    of corn was found. Seve,n, ca-
    were lik.ewife difcovered, wh,ich the
    natives had not driven off: thefe they
    killed and ate. Setting fail again in
    morning, they reached Dagastra, a refi-
    IWra
    dence of fome ftraggling natives, where a cape.
    they obtained nothing, and were necem-
    tated to proceed all night and the -fol-
    ''towing day, tiU at the evd of 'noo ftadia
    they arrived at the limit of the territory
    of the Ikhthu6phagi under the extremity
    of diftrefs. Yet even here they were not
    able to land, but were forced to ride at
    anchor on an open for there was a
    furl of great which beat upon a
    cape projeCting far out from the main. Cape
    JaIk.
    The whole navigation along this coaft
    of the Ikhthu6phagi W88 fomtwhat more
    than 10,000 ftadia, throughout which,
    88 their name implies, the natives have
    little elfe to fupport life but filh; and yet,
    notwithftanding this, few of them are
    fifhemaen or have boats, or' underftand
    6lhery 88 an art.. But their fupply is ob-
    tained by obferving the tide of ebb, when
    they ftretch out nets two ftadia in len,sth
    upon the lhore, and wait the retreat of
    the water., Thefe nets are fonned out of
    the bark of the [Cocoa] Palm Tree, for
    they fpin the bark like flax. As the tide
    ebbs, where the lhore is left dry, there
    are no filh; but in many places the water
    a The ftadia enumerated are l1000, and omiffionl may weU.mUe up the nQlllbel' ten tboufand.
    ftadia .
    10000 at 16 to a mile Englifb _ 625.
    10000 at 15 to a mile Romaa 666.
    10000 at 8 to a mile Roman _1tSO.
    real estent of the c:oaft = 486.
    See Voyage of N earcbus p. tBB. fec:cmd edit.
    Digitized by Google
    T OP GI.
    s-.. .M c4 T Of,
    ., / _'!>It._' .0.../ o \
    o ,"",4 'GI_' 'XYlol'S. 'I"JI
    , , ,.,.
    fTfU 'avr V. 01 I(rJI ":,QJI
    T,n,.'f 'If'IfI'4>>''QJl1ff' 1'4 J';I(,TlJ(I,. tUfiw""
    , \ J' '\./ ,
    rm "4 f.fIfUI """. f.fIS
    ""-' / \ "-
    'I(, I'll IJtMTOf. TitS flArtlJvMr4TIIS' TitS tit
    pI l' \f!p I f. , I
    ,w"IJIOn-'f. wr' etv illpau"JI$-Mm, IlATc&-
    JIi .J 4'" tUn" 'GJQ' -' "4 '
    ". It ;1(, TIITAlJI Tr..J.JI c:iAfU-
    ., , 'I"J "
    1''''' JUf 4
    'X 1 c&f rITIO'IT"4' 'H
    1P tP'fr-- NI -' f.fIJI, '1. 'GI ' 4"
    &,pawItT, -.p"ItS If!II
    Of " I .... -/ A ,. 1>"
    I(!II M"-"tI'"" AA
    / ,.. -'
    rOf'4TOI 'Y,JlOJITtIf " ,., 4 TlITf.fI'
    " , C
    fNwlO' IJI. 0, I" tnI C"- "
    " a!''' /
    [1-11 , tU fOJI 1" TlfJl ;tcd-
    , ", ,..., r" "
    "", 0' X"'''1rf.flJl 'p"'JI' TIIT'W'JI
    , ,.., I N
    fIAr f.fIJI 'N- ;JAlJI 'If'''''' '"Uf" 'fiIf'Ir
    fITI. '01J'YQ' I. aUT;JI WO,
    IV"" IfI'
    nrs rtf, -5 TIlT. 1(,41' e .;q
    1'1 'fiIe'os 0 'Y4p rlTOS air-
    N , ,,,, I
    TO' 01 , ES. '1(,1 'fit ''1'IT
    " ,uJl "m;v, Dr4 """.'4
    , I ,
    11(, 4, l' , 1'4 "e1r
    I , , ,
    J\ltyOJI,IH" TIITOW'V 4JlT1 ,".JM, xpt0l"'JlOI'
    ".;; / ,. ./ ,. .
    . ..,., eccs (I, or AGrI VI
    I "" , N
    al".Q TlITf.fIJI 'fiIDI'QVTtt.I. rQW'
    If
    ,... , ". ..
    o'rr I(rJI 'fiI fIAr
    0.. JIV ... , "... "
    Jf.fI, T T" 'GJOI'fT"I
    .,,, "",.,..cc
    Ifit
    -HT uJOP GI.
    th are q tities
    6th, fmall indeed for the moft part, but
    fo lar Th mall d th of
    fofter kind they eat raw, .. they take
    th ou th te The ge
    hard they dry in the fun and, when d ,
    red eth to powder em ,w c
    th knead up . loa, or -ix u
    a hquid form like fruinenty. Their verr
    ca lik fe fed' dri Gib r
    they have neither grafs or pafture. Crabs,
    (J ra, oth fileD are oun
    plentY. Salt is a natural produCtion of the
    fo and h oy fup ea th
    with oil.
    e generality of tlus tribe mbablt a
    c try' hou tree: tho oy J
    d\1Ce of the field, live entirely on 6a. :
    f few 'fe a all nti f gJ
    which is rather a luxury thao their ordi-
    o diet r th dail ood th.
    houfes of the better fort are framed of
    t bon f \\1 es on lh
    dlefe they ufe in4Vo.a4 of timber and the
    _ or .. COJuauOD }II:u-
    pJe have nly th re of fm" r
    bones [piled up] for an habitation.
    {X. bal re nd i the
    dian] ocean, of a much larger bulk than
    ..
    I
    ,,"', of hmei fOr
    TO Ill'. The palI"age IS undoubtedly corrupt,
    an rre8 is be th8I Dfebfe but I
    dare DO Y the .real tzue.
    IIC.HTHUOI'HAOI.
    fJ-1(O.'f ;, Tj ;.". K4 AiyH
    .."..,. K..wt", fittltpWA'''j
    ., , ., .!A\Q.... "LA" '
    ur. TIP .", "'f"'I "'4 ... --,.-l1li-
    ,.. .. .iJ. nf j"
    p"" "4tr,.".,,,, 'Eu-A."imU'
    11 fi1fI,S-""tS-4 1";. 1fA1rry."""""
    ,.., ,., I " ,,,,.I , I
    'Ill fitNlt ., 1'" "" I(J1I II1II'0 TltTllI T. fit.
    9-r,JI4. Tatr re u".'''p"",tS-4 ir. ""fT''''
    i"aiir", viO"" ...
    A_ j -"" \" K ...
    T""" 'f TD -."" TO d.i TOItrl
    ..n,n, i,,'/I'NIIyiw. U 1";, T.
    . ;"".,n;" I. ;". .,. fitttptA--
    . 'n. I K \ .-,
    Jt.tU.iir 1'" I(!If J",pn"", 4 ""'1" IlItr-
    , ., .I ,
    T'.M 'Y"ITO, 'r p.er""""
    IV - t.,
    1'" II.fAflJtr4 ""'TfIIiJItr4 ItJf ",.,
    -xl",. 'I'M, Ifit o,a
    p.s-,,,. flJtJif."" 1'" If#! o!_. It "n:,;."
    f1I,,",8-,.,. oUr"f
    o,a f:lAi", ci.".' ftJ ...
    '.0.. I. _iJ..",(., Tiitr,
    fhlf'OItr", irr.u.9-", ";"'r ",... Ocr.. cri
    ,.;".iitr,. ixMflO' ;"'.AtI.NI.f4'
    ,. "'" " I
    TM fI' tr,u."'ryIM ""'11-'."" IC9I TO. "TU-
    ot' N , f , '
    ".., ",,,.. Tlfr fM, 1'11', fM;".t;0'I
    ,,-,,_ "'.h.. '
    "",T""J(}'" ".., ""'1"'"
    TU 1";, ,,;, 1".& ".rr."" ir (}AJ-
    &., 1U'4 ;"'/1' NJ,<y,m", If#! oU

    ., I , ,
    """d TM fIIe'lIMM MCItIWT ....
    I(f/I iIMtpu-
    "'''4 ;"., ply",. "'w". "FllIr Ti ... ,
    I Tl .f" ..u .lfl ."m, fl The pri-
    mitive fenfe of ... .s."w is ay.... or ac:c:ident; that
    it, every occurrence or circumftance which origiD-
    atet fiom aaother perfon or and of which
    _ outfelYel are the objeCt. Hence eYerf
    ion on the mind, .u {aft'eriDp, all the pdioDs, ate
    IKHTHUOPHAGI.
    47
    thofe in the Mediterranean. For Near-
    chus relates, that, as the fleet paffed.
    Kuidza, the water was feen thrown up to Kbudar
    a great height, as if it had been raifed GutDr.
    like Il water fpout; and that, upon this
    ftrange appearance, they were alarmedl
    and enquired of the native pilots what
    might be the caufe of this. occurrence.
    .They receivt".d for anfwer, that it proceed-
    ed from whales fporting ih the water, and
    blowing it up from their noftrlls. Tbe
    feamen bowever were fo aftonifhedj that
    the oars dropt from tbeir bands. Near-
    chus immediately ran up through tbe
    fleet with bis own fhip, and, as he paft"ed,
    direaed the commanders to form a lino
    with their head towards the monfter., as
    if they were going to engage; at the
    fame tiine ordering the people w
    the fhout of War with all their force, to
    exert their ftrength to the utmoft, and to
    da1h the waves violently with their oars :
    upon this they recovered from their alarm,
    and advanced upon the figna! as if going
    into an aanal engagement. And now
    at the Dloment when they were clofe to
    the enemy, the clamour of the Crews was
    carried to its higheft pitch, the trUmpets
    founded the charge, and the dafbing of
    the oars refounded on every fide: upon
    this the monfters feen ahead plunged
    into the deep as if frightened by the at-
    tack, and rifing again aftern, continued
    to blow as magnificently as befote. The
    danger will paft, the fuen fhouted
    ...&-r.. The..s.,.. in tbia ... 1iIie is die
    .. cnfed by the blowq of the 11' .... ; and if
    we obtain the true iD this inftaDce, it will a
    plaiD alll1lClf clifpated tat iD the followq chap-
    ter.
    It 91 8ehmlider, eS optimo.
    Digitized by Google
    ..
    IKHTHUOPHAGI.
    1j )'",,8-114 '4U-
    ", ., 't '9'" IV
    1'1,.,. If!JI "f TO' N."PX0' T1!f 1"
    T'JvuJf If!it fl'o<1>;"f. f"T,f-
    ""ftl, 1';' JUtFf,.1I
    'KPP'lr: i,
    AI Q,.' / , 'C'
    TO'fI" '-x.of",tI, TtI, tJl If!I.I fI1I"CI
    ir n,1I if,.09-{,-
    t8-114. Kcrf itT,. fl"lW"O,.""tI" .
    " t1...1 .. " I ,,.,.
    1". If!I.I T. tl,fR"OIf1'"
    W'P'PP'WtI,f inrOAtn-", Ot;ftl,
    .. '.0.. ,', / .... !
    TOW" If TtI, .1:.1-
    .,. ., \..,.. IV, ""
    '114 AI, 1'tI, fU' " ryfl" m'AftJr."fI''' tlJRAI,
    loxllr T"fI''' Wtl, /U-
    . Ta. I. Ta.
    1\.'" -- , - "\,. ,
    tI' " TJlfI" fl'1tI.)'0fI". TaAlrtl, tll ''''114 TtI,
    .
    tl..l .,. -" If
    Oltl."" If!I.I flf "XOfI"
    5 'Ir'''''' ""X""'61' pIy,09-or. .
    xxXI. 0 iM 11 "'''f'wAio, n" -xP-
    T;'. 'Ix.9vaq>4)'AlII. Ao"o, tUWllfI"
    ,J ,#10._ \9'
    '1t'fP' "Ifi'll T'"Of. " 1"" c&w'Xllfl'C&
    if fxtil'o,l.
    I, Ta.Jnr. tAl-
    T' e" ',;
    )'0' "'114 01 If!I.I NOfI'tI.AtI. x ...
    , .0.. 0'. 11-' ' 0.. ' ,
    A"07l1f .II(JI T"tI, Xt&TtUf""
    ;s.fAflr if o,'f J\: ct"
    )';",8-114 tilptultI,. A'''''
    N'--exor. i.c& 'lrMp"i"c&
    . txOllT'tI, Ai-yrnr7ifItJ,. oV 'lrOpPAI "ftr0fJ
    Tc&6ntf y",,8-lt,f ilJptuftl,. inr,p Tlfrll
    Tllf ;;y.".o.c&t 11' A'1t I.'i'KJIp'e.,8-I14.
    It That N6fala and or are the
    fame, and tbat they reprefent the modem Afhtola,
    cannot be doubted; for both lU'e raid tq lie on the
    coad of the Ikbthu6pbagi, IUld both at one hun-
    dred ftadia, or feven miles, from fhore. And al-
    though Afhtola lies at double that difiance, u
    IKHTHUOPHAGI.
    and clapped their hands upon their un-
    expeaed deliverance, and the judgement
    of Nearchus was as much their admira-
    tion as his fortitude.
    SQme of thefe whales are often left
    dry on the reflux of the tide, and fome
    are driven on fltore by In
    ftate they lie and putrefy till the fleflt .
    feparates from the bones, which the na-
    tives employ in building their houfes.
    Thofe taken out of the fides ferve for
    beams and raften, and the fmaller ones
    for planks; thofe in the jaws are flat and
    adapted to doors. The animal itfelf is
    /JD
    often found near..., feet long.
    XXXI. Nearchus likewife mentions
    .
    that, as they paffed the coaft of the Ikh-
    thoophagi, they heard of a defm ifland
    at a. hundred ftadia from the {bore. The.
    natives mid it was facred to the fun, and
    was called k Nofala, a fpot which no one
    dared to vifit; for thofe who had at-
    tempted it were heard of no more. While.
    Nearchus was near. this place, a bark
    manned by Egyptians difappeared, and
    the native pilots on board the fleet
    tained that. it have been loft by ap-
    there is DO otlK'r itland on that cod off at fea,
    there can be no room for doubt. Added to this,
    N6fala WIll enchanted wben NearchuI wu tbePe;
    and Afhtola was enchanted when Yillted by Coin-
    modore Robinfon. An enchantment of two thou-
    !and years continuance is proof .irrefragable.
    Digitized by Google
    IKHTHUOPHAGI.
    , .
    "'" I c" I , ,
    01"' a.e'" X",Ta.e",rr" fIlr ",,,,,,,,, fI, T"f'
    ,,"G.rrG d4>""i,r. I.
    ./ I ",..
    'Ir'p.1rH '"'le"" ""e' T"f' ",", Tf,,,urrG-
    flW, 1UAIVtr.r ,.u, X.TrMKfo ,."., .,
    I, Tr ,ur
    )..V;II. i, f3-etlllrA'Grr.r, JCi# XfJ-
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    IDle"""" O,Gt-"bGrr", If!II CTII ","11 IN"
    \ ,... t
    .."",,,, TG 1I'0fM" fir f1I MflO", fIlr'-
    X-I Ton I, )..ryH filA"1I.f i,
    .G" ICi# X",T""'KJi' A filpGfT.rtyWIl.f
    , , '-l\.'" ,
    1'11' ,aur,r M" 'J.Nrr.r If!II '''.'''1I.f
    cWror, IfiI x.m, pZ&G, IOrr'" TO'
    or; ." Jt.G.yG,. 'A_1I.f cl 5 AA-
    )0.0, )J-yo, u",'e ",tTM TaIm" )..",0-
    ",N ,IV I , ,."
    I"'G" G.1UftT1I.f T"f' "JtTG, TaAIr"f' P-''''' TfMl'
    TO Jf O,GfM' iN
    ,et> T' 11"/ , N
    N'fp"wo,. . flI O/i'.r fiI,Ni4wl ,.,
    , " I ,. os.. ..'
    ",tT". fI1IYYl"o;rll.f iU', 'XVIW fI'
    if fillI_., cWT"
    , ,." t\ , _ ... a.' N
    ., T0' filorro,. HAI. fI' "'XJJ,o;r,rr", ,.,
    N"p"tJ" '"
    . "ftrll' t1I op.o).ryii, ,u, Or, ifo.-
    li oi TO
    '1fiI TO' "HN'" l, :,
    I .ti 3,..oM)'.j, ,..i, 0.,., ;toaxur&.l, ..... "
    .tI oi fl
    Tbe interpretation of thie obfcure pd. by
    FaciUl, Blaac:ard, &c. is rejeaed by OronoviUl,
    who renders it, IUmn &li apD'Uijfo Aune ipfi infi-
    tuUl aft"eEtum, CUIII ;"'Jccratiorul ut et ip.fe flenet iUi
    ind rugere, more eonuIt 9"i anteAac 1JefIiff'mt ad J-
    irtj" But the primitive fenfe of .. ci.9tt,... [L'I{I:,
    for"',", lot, or coaditioa] bill fugefted to me a dif-
    fereDt codrutiOD: for ArriaD ufes TV H.IM ... -
    IKHl'HUOPHAGI.
    49
    proaching too near this HJand. Nearchua
    however difpatched a gaUey to the fpot,
    with orders not to . land, but to fail elote
    round, and {bout the name of the com-
    mander or the officers. This done
    . without eirea, and at laR: Nearchua went
    in perfon to the place, where he landed
    himfelf, and compelled his people, much
    againft their will, to land lik.ewife, and
    in (hort expJoded the whole as an idle
    fable.
    But there was another tale of mytho-
    logy relating to the fame place; for the
    tradition was, that this iOand was the re-
    ldence of a Nereid, whofe name indeed.
    was unknown, but whore praaice was to
    feduce fuch mariners as landed there to
    her embraces, and then, after transform-
    ing them into. fi(h, to throw them into the
    fea. The Sun was offended at this trea-
    chery, and ordered the nymph to find'
    . herfelf fome other reficieRce: with thi.
    command, the faid, (he was to
    comply, or if DOt, (he had no power to
    refift. Upon her fubmiffion, the god
    was fatisfied; and then, taking compaf-
    .s",.. .... cap. 6. This is the eaCe with the Nile.
    A Wnilar ufage occurs iD c. SO. We _y therefore
    take the whole paft"age thus: .oAo,..;;
    .... , A fl .. .a.,... .tai-
    .j. Sbe confeoted to depart, jMalImNd ,AaI
    this fOUl tlle lot ajJ"wto "w. HIJftC L'lmditiortart
    filii eJfo irapoJit_: Atmc fortem.Pi effe illlIUMI:
    fibi OJ*' ejJe ""ne Jortt:m patio But, in a cafe of
    doubt, the reader wdl probably rather truft to Gro-
    ncmUl cbao to the tI'aIdIator.
    B
    Digitized by Google
    IKHTHUOPHAGI. IKHTHUOPHAGI.
    fion on ~ o f e who bad fufFered by her
    enchantment, transfQnned them back
    again from fifhes into men. This was
    the origin of the Ikhthoophagi, and their
    defcendants continued to inhabit the fame
    coaft to the time of A1eunder. I .give
    no credit to Nearchus for wafting his
    time and mifapplying his talents in the
    refutation of fuch idle fables, which re-
    quire no con6deration, and it is an ufelefa
    tatk to dwell upon them for a moment.
    XXXII. Inland, north of the Ikhthu6-
    phagi the country is Gadr66a, a fandy
    and miferable diftri8:. The fufferings of
    Alexander and his army in paRing it, have
    been related in my fonner work. But
    the fleet had now reached Karmania, and
    at the cape where they bad anchored
    they were obliged to lie in the open road,
    becaufe of the {boa! and foul ground
    2
    which extended along the filore far out
    into the fea. From this cape their courfe
    was no longer weft, but north weft, and
    Karmania was fQuod to be a country not
    defolate like that of the Orite Qr Ikh-
    thu6phagi, but abounding with corn and.
    fruit and pafture, well wooded and well
    watered.
    Upon doubling the cape they came to
    an anchor at Radia, [a place very different
    from all that they bad lately experienced]
    for it was well inhabited; it afforded a
    fupply of grain, it abounded with vines,
    and all kind of trees, yielding fruit for
    the ufe of mao, except the olive. From
    hence, after relievL"lg their wants, thef
    proceeded eight hundred ftadia, and an-
    chored again upen an open {hore. And
    Digitized by Google
    KARMANIA.
    NqOf. A".'"X.'" 1. I""pr,
    wAG., Mr Kcrf'; TM'
    ., .' ...,.1" ,
    ,x..eatIII, tI."".."r, T'!Ir Ae-.. ",r iAry" 111'
    , ,,, , .Il- 1\'
    tU"K,WtU TIUII"If' tUtf'I,. llAAUo:TI tI'
    I fila.' " ,
    MClJUT". bOoT" T" T' If9I
    cI... TIM"meW" ir 'AtlYfJe'ltr .'1""-
    , " ,... IV, .,
    'o:TI. Kf Mr' Tit CU)'H&).It ntrlt. ,.
    e ., , ,.. III .,
    "'re 0 t;'M.Of WMIUI, I(!If nrr .,,-

    'T"" XCCoTtU'r""e" -r''''P'''' tMI'X)IrtU ,r
    ., " ... ,
    TO ""At#yOf. 0 'fIA' T' tlOXM. I{J&I
    le' at! .., III
    N '''e"X.'l'' flMl'tJWrltJr 'ft""'. ,r 'T' "tI'ltJ
    -'Kftrl, -'p "., SoJ.Nw-
    , ,,, -'" '0-
    .,.". TIIMf' 'Ttf' ""p'" XCCoTfltlOJ.
    pA' W'
    ICARMANIA.
    here, [on the oppofite coaft] at the dif-
    tance of a day's fail, a vaft promon-
    tory prefented itfelf to their view, which MalfendOD.
    they were infonned was part of Arabia;
    and that the DallJe of it was Maketa.
    They were lik.ewife infonned by thofe
    who wel,'e acquainted with the country,
    that from the ports in its neighbourhood,
    m cinnamon and other commodities of
    that fort [that is to fay fpices] were con-
    veyed into Atryria.
    A line drawn from the point where
    they were now anchored to the oppo6te
    cape on the Arabian coaft, Nearchus con-
    fiders as the commencement of that gulph
    which is called the n Cea of Erythras, [but
    which is, properly fpeaking, the gulph of
    Perfia.] ,
    Upon fight of this cape, Onesicritus
    propoCed that they (bould fte:er for it di-
    reCUy, and not advance into the gulph,
    where they might be driven about, [with-
    out knowing what courfe to take] and ha
    expofed to the fame diftrefs they bad al-
    ready experienced. .
    This propofal Nearchua thought ab-
    Curd, and contended that Onesicritus was
    miftaken, if he Cuppofed this to be the in-
    tention of Alexander; for he had not
    fitted the fleet with a view to the ac-
    commodation or-his tarces, or. as wanting
    means to condua them by land: but
    that his defign 0 was to explore the coafta
    by means this navigation, to examine
    .. Thill is a plain proof that the Arabs ot:Oman but the Erythr6l\n fea, in geDeral acceptation.
    (rom Mal'cat, Sohar. &c. were in polfeffion of commences at Sua or Arsinoe. aDCI ateDd. over
    trade between India IIDd Atrpia; that i.. &hey the whole eaftero ocean BB far u it was difcovenacl
    _nt to Indill for the fpices, and carried them up by the ancients.
    the gulph of Per6a to Ter6don. IIDd by the Eo- Nean:h.., u weD u other writen, attributel
    phratea to Babylon. From Babyloo or Ter610n tbe IIlUCh througb Gadr06a. and thilapedition by
    there articles would pafa by cara'f'IUII to the Medi- re., to the YBDity of Alaander. But hill own !an-
    terranean. page in this .inftance proves that utility was mucb
    a According to AptbU-- more CODfulted in tbe attempt than olleotation.
    .chides, the fea of E'f1thru. The mythology of It is here Iruly that Alaander make. aood Ius
    E'rythru is alwa1l referred to the plph of Perfia; boaft-..4periom terra Imfibu.
    B2
    Digitized by Google
    KARMANIA.
    ., .". ,..,.,
    Ot;lr xo)..ror '"XOI. 'K/1I"e,rNNtrIl.l TIITO
    ., , _tl. I , ",
    I(!JI fitO"'tAtr tHT"" 5 Imr
    IC#t
    ... .. 't-. '
    AI, Of} xe'f''''' TO fitpor
    -v...l.. .; N; III
    T'Pl'4T1 'I"" 'O"'tAtr Till. fitO'III., tJI,..t.Jr T,
    J" .; " N I' N
    11111 tll1roe6df WI Till. tUtllYK4N.tJ, III Tt:'
    1x0"'tAtr' 1,1.""" 'T.. WI
    ir "..",,"':e'''' /ufxJ,. T'
    Tj T-n, 'ri (/>AO'Y,dle,
    I _.; I .,
    I)'XIJe"'tJI,.. T 4tlTtJI, '''''''', "tI.f ,.,.01 110"'"
    fit,p,qJtJI,JI,6df TjA Tj
    N''''PXor. "",' i"".
    , ,-. I N
    "". 5 TJf' fiteo
    r
    XfIIP'1' fittJt,trM, '''''-
    ,.,.". T. ,T,,,,, ).#yGf ""'"'XI'. IfiI f1:1'tJI,TOr
    .oe', 1x.04",, A'' WM .. ';'ro
    ,.. III ". " ,
    Tit ""'Y'iJJIJJ" "'etUTlr. 1'!' ",
    XXXIII. 'KalrN!wtJl,lIT,r ;'r
    i1I'7""'tHTlllr, i. OJp,.utrtJl,,10
    N._7tJ1,11tJ1, GIIO,Mt. Ka4
    a.. C";.' 'I
    oiTlr 1J1r0 'I"Jf' .111 fitJviJtr",",'r
    " , ,.I'?' ' ,
    .""'TO'. 0,""'f:,01lT"" ""'TtJI, TO' GJo-
    T",u. ., AM,.,.,,' 'AetU(u.
    ilUl.A&wo. .1N4 IfiI fi1J.,4oe'"
    19' "1. I
    Ttr.cn'!I 'I'. fi1AtJ' 'NUtAt Of) GJifNUtrtU.
    'Emw,& .. ;XCUIltr' T. ix T;' ";"
    .,',., "'- , I
    a.ro Till' roJilM, rOlllll. tJt,tr,.,.,'OI tUf'lrtl-
    "./ ,"
    trtJl,JlTO. ,.,.,,.,.,.,,.,..'01 ora. ""'Ta. TJfII
    n. I n.''''' ,
    Ja.JvMtvtU fit",.O,J/IT., """'. I(!JI fiteor
    ,-; 'ri TM' '"" n"
    .. , ".t1.1 .,
    .,."r XfIIf"Ir. I(!JI Tllr tJl,lloiTeAl1rIl, WfItK cV '1-
    TM ';'roe'tt.r ;"'IAI)'O-
    P OrmUI il an ifland which derives it. name
    &om the COIoft; it is properly called Gerooo or Tu
    run. But Hannoz, HonuuI. and Hannozeia, are
    KARMANIA.
    the harbours and iflands, to penetrate into
    the gulphs and bays, if any tbould occur,
    to mark fuch towns or cities as they
    might find on the coafi, and to explore
    the nature of the counory whether fruitful
    or defert. That it was their duty not to
    fruftrate their fovereign's defign, when
    they had now almofi arrived at the period
    of lbeir labours, and were befides rea-
    fonably aft"ured of a fupply for their ne-
    ceffities. AI te? himfelf, be was afraid
    that, as the oppofite cape had a tendency
    to the fouth, the coafi: beyond would be
    found nothing but a defert, parched and
    without water.
    Thefe fuggeftions prevailed; and to
    me it appears plain, that this advice of
    Nearchus was the prefervation of the
    Beet, for the accounts which we now
    have of this cape and die coaft adjoining
    all agree in ftating that they are defert,
    and that no water is to be had.
    XXXIII. The fleet, when it weighed
    anchor from Badis, kept clofe along the
    frtore for 700 fiadia, till they came to
    NeOptana, where they had again nothing
    but an open road. They therefore left this
    ftation the following morning, and after a
    " frtort courfe of 100 ftadia, reached the ri-
    ver A'namis in the diftria of HannoztaP.
    Here they were received with hofpitality,
    and found every thing in plenty, exceI>t
    olives. The men were now allowed liberty
    to go on frtore, and all were full of mutual
    congratulations reBeaing with pleafure on
    the variou8 diftreft"es they had endured, "nd
    recounting the dangers they had been ex-
    pofed to on the coafi: of the
    on the margin of the defert, and from
    the ferocity of the natives, as well as
    namee from all antiquity known in this traa. which
    it Mogho-ftao, or the date c;oUQtI'y. a diAriC& of
    KanuaGia.
    Digitized by Google
    KARMANIA.
    I ,.-.",0.. I
    p4'0I. Kaf TIJff tlPrM' tJ/1I'O JtI.NMrtrrtr
    ir CetWM
    X,4T& ;'"Of ;'..GCi.
    'Em,.u.94 -!)open-or :tA4-
    ,fI A\'" '" "
    fWfl4 T. E.."""",. 1{91 T4 4..4
    "ViI.", irrJUfJ4rI',u'Of. ".iI q>M.,t" 'EA-
    NlJ4 TNr" oi "'e;;"O. ijOVrff.
    b.ryo, MM T.
    v(()w, ;x, T;' TfifT(;,I, ..
    ., , "/'l. ' ! f\.. _ \I'
    E",,'4 !U, MJefltl1rO' 'M', E..AflDS fI'
    a.x.WtrDt.f. T. ,."GS-"
    . , ,.,.v ""
    "X,O" If!II Gt;'f M'. fll 41r0 Tit "e4TG-
    'II".h , A)..fM/plt b..-
    'r', ,T,Dt.f ofJ "'OppM TO "etl.To.",I",. IfiI
    . " :l! fI ..., '" /'l.
    iU/T"O' AlI.f"tI.'t1eO', TJl'To, T"O, tI.'Jefltl1rO'
    T' 5 x,etrr'OVT.f a.,a,oyltrrl
    ,., ,I I
    TO' ."CUT4
    W. nVTf 0/0, Mrf-n,
    TMrJO' If!it 0 lI.."O
    /../ .... I I
    (J"ff. To, T. lI7T"e:t0' TIff ;tAI""f TtlPr'ff
    tq>" N,a.pX/fI, 5 tIll,'. Ka4!UT&
    TMIt )I'':''''''' "'O"fTDt.f. W(.dr
    "'eOf Tar.,M,
    .", T&r ,tM e(.d
    , , , ; .' N rl
    TtI.f "M ",'MA"''', W,rrx,PI1ff 1" """".
    ./ , '"" \, "" ,
    1HTDt.f tl.UT(.d' ""1'4 TO' "'AIIJ ."WtW'fX,Wtl.,'
    ,pi .1 _ ... , , I
    IC!J.I tl.f'4 GTI " 1'" TJI'T" fJ1rONl-
    /'l.' -\v , , , ,
    'Jr.OJDt.f tu .DO .. " Tor .,,0.011 "e"TO'. X.r.-
    ,-" T. ;11 ""e.,a,"fTDt.f J,."AM, ;".,
    !/'l. ,- I..
    ,aAJt;4J/Mf, I{IY Tlf;tor ",,"0" 1{91 T-,.r"
    n ....... a. I " "" ". ,.., 1/1 ,0.. '
    P'fN""'. tJ/1I'. Tit "''''4fU1 T7!r 0:tJ'If tI.f.
    1:' 11/ .,' ,., ,
    c.4fA-IHr. If T. ",., TOil 4I)I'tl.A.O'. "4 Dt.f
    ., .. "" ,. .,"1'
    'fEr aur" 'lfTtI.J.
    XXXIV . 'E, If 0 N'''e:tor TaUr4
    , I "., I ..,
    ,x,WfA-". T"f ;tAIflfr 0 .II7I""e:t.r .'fi1f'1nJtr-
    ,",or ;""Mf i, q>eO"'J, Ix ..
    KARMANIA.
    53
    their want of all the necetraries of life,
    Some likewife wandere4 from the thore
    up into the country, in fearch of what
    they might find to relieve their wants, or
    gratify their curiafity.
    In the courfe of there rambles. a man
    was encountered, who had the cloak. and
    habit of a Greek, and who fpoke the lan-
    guage. Such was their furprife, after all
    their dangers, to fee a Greek and to hear
    their own language, that they wept for
    joy. They who he was, and
    whence he came; when he informed them, .
    that he had wandered from the Macedo-
    nian camp, and that Alexander with hia
    army was at no great diftance. Clamour-
    ing therefore and clapping their hand.,
    they hurried him Nearchus, the
    fame nory was repeated, and they learnt
    that the King and the army were not far-
    ther off than a journey of five days. He
    added likewife, that he could introduce
    them to the prefident of the difuia, which
    he immediately performed.
    Hearing this, determined upon
    going up to army. He returned to
    the fleet for the evening, but the next
    morning he ordered the filips to be drawn
    on thore, both for the purpofe of repair-
    ing fuch as were damaged, and becaufe
    he meant the bulk of his forces to remain
    upon the.fpot. For this purpofe he form.
    ed a camp, enclofing it with a double
    palifade and a rampart of earth. and car-
    rying a trench from the river to the fea .
    within which the thips were drawn up
    and fecured.
    XXXIV. While Nearchus was occu-
    pied in this bufinefs, the governor of the
    diftriei, who had heard of the great
    Digitized by Google
    ICARMANIA.
    ..
    KARMANIA.
    anxiety of Alexander refpeaiog the ex ..
    pedition, and flattering himfelf with hopea
    of reward for his intelligence, if he were
    the firft to report the fafe arrival of the
    fleet, and that the Admiral might fhortly
    be expeaed in the prefence, baftened up
    to the camp by the fhorteft road, and ac-
    quainted the King that Nearchus was ac ..
    tually on his journey from the coaft.
    Alexander, '!S was natural, was rejoiced at
    the intelligence, though he doubted the
    raa. . But fevera1 days paffing without
    feeing any thing of Nearchua, his, fuf ..
    picions increafed with the duration ,of
    the interval, and he concluded that the
    whole was the fabricatien of the gover ..
    nor. Parties however were difpatched
    every way for the proteaion of the Ad-
    miral; but fome returned foon without
    proceeding far upon the fearch; and fome
    fUll remained abfent, who had extended
    their enquiries to a diftance. This there- .
    fore adding to the anxiety of, the King,
    he reproached the governor for fportiog
    with his expeB:ations by a delufion ut-
    terly faJfe, and, ordering him into con-
    finement, fufl'ered his c o u n t e ~ to be-
    tray the difappointment and vexation of
    his heart.
    In the mean time one of the parties,
    which had been fent out with hones and
    carriages for the accommodation of Ne-
    archus, happened to hit upon the road by
    which he and Archias, with five or fix in
    their company, were coming up to the
    camp. But the encounter feemed acci-
    dental, and they recognized neither of
    them as the perfons of whom they were
    in fearch. This in aB: might naturally
    happen, for they were completely dif-
    figured by the tattered appearance of
    their drefs, their hair wild and negle8:ed,
    their bodies emaciated, their countenances
    wan and weather beaten, and exhibiting
    Digitized by Google
    ..
    KARMANIA.
    t J , I It' K'
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    Titf It ,wylr I %.u.nWf wry,., 'A-
    KARMANlA.
    55
    the figns of fuftering and diftrefs. To
    their enquiries where 'Alexander was, they
    barely mentioned the place of his en-
    campment, and were paRing on without
    farther notice. "How is this ?" rays Ar-
    chias, who conje&red what was their
    obje8:; "Surely, Nearchus, if I am not
    "miftaken, thefe men, who are in the
    "fame road we have taken through the
    " defert, can be difpatched fot no other
    " purpofe but in fearch of U8. That they
    c4 know us not is no wonder, for our ap-
    " pearance is a difguife. Let US ftop and '
    " tell them who we are, and enquire why
    "they are upon this road."' To this Ne-
    archus afi"enred, and enquired which way
    they were going. "We are in fearch of
    " Nearchus," they replied, " and fent to
    " enquire about the fleet'" "I am Ne-
    " archus," rejoined the Admiral,. "and
    " this is Archias: oondua us to Alex.
    " ander, and we will report to bim all the
    " circumftances of our expedition." .
    XXXV. They were immediately placed
    in the carriages, apd' the party returned
    towards the camp. On th .. ir way
    fome [of thofe who were mounted.) eager
    to be the reporters of an event fo fortu-
    nate, haftened before the reft, and carried
    the account to the king, that Nearchus
    and Archias, with five of their attendants,
    were upon the road; but of the fuccefs
    or failure of the enterprife, they bad made
    no enquiry, and had nothing to rc;port.
    This fuggefted to Alexander that thefo
    officers might have had a miraculous
    . efcape, but that the reft of their forces
    muft all have perHhed; and the pleafure
    he felt uPQn the :prefervation of the com ..
    manders was overbalanced by the ap-
    prebenfion that the remainder was loft,
    While this was paRing, Nearchua and
    Archias arrived in his prefence: but tlto
    very fight elf them, disfigured as they
    were. by their appearJQCC and their drel's,
    Digitized by Google
    KARMANlA.
    KARMANIA.
    hardly ruKered him to recognize them SI
    his friends. This added to his fufpicion
    that the fleet had perifhed; yet he held
    out his hand to Nearchus, and taking
    him afide from the party and from his
    guards, he continued for fome time to
    fhed tears without uttering a word; but
    at length recovering himfelf from his an-
    guifh, "Nearchus," fays he, "I feel fome
    " fatisfaaion in the prefervation of your-
    " felf and Archias, as a diminution of the
    " aflliaion I feel for the calamity that has
    "befallen my fleet. But tell me how
    " and by what misfortune my (hips and
    "my people have been loft." . "Sir,"
    faid Nearchu's, " your (bips and your
    "people are all in fafety, and we are
    " come up as bearers of the glad tidings."
    The King now wept more abundantly,
    the more their prefervation was unex-
    pe8:ed, and enquired where the fleet was
    fecured: "At the mouth of the A'namis,"
    replied the Admiral, "the (hips are all
    "drawn on (hore and repairing." "I
    " fwear to you," . rejoined the King, "by
    "the Libyan Ammon, and by the Ju-
    " piter of the Greeks, that I have greater
    " pleafure in the fuccefs of this enterprife,
    " than in the reduaion of all Afia to my
    "power. For if my fleet had periOted, I
    "(hould have confidered it as an over-
    " balance to all the good fortune which
    " has attended me."
    XXXVI. In the mean' time, the g0-
    vernor of Hannozia, whom Alexander
    had put into confinement, upon fufpicion
    of his bringing a fa)fe report, feeing Ne-
    arohus, [and the reception he experi-
    e,.nced] fell down at his feet, and " See,-'
    fays he, " the fituation I am in who fira
    "brought the account of your arrival."
    Upon which Nearchus iqterceded for his
    releafe, which was immediately granted.
    Alexander now facrificed for the p ~
    Digitized by Google
    KARMANIA.
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    KARMANlA.
    57
    fervation of his fleet to Jupiter pre-
    ferver, to Hereules, to Apollo the averter.
    of evil, to Neptune, and all the gods of
    the ocean. He ordered the games for the
    exhibition of mental talents and perfonal
    agility, and direaed a folemn proceffion
    [in prefence of the 'whole army.] In this
    proceffion Nearcbus was the principal ob-
    je8: of admiration; the whole camp join-
    ed in acclamations to his honour, while
    garlands and flowers were heaped on him,
    wherever he appeared.
    Upon the conclufion of the ceremony,
    the King addreffing him, faid, (( It is my
    "intention, NCfLrChml, to expofe you
    "to no farther danger or diftrefs, and
    " I fhall appoint another commander to
    " carry the fleet up the gulph to Soofa.'
    " Sir," replied Nearchus, is both my
    .cc wifh and my duty to obey your com-
    " manu: but if you de6re to eonler a
    " favour,on me, fuffer me tQ retain my
    " command to the conclufion of the en-
    " terprlze, and till I fhall have carried the
    " fleet in fafety up to Soofa. Do not let
    "it be faid, that you have laid all the
    "difficulty and danger of the voyage
    " upon me, al1d another is to reap
    " the glory of completing it, which is my
    " due, when there is no longer any ha-
    " zard to encounter."
    Alexander futtered him not tp proceed
    farther in his requeft, but accepted his
    offer, and acknowledged that he was in-
    debted to him for the continuance of his
    fervices. He then ordered a fmall dcort
    to attend bim on his return to the coafl,
    fuppofing more was not necefTary, as the
    province had been (ufficiently fubdued.
    But his return was not without diffi-
    culty, for the natives were in a. ftate of
    . revolt upon the removal of their fatrap
    by the King, and had feized upon the
    faftnetfes in the mountains, [with an in-
    tention to intercept Nearchus upon his
    I
    Digitized by Google
    KARMANIA.
    '!'be IIIeDUon of YiDea it is fom. meUare ap-
    propriate; for the iBand of W roa affumes the name
    ef KifmiI from a p8pe fo called, which ii
    KARMANIA.
    return.] TlepOJemus was the new ap-
    pointed _trap, and he was not yet fully
    efiablithed in his. command. Nedrchu8
    was therefore neceffitated to encounter
    the revolters twice or three tiDles in the
    fame day j and though. he advanced with
    all the difpatch in his power, it was with
    great difficulty and fome danger that he
    at laft reached the Anamis.
    XXXVII. Here he facrificed to Jupiter
    the preferver, and after the performant.-e
    of the gymnaftic exercifes, prepared for
    his departure. Thefe were confidered as
    religious ceremonies neceifary for the fuc-
    cefs of their voyage j and the fleet now
    fetting fail in a courfe of 300 ftadia pa1fed
    a defert iQet, and anchored under a larger
    iOand in its neighbourhood. The fmaller
    one was called O'rgana, and the larger k
    r
    one, 800 ftadia in length, Oarakhta j it was
    well inhabited, and proved abundant in woroc'tha,
    corn and q vines and palm trees. The go_ W mU.
    vernor of this iOand was who
    came on board the fleet, and offered his
    fervices to coDduB: it up to Soofa.
    In Oarakhta the inhabitants pretended
    to thew the tomb of E'rythras, who, they
    fay, was the firft fovereign of their terri-
    tory, and who communicated his name
    to [the Erythrean ocean,' or at leaft to]
    that part'of it wbiclt is COlUptebeftdat.ia
    the galf of PcrIia .
    the fleet. ita
    again, they follolYed Q10fC of this
    iflaod for two hWldred ftadia, aDd an-
    chored again oppotiie 'a finaller ifte, which' Anpr.
    lay at flaki.kmthe
    .........
    . . .' .
    cuIiar -. iunbis of wbicJa the iobabit-
    anti run export a .sreat quutity.. vu.. are alfo
    mentioned OD the cod. .
    Digitized by Google
    KARMANIA.
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    12
    K,AJUVlANIA.
    59
    la . I as fa to ptu and
    ported to be inacceffible. Upon leavmg
    tb . anch ge' the mornin the tide
    of b e 0 0 un pe8:e y, Sho Ba-
    of their veffels lay aft aground; 6du.
    an the ain ef gr
    difficulty over the {hoats mto deep water.
    The three bowever that had grounded
    u the urn he Boa aga
    and the following day joined the of
    th eet. he t h mad ood
    cour e of our undred adi&, Dd
    chored at another iOand, was 300 Great Tumbo.
    fta dUb fro e co nen ID
    morning they weighed again, IUld,
    in iOa oar Pul , on ir 1 Beli 0-
    th Y proc ed t to on con lior .
    nent, called or Sitdane: it wu BaftioD.
    a Fpl whi coul fro . f
    ply but fi1h and water j for the. mbab,-
    tim here alfo w Ikhthu6 a d
    ha 0 m S 0 ppo ut t th
    derived from their fifhery. After taking
    in, er , th nex ourf as S
    ftadia to T ama, a cape of cenfidorablo cm DghenI, or
    ten and m ce Kab' a 10 CerteI.
    defert iOand, facre to ercury and V Co- Keilh
    nus to which the courfe Was 300 ftadia.
    Hi the habi s 0 e n !>OU
    ing iOands annually carry goats alld fheep,
    wh the dica to de
    tbefe, from neglea, and tbe length of
    tUn hey d left th felv
    were uecome perf ........ y w
    XYXVIII At Kataia ends the pro-- KeiOa
    vin of man alo the aft
    which tbey had failed three thoufand {e-
    ven ldre adia The rm ns
    femble the Perfians in their' manner of
    livin . th' arm an ilita arra
    are the fame, and, as adjoIning p inc,
    th CUflODI8 and habits of both aflimi-
    r f"t..
    I
    I
    I
    I
    r>
    60 PERS IS. PERS I S.
    Leaving this ifiand, the fleet proceeded
    400 ftadia to lla, where they found a Hi11am or
    harbour, (beltered by an ifland in the Gillam.
    offing, called Kaikandros; but it was Andania or
    , IDder.abia.
    fmall and uninhabited. On the follow-
    ing morning they reached iOand, Schitwar.
    where they found inhabitants and a 6th
    ery for pearls, like that in the Indian
    ocean; and, proceeding forty ftadia from
    a promontory formed by the termination
    of the iOand, they came to an anchor un-
    der a lofty mountain, called Okhus. Here Darabio.
    was a good harbour, and a village inha-
    bited by fithermen. The next .ftep was
    to Ap6ftana, by a courfe of 350 ftadia; Sbevoo.
    and here they found feveral native vetTels
    at anchor, and a village fixty ftadia from
    the thore:' but, leaving it in the night,
    they proceeded 400 ftadi3. to a bay, where The ba
    tt
    N ..
    they anchored at the foot of a ruountain.
    They had here villages all round them, DalJr.Mbaa.
    and the country abounded with r palm
    trees and othen, bearing fruits, fimilar .to
    thofe of Greece. Upon leaving this place,
    their ftretch was 600 ftadia to G6gana, KOIlp)D.
    where they anchored at the mouth' of a
    winter torrent, called A'rean. The,place
    was not without inhabitants; but the an.
    chorage unfafe on account of the Oloala
    and breaken, which appeared on the ebb
    of the tide, and the approach was narrow
    dangerous. Their next progrefs was
    800 ftadia, when they anchored not with-
    ..
    , The date and the cocoa are both palmi. We have feen the cocoa iD the Indian ocean, bllt iD the
    CU1ph it is probably the date.
    Digitize'd by Google
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    XXXIX. 'E..9-,,1t 0efUlS-,W'f'. Hr '1,-
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    ci.;r'xorra. TM' ix.'oAf,.." t;fJ.-
    liMr /'"Jt.w'lIr. K._ TT" CfJ.-
    e';'1rAlilr J.i.yH NI"'fXH
    fir M. mew-
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    This is au eua defcriptioo of the -' from
    Kougoon. rouod cape Verdiftau, to Keno or K ..
    PERS IS. 61
    out danger at the mouth of another river,
    called Sitakus. The whole navigation Kaneb Sbei-
    along this put of the coaft of Pema i. tan Keon.
    among ihoal. ,and breakers; but they fe-
    cured themfelves in their prefent ftation,.by
    drawing their ihips on fhore, in order to
    careen and refit fuch of them as had been
    injured in the voyage. This bufinefs em-
    ployed them for one and twenty days,
    during which delay .they received a fup-
    ply of provIDons, which the King or-
    dered to be rent down to the coaA: for
    their relief;
    XXXIX'. Upon retuming the pro(ecu-
    tioh of their vayage, they arrived, after a
    paR"atge of 150 ftadia, at Hieratis, "and Kieruin'
    anchofed'in a out, which is derived from KOldher.
    the ri"er to the fea, and. is called Hera-
    temis. On the following morning, as
    foon as it day, they, moved again, and
    reached Padargus, a winter torrent
    In they had tollowed. the
    winding of the coaA:. round a peninfuJa,
    (on which they faw plantations and gar-
    dens, with all kind of fruit trees) and
    allchored at a place called Mc!simbria. Bo/beer
    M
    .. 1. b . he " roceeded Abu-Shar.
    From na t y p !lea
    ftadia to TAoke, and anchored in the mer
    Granis, [a ftream which comea from
    in the aeigbbourhood, at the clifiaace of
    200 fiadia, is a palace of dle kings o.f
    Penia. During their patrage this day,
    they had feen a whale thrown afhore by
    the fea, which fome of the people ap-
    proached, and found, upon meafuring it,
    that it was fevebty-five feet in length.
    neh. Cape Verdiftau .. marked b, modem uavi-,
    gatora'oul, to be Ilvoided.
    Digitized by Google
    PERS IS.
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    " IM'" U1r' 61'1 '''T "
    ..., vr, ,w.,. M'I""
    T "f ' !t O'F' f -xP , -t;J.J ,
    TETPA".w .. , TETP""Ki)..''''
    o ,,J,., "'" T "N 09- TAl'
    MyOS x.TiXl" iJtI'I ai,n.,f fAJe'of ry
    " The whale is Dot fealy, and perhaps ,.A.r"",A.
    will b be terp -OD fPl inO
    rIIt
    PER S 1 S.
    he h of i as l[ y, a t a half
    in thicknefs, covered with Y barnacles and
    -w D hin ere ewi een
    hovering about the body, much -larger
    an t e w h w aye the edi-
    terranean fea.
    At con fion thei ourf ey
    arrived at Rhog6nis, a winter torrent, af- Bunder Regh,
    rdi di h
    ' the fandy
    n com 0 ar ;an 18
    day they had advanced but ftad18..
    FOll hun R L m b
    them to Brizana, a wmter torrent, where Delem?
    ey a ore n a nge fit on,
    WJth a urf an {ho s and I eakers all
    und them. Here they had arrived at
    tim f fl , and th ater bed
    away, the veffels were all left dry upon
    be: B as f as -tid fe
    .-
    again, they weighed, and Rood otT the
    re the :ach the er fis, Tab,
    which, Nearchus fays, is the largeR of all !DdlaD Rn'er_
    riv he h feen the rfe hie
    navigation.
    XL . the ro6s "JOin th ro-
    vince of Perfis, and that of Soofiana COIn-
    nees And land om fia re
    the U xians, an mdependent tribe of plun- AfCIBCls.
    ra, om hay enti ed i Y
    former work. The coaft of Perfis ex-
    ds ftad ,an con ndy 'th
    Its climate, and the temperature 0 tb"
    . it be nfidered as 0
    three nas ..... at pa whic ong
    , , -Ore'CI< cannot be better rendered' than by ha,...
    nacles e fhe wbi adbe the tom
    fhips, and all () le5 10 g eltpof the
    r
    SUSIAN A.
    ieu-9"6 0''''0,.,.''0'. a.,.,.p;;I'r T'
    1" ,,, .,' , "
    '''a., I(!Jt tm"0 K4U,.,...TOf' TO 11'
    "'TI)._ filp'or -eXTor TI 3 Boe'''' ;,,,-
    ,.,." _AI" xue4Jta., T;' Ale'
    IIl
    '.
    IC IT'
    ..., T. '''a.,. If!II Nc-
    ,M'f14 wtp"Aitr IfiI ;',.,.,...).or <Pi-
    " .t I
    If!II WOI "a.e'6'''. fiI).,,' tNMItr'
    T' fila.,n'o,rr, T.&,,).i,a.,. If.it
    filOT",""'" x.s-a.e0Mr, I""pp"c&a.,. If.it
    101''''''P.'' IfiI o,'w" o..wo,rr" filo- .
    'I ..".vQ.. .,
    T"'fUlr T' If!II ,t;. TI!fo """,11., 1'6'-
    "..",.; T' ,;,.y.sl,. ,1,a., It.!iI TW"
    ti...oCU')'IoWI ",ac&a.,. K,q "AilI" T.
    IfiI fileOtrIJtl
    ., ., 1/" -',
    IT, I'Jf' a.eXTO' 10""". "XII""'P'''' T' If!II rI-
    l{J,Tfidl,,,,' jk. fileiu(ecr T"U- ix TM Eu-
    filP"at "r"'" W''I'
    1iA, ..",s.' 010, ,om
    n'ptT,ler, lfiI.9-tm,.,... "yf'l'C&a., AN-
    O/M
    (J... I ,,'.' I .,
    ..&tatrr.o'r tI' fiJeorro,XO' OT'
    ., " ,
    Hrr.,. ).').'XTa., ,.,.,,' .... T ..... 'e
    M"eJo, ,.,.,. ni"".",., fileon'Xi.r o,uatrr,.
    , '1' - te 'to
    N/t;a., I(!Jt INn,' KOfI'tI''''''" tll, M"tlOIrr,.
    Ka4 TaUra. filtUt-", T. t.9-.,,,,
    A).e!""leor XHpM'Of ;r.' ;""'6""'" ..u-
    To";rr", ar,
    COAlf14 ;'6'{XTW', T ,0,.,.J,Ja,r
    "... .." IV ,_.t,
    ET' tI1,OT'fp"" 5 ''Ir 'eoya.Ta,r.
    5 w". u"re ;n.liI/, .......
    I
    .. This" is charaaeriftic of Perfie at
    the prerent day j and the winea of Sherauze are
    celebrated througlioot the eaft, correCponding with
    tlae 1Iina of Nearcholl, and which be reeml to meo-
    tion with pleaClIlY wherever they -occurred.
    If this ha any meaning, it mutl be referred to
    SUSIANA.
    the gulph of Perfia is Candy, unproduc- The Kennirer
    tive, and parched with heat. The dif- or GenneCeer,
    tria farther inland towards the north and
    north eaft has a climate of more mode-
    rate temperature; for here the foil is
    covered. with verdure" the plains are well
    watered, and z vines, as well as other fruit
    trees, except the olive, are found in abun-
    dance. Here [the nobility and the fo-
    vereign] have their parks, the rivers
    pure and limpid, the lakes [of which
    there are feveral] are covered with water-
    fowl, cattle of all forts are paftured on
    the plain, and the forefts furnilh abun-
    dance of animals for the chace.
    There is rull a diftric9: farther to the
    north, where the climate is cold, and the
    mountains are covered with fnow: but thi
    is fo far north, that fome embatTadors,
    who came from the neighbourhood of
    the Euxine fea, and who joined the
    army on its. march 'to Perbs, had per-
    formed a journey of no great extent, as
    they informed Alexander, to his great
    furprife.
    The Uxii border on Soofiana, as I have
    already mentioned, and the Mardi on
    Pema; both nations of plunderers. The
    Cofmi lie nearer Media; but all thefe
    tribes were fubdued by Alexander, who
    enteted their country in winter, when
    they thought it impra.aicable. Mter their
    reduaion, he colleaed them into cities,
    in order to reclaim them from a life of
    vagrancy; and, by compelling them to
    become cultivators inftea4 of
    they had a property' of their own to de-
    AI Gebal, the mountainoDl part of Mectia, or pot:.
    libl,. Armenia. B,ut there provinc:el are DOt a part
    of PerUs, though comprebeDded in the kiDgdom of
    PerUa; they would likewiCe be ...-er the CaCpiaD
    than the Eo1ine rea, and the joumey of the em-
    ball'udOl'll could not be fbort.
    Digitized by Google
    ..
    SU SIAN A.
    b BetWeeIJ the A'rofis and Kataderm. lies the
    !hOld or BRhr-el-Kanj it is run ceJeblated
    ror ita filbery.
    SUSIANA.
    fend, inftead of molefting their neigh-
    bours by their
    From the A'rofis the fleet proceeded a-
    long the coaA. of Soofiana. But of this pat:'
    fage Nearchus informs us that he cannot
    fpeak. with certainty; he therefore ftates

    only hIS anchorages, and the length of
    each day's courfe, for here [the coaft was"
    low and] the .fuoal extended a great way
    out from the thore, fo that anchoring at
    all was dangerous, and their courfe was
    generally through the open fea, without
    daring to approach the land.
    Before they moved therefore from the
    mouth of the A'rofis, they took in water
    for five days, as their pilots informed
    them, that during an interval of that
    length no water could be obtained.
    XLI. As foon as their water was com-
    pleted, the fleet proceeded 500 ftadia to .
    Kataderbis. Kataderbis is a bay, ,,ith The country
    'n d' called M ...&f. Dorgheft.an.
    an I an at Its entrance, ar6 .. - The illand
    tana; the whole bay is remarkable for Deree boDna.
    the quantity of b fifu it produces. From
    Kataderbis the courfe was through a
    channel furrounded by fuoals on both
    fides, which the fleet paffed in a line of
    fingle fuips. The fuoals were marked out
    by ftakCl' fixed along the margin, in the
    fame manDer as the channel between Leu-
    kas and Acarnania is defined by marks,
    to prevent accidents to thore who crofs
    the ftraits. But at Leukas the fuoa! is a
    fand, and if a gets on thore, the i.
    eafed oft" again without difficulty; but upon
    this fuoal in Soofiana the bottom is c mud
    C The tenn ufed by Ptolemy is .&Awo,
    .flake "'",; by Marcian, -'A , IIItUId.r
    "'y; both cbaraeten agreeiug with this KCCOUD&
    of Arrian's.
    Digitized by Google
    SUSIANA. SUSIANA:
    and'ooze, fo that, if a ftrikea, there
    are no means of relief. For if a pole
    is put out, it finds no re6ftance, but finka
    deep into the yielding mud; and if the
    people are put over board to heave her
    off, they find no bottom to fupport them.
    It with great difficulty that the
    veff"els conduaed through this paf-
    (age one by one; when they came to an
    anchor in the channel at the end of d fix
    hundred ftadia, and the people took their
    refre{hment 'on board. But they moved
    again the fame night; and now, finding
    deep water, pu{hed on during the whole
    of the night and the following day,
    evening, \'Yhen they reached Dirid6tis at T.edoa.
    the e mouth of the Euphrates, after a
    courfe of nine hundred ftadia. Dirid6tis
    is a village of Babylonia, and a mart
    which is the centre of the commerce of
    Arabia, and whither the merchants bring
    the &ank.incenfe, with all the gums and
    odours that country produces. From
    this mouth of the Euphrates up to Ba-
    bylon the [computed) diftance is f three
    thoufand three hundred ftadia.
    XLII. At this place they received an
    account that Alexander was on his march
    to Soofa. They therefore failed hack
    again, with the intention of going up the
    Pafitigris to join the army on its route. Rifti' of
    OD their return, they failed Soofiana Bun HOnDOI.
    on their left, and [firft) paffing a lake The Deje1e,or
    which the Tigris formed at its mouth,
    [they cro1l'ed the {hoals again towards the
    Pa6tigris.) The TIgris comes out of Ar-
    menia, and paffing' NiDUS or Nineveh in:
    The whole of this courfe, from &taderbis to mouth of the Euphrates: but that river now jom.
    Diricl6tia, is acrorl two fboala; the 6rft now called the TJgria at Kborna, 130 miles from the rea. '
    Karabah, and the fecoDd Ala-MeidaD, or the great r 'SOO fWlia make little more than IlOO miles
    8at. Englilh; the 'real diftaDce by the river is more than
    This is ill reality the Khore Abdillah, wbich tOO. Bat may DOt NearcbuI uulate this dU-
    it liD CODidered bl the Datives .. the aocient &ucle bJ W. of eipt to milel
    It
    Digitized by Google _
    6d SUSIANA.
    .. on fW1b.", IfiI WltMf'MrJ., ""'Vf/'
    TI 'fit EUpr'TIt CVI"rJ.p.
    Mltrd'07rJ.,J", w) xNtte,,a.4f) 70.-
    M. 'A".. tN At",,,,,, i" ain-., T ... 0-
    , I 11 'l!' "
    TrJ.fIA' IMtIIII' NI" t;tJJtIIO' 'c.'fIJUI(T'Oj. IM
    , , N "" '-' _, ""
    IC!II IIM,." '"I" ", A-
    '1"'" Av", I ....... x l;W-ili' t;dilt" ir
    , IV -. I ".
    COT"OfT.It,, "",xor Tit '"I"
    ,.,,, ., ftI ,
    ')'IfS' If T. W. Tit nM'ITI-'
    'YeJor CVI"rJ.p.M, t;a.J.01 Jw.xjNo,. 'Er-
    fl..' 11_ " ,,,,,
    ,gDfII A4'TrJ. Tor "M'"'"Ye" tM6I
    I .. oiIuI"""" 5 WI.or. tA,rJ.-
    \\\ - , ,
    ".NiwIlNrI" III t;tJJtI'lIr '" ClmJxorrrJ. IC!II
    ;XrJ.T.', 'e"ueorTcq,
    In,,rJ.r ra40,u,1Ir
    1,rJ. 0 I. Sw .9-,""
    - IV ",.. 'I ,.
    TOIf r"""'er., IC!II rJ.'YiIi,rJ. ,....,11 IC!II "
    cUrJ. ;, IUSv,J,...,
    .. fi" tN CpOfT.'YIII' ' .;,.-
    , " ... .h.. _"fl.. ' ,.,
    ",-ITO, ,.". Mor ".., AVJ"f '" TO rJ.'iIi
    " ", IV ,,.
    UTrJ. TO' 'IrOTrJ.I'-'" IC!II "'eo" T!f
    'e",teorr4f, iqJ' ; TO I."b.b.
    I N earchuI did not go up tbe T"Jgris, and mull
    therefore fpeak &om report. What place ill meant
    it il now impoffible to fay; it may be as
    D' Anville fuppofet. But I fhould rather imagine
    that it was a village at the mouth of Soweib river,
    "y whic.h there is a _ter communication between
    the Tigria and SooCa, by means of a canal called
    Meferkan. But the dillance is totally incompatible.
    The lake ill the mollth of the ShaHl-Arab.
    ,
    I Tbe Pafitigril is afc:ertained for the river 01
    . Ram Hormoz b1 CGlllparlng it with the campaip
    SUSIANA.
    ita courfe, which was formerly a great
    and flourifhing city, enclofed one fide of
    that traa which is called Mefopotamia,
    as the Erlphrates encircles it on the other.
    At the diftance of fix hundred ftadia from
    the lake at the mouth of the Tigris, lies
    a village called Aginis: this village is in
    Soofiana, [on the eaft of the Tigris] and
    is reckoned at five hundred ftadia from
    g Soofa itfelf. rrhis village, however, they
    did not vitit, for they did not enter the
    lake, but only b Jailed IJy it;] and their
    courfe back again acrofs the ihoals to
    the Pa6tigris was two thoufand ftadia.
    Upon arriving at the i Pa6tigris, they
    failed up that river, through a populous
    and well cultivated country for one hun-
    dred and fifty ftadia, and there, came to
    an anchor, waiting for the return of the
    meKengers, whom Nearchus (eut up the
    country to learn tidings of the kiDg'.
    approach.
    Here Nearchu8 facrificed to the gods
    who had profpered his expedition, and
    celebrated the ufual games; and here the
    whole body of his people enjoyed them-
    felves in fecurity, [and in triumph for the
    conclufion of their laboun.]
    As foon as they learnt that Aleuader
    and the army were approaching, they
    continued their progrefs up the river till
    they reached the bridge of boats which
    or AlltigonDl and Elimenes, with the march of Ti-
    mour, and the high road from Perfis to Soofa. In
    giving this detail of the return from DiridOtia to
    the Palitigri., I have changed the lite of Aginia iD
    compliance with Scluneider. The whole is DOW'
    c:onliftent, ret Ilill the 2000 ftadia attributed te
    this return il a dillance too great; but tI. riftr
    of Ram Hormoz fiillII into a ba,: the estent of
    this bay up to the river I cannot precifely afcer-
    tain; it mal qualir, the diftance, but ftill it it ia
    .cel.. '
    by Google
    ..

    SUSIANA.
    AJexander Was to pafs .onfhis march to.
    Soofa; here the naval forces joined tho
    army; and here the facrifices were re-
    peated for the prefervation of the Beet,
    and thofe. who had embarked in it .
    Wherever Nearchus appeared, garJand.
    and Bowers were ihowered upon him,
    and crowns of gold were beftowed upon
    him for the execution of his commiffion,
    and upon Leonnatus for his viaory over
    the Oribe, and their allies. THUS WAI
    THB FLBET OF ALBXANDER CON-
    DUCTBD IN SAPETY PROM THB INDUI
    TO ITS DBSTINATION.
    XLIII. All the country beyond kBaby.
    16nia, 1 weft of the gulph of Perua, is Ara-
    bia j and the whole is Arabia, quite
    acrofs the continent to the tea of Phl!-
    Dicia and Paleftine, which is a
    province. On weft, the limits of
    Arabia join Egypt, between the Medi-
    terranean and the Red fea j and the Red
    fea communicating with the Erythraan
    Ocean, and coming up to Egypt, provee
    manifeftly that the navigation is open
    between Egypt and Babylon. But fuch
    is the violence of the heat, and .the
    defert ftate of the country, that no one
    has hitherto accompliihed this circum-
    navigation, unlefs fQme who have paired
    from one gulph to the other, [not by ad-
    It Arrian exteDda the name or Babyl&Dia quite truth at the preCeDt day.
    dowo to the gulpb or Periai fur thus (p. GS.) be I h 1If,; it is iD the oriciDBI i bat, to wader-
    fa,., DiridOtis is village or And iD ftand this, we muft fappofe Nean:bus at the bead
    the pJefeDt iDftaDce, be meaDS to fa, that all which or the gulph, aDd read, to CaiI dowo again to itl
    it DOt Babyl6Dia, is ,Arabia, from the gulpb or PeI'- mouth. See the fame Dfap or " laf'; iD the f0l-
    ia to the MediterraDeIID rea. Tbit it Dearly the IowiDg page.
    Jt:l
    Digitized by Google
    68 SUSIANA.
    1 Arrian mentions this fo Qightly, that one Ihould
    think he had beard little of the patrage from Egypt
    to India by the monfoon of Hippalua: and this is
    extraordinary, as Arrian Ii.,ed in the reign of A
    drian, and Hippalua introduced the knowledge of
    the monfoon probably in -the time ofClaudiua.
    ID It is plain that Arrian means to fay, that the
    SUSIANA.
    hering to the coaft, but] by ftanding out
    into the open fea I.
    The remains oCambyfes's army, which
    efcaped out of Egypt back to Babylon,
    and the force fent by the firA: Ptolemy
    againft Seleucus Nicanor, both paffed a
    part of Arabia j but it required a.march
    of eight days, during which both the
    army, and the water for its fupport, were
    conveyed on camels' through a country
    totally parched and defert. They were
    obliged likewife to move in the night
    only, becaufe the heat of the day was in-
    fupportable: but if the traa of country,
    which I call the m Ifthmus, between the
    guIph of Arabia and that of Perfia is fo
    defert and fo little inhabited, the part
    farther north is an utter fand, without
    any means of fupport whatfoever.
    Some indeed have attempted the paf-
    (age from Egypt to Soofa arid Perfia, by
    going down the gulph of Arabia j but
    they could proceed no farther on fue
    coaft of Arabia than they were enabled
    by fuch a ftock of water as they could
    take on board j and when that failed
    them, they were obliged to return: while
    thofe whom Alexander fent down from
    Baby Ion: and who proceeded fartheft with
    Arabia on their right, difcovered only
    part of the coaft, and a feW of the ifiands
    which lay in their coune j but not one
    of them ventured to pafs that great cape
    ann1 of Ptolemy patred the defert from one gulph
    to the other in eight days. But this it impoRible ;
    for tile diftance is feven hundred miles, and the
    poll (moll probably on a dromedary) is eleveo days
    OD its journey. The anny of Ptolemy mull ha.,e
    palTed oDly a part of this defert, through Idumlla
    to the Euphrates.
    Digitized by Google
    S USIAN A.
    To the eaft we now know.that it could not be,
    bat to the fouth, or to the weft of the fouth for fe--
    veral days, after paftiog tile ftraits of Gibraltar.
    But this is Hanno's own language in his PeriplQs;
    and, by the mention of this circumftance, with the
    fiery torrents which caufed him to return, it is evi-
    dent that Arrian bad feen that Journal.
    In reviewing this work of Arrian now for the
    third time, I have foUDd to change the poli-
    , ... .I ....
    ,
    S USIANA.
    which lies oppofite to Karmania, and Mull'endoD.
    which Nearchus faw upon his entrance
    into the gulph of Perfia.
    But if any means of intercourfe, either
    by land or fea, could have been eft"eaed,
    I have no doubt but that the bufy fpirit
    of would have tempted him
    to explore it to the utmoft.
    Hanno the African undertook an ex-
    pedition from Carthage into the Atlantic
    ocean, beyond the pillars of Hercules; TIle ftraits 01
    d fail
    th Afr' h' I ft Gibraltar.
    an, 109 WI lca on IS e ,pro-
    ceeded towards the n eaft for five and
    thirty days: but as foon as he was ob-
    liged to change his courfe to the fouth,
    the difficulties he experienced were infur-
    mountable. Want of water, intolerable
    heat, and torrents of fire rolling into the
    fea, put a ftop to his farther progrefs;
    and yet Kurane, which is a colony efta-
    blHhed in the moft defolate part of Mrica,
    abounds with pafture, and has a fine foil
    well watered; and, befides its produce of
    all forts of fruits and cattle, is celebrated
    for its benzoin, [which arrives at a greater
    perfeaion there than in any other part
    of the world;] but beyond the country
    where this drug is found, the reft is all
    a fandy defert.
    This is the fecond work I have under-
    taken relative to Alexander the Mace-
    donian, the fon of PhiJip 0.
    tion of two places only. Aginis I have now carried
    into the Shat-el-Arab, in conformity to D'Anville
    and Schmeider; and O'rgana to L'.ArK, inftead of
    Ormus. On this Iaft point, I am not
    confident; but I bave identified the Pafitigril with
    the river of Ram Hol'lDOl ou the cleareft evidence.
    In tbefe three points only the prefent work diJIim
    from the firft edition.

    . Digitized by Google
    .-
    III
    ,
    Digitized by Google
    DEPIDAOTl;
    EPT9Pil

    AFRI CA.
    TnN il.7t'ol'/WYfA-DfAJ. opfA-OJ'
    &tI.NMr"lS, TM. 'G1'e' tt.inJ,.
    7t'0e'fAJ" ".,Mt.
    M
    " ., M " f\' ,,,. ,
    fiGS opfA-Gs. ,TIt. (I' amo, flrrII' "'OYrfAJ.
    ." ,. , _ tI, tI,l::'"
    tlllrO "X)JtjrM' OX.T&XOG"I6I. t;tI.II.fIII', "
    DIe"'''''' ApJpoUe
    fAJ
    ' 01 "',.",PlS, i.
    A;-yVJr71t' x.JMrOl
    MwrI.f. TM-rfAJ.
    pS _T;. l'f.M. Dle":x."s trfI.tItI(h,r .;
    pA'
    &b.UVtI.J, 'Ix&floepJ.'YfIII' 0;-
    x.J'0fA-'l,.l,r;ur i. t;OMp.tI6lP,
    , - , I
    (11 O'X.lIVrrl.f TtI. (11 fA-'rO'YfltI., r-t;"'''P''''
    5 flIT' 'A'Yp.otpd,yin 5 M,%o-
    Tfletl.;.,ltI. "fA-G,u.fIII'. O!r
    .,. is reDdm:ed by Stuc:kias and
    Hudfon injipu et "lebra: but it figoi6es, I
    prehend, regularly appointed 6y BurJCnment j like
    re".., "'"..".0(, ;".n,IO' "".1".... So Stepbanus in
    yoce .,. .", times appointed "" _,
    ctA}IotrI, or "f"B" See alfo BudmUJ, p. 176.
    b Teez-u-bareek i. faid to mean '- and jlat
    both in Periic and Arabic: if fo, may
    mean the low traa between the moUDtJUas and the
    h, like ,the Tebama in Arabia. But the adjetth'e
    fOrm of like &c. makes it
    THE PERIPLUS
    OR NAVIGATION
    OP
    THE ERYTHREAN SEA.
    PART THE FIRST
    -
    AFRICA.
    THE Egyptians have feveral aeftablithed
    harbours and marts on the coafts of the
    Red rea, but the firft of thefe is Muos
    Hormus. Next to Muos Hormus is Be- Deled eI u..
    renike, at the difiance of eighteen hun- befh.
    dred ftadia, as you proceed down the
    gulph, with the African thore on the
    right: both thefe harbours lie at the ex-
    tremity of Egypt, and have feverally the
    advantage of a bay. Lower down than
    Berenike, on the right lies the level
    traB: on the coaft. called b Tifeb&rike,
    and here is the refidence of the Ikh-
    thuophagi, whofe chief fubfiftence is fiOt;
    their habitations are c cabins in the clefts
    and caverns of the rocks, and they Jive
    in feparate families, without any form
    of a community. Other barbarous tribes,
    as the d Agriophagi and Mofkbophagi,
    potrers the interior; but there have a
    rather referable to haAr, the fea, or ftaCOllfl, u the
    bahr-nBgaih is king of the COllA.
    C The mllgalia or mapalia of the N 1lIDidians, or
    merely naturnl caves or artificial ellcavaDoas j for
    the Ikhthoophagi are Troglodytes, who have their
    name from this fort of refideoce, and who, chanc-
    ing their fituation with the feafon, to avoid the 8y,
    confequently never build.
    .. Probably' A",lo,."" ihould be
    locuft-eater.; MOjlOXO'."OI, wal-eoIen.
    Digitized by Google
    ..
    AFRICA.
    ., " / .,,,.
    I'1I'UCltrtlf UTc& 'fllTrll tllll'0 Till'
    "IS fWCeO" Mr-
    I. TitS ;;"1 .9-tt.Ad.tr"lS
    , .. , ., r lV ,
    tlIII"XO' Till'
    lutIJt.tJ,.",T'fS
    JUllS, DTW,,""S T;' MyO""""
    'S oi w) (!HMr,Ni.
    i,('"trc&,. I. TO ;",..
    'JI"0e'o, -x.w"" Ifi"
    , , " "' #Ill"
    W",,', I(fN AIV",,' TO.S
    II,tJ.S. Jr ;, ,u".; filOT' "J,
    Wtpct.r oJU.yos pMOS a'
    "
    11. TO'Jr'OS riJIj"."os. 5 trx..,..._ "..'0'
    qp,. fiTtJ-
    , .... 1-1-. ' '" n. ... ., _ tv
    ""r--c& .,.", Till' c&1r0 illS
    ;,.,.".op'o, .0,.",,,..,
    " .., Il ..... n. 1OIo , t
    M. JUCI'-"O' III XOA1r'! pc1fNII. ""'T raJ-
    , " r'\...,,"-' .. '0-
    TO. TO' 'OTO'. 'VU ",trOS.
    ).ry0"""" T ,u, ;trr.".a.Tll xOA1rll.
    6Jr ir TDiMros t"X.W'c& lUUt.tJtr'llr
    if TM' "..pM.
    'E,; l'fi. ee,u;
    Xc&Tc&"O"."c& filAO"'ic&, ;X
    "",.,."Jp0",M. fi,w.,.o,,,.e, Me!"" "",.,.'
    " , .. , , ..,.., ..... t"
    tlA/rO, .,... 1fIWTc&.,.0' I/AA1rO' .. 111

    ", """,
    ,OU MyO,.,.." .'1. 1rtl.p f.WT'JI' .,.", "...,.-
    AFRI CA.
    form of government, as fubjea to their
    refpeaive chiefs: and farther inland is
    the country c of towards the weft
    Upon the coaft below the Mofkh6phagi
    there is a fmall mart, called Ptolem&ia
    Epitheras, four thoufand ftadia from [Be-
    renike] the port eftabli{hed for the re-
    ception of oriental commodities j and
    from Ptolemais f the hunters proceeded
    into the who ufed to procure
    elephants for the ICing. The true land
    tortoife is found here, which is fina11
    and white, with a thell proportionate to
    the animal; and here alfo is the ele-
    phant of an inferior fize, like. thole db-
    tained at g Adooli: but there is no har-
    bour here, the veffels lie in an open road,
    and the articles procured are brought of
    in boats.
    ..Kt the diftance of three'thoufand ftadia
    below Ptolemais Epitheras, you arrive at
    Adooli, an eftab1i{hed mart, which lies in
    a deep bay towards the fouth j and at the The bay of
    diftance of two hundred ftadia, in front of Mafuab.
    the harbour, is the ifland called h
    in the inmoft recefs of the bay, enclofed
    on both fides by the furrounding {hores.
    At this i iOand the veffels now anchor,
    that they avoid the intrufion of the
    natives from the continent. They ufed
    formerly to lie at another ifland nearer
    {bore, called Diod6rus, run deeper in the
    I "ne- Gcleniut. ri StuckiUIo "" HudfOD.
    a AMtw ... Gclenilll.
    The name of the couutry mUting in the tat
    Oloold probably be N ubia or EtbiopiL Strabo bB!l
    Tbefia nearly in tbi, fituation.
    r Ptolemai, Th6rOn or Epi-Tb&raa is probably
    iD the bay fouth of Ru Ageeg.
    I It is iD the original tat, whicb Hud-
    fon reads AlwA' .... -i. apioft which there iB ob:-
    jeaion. but that we know nothing of the ele-
    phant at Adooli.
    la '0,"" implies rocky or moWlCaioOUl i and
    fuch is the ifland to whicb Lord Valentia has givee
    biB own name.
    J Lord Valentia's furvey givea a large extent to
    the bay of Mafuah towards the fonth; and his
    or Valentia Iiea in the moll fonthem
    HiB LonIfbip fnppofes Tonalbout to be the iflet .
    where the Greeka firft traded; but the defcription
    of tile ifle of DiodOrua, run deeper in the bay tbaa
    does Dot correfpond. By reference to
    Adooli lay far to the fouth of Arkeeko.
    Digitized by Google
    AFRI CA.
    f"', at.(; I.' ;" oZ

    tl'GP. K# u.,.,' i,' Tj' 'OM
    ., " _", t/ IV a.. ,
    tIIIr. t;tMJ'fIII' HIf,W. Tflr JfI.NiIr-
    " 'A' I
    "lr, .t;"" fJfNlt.I,.I"'f nl'-,.,.,.,.eor.
    'A(l ;r Hr 1'-" Ko).o".
    If#t fItpMrGP il'-npltw ,., i>4fMf'or, olOr
    it;" Te,z,. ' A ... I. ,.,.1JTflr '"'
    /UlTeMrw, 'Af,fIII,.,m,. MyO-
    ",.,or, 'G'/''''''. 0
    tD'4r i>1tpct.r ...... T 'G'/'e- T NeWt f'l-
    elTlIf, 1.' ,., ).,ryO"";'1I K., ;xiiS-..
    '" 'A "', .. 1. T:\. ,'r , ..
    fI' lit fJ"". G ",.. lIP WVI' 'G'/A7fti7 or
    ,.;, 4>''Il10,,,,,,,,,,, iNtpUrflll'
    , 'Ill" ,
    ,.01', fIt." Tllr "'fill "JUT., TG'JrIl", trJr4-
    , t.!' , .. - 'a.'
    ,1tiIf fI' ... ". If!JI " TC! ..... -e- Jti.NMrtI'4P,
    .'e) ..... , MltM S-""err'" D,o-
    IIMITIIf 11, T i/lllf'0e'lI 5 U.T& 'G'/,NI,-yor,
    4-1If ,.,..,# ;" Jaf,z, .1'-"#
    , . " ,
    cMo"r, ).ryo",.,." vhd""
    I;prllf Ar T' ipnrOelO' q>ae
    0
    ""''''''
    ..... ,.,;, '1x.9'u4&-Yflll'. Kat t;.J!fIII'
    \ , , , ., I.2_Q ... :-!
    fMIW O"T""W'fIII', If,ONlror 1T'eOf pcrN""
    l' ".,.,. \\,l: '"
    ""Tor, 011 "AT" TfI' IftI'aOMl' " fJ't:"o,r
    .",,,,,or ;t;), ;r ;,
    UX/tItI'pA,or 0
    ;, i..., pJ" TG'Jr'Ur "..,.
    D__ ' A, I
    ",.,or. s..r1J..liM fJ. ,.fIII' TG7rflll' TOUTfIII',
    ..... TM' ";;r d.JN,r
    MP'"'''' ,w T
    11 KuII" &om the dog, or dog-ftar; and
    .feir i. the Ecyptian or Etbiopic term of the fame
    ipi6cation.
    I TheGt are the iGaads of Dabalak, .. very CCJD6.
    derabJe poup, of wtuch Dabalak it the Iargeft;
    dIey esteDd &om the latitude of lIrIaf'uab ,to the
    touth-eeA.
    AFRICA.
    bay; but this is approachable from the
    continent [at low water,] and the natives
    frequently came over to the injury of the
    merchants. '
    On the continent, oppofite to
    lies Adooli, at the
    l
    diftance of twenty
    ftadia from the {hore. It is not a city,
    but 'a con6derable village, through which
    the road pafrea to Koloe, , three days
    journey inland; &J:ld at Koloe is the
    market for ivory. Five days journey far-
    ther inland from Koloe is Ax6ma, tho
    capital of the kingdom, whither all the
    ivory is brought from beyond the Nile,
    through the province of k and from
    Axbma to. Adooli. '
    Almoft the whole of the elephants and
    Rhinocerofes, that are killed by the hunt-
    ers, have their haunts in .the interior of
    the country; they are feldom feen near
    Adooli, or on the coaft.
    Upon proceedinlt to fea again from
    Adooli, there are a number of fmall fandy
    iflands on the right, called I AlaIaioo, to DabaIat.
    which the Ikhthu6phagi bring their tor-
    toife {hell for fale. And eight hundred
    ftadia lower down the coaft, there is a
    very deep m bay, at the entrance of whicb.
    there is a vaft accumulation of fand on
    the right, and in the innennoft part the
    Op6an ftone is procured, which is found
    in DO other place.
    . The king of this country is Zbfblea,
    whore dominions extend from the MoC-
    kh6phagi to n Barbaria. He is a prince
    Tbia bay it noticed by De Caftro, and ..
    Wited, but not explored, by Lord Valentia: he
    obtailled here feveral fpecimeol of what he Cup-
    pofes to be the Opian lone. The diAance &om
    the baJ of Mafuah it Comewbat fhort of dJat eivea
    by the PiplQs. .
    Fnm'" Aceec perhaps, to Adel.

    Digitized by Google
    -
    AFRICA.
    AFRICA.
    IC#, TM' ifexJ"..,or, "fr- fuperior to mol\, in the correanere of his
    N It' " " , life and condua, liberal in his manners,
    I f1IfP' T" Aow', I(fJt "f"/A-p4TfAJ' and educated with a kJlowledge of Greek.
    tfAll""por. DPOXAIeH Jj Hr .The imports into thie country ar'e,-
    TS' TMrIlS' TtnlrllS' ',",T"" undreifed cloth of Egypt, made up for
    .".. T- i, ",,6/A-p., AelT'- the natives,-robes manufaaured at Ar-
    '0tfT'u4 IfiI ,0,9-" finoe, [or 0 Suez,]-cloaks dyed,-linen,
    '" '11'...., - ftriped clothe. - feveral forts of flint
    TIIOI, I(fJt Am"", IC!II 1I'''f""''' I(fJt J.J- glaCe ;-murrhina or porcelane of DiOf-
    9-.. fi1JJ." "f,." -]A"S' polie in lower Egypt; - Oreikhalkus,
    MP''''S' .f> i, AlotrJI'OA". Kat [a metal compounded of copper and other
    , .,.,.. " . , ingredients] which the natives u1'e for
    IUW/A'O', I(fJt ornaments, and which they cut into pieces
    I , ", ,
    lit ""Y"",",' fI,JT, PO/UfI'JI4Tor, I(fJt r--- forme inftead ofcoin;-prepared Pcopper,
    ,q>9-. x,U.x., *r Tf 5 Hr""Y- of which the natives make utenfils for
    "",.. TM' the kitchen, bracelets and anklets for the
    ,.. 'I tI _ _, women I-iron, for weapons and for the
    . ')N,GWUII,. Kill 1T"'Jfllor, ,; fHI/IrtUfAJ,.""or
    'a me of the hunters of elephants or rhi-
    T. TitS' IfiI nocerofes i-hatchets, adzes, chifeIa, and
    T- &"e'--' IfiI TW fi1o}..'fUlr. "0-' knives ;--drinking veff'els of brafs [or cop-
    I. If#, 5 rr",- per] large and round;--denarii [that is a
    " '" ,fmall quantity of fpecie] for ex-
    '!7 p4XfJUP1"1. '!7 X"}.Jui, pences of the merchants who trade here;
    p.ryb..., If.9i Jij,J,p,or oJUryop. -Syrian and Italian wine, but in no
    , , .h. ... ''I'. __ 11 th ram bew
    se0S' TIIS' """fPlfUI'T,", I(fJt O"or iUNIIl- great quantity; e e may . d of
    t<it W .oiUr. tJ\lluf, oil ;-Glver and gold plate for the king,
    W fi10AU, If made after the fafhion of the country ;-
    '" N ':'LQ. ... cloaks made up, and plain q coverlids, or.
    IC!II f"'" 'f"'! ""Tf- with the knap raifed on one fide only,.
    'c , ,,., ,
    rrIt.lUM/A-IJ.. If!JI "1001il.llf, I(fJt but in no great quantity.-Some articles
    I I ... n...1I .... 11' ...
    1UW'"1t.f fl/lrAOI, VII f1I.JAII 11' TGWT", likewife are landed here r for the trade
    O",w.S' If TM' IrrfAJ TMrfAJ' . with the interior of Arabia, as Indian
    J _A Gel, 4 'All, Gel,
    Suez is not on the lite of .Arfinot!, but its re-
    prefentative.
    . fe .... &e. Whether
    ,.aA",s. figoifies brafe prepared in particular
    -1, or w1ietber it fignifies the ufe it is put to in
    cookery. and refinos to "hen., I cannot clifcover.
    It occun in DO lnic:on but Scbotti Thefaurus,
    where tha pa&ge is cited, but witbout any inter-
    pretation. It is found neither in HefydUus, Ba-
    dIIuI, or SteveDI.
    J ,.. ....... Gel, . 6 _u.l Stuckilll,
    K..II'J.., .trAGi. The wage of for
    cloth, or cloth of one colour, in oppolition to ,-
    or is proved by the catalope at
    Moor., and coofirmed by a pa8"qe in Arrian, De
    Venatione, cap. S. fub fine.
    r 'Etr1 'I'M. 'lIT" 'I"tr", rie A"':,.iie
    DOt u, u Hudfon renden it: but they are articles
    eYidendy landed out of the aeet on ita retarD from
    India.
    Digitized by Google
    AFRICA.
    rendered wually muffins of the c0-
    lour of mallows; but probabl, muilin. fJoeCifi-

    t does not occur in the leucons in thi.
    fenfe. but in MeumUl 001,. who readers it ltJ&1c ;
    aDd cites this paI8p with MirepfUl. Gum-lack i.
    red. and wed for japaoning lackered
    ware.
    a There is much coofufion in the afage of
    PprelliOIl in the original; for it ia watteIl T".,..
    AFRICA.
    75
    iron, with a freel edge ;-Indian
    cloths 'of large width, fine cottons, and
    cotton for ftuffing coucbes or beds;-
    common muOins and fome of the fineR:
    forts ;-faihee and coloured t lack.
    The exports are confined to ivory and
    the horns of the rhinoceros.
    The imports from Egypt come gene-
    rally' to this port between January and
    September, that is, from Tubi to Thoth;
    but the beft {eafon for the voyage is in
    September. '
    From the bay'of Adooli the coaft trends
    to the eaR:; the narroweft patrage of the
    ftraits is immedjately previous to the bay
    called Abalites or Avalites: and from
    thence the courfe to the eaft is along the
    coaft of Afiica: for four thoufand fiadia.
    The marts in this interval are called the
    u outer marts, as lying beyond the iraits,
    and the is ftyled Barbaria, (cor-
    refponding to the kingdom of Adel.] As
    you arrive at there places in {ucceffion,
    you find roads and anchorages in the
    & favourable feafon, but no harboUrs.
    Of thefe, Aval,ites is the firft: it llee Tajouraf
    clofe to the ftraits, where the paifage to
    Arabia is fhorteft. It is a mart of no
    great importance, where you muft an-
    ebor at a diftance from the ihore, and
    convey the articles of trade in boats or
    rafts.
    The imports are, flint glars of various
    forts, dipfe or rob of grapes from
    -r.ftp. -r. and TM. ftpta(: but all without doubt
    ought to be -rill ";p. the marts 6eyorul the ftraita ;
    an appellation which embracell all the.marts quite
    to India.
    11 That is, during the S. W. moofoon. _T. IUU-
    ,ile ' .. InJ,we. During the N. E. moofooo, it is
    impotJibl, to advance to the north: but the fouth-
    weft blowing oft' the coatl. though adverfe, is DOt
    nolent, and is relieved by the fea and laacI
    breeses.
    L3
    Digitized by Google
    BARBARIA.
    7 ul GeL
    ADEL.
    polia, feveral .forts of cloth dretfed and
    made up into garments, corn, wine, and
    a fmall quantity of tin. .
    The exports are carried by the natives
    in boats or rafts to Okelis and Moofa,
    [on the oppofite coaft of. Arabia,] and
    confift of fpices, tortoife {bell, a little ivory,
    and a very fmall quantity of myrrh, but
    . of the Jineft fart: The natives here
    diforderly and troublefome.
    . The next mart 00 this coaft is MaJaa;
    it lies at the diftance of eight hundred
    ftadia from the laft mart; it is fuperior .
    to Avalftes, but the anchorage is ftill
    only an open road, covered by a pro-
    montory ftretching out from the eaft.
    The nativet are of a better fort.
    . The imports here are the fame ai
    aforementioned, with.A larger atrortment
    of cloaks, and under garments from Ar- Sues.
    fi,noe, dreff'ed and dyed; drinking veff'els,
    brafs for. ornaments, iron, and a fman
    quantity of fpecie, both gold and 61-
    ver.
    The exports are myrrh, frankincenfe
    in fmall quantities, hard cinnamon, d06-
    aka, '1 kankamus, and mak.eir, . for the
    Arabian Market, and a few fiaves.
    At two days fail from Mala6lies Moon- Zen..,
    dus, where there is a fafe road under
    cover of an ifiartd clofe to the {bore.
    The imports and exports are the fame,
    with the addition of the inconfe called
    Mokrotoo. The natives are untraaable.
    , Kinbm1ll is pm or MD. do6aka IDIi makeir -7 be gwDI or inferior fon. of cia.-
    .' . .
    IIUIIOD. .
    " . .
    Digitized by Google

    ADEL.
    "
    From Moondua the courfe is eafterly;
    and at the diftance of two or three days
    fail, you reach a Mofullon, on an open
    fuore. "
    The imports here are rull the
    and, befidea there, filver plate, a fmall af-
    fortment of iron and glafs. The exports
    are a great quantity of cinniunon, and
    the natives ure b larger veff'els for con-
    veying it [to Arabia]: they export like-
    wife odoriferous gunis, fpices, tortoife
    fuell, and mokrotoo, inferior to that of
    Moondus, cfrankincenfe, ivory and myrrh
    in fmall quantities. " .
    At the diftance of two days fail from
    MofulloD, you arrive at Nilo-Ptolemb,
    Tapatega, the lefter Daphn6n, and
    ".
    d Elephant. c This traa of country has Ra Feel.
    feveral rivers, one called the Elepb&nt,
    near the cape of. that name, with" tbe
    greater Daphn8n or Akannah
    In there parts the beR: and greateR:
    quantity of frankincenre is procured; and
    from hence the coaff takes a turn towards
    the foUth to the great promontory called
    f Arbmata, which is the moR: eallerly Cape <JanIa.
    : fW.
    Feel is the Ethiopic tenD for aD elephaDt.
    c:owie taking a direaiDn to the eaft here, is the 'Aft .. c .re "TO' .,.x.",.i. ElT. de -
    crouud for fuppoling MooDdus to Zeila." 1:.. There word. lire aD evident interpolatioD, or
    The rea1'OD for fuppoliog MofulloD to be Bar- fraofpofed &om another of the original cop, :
    bore .. the mentioD or a promoDtory there by Pto- they haYe DO meaning placed here. RI tbeJ are iD
    Iemy ; for there is a cape at Barbora, wi&h a coo- all the printed editions.
    lderable projeaiOD to the DOrth. f in its primitive feDre Iigoifieelllloltrr,
    b This has a reference &0 the boats and rafts or artIIIIIIlie ,."..; bat feems iD a variety of iD-
    employed iD the trade between Avalita aDd.Ala- ftaoces to be wed by the author of the Peripl6a RI
    bie, aDd DOt to the bulk ofciDll8lDOll. comprehending rpic:ea in genenl. No odour it
    ""-'I' I "CllTtdc. FrankiDceDfe broapt . fpacified iD this pd'age bDt fiankioceofe: m8sla.
    frGm &he outer IIIIIltI, aDd theNbe called..,.. .aDd molb, are pollibly rpeciee of ciDlWDOD.
    "'de iD &he IIIIII'ket 01 Aleundria. .
    Digitized by Google
    A ZANfA.
    ., , ,
    tI.ll!
    ___ 0...,,J\ I , It t' .,
    .0', 1r.tIAT or TWor If!JI 0 pllt fAul.
    ir,eO' ;/j" '0".';",. IfiI
    , , ,.. \' ""
    tlAfI'fI' 'ti1fOXWe*' fU'I T. 'fi1PMf'lI"',., TO
    & cNwor i, ,,;,,; "",'T"'I 1I.MTt.. 'fit
    ., "'''.''
    1I11tJ!U', If!JI ".OTrII, '5 tllIAut.ti, "f"VtrGM,
    -'fit fir Ai'jMr1or 'fit
    'fit t{> d.).-
    . J..rtr. O).'IT"'I & Hr cUr. TcWr. T.
    " " ,'\ A' ,., ,
    cif'" 'ffI1"Oe'fI., dl/ro 1"" ,,,,,,,.,11 'fi1'e'
    AJAN.
    point of the continent of Africa. It is
    likewife the boundary of the whole traB:
    called Barbaria. AdeI.
    The anchorage here is on an open
    (hore, and at particular times highly dan-
    gerous.from its e%po6tion to the 'north.
    The prognoftics of a ftorm IJeCIJliar to
    the place are, the ground fwell of the fea,
    and the change in the colour of the water.
    At the fight of which the anchor is im-
    mediately weighed, and the (hips find. no
    fecurity till they get under the (helter of
    a fecond great promontory, called h Tabai. DaNi.
    But at .Ar&nata are procured (as its name
    .implies) fpices more preeminenrly; for
    cinnamon grows. here, and its different
    fpecies, ftyled, Gizeir, fiRe,. MupM, or-
    dinary, M6gla and Mow, and befides
    thefe frankincenfe.
    The imports are the fame 88 at the
    other marts on this coaft.
    The mart next to Tabai is Opbne, at BaadeICausP
    the diftance of four hundred ftadia; and
    the courfe to Op6ne is round the pro-
    jeaion the cape, with the current in
    your: favour.
    The imports are the fame here as thofe
    already fpecified; the exports are, abun-
    dance of cinnamon, which is the produce
    of the I country, fpice8, gums, a fuperior
    fort of fiaves, who find a ready fale in
    Egypt, and the fineft tortoife (hell in
    great quantities. .
    The beft feafon for the voyage to all
    thefe marts beyond the ftraits is in Epi-
    phi, or July; but befides the fleets which
    come hither from Egypt, there is aJfo a
    S A.n-.. GelcniuI.
    I That is, the teuiDg oC the N. E. monfOOD.
    Ptolemy hu DO Tabai, but, inftead oC it, Zea-
    giza, which he defcftbes u a high cape. with a
    three-Corked head. This is the c:hara6teriftic fea-
    ture oC Dafui, accordiug to Capt. BiI"eIl: it is OD
    Ul iQaod. aod. property (peaking, hu three cIi1linci
    capes or projetioDs, which give it this appear-
    ance.
    I TA .tl .. Ali,... h cWrj ,.." .,.., -.r'-. Tbit
    is preci(e fOr the growth of cinDIDlOD iD Afiica;
    but the r.a is. uai't'erCaIly deaied by the moderu.
    Digitized by Google

    AZANIA.
    , , ... -" 111' ''t-td.ll-
    Y'O' IMNo. ".",4. 0
    I. trtJ",.9-61r f IfiI TZ, /tr61 TO-
    '11"61' B&pU'Y'(61', Hr
    " . '3' ., I" ,
    Y'4 tUl'r4 TA ?r'et:6' '".?r0e'4. "Ymr .po-
    XiIIemtt. TZ, TMrItJ', rinr, opu(tt.,
    , ' tI J , !It''
    IC!II fWHJIVPO'. 5 ,NJuo, trf/rt:6"..'o,. 5 OJO-
    ,,,,, ,
    fiI'e'l:.ItJI'-"TA, IC!JI "..A, TO 1t.4Ni,""'0" TO
    "'",01""0, rJJcX-e" K4 oi ,u. fAlpGIf-
    , ,. N ,.I" ,
    "YMI"'ltJr 'If T.w:t:6 T4 .f'lKoe'4 ?rAlklr,.
    oi ".
    " , n!. ,D.__'
    T4 .f'IK.""'4. VII pwKMlUfTt:I.f III 0 To-
    " I , .1 ____ 0..' .,
    'll"or, TtJett.""s fIII"S
    ipnroe'or ,J,outMrt:l.f. I. ".
    ,N,,,,, .. " .. ,,...
    IIIJCTJfS lIS T HTor w, 1rNtor.
    filem4 ",., J..ryO"..", A1rO-
    , I ,.,}}. I .'
    I'W4 IC!JI ".",ti,AGf, nrr IlI4
    d."YN.ueobo1t.lt... llOTtt.,...or. w) ItI".Mf if.
    ., ".1..' ,,. 'P!
    fiI-e tUl'rOP 'IfIlI TOP .LITtt. uy,tt.-
    """eor ".t"YM, W' IpO-.
    , ", " 'I!:
    fUlS Kaf I'-'T tUl'rOJ I'tt.Ttt. TO
    AJAN.
    79
    diftina communication, and a feparate
    voyage performed by the' native mer-
    chants from India.
    k The veife1s they arrive in are fitted
    out from 1 'or Barugaza, and come Concan and
    to the coaft of Africa with their native Baroache.
    produce, wheat, rice, butter or ghee, oil
    of fefamwn, cotton in the web or for .
    ftuffing 'couches, fathes, and honey from
    the cane called fugar. Some of thefe
    have their exprefs deftination for this
    coaft, and others only touch here to ex-
    change part of their cargo for fuch
    cles as they can obtain; [and then pro-
    ceed farther to Arabia or the Red rea.]
    This part of the coaft of Africa is not
    under the m dominion of anyone general
    potentate, but each feparate port has its
    refpeaive chief.
    The whole traa from .Ar6mata to AJu.
    Rhapta is ftyled Azania; but as the
    coaft from, OpOne trends more to the
    fouth, the firft divifion confifts of a courfe
    of fix days, terminating at a river; and
    in this interval lie two capes, called Ap6-
    kopa the lefs, and ApOkopa the great.
    (The firft is Morro Cobir, and the fecond
    cape Baxos, or ihoal cape.] There is no
    anchorage during the whole paifage but
    . 011 the open (bore, and at the termination
    of this divifion there is a river, and the
    coaft inclines to the well of fouth.
    The fecond divifion confifts of fix courfes
    more, and the traCt is called the Little
    and Great Coaft. And after thefe a third
    ..
    J ""'c-' Gelenius.
    k This is the moft curious palf. in the whole
    work: it in the firft inftance, a direCt trade
    between India and Arabia, iD all appearance e&J'o
    lier tban the trade of the Greeks from Egypt; and
    in the Cecond, that the lbipe whicb touched here
    bad a fiutber deftinatioD, whicb could onl,. be to
    Arabia or the Red rea. The articles re-aported
    from Adooli to Arabia, noticed above; Ceem to ill-
    timate that thefe lbipe &om India reached that
    port.
    I Ariaki!! is Concan, the Mahratta coaft; Bant-
    gUa is Baroacbe in Guzerat.
    la So it was when tbe Portugueze firll reached
    this coaft, and Co it continues, in a pat meafare,
    to the preCeut da,..
    Digitized by Google
    AZANIA.
    11 I have in an e'lprefs diR'ertation acknowledged
    my inability to reconcile this paffage to geography:
    but our ground i .. certain as far as the termination
    or the coaft or feven riven, and the PmaIian
    iAandl; there are, the mouths of the great river Obii
    or with fome fmaller ftreams, and tbe
    Ulaads Ampaa, Lamo, and Of the N_
    CaDal [ am _tcertain; it may be Mombaza, or
    it may be in the bay juft to the Outh or
    thefe i11ands. I laave conteRded ftroagly fGl' MIRD-
    bua in my former work; but C.ptaia Bil'eIl'.
    J8UIDlII has almoil converted my conje&ure to
    Formol'a. From Formaf courfe of two days and
    nights, equal to two hundred miles, anfwers fuli-
    ciendy to the diflance of that bay from Pemba,
    which is aauany 170 miles, or 18t miles Roman.
    But then the ditince fiom Pemba to Rbapta it
    far too fhort. muft be one or the
    Zanguebar itlands; for no other on this part or the
    c:oail1ie at three hundred ftadia, or thirty miles,
    &om &be cemiDeDt. .After mnch ftuauation ia
    my opinion which to prefer, I un determined ror
    Pemba bJ Captain Bi&Il'. defcripaon of it, ..
    AJAN.
    divifion, ftiJl bearing the name of Azania,
    in which the 6rft: anchorage is at Sera-
    pi6n, the fecond at Nik6n; and then a
    fucceffion of feven riven, at each of which
    is an anchorage for feven fucceffive days
    This divifion terminates at the Pura18an
    ifiands, and a place called the New Canal. Mombua P
    From the New Canal the vetrel [leaves
    the coaft, and) ftretches over to an ifiand
    called Menoothefias; her courfe is fouth-
    weft' n for two days and nights, and the
    ifiand lies direaIy 0 weft from , at
    the diftance of three hundred ftadia from
    the continent; it is low and woody, and
    has feveral rivers. Birds alfo are found
    heie of various forts, and the land tor-
    toife; but DO noxious animal except the
    P crocodile, which here never attacks man.
    The embarkations of the natives are vef-
    fels fewen with coir, and canoes, which
    they employ in catching 6th, and fea
    loaJ and 1ItCJIIdy, which is die identical chan8.er it
    bears in the PeripIQs, 'I' .... _l The
    courfe likewife from Pormof. to Pemba would be
    fouth-weft, which reconciles ODe expreffion in the
    original, a.,l,., ...v AI;'" The other point (which
    marks the itland as lying --c' .,n.:.. n, H,.,)
    it run irrecobcileable, I un weary of conje&ure OD
    this moil corrupt P81'.; but run periUaded, that
    .. MenootWlilll is ODe of the ZanguehBl' itlands,
    fo it Rhapta Quiloa. becaufe on the whole coaft,
    from Mombua to Quiloa, we have Dot name to
    b on, and Ptolemy's charaCten of Rhapta anCwer
    to Quiloa precifely; tor he gives it. bay, river,
    mart, and Pl'Olllloutory to the fouch, which an-
    fwers to cape DeJpdo. .
    ..,' .un, E:'I'I",.t... I hrfe
    abandoned this lail word, and can add nothing to
    what I have faid on it, but that fome genitive,
    verned by lieI concealecl under it.
    P The crocodile here meant is probably the verJ
    large lizard fouDd in Madagafcar, the Comoro
    iGands, and, I believe, on the continent.
    Digitized by Google
    AZANIA.
    .,.
    81
    tortoife; but for the latter they. have
    alfo a peculiar of fi{hlng, by let-'
    ting down wicker bafkets, inftead of nets,
    at the openings of the {hoals.
    From Menoothefias a courfe of twe
    q days brings you to Rhapta, which is
    the laft mart on the continent: and
    Rhapta has its name from to few,
    becaufe tbe vefl"els in ufe there are formed
    of planks fewed togetber, [without the
    ufe of nails.] -
    . The- articles obtained hete are ivory
    and tortoife {hell; and the natives are
    men of the largeft ftature that are any
    where to be feen. This part Qf the coaft
    likewife has a diftin8: chief in every fe-
    parate place.
    But, befides the native chiefs, the Ara-
    bians have Ii command over the whole,
    a power which by prefcriptive right be-
    longs to [r Kholaibus] the chief of Ma-
    phartis in but the merchants of
    Moofa now hold it of [Kharibael] the
    paramount fovereign of the [who
    is an Homerite,] and by his
    co11eet the cuftoms or tribute of _the pOrt.
    Hither likewife they fend their vetrels, on
    board which they employ for command-
    ers and faetors Arabs, who know the
    coaft, and undcrfiand the language; or
    who have conneetions with the nativesj
    and fometimes "intermarry. with them.
    The imports at Rhapta are lances, made
    at Mooza fpecifically for this market,
    - axes, daggers, and awls, with feveral forti
    of flint glafs; and at tome places winct
    and a large quantity of wheat, not for
    fale, -but to anfwer the expences of the
    traders, and to conciliate the natives
    .. ... P ... l\ ... .. Gclcniul. .
    This diftance is much too Ihort from Pemba ferent terms; the is ftyled ..6,. ... c. the pc'"
    to Quloa. IIIOUllt S-w6t the Came diftinc'iion as OCCUIII at
    , The diftiDaion is here b, uIiDc two dif- p. IS. of the origiuah
    M
    Digitized by Google
    la AZANIA.
    ., .. "","
    1IIJr. 1'l1li, TO'It'tIIIr IAiq>M Ti/NCt;or, 'I""
    I. TM 'AhAmM.i, Ifit Ifit %1-
    " , t.' , ,
    M"i D'-roeor !UTtI. TJf' bD'",,', ,CUI-
    ... Nor OJJyor. KJ Tlhvrru6rUrt.
    it;', Tamtl. i""""e'tI. '
    ;, I,f,o';f Blp"'1Ulf '0
    " " .,., I
    I""tI. TJlTMf TitS TO'It'Jtf """,,,.of I lM'eW-
    , '-' - ' I .. ..!l '
    wrns OW, ftf TJf' fJUtT" Mtl.lf.tl.fNIt,fI. I(!JI
    T';;f .'t;'e"",,.,,a.o'f ",'e'6"" AI.9.,.-
    , , ".,., "A'" - "
    ""M, If9I .luvtnff, .,...e'""f. ""1''' TO'
    , I t''''
    'fifer flf TJf' ,rnr'e'" (f'fJf"'"
    , 0.. ,
    .;rti.M.tr6"M.
    .After going this work now
    for the third time, I have not found it
    neceffary to recall any of the affumptions
    I had hazarded, neither have I a doubt
    of any fingle pofition, except that of
    Moinbaza. I have not difplaced it in the
    AD article unknown, but gene-
    rally fuppofed to mean fome fort of fhell.
    t It is evident from the paffage juil cited, p. 1S.
    in the original, that not only Rbapta, the other
    ports on the eaftem coaft of Africa or Ajan, were
    fubjea to the Arabs.
    a Anrc.".".l,,,c ,,",CIlT", He meaDS the we'-
    em coai of Africa.
    AJAN.
    The exports confift of a large afl'ort-
    ment of ivory, but it is inferi!>r in quality.
    to that of Adooli, with the addition of
    rhinoceros's horn and tortoife thell, nearly
    as good as that. of India, and fome infe-
    rior s thells.
    The t places for trade about Rhapta are
    in a manner the laft marts of Azania, and
    the termination of the whole coaft from
    Berenike down this eaftem fide of Africa;
    for the ocean farther fouth is run unex-
    plored: but it winds round to the weft,
    towards that part of the. continent. which
    lies at the u back of Ethiopia, Libya, and
    :I[ Africa, and Y communicates with the
    weat [or Atlantic] ocean
    prefent tranflation, became there are not
    fufficient data for an alteration: but the
    uncertainty on this point cannot be re-
    moved, unlefs recourfe could be had to
    an original manufcript, of which there is
    little expeetation.
    i: Africa, as here diftinguifbed from Libya, is
    the coaft of Numidia and Mauritania.
    ., This communicatioil is affumed by Skylu. fro.
    the weftern fide- of the continent, as it is here by
    the allthor of the from the eaftern fide.
    The fame opinion is adopted by Ariftotle, Strabo,
    Polybius, and Juba, as well as many others: but
    the aKertion of the .anal circllDll1Rviption is ill
    ene fenfe confined to HeJ6dotul aloDe .
    Digitized by Google
    PERIPLUS
    01'
    THE ERYTHREAN SEA .

    ne Second Part of the Periplus, containing the Navigation of the
    Ancients round the Coafls of Arabia, and acrofi the Indian Ocean,
    to the IYt;/lern Coafl of India.
    IN the edition of the Peripl1l.s by H ud-
    fon, the intelIea is of greater ufe than
    the eye to difcriminate between the ter-
    mination of the African, and the com-
    mencement of the Oriental voyage j for
    it i. by the in.tervention of a fingle point,
    that we are carried back again from
    Rhapta to and Muos HorDlus,
    in order to proceed on the navigation to-
    wards the eaft.
    This is not a matter of importance in-
    deed, but it is noticed to {hew the necef-
    6ty of diftinguifhing the two Voyages
    with precifion; and marking the depar-
    ture from the fame two ports again, in
    an oppofite direaion, and with a very
    different deftination.
    The Voyage itfelf is the moR: intereR:-
    ing narrative which the .ancients have
    left us on this fubje8:, except the expedi-
    tion of Nearchus j and contains many
    particulars in detai1p which could hardly
    have been colIe8:ed by any author, unlefs
    he were a navigator who had a8:uaIJy
    performed the voyage himfelf. In this
    refpea it is one of the moR: valuabk: re-
    mains of antiquity j and the internal evi-
    dence it contains is a complete proof of
    its veracity and authenticity.
    ARABIA.
    M uos Hormus lies on the a left of Be ..
    renike, and from this port to Leuke Moi1aII.
    K6me [on the oppofite cod Arabia]
    the patrage is two or three days fail acrofs

    By there expreffion., on the left and the riB"', was on the right ofBereni", and the iOaDds Ala,
    we are to undedland the author as taking hi. de- laioo on the right of Adooli.
    puture from the port. Thus Ptolem8ia Th&riIn
    142
    Digitized by Google
    A RAB I A. '
    11 fignifies the .. Aite 'fIillsge; its
    ite ill Moilah, determined by tbret: i1lancls, whicb
    AgatbMcbides places at. the entrance of the Ela-
    nitic plph.
    ARABIA.
    is the place where the
    merchants land to go up to Petra, the
    refidence of king of the Na-
    j and it is occupied by a [Roman]
    garrifon. It is a mart likewife for the
    fmall Arabian ve1feIs that trade on this
    coaft j for which reafon there is a centu-
    rion placed here with his company, both
    for the proteCtion of the place, and in
    order to fecure the colle&ion of the cur-
    tams, which amount to a fourth part of
    the value of the cargo.
    From b the adjoining coaft
    of Arabia ftretchea a great way [fouth]
    down the Red fea, inhabited by variPUl
    tribes or nations, all diftering in fome
    meafure, and feveral having a diftinB:
    guage. 'thofe next the fea live like the
    Ikhthu6phagi [on the oppofite coaft] in
    huts or tents j but the tribes more inland
    are Kanraitea or Bedouin Arabs, who
    (peak two different languages. If a vef-
    fel happens to be thipwrecked here, the
    is plundered, and thofe on board are re-
    duced to {lavery: but the c Kanraitea, in
    return, are feized and made fiavea of"
    by all the native kings and chiefs [who
    commerce on thefe feas.]
    The whole navigation. along thispart
    of Arabia is dangerous in. the higheft de-
    gree, for there is no harbour, fcarcely aD.
    anchorage that is fafe, foul ground every
    where, the thore unapproachable from
    .thoals and breakers, and in lhort every
    thing that is to the mariner .
    It is for this reafon that on our pa1fage
    down the gulph, WE hold our courfo
    in the mid-channel, towards [the
    e The Kanraites are tbe wildArabs of the de-
    fert DOrth of Yambo, run thieves and plunderers or.
    the "err woril defcription. IrrPita.
    Digitized by Google
    ARABIA.
    >. .. .... TtAJUJCtiUJ.
    ",,"If ""It ,.,..!7' 'U!}'fIIIf cU-
    t\.. , ' . _1' 0.. I ,
    If!II '0,-vUUflll' Jp'"",.,TM',
    nwrxjif Sxe:.elllf. Kal,.,...,.
    ,.. , IV
    " "ONl" T" TIMvrlUtlrll.r" TfIII'
    " J ,,,
    ftJfIIIJfJfUM' TJlrIt Tit Til'Mlltr, ",l/r0e'O'
    \ " .0.. I
    NlI"fIM ';-"
    'I' ." , I - ''D. I
    ,"ltf Tltf f1Iuru. 4'11'0
    . ., ,,,
    fiTct.p .UTO, TO' ,tirO' TilAaorrflll'. fIIIf "f
    fWeUtr To ,.., 'AeJ.-
    re "'" -0..' ,
    'tlWx.Nte",/II, II.JJee.nrflll' If!II 'tlWTl-
    IfiI Tiif 4'11'0
    X,IMrIllf -13
    TM'1I"PII.' ;(l'YtI4"'t; ur.O'f
    ifcr.p-rw,.,.o;r. ''t'1l'ipltMrlllf 11 4'11'0
    T{,M' '1I'o.1\lr Xcr.c:." '1I'lp) aUn,'
    --E.;Ir
    , ,.." /
    '" If!II "II.TO",/II, tJUITJf', XONu-
    Kal 1'-er i"ill. .
    7 AlPd.e f"'ITpMrOAlf. 'b;
    t,!7,fI'pM i!7'M' ,to, TM T' '0.
    ,,..
    """elTlI If8II Tit Ary."""OfJ
    ".,. , " ,.L..' .'
    .4f1tbtIMTlt, crv''X'fI'' 'G1e'fI'lDftIUr fI"'e01f
    4>'Aor TM' tWr0N.fAT'eflll'. To 11
    flw MJlell. 4.1\1,."., .. "".,. .. 11-5
    " t"''" ,
    1V0e""0'I. fI.II. TII. Tilfe' II.tITfJ, 1I.""fU1Y1CfI. rAlY-
    ARABIA.
    ciVilized part of] Arabia, never ftopping
    till we come to the burnt d iOand.
    Below this Wand, the inhabitants of
    the coaft are civilized; have herds,
    flocks, and pafture for camels. And on
    the fouth, towards the extremity of the
    Red fea, there is a bay, in which lies
    Moofa, an eftablifhed port, clofe upon.
    the fuore
    The extent of the whole navigation
    from Berenikt [including the paifage to
    Leuke K6me] is twelve thoufand ftadia
    by a courfe nearly fouth.
    The whole [of this part] of Arabia
    abounds with mariners and pilots, and
    with merchants who trade to all the ports
    beyond the ftraits quite to BarugiLza. Baroache iD
    Their exports confift of native commodi- GuzeraL
    ties, [or fuch as are brought to them
    &om Egypt.]
    The province is called Maphartis j and
    the capital, three days inland &om the
    port, is Save, under the government of a.
    chief named Kholaibus j and nine days
    ftill farther iDland is Aphar, the metro.
    polia of the whole kingdom, UDder the
    dominion of e Kharlbael, the paraulOUD't
    fovereign of both the
    and this is the prince whofe
    friendlhip is courted by our emperors, and
    to whom they. fend embaffies and pre-
    fents .
    There is no harbour at Moofa, but an
    open bay; yet the anchorage is fafe and
    good upon a f.fandy bottom, where the
    anchors have good holding.
    5 %"c-- is Dot in GeleDilll'l edition.
    Gelenius.
    7
    . Either gibel tar or gibe! zekir; both the
    nmuUDI of volcanos. This is a ruD. of about eight
    hundred miles, and PI"OVeII that the vetrels em-
    ployed iD this trade mud have carried water and
    provillons, witb accommodations for the feameu,
    which Nearchlll hid DOt.

    e Kbola1bus is dyled ftra,roc. Kharibail r..s.'fMC
    the legitimate king.
    ( Bruce fays the fame of Mocha; but Mocha.
    is not Moof.. Tbere is a town Rill called MooCa,
    110". twenty miles inland, between whicb and the
    fea the fand is fuppofed to have accumula&ed bl
    Niebuhr and othen.
    Digitized by Google

    ARAB I A. ARABIA.
    The imports here are, purple cloth.,
    both fine and ordinary, coating ready
    made for the Arabian market, with fleevea
    reaching to the wrift: the cloth of which
    they are made is of various forts, plain,
    or ordinary, or g mottled, or {hot with
    gold. b Saffron, kuperus, or aromatic
    ru{h, cottons, coverlids, fome plain and
    fome peculiar to the market, but in no
    great quantity, falhes of different lhades,
    unguents, fpecie fufticient for purchafes,
    wine, and a fmall proportion of wheat;
    for the country itfelf in fome meafure
    fupplies fufficient for its confumption.
    Betides thefe, there are imported u
    prefents for the king and for Kholaibus,
    horfes and mules for the faddle, gold
    plate and rllver burnifited, or chafed, brafa
    wares, and cloth of high price for robes.
    The exports are, native myrrh of the
    fineft fort, gum from i Minea, and ala-
    bafter, with all the articles that are im-
    ported from t Adooli on the oppofite
    coaft.
    The beft feafon for making the voyage
    is in Thoth, that is September, or earlier.
    At three hundred ftadia from Moora,
    the two coafts of Arabia od Africa ap-
    proach each to form' the ftraits [of
    Bab-el-mandeb] clofe to the bay of Ava-
    lites: the channel between is {hort but
    narrow, not fixty ftadia, and is
    divided by the ifJand of Diod6rus 1. The PeriIII.
    Gelmiu. Perbaps .... ri "....la.
    I i. the Latin term feut_lat .. , ap-
    plied to the colour of a hone, dappled or -'tled;
    oppofed here to .... cloth of one colour, and
    .. ordinary: 'lNllIa,;" e mcdio f.mpt ...
    It i. not quite plain whether fall'ron it not one
    or the dillinCtion. of the cloth, 81 yellorD.
    I 'A,.lC "'..,.1., gum of Mine&. 'A,.l, it pof-
    fibly the name of the gum.
    It The exports from Adooli were both the pro-
    duce of Egypt and the oriental commodities
    brought to that port in the Greek or Indian fteets.
    1 The whole ilrait fiom coaft to coafl it twenty-
    four miles; Iix miles can only apply to the par.
    between Perim and Arabia.
    Digitized by Google
    1
    AR B
    , I #IV , ,
    .v(1j' 'lIl/rAllf. nA1'4 TltTO' T0" 1U'
    M.tr Of ,;"
    ., O"'1A'f, it ih(lll iflr
    1I'Op'o. 6Jf bef'0f I(gf Vlpfflf'4' Ifit 'GIp';TJf
    1'4'1- f" j
    I "., n.. I
    'GI IV J 4fT'
    " , , , \,
    tl'fl/f Hf 4'4TOA'1' I{g/ "41'4 f'''' 0. Hf
    fD"A4'YOf a.1I'otpeu.0,.,.iV'1f, "0 6Jf
    JU(III I"," '(Ill aiJl ,1.tI. etlr-
    "
    f'''
    4el fl.4A I trIO Mu

    SIX ,., 1 ,., ,
    4f'Io4'1A , TlJf 0ef'llf f'''
    '1I'ITJfJe.OUf
    , ",
    I{!If UflefUf'4T4 'YAUK.lJTfett.,
    f & tr4 HI
    1\';,,' - /1_ / '/
    t1 "F A,. '-Or l' If' ... e4
    lnro<pNyH'. Eud'.Af'(III' 1 1I'eo..
    TfpO' IJtr4 'GI0 f, OTE ,.,.,,11'(,) 411'0 TJff Iv-
    f ' A, .,so eX "'(111' ,.,.,,1'
    " ;J /'1 I "" /
    t:IIIrO A''V!J1I'11I TOAIUdVTfM. Hf Tllf W(,) TO-
    1\' ,
    1I'llf fI'eue"'" 4.. 4XP' TeturJif 'GI4P
    4
    'Y'-
    'VI.tI T 'GIc _ ; a. , I. FIJ
    /0,..,1, ETO. "!ltl"""'e' AA.fJ,J SUf '1';,
    1'';' 411'0 TJlf Ai'YlJ1l'71J t:p'eo-
    '(111' rol ETiZ/ Nu 11 1I'eo 0..
    ... , 'e xp' K "'tra.e -inT KAT
    m r." .. !Pr." 'l'lIe.";8'oc unplies, that It IS the
    province ofthe '1" .roe. d n fKh 'bael ho
    it i rrpJc -w the "11'
    R I 81
    current here' viol t, d th ind by
    be g c fine be een e moun alns
    on the two 0 ofite thores, add gr tly
    to e ft gt f th cur nt.
    , Clofe within the ftraits on the Arabian
    fid , lie : i a llae- cIo to ella.
    the fea, [in a bay] and fub'ett to m Kho-
    la 8, ch of e p vin T re
    is no mart here but it is merel a place
    o ecu t an r , an pr re
    water for the veffels upon their entering
    tb JUl
    For veft"els which are outward bound"
    as oon the hav aff the ait he
    courfe is eafterly, as the fea opens in that
    di SUo an wi 8 d [to
    Fartaque and Gardefan.] The firft port
    i8 ab Fe , a lla on e' aft,
    twel-ve hundred ftadia from the ftraits,
    a fu Cl n K rib is afe
    harbour, and convenient for obtaining
    w r, ich fw ter d ter an
    that of The village lies at the
    e nc f t ha ur, fa m bo
    from the continent.
    is lIe eli or ppy ca it
    was formerly a flourithing city, when the
    fl wh em ia th p-
    ply of Egypt reforted to this port, and
    w n th flee fro Eg t d not are
    to Iwzard the voyage to India: the re-
    r ive arg w th in ch ;cd
    at this place j m the fame manner as the
    p uc f r ypt nd e de mJ-
    ported from foreign countries, are ex-
    c ge t A DD ia. ut . hin ere
    few years the city has been taken and
    d oy by e 0 ma m or.
    I Kill i. not ia Gelcnllll.
    Tiic -m, Here fJ_l-
    put oot iftio' 0 to p .. ,'
    o iv-e r Ce er was a lU\lue to all
    r_
    ,
    88 ARAB lA.
    TO. 'A
    ;"d'{X.71%f n,-
    " , .. .I.
    'I" IfJ'I 'lr0f 'fI 'Ir,...
    OJl," 'GIa.rIJUtlJI t;'et.l:ltf, No,u,Jf.tJJI T' Ifit
    IX.9v d,Y "'J f 0'" JltUr
    '7 " / 11 //
    OV /UTet. '"IV 'GIeOfXIt(l'et.JI et."eet.v 'fV1"Oe,oJl
    t;"JI 0' cc.9-c 8(1" et.t1',
    Ma,r 'E)..,d,eM Xcdpet.r )\lbet.Jlf.tJTo<pOplt,
    . . , \
    et.T ",1 fAA' (1'0' fU IA'"
    "e,ff.tJJI, J\: iTifet. Tel!)..-
    , I ,. IV K
    \a.f, 'lr0 t;' f.tJJI TOJl 0(1"
    'T.".ielUfTtIf I. aUn,f fA"(I'ayHOf 'I
    I I,.,. ''I''
    urrp }uf .. \i:I IJI IfJ'I et.t1'.
    ,
    )..M x.et.TO'IfM, TICU' flf 0 YWJIflllfA-'JIOf EJI
    '" JJ Of rUm' i:(1"1r i,,1
    ;;'OJl 'ltI'a,ytrtlf JC.et.fU/)..o'f Tf Ifit 'K.I/;tUf
    , tI I '" , ,"' I
    '"tnr f. fI TIJI Ir;, XlJllJI 'GIAO
    OIf. EXH;' IfJ'I ITV'YXP'/(I"JI Tf.tJJI
    , I I , "IIIIIl'
    me lfA-7r " pvr '. .&."11
    S-tet.r,
    nf '/Of. 'd,y J' 'r ", a. "
    A;'}'VIJ' It fA"JI OfAAlf.tJf TmJPOf "AI"1Of UI
    If.' ,,'/ C ,
    01'0 -vnr IfJ'I I Mltl:, I" '(I'p.
    , Ae 0fA-0;f.tJf. '5 "o'Jlof 4'1r '5
    In. / , "
    ;, Jlo-oT , 7r (l'0T K 'Q"
    the an e rors ; d thi . y wa ftroy
    prob y, by udiu, ecau e fie ram
    gypt now went tQ India, and it was the iatereft of
    ltom fup a ri
    P I could have wilhe to place KIUlI! at Kefclun,
    which I have found written or Katlin in
    orie geo ers, whic a pi f gre
    trade: but the diftance does not anfwer; and D'An-
    Yille after S f n, 6 d a pia a1led C' ve-K
    Dim his c
    q Sabbaths and EleazlfH fuggeft Scripture names
    e m but' ebuh arms that raJ
    US in bia e th ame rom the '1 on
    ARABIA.
    m A ia F [w h is fa
    as the modem Aden] the adjoimng coaft
    ftretches out with vait: f eep f mo
    tha wo ufan ftadi P K ;
    traB: is occupied by Ikhthu6phagi
    and ande g tri , an und
    a cape at the termmation of it, fubJeB: to
    a chief called EleAzus, who is tretror f
    the enfu un
    There are two fmall uninhabited Hlands,
    fryl O'm n & Troo , at e ch
    tance of an hundred and twenty ftadia
    fro
    The metropolis In the Interior IS q Sab- Schibam'
    batha: here is the refidence of the ki
    and ther brou all fra cen
    of the country to be frored. Camels,
    bo and fts ted infla 1ki
    are employe in t e conveyance,
    re i ew' co erab orei
    tra at K to rug and indi In
    India, to r Omana, and to the ports of the
    gul of 1& i e hbo ood
    Oman,
    im rts fr Egy are
    fm quanttty 0 wheat and WIne, the
    fame as at Moofa; cloth for the natives,
    bo S pia and mm wi la
    atrortment of it fraudulently manufac-
    tur B ea eth im b
    whi their rlr.et eld : d if could
    app in pre inftan, the marke ay
    might be on the Sabbath, or Saturday.
    mana y me he 0 a of Peri
    which is Shlllr, or Omana on the coaft of Karma-
    rua. The real Oman is the foutb-eaft a le of A
    bi
    'A ... ,..ii,. 'ATMf' applied t.o c0-
    la . all one e, D riped mot
    N' or OUS, y be ad cl , im
    upon the natives inftead of a genuine manufaCture.
    the nch y th clot T .
    pafs them off for Londres.
    '.
    ARABIA. AltABIA.
    tin, coral, ftoru, and other commodities
    of the fame fort as. are carried to Moofa.
    For the king, the merchants carry plate
    wrought or chafed, fpecie, horfes, images,
    and cloth of the 6ncft fort of one co-
    lour.
    exports are all forts of native pro-
    duce, frankinceofe, aloes, and the fame
    articles 88 are procured at the other ports
    00 the coaft. The beft feafon for the
    voyage is the fame 88 that for Moofa,
    but rather earlier.-
    Beyond Kane the bay called Sakha- .
    lites commences; it is of vaft extent, and
    of con6derable depth, and forms the coaft
    of the frankincenfe country, a moun-
    tainous and impraaicable' traB:, incom.
    mooed with fogs and -a dark atmofphere
    in all the parts where the trees grow that
    produce the frankioceofe. Thefe trees
    are neither large or lofty, but the fub.
    ftance exudes from the bark, and becomes
    confiftent, like the gum that weeps from
    feveral of our trees in Egypt.
    The inceofe ii colleaed by the king'.
    Oaves, this fervice 88 a
    punHhment; for the country is unhealthy
    in the extreme, peft:ilential even to
    who navigate on the coaft, and certain
    death to the wretched fufferers employed
    in the colleaion; who, if they efcape
    death from the climate, are fure to ,perifh
    by want and neglea.
    The coaft which forms the border of
    this country terminates at a promontory
    called t Su8.groI, the Iargeft cape in the Cape F ....
    taqae.
    -------------------------------------------------------------
    S la Gelenius.
    t StJivoa is fo called from a palm-tree, that
    1Iean a fruit of the fame name. It forms the .en-
    trance of a vaft inlet to the Red fea with the oppo-
    fitoe cape Gardafbi, which lelfens as it approaches
    the ftraitl of Bab-el-mandeb. It is not the largeft
    ape in the world, but one of the moft important
    ID the aayjptolo. Here the -1 SUbal1t. of the
    lJ
    J n... Gel_Ius.
    Periplh tftminatel, and the SakhaUt.es of Pto1em1
    commences. Ptdlem:y is probabl:y the more cor-
    rea, as Sahar or Sachar, written Sc:hehr, is to the
    eaft of Fartaque; bat the oriental geograpiJeJ'll
    feem to countenance two bs:ys of name, as
    then is BBOther Sahar Dot far hill K ..
    Digitized by Google
    ARABIA.
    .:.... ".. ... a. ... "" , ....... Gcleniaa.
    This i. not correCt; Socotra lies neared to
    GardafW.
    " Whether liRB" is a proper interpretation of
    or not, I caooot determiue; but it is
    twice uled in this paft'age, and will bear that fenCe
    jD both pi.... Hwifon and Stuckiul bave vfU7
    ARABIA.
    world, and proje8:ing towards the eaft.
    There is a garrifon here for the protec-
    tion of the country, and a harbour, on
    which are the ftorehoufes for the frank.-
    incenfe colle8:ed here from the whole
    coaft. 1""",
    :J; lIt _ 'J tlr
    Betwc:en this cape and [or )Jt/ = ; _;" It::
    Gardafw] on the contment of 1._,'-:";/'/' -:r
    Africa, lies the ifland of Diofc6rida; it is Socotra. /' ,' .. ; !.,
    11 nearer the Arabian than the African
    cc>aft, very large, but low and marihy,
    and thinly inhabited, abounding with
    crocodiles, fnakes, and enormous lizards,
    and not derutute of rivers. The lizards
    ferve for food, and their fat is melted to
    anewer the purpofe of oil; but there is
    neither wheat or grapes.
    The few people that inhabit this ifland
    live all on the north fide, looking towards
    Arabia; they are a mixed race, confift-
    iog of foreigners, Arabs, Indians, and
    Greeks, who leave their country to trade
    in the produaions of the place: thefe
    confill chiefly of the fea and land tor-
    toife, and a particular fpecies called the
    white, which is here in great abundance,
    and of the bell quality: be6des thefe
    there is another fpecies found 'in the
    mountains, with a (hell of remarkable
    folidity j the part towards the belly i.
    I tinged with yellow, and refills the tool;
    it is employed therefore, without cutting,
    to fom) boxes, cafes, tablets, ftands, and
    other toys of the fame kind. The only
    other produ8:ion worth noticing is the
    gum called '1 dragon's blood, which ex-
    wifely fuppre8'ed it.
    , in the original; which, Chambera
    fll)'ll, ill a miCnomer for dragon's blood: this drug
    is ftill obtained in Socotra. It i. remarkable that
    we find nothing of Socotrine aIoee, .. much c:eJe.
    brated bJ the ancieofa .. at preCeoe.
    Digitized by Google
    , ..,., , , ,
    "'eos '/1-'00"",. ).',,",' J..ry0/l-DOS.
    Ei.- W).O;" ?rIll'-
    I , JI 't'
    """Dt.f T"". KCIf 'If""1"?r).'ow" "'-0 A.-
    lWe"'4f ICtMpOi"
    TZ,
    , ! 0....1 \ N ,,, lfe _ __
    ?rPOf oo:TO"1IJ "CIf fTlT. iNuo'. )..;-.r"
    ARABIA.
    udea from a particular tree, and hardens
    to a con6ftencc.
    The fame circumftancc takes place here
    as has been already mentioned relative to
    Azania; for lis the ports in that part of
    Africa are fubjea to Cbaribael and Kho-
    laibus, fo is this inand of Diofc6rida un-
    der the power of the king of the z incenfe
    country.
    The merchants of Moofa, who trade
    to Barugba and Limurike occafionaIly Guzerat ud
    frequent this ifiand; and, when they Cuara.
    touch here, they purcbafe of
    tortoife fhell in exchange for their rice,
    wheat, and cottons or mufiins; they
    wife find a gOod market for feinaIe fiavea,
    as the refidents have few women in the
    ifiand at prefent. The king of a Hadra-
    maut has a garrifon here, but the cuf ..
    toms are fet to farm.
    From SuAgros [or Fartaque] the ad-
    joining bay of b Omana takes a large
    fweep of confiderable depth into the main,
    fix hundred ftadia in extent; and towarda
    the tennination of this the fhore is high,
    rocky, and fteep toll, for five hundred
    ftadia more, the country is inhabited by
    a tribe who dwell in caverns.
    At this boundary is the eftablifhed port
    for the reception of the Sachalitic in-
    cenfe, called Mofkh8.; it is a place regu- SehehrP
    larly frequented by the veO"e1s from Kane;
    while the fleets returning from Baru-
    gaza and if they happeD to
    lofe the feafOD, are obliged to lie here,
    [during the adverfe monfoon,] and ex-
    change part of their cargo, fuch as wheat,
    oil [of fefamuD1,] and cottons, for frank-
    Now Hadramaut. apprebeDd to be the Mofkha of the Peripllll, wbe-
    a Socotra is at this day dependant on the lheik ther by miftake of the nune Mufkbat, tranfpofed
    or Kefchio. to this place, I cannot fay; but be drop. u a-
    b Thi' i, the bay Sachalttel or Ptolemy, and preffioo, as if be called this bar Sacbalit.ee,.as weU
    Sabar or Se_hr iI near the centre of it, which I as Ptolem),.

    Digitized by Google
    ARABiA.
    UAf' Ir 1- X"'X.
    Ai"l' xMp4T. 1lM,M'" ""* dipu>v.t.xT",
    \\/0.."" """ I
    tIU''''1U' T"" TIITOl' TO. TfI'JI'tw ",",-
    em-fAl'. Ni.ge"'; J.r, q>",,,pMs.
    ,is 'll'AO'O. ip.-
    ,. ... t ... .,
    1DA7fV.,,'tI,f tIU.tlt.TfJIf xo'tle- TIS ffl.
    "" d' , ".
    011 tIU.tlt.TtI,f '1r tI,f TO '1r n.u'0.
    ,u.,os, lixtlt. lticfU"os.. 'E.".'
    IV t '"A I
    tllllf fAlf X'Nllf '1rDTtItMMr'IIS. 'lIIIf r,..
    III IV IV
    "XfAJ'OS tlt.xe' "IS 'Y'If '1r"'e"'Tew.
    1147 .. pieos ;"-7'
    " , "l!: Z ,.1
    '1rpoXHVTtIIf ""'TtIt. TO 'r..,f. tI,f .,'0",,11 Af-
    ,OfMlltI,f. Ma.9-' i.t '1r"'eJ.un..,
    '''''',,,, 0._
    IIIC I'r' "If tlt.CmJf r---
    ... iJ..' u'F",/os.
    '1r"'etlt.".J\lom Mf 1,%.Aillt
    TM. Z.,.obill.
    '1r,los AryOpi,.,.
    ''''' ..41 '\ J'
    'Xtl.TO. IIXor.. Ta.llTflf TO "... '1r
    "".to- 1\ "
    fIH/W t;'tMllfAI, tlUJI,II,O(f',,,,.. .lJ&IITfJIf 11.
    Te'tr)., ""* ;'eOir 'IX-
    C The author bad tenninateci Ail Sakhalites at
    $u!lgrol, and yet he feeml here to adopt it again.
    This is in harmony with Ptolemy; aDd however
    O'mana and Moikha may fu. the idea or Oman
    ODd Muikhat, I fhall prove immediately, by the
    iRand. which follow, that we are not yet within
    (our hundred miles o( the modem Oman, and that
    the diftance to Mulkhat is halras much more.
    d Harek means weedy; and luch is the fea on
    tbis eoaft.
    e 'l1.efe itland. are aCc:ertained by another called
    8ampis, now Mazeira, which fucceed.; and by
    meafuring back 1500 Cbuliu, or 150 miles, to Mot:-
    kha, a reference to the map will immediately fhew
    ARABIA.
    incel1fe, .which is fupplied by the kin,.
    agents or faaors.
    Throughout the whoJe traa called
    c Sakhalites, frankincenfe lies piled up in
    heaps, without watch or guard to fecure
    it, as if it was committed to fome divine
    power for prot.e&ion. For without the
    king's permiffion it is impoffible to con-
    vey it on thipboard either openly or clan-
    I deftinely: even if a fingle grain were em-
    barked, it would be a marvellous chance
    if the vefl"e! efcaped {eifure.
    From Mofkha the coaft extends &!teen
    hundred ftadia more to the diftria of
    d A'fikho; and at the termination of this Hafelt
    traa. lie the feven iflands of Zenobius in AI EdritIi.
    fucce{flOn, [which correfpond to the mo-
    dem Curia Muria.]
    The country which fucceeds next to
    thefe iflands is not under Arabian but
    Perfian jurifdiaion, the natives of which
    are uncivilized. A vefl"el after paRing
    this coaft f ftands otT to fea from the
    iflands of Zenobius during a courfe of
    two thoufand ftadia, till the reaches the
    ifland of g Saripis, that lies an hundred Mueira.
    and twenty fiadia from the main. Sari.-
    pis is two hundred fiadia in breadth, and
    divided into three diftritu, each of which
    has its village. The natives are held fa-
    that Molkha is at Sbehr. I rufped that the aathor
    has mifapplied a name; (or Ptolemy'. Sakhalitel
    is evidendy derived from Sakhal, equivalent to
    Sahar or Schll!hr.
    r 'A" which Hudfon renders u JupemU
    locu, lbould be read If' il.I-wc, aDd rendered fIjf
    JIIore, through the open je..
    I Were it poffible to. doubt the atrumption of
    Curia Moria for Zenobius, the iRand of Saripis
    muft infallibly determine the queftion: for there is
    no other illancl but Mazeira on the whole eoa4 o(
    Arabia of this- exteDt, and the dillance corre-
    fponds.
    Digitized by Google
    ARABIA.
    S1JotpJ.'Y"". & 'Ae-'''';
    "T"f. xa4 Xlt"',,,,,.
    ", ft.' .. NI.. , 't
    EX- fI' " "ff/'K 'Xtt.l'Jf' x"f fll(I,-
    If fir tro ....
    " 5
    ... .,
    fll nr. 'X0""'''''
    fir .. 1o, ...
    $-tU.cUrtl"1r. .;; .... "f
    "
    .".}.f0""""f. l\ry0ll"'"f ",..0'.
    ir) t;,J;wr
    no"'eo) J. " Jl.tl.TOIXM,.,..r tt.V-
    , \ .., , ,
    T'1' 011 .".OJW TI
    Il .. ' , \1\ , ., velfl."'
    p"l'1I'omr. nle' fI' TIf' -,..-Nt'
    #IV I' ", '11"_
    1''''' n",.".,1I ""''''. XtItf TO 1I.ry0fI'DO' AW'"
    ,.' '"
    ).0, 0eK. .XflIXIT"f"""" 11 71'ol\u TO t;ofl'tl.
    t1r Kat .".hit;"f XoMfI"'-
    ARABIA.
    cred, and are Ikhthubphagi j they fpeak
    the language of Arabia, and wear an
    apron ot' h cocoa leaves. The produce of
    the ifland is tortoife fhell of fupenor qua-
    lity in great abundance, which the boats
    and fmall vefi'els from come here
    regularly to purchafe.
    From Sarapis the courfe is along the
    adjoining continent [till you arrive at
    i K6r6damon or Ras-el-had,] when it turns
    to the north, [if your deftination is] to
    the gulph of Pema; and beyond this
    promontory, at the diA:ance of two thou-
    rand ftadia, lie the iflands of Kalaioo or
    Kalaias: there iflands ftretch along pa-
    rallel to the coaft [10 diftinB: lines,] and
    you may fail through them, or between
    them and the fhore, [their modem name
    is Swadi, or Swardi, a corruption of It So-
    har-di.] The inhabitants are a treache-
    rous race, and during day-light their
    fight is affeB:ed by the rays of the fun.
    Beyond thefe iflands of Kalaioo there
    is another group called PApias, at the
    termination of which lies the Fair moun-
    tain, not far from the entrance of the
    Peman gulph; and [in that gulph is]
    the pearl fifhery.
    At the ftraits which form the entrance
    into this fea, you have on the left that
    vaft mountain called Sabo, and oppofite Mofandon.
    to it on the right a lofty round moun-
    tain which takes the name of 1 Semi- Now Elbol1n
    ramis.
    Eho"TI
    Chowfe.
    "7 .At;"', Stuclr.illl: bat La.-AU,tta- or ....,.....A ..... fcems WUltiDg. Perbaps
    .. KIt_'."'. The expre8ion it remarkable, and
    pollibly the mofl ancient mention of the c:oc:oa
    palm.
    I K&r6damon i. obtainrd from Ptolemy; it aD-
    fwen to cape Raa-el-had, and tbe PeriplBa marks
    it withol1t a IllUDe by a. change in the direaion of
    the COl1ne to tbe _tla. By taking a liberty with
    the text, I bring the itland. of Kalaioo or Kalaiu
    into their poIition two hundred lI!iles north of
    Ru-el-bad: and there it at this day a port or bay
    called KaJaiat to the "north of that cape
    It Sohar-cli, or dive, fignifies the itland. of Sobar ;
    and Sohar it a port once al much freqaented, u
    Mulkhat now it, for the Indian trade.
    I E1boun figni6ea a fire-tower of the Parfeee or
    Goebres, and the mountain bu its name from the
    refemblance it bean to ODe of chore buildiDgL
    Pollibly the title of 8emiramia bu fume allofion to
    tbe fame anc:ieDt race.
    Digitized by Google
    ARAB lA.
    pMOf lIlnos 0 I.,;",.",s T t;:;u.f'Of AlS
    -'v '1:: ' ".." ,
    t;fI,(J'W 'r:.lIt.XOfT,lIf, 11' 011 fMY't;Of "'"
    'll'Nllr{".aTOf lis TMf W""",Tltf TWllf ,;
    U'er'xOr "'ap.,. i,
    _., tN, ""
    TOIS ,%aTo.s aWIt fUelfl''' 'fIAr'0e'o, It;"
    .,0/1-'11'0" 'A'II'MOyIt, 1IMp.I"I
    , " , ,
    xc&Ta U.,..HU N.aTa 'll'vraP-O'
    .,..:AI I
    -,.Ieanr',
    ARAB lA.
    FrODl there ftraits, which are only fix
    hundred ftadia in breadth, the gulph of
    Perfia expands to a vaft length and width
    into the interior of the continent; and at
    the extremity of the gulph [on the north-
    weft] there is an eftablifhed port bearing
    the. name of Apalogus, [which corre-
    fponds with the O'boleh of the oriental
    writers, and is the port to Bafra;] it lies
    on the Euphrates, oppofite to the coun-
    try of m Pasious.
    INDIA.
    [BUT if your deftination is for India,
    and you do not enter the gulph of Perua,]
    you take your for fix days acrof.
    the bay previous to the ftraits for O'mana,
    on the coaft oppofite. to Arabia. It lies
    in the province of n Perus, and the mer';
    chants from Barugaza bring their cargoes Baroache.
    both to Ap6logu8 and to this port, confift-
    iog of brafs, fandal wood, fefamum, ivory,
    and ebeny. O'mana is frequented like-
    wife by the fleets which bring frank-
    incenfe from And from O'mana
    and Apalogus there is trade open with
    Arabia and Barugaza for pearls in great
    quantities, but inferior to thofe of India;
    as well as for purple and manufaaured
    cloth, for 0 wine and dates, gold and
    flaves. The vetrels alfo fewed with coir
    1\ A ... a", _..\ n.,; .. Gcleniul. Either * il WUlted for 1\ .".a .... or k:-'f-a after.-..
    n.,;,.. Read. 1\ A ... """,,, _n n.,; .. , Pafini or Spafini Cbaru is known to all the po.
    papbcrs. 11 S..".,.,H Gclcnius. Read, X",.;_ GelcniUl.
    Pasinus was an Arab chief, who potretred a
    diftritl on the Delta, formed by the mouths of the
    Euphrates and Tigris, near the Hafar canal. He is
    noticed by moll of the ancient geographers, and .
    refembles the Sheik Schauib of the prefent day: hi.
    Cuccell'or in Trajan'. time is ftyled AthBmbilus.
    It lies, properly (peaking, in Karmania, and
    cakes its name from Oman, which i. a diftria in
    Arabia, in the angle formed by C. Ru-el-bad, of
    which MWkhat is now the principal port. The iD-
    habitants of Oman have in all ages been commer-
    cial, and they bad IDanifeftly eftablilhed this O'mB-
    nB in Kannania as a central mart between India
    and Arabia.
    o "j"f may fipify any of the difFerent
    &uits of the palm-tree, RI coc:ou, dates; but, joined
    here with ,T,O(, it is probably toddy, a wine draw.
    from the (pecies calJecI paJmeira.
    Digitized by Google
    INDIA. INDIA.
    95
    are built at O'mana for the Arabians,
    which they call Madarate.
    Eaft from O'mana the courfe is dire&ed
    along the coaft of "nother kingdom, and
    the bay of the Terabdi; the jurifdi8:ion
    of the king extends to the middle of this
    bay, tenninating at a river which will
    ,admit {hips; and here there is a mart of
    no great importance called P Oraia.'
    But there is a large city inland at feven
    days diftance from the fea, which is the
    refidence of the king. At Oraia there i.
    abundance of wheat, rice, wine, and toddy.
    But the interior produces nothing but
    gum.
    Beyond this trad, the continent wind.
    from the eaft round the indenture of feve-
    ral bays till it reaches the rea coaft of
    Scindi, which is exceeding low, and lies,
    towards the q north. Then follows the The IDdUl.
    Sinthus, the largeft of all the rivers in
    the Erythr!an fea, and rolling with the
    greateft volume of water; fo that while
    you are at a diftance, and before you 'ar-
    rive near {hore, you meet with whito
    water quite out at fea.
    The prognoftic of approaching this ri-
    ver, is the appearance of fnakes riling up
    from the bottom, and floating on the
    furface, and a fimilar occurrence of a
    reptile called Grae is noticed on tho
    coaft of Perns.
    s q J. GelcnilDo
    P For Oraia or Horaia I can diCcover nothing
    equivalent; it may be fomewbere near TIZ, aDd
    the inland city Phoora: but the author palfel this
    coaft fo haftiJy, that I doubt whether he vilited it.
    I _ the more confinned in this doubt by hi. men-
    tion of wine, rice, aDd wheat on a coaft where Ne-
    an:hus found I i ~ e belidel fiih, datell, and camel'.
    8e1h. Oraia may u well be Guadel u TiJ.
    'I This whole palfllge is obfc1Ue; it is true there
    are feveral bays, and the laft of thefe is fheltered
    on the eaft by cape Eirua or Monze; aDd &om
    cape Monze to the Indus the coaft is low; but the
    Indus dOel ROt lie north from that cape. I thiolr.
    the author is c:onfafed, became be is icnorant, he
    probably r.iJed by the moDfoon, aDd wu oever' oa
    this coaft. '
    , Digitized by Google
    INDIA.
    J 'IbA .... Gelenius.
    rAnt., .. bos-tOOm.
    Al.9of aoDe from Kallian,
    or Bombay.
    t ,Eirinus is bay of Kutch or Kartch, equal-
    ly unesplored [a.9 ."....Of) at the prefent day, Co
    INDIA.
    The Sinthus haa feven mouths, motUy lad ....
    ihallow, and rather fena than areams.
    They are all unnavigable, except one in
    the centre, upon which lies the mart of
    Barbarike near the lea, under cover of
    a fmall Hland. But inland from Bar
    b&riU, is the capital of the province
    called Minnagar, the refidence of the
    king; and the government is in the por-
    feftion of a body of Parthiana divided
    into ,two parties, which, as either of
    them prevails, drives its opponents out of
    the country.
    The vetrels, upon their arrival, anchor
    at and their cargoes are car-
    ried up by the river to Minnagar. The
    imports are,
    A large atrortment of plain cloth, and
    fome of fraudulent manufaaure. Fine
    cloth, chryfolites, coral, ftorax, frank.-
    'incenfe, vetrels, of Sint gla&, fiiver plate,
    wine, and fpecie.
    The exports are, koftus, gum bdellium,
    r lukion, fpikenard, callaip aone, fap-
    phires, fura or hides from the country
    of the Sares, fine muOins, fewing filk and
    indigo. The beft feafon for the voyage
    is in July or Epiphi; which, though
    liable to difficulties at the commence-
    ment, is ftill moft convenient upon the
    whole, and fhortens the paffit.ge to a
    confiderable degree.
    To the eaJl of the Sinthus [or Indus]
    you meet with another bay, called t Eiri- Kateh.
    nus, hitherto 11 unexplored, which has an
    inclination to the north: there are in faa
    two bays, or rather one divided into two,
    caUed from Kaeha, a town at the bead oftht- bay.
    A5.';",.,.of. ti.fficilil in HlldCon: but 9..-
    pi", fignifies more than barely Ceeinc; it impliel
    contemplation, examination. Stepbenl in voce GC-
    CfIrtItc i""Jligo.
    Digitized by Google
    INDIA. INDIA.
    97
    r'P" T""'Y';;". a larger and a fmaller, the fea in both is
    .. ' " ,N ihallow with continual eddies and h over-
    Xon-" 'C!II flWfXHS' 'C!II !,-"PAr tlfII'O TJfr falls, extending a great way from {hore j
    ov:.... '.0' -/> ;"":"11 u.t/tI I'J. ... _ I'. h ffi I tl d be
    ,-,.... .. -,-- r-' P'W' 10 t at ve e s are frequen y agroun -
    ?ro""",r. fMrOll.fJNa T' ".;"0'''' .,JOT'eAl fore they come within fight of land, or
    .\ " , T ' are caught in the indraft, and driven upon
    , fitpoJ...1r'fA' ,n-". tlfII'o"u!'-"". 0Uf'1I the breakers.
    /, 5v"prllCM ';;"".11 ;".,- At the entrance of this gulph a pro-
    1I.&,."".'r ,ur. .,,,7oN,, montory rites; [on the right] called Ba': JigaL
    " , , from the point of which the (bore
    '!7 TO' 'OTO' tr fir TJf' ". '1I.
    1r
    'eIJ...&p.- takes firft a fouth-eaft direaion, and then
    Je J ."., , lLr .. "L
    .. .,AI, AUTO' TO' 1(,0;"".0' ;"."ofUH' -r- winds round to the weft, encircling
    ""'. .lIr r,a. the bay, and including the feven iflands
    , , , ,. which lie Vefl"els which make
    f"' TAr 01 fit'e'".lTO'", w- this cape keep oft" from the entrance of .
    ,.. .. Or""", Nil Hr n ftNuyor .rAle-- the gulph, to efcape the danger j but if
    ,.,.orr.r. oi tI ftr tt.Ur1, It&- they are once embayed beyond the cape,
    ,... J , there is no poffibility of retreat j for the
    to: IrTIr np TII BIICe&ll.1I 1t.OW., wave is fo large and heavy, the fea fo
    tinrO.w.r.(. To T' ,...p ,,;"'" p.;y" troubled and boifterous, the eddies and
    )J.,. tI whirlpools fo numerous, that it is certain
    , 0.....' 'IV!L. ' , 1\.. defi:ruaion. The foundings likewife are
    I(!JI .;rUII., .... JC!II flIPAr 'C!II lJ06}tlftr fallac.
    ., r-. , ,. , ,r., as lOOS as the other dangers are
    fiJU')'XItJr. 0 " TIlT. 1"' .. ".0- imminent; for you have one inftant an
    XO'1ror. ;, T'lT) tI .".Ofueor abrupt caft in deep water, and the next
    ., ",a.' ". , you are upon a rocky bottom, fo broken
    tt;'. T.}". .( TAr ",..xu- and {harp, as to chafe the cables carried
    eAr Mrf'Xft/ '".,OIl.O"II".oAr. :.r tI out to fi:eady the veifel, and finally make
    ., Tt; M;. x",u;o, J\: them part from the anchor.
    , N N ., J '. , The approach to this bay however is
    tiU/TOIP TOIr tlfII'O e,Ni,,..lIr 'eX0f",ol,. 01 dil'. hI b th f fi:"'-
    ... ., , ,Jcovera eye appearance 0 IJIlAes
    'C!II again, very large and black. The fame
    pi""""r. 'E,.;s TtUr f'!T. TaUr" TWO',. occurrence takes place 'a1fo along the
    ,... , ... }}. , ,coaft, and at Barugaza; but the fnakes
    I(!JI TOIr --.;-,,,,,,"', 'C!II there are fmaller, paler, and of a colour
    xewlCon-,r w- approaching to gold.
    ,,".,. MIT' tI rV.9-Vr Next to the ibay of fucceeds Kutch.
    lLr ........ ,., N the gulph of Barugaza, and on this gulph
    .trIP f --r-I-"AI' TJfr is the commencement of the whole [pen- The Iph of
    infula] of India. as well as the kingdom Camey
    s ""c'%1' Hudfoa. 11 GelcaillL But "'"c'a" &om is Ptolemy'1 name for Guurat.
    la A',.c eddies in fhoal water. the other part, from Jigat to Diu head, is not here
    j The bay of Kutch and the gulph of C'.ambay iD contemplation of the author. There _ (eveD
    two ides of the province of Guerat: i8aoda north of Jiggat iD Dalrymple'. chart.
    o
    Digitized by Google
    IND lA.
    IND lA.
    of M!mbarus, towards [the confines of]
    kAriake.
    The interior part of Scindi extends
    [on its weftem limit] to I Sabeiria, but
    the fea coaft [between the Indus and
    Bari.ke] is ftyled It is a fer- Kutch or
    tile country, abounding in wheat, rice, Booge-boop.
    oil of fefamum, and butter or ghee; it
    has likewife a manufaaure of fine muf-
    lins and ordinary cottons: the natives
    are black, and men of great ftature, and
    feed a great quantity of catde. The cottons
    fabricated here are exported by the ,mer-
    chants of Minnagar to Barugaza.
    In this kingdom of Minnagar feveral
    memorials of the expedition of Alexander
    are ftill preferved; fuch as ancient tem-
    ples, fofl"es of encampment, and mag-
    nificent wells. But the pafl"age from this
    country to Barugaza, upon leaving Bar-
    bArike, on the [and avoiding Ba-
    r8k.e, or the bay of Kutch,] is direa to
    Afta Kampra, and the cape called Pi- Diu head.
    pika, which lies 0ppc?fite to Barugi.za,
    at the diftance of three thoufand ftadia
    from BarbArike. From Papika the coaft
    winds in again north, [to the gulph of
    Cambay,] and upon the turn of the coaft
    at the entrance of the gulph lies the ifiand
    of Diu.
    At the head of the gulph comes in the
    Mais, a very large river [ftill called Mahi,
    or Myhi j] and to reach Barug&.za your
    m courfe is, three hundred ftadia in mid-
    7 Hudfon, from Ptelemy.
    rcaclin" as A ....... C- oceun iD Ptolemy.
    A,. ..l TC-""C-' Geteniu.. See' A ..... "...,.. infra; the lIecter
    11 .......... , is wanlin, in Geleniua.
    le In the original it i. Ae-"ICiic. which Hudfon
    , and Stuckiua both fuppofe to be erroneous, as
    tainly is: they both therefore read AeI.ICiic, and
    I have followed their correCaoo; but I believe
    A41pllCiic to be the true reading, and that Mfun'-
    rUI was king of for i. Ptolemy'1
    name for Guzerat, and Lar it is called by Abult'eda.
    The only objeCtion to A41pllCiic is the particle
    See the note at the conclufion.
    1 Sabeiria is a reading of Hudfoo's, from Pto-
    lemy, in1lead of as it is in the firil edition.
    Ptolemy's Sabeiria is on the N. W. of the Indus.
    If I underftand my author right, he means to
    {ay, that you are to. run north up the gulph till
    BaiOnes is barely vifibJe, and then ftl'ike eaft acrofa
    the gulph to the mouth of the Laomaius. Three
    Digitized by Google
    INDIA. INDIA.
    99
    channel up the gulph, till is
    fcarcely vifible in the horizon j and then
    eaft, firait acrofs to the mouth of the
    o Lamnaius, the river upon which Ba- Nerbudda.
    N alJar..buddai
    rugiza ftands. The river of
    The bay of Barugaza is narrow, and is Booda.
    approachable with difficulty from the
    main fea, either on the right or the left j
    but the patrage on the left is fafeft. For
    on the right, at the very entrance of the
    gulph, there lies a ftripe of Ihoal, long
    and narrow, which is called with
    very rough and broken ground, direaly
    off the village of P Kamm6ni. And upon
    the left, oppofite td this, towards Papika,
    [or Diu head,] in the neighbourhood of
    q Afta Kampra, the anchorage is rendered
    dangerous by the rapidity of the current
    which comes round the cape, and the
    foulnefs of the pund which chafes the
    cables. But even after you have entered
    the gulph, the mouth of the Lamnaius is
    extremely hard to hit, upon account of
    the lownefs of the country round, and
    the want of landm .. ks in the vicinity.
    And finally, when you have entered the
    river, the navigation upwards is very in-
    tricate, occafioned by the fltoals and
    marfhy ground on the banks.
    r It is on this account that the govem-
    I _M Geleniullo
    bundred ftadia, or thirty miles, are not a futlicient Dalrymple place a long ftripe of rand, correfpond-
    diilance from the ifland itfelf to the riyer: but ing precifely with the T.,,:., or fillet of the Peri-
    when thirty miles up the gulph, you may ftrike pI&, which the author calls There can
    acrofs to the Lamnaius. . be little d9ubt, from its appearance on the chart,
    o The Lamnaius is the Nfunadus of PtoIemy, that this is correCt; and that KlUIlDlOni is the re-
    written N amada by the HindOOl, and now called prefentative of Swalley.
    Nerbudda. Baroache, that is, BarugUa, lies q Written Aftakampra in.the original, but doub ...
    about thirty miles from the mouth. lefs the fame as Afta and Trapera before men-
    , KUIIIIIOai mui be a village on the coaft of boned.
    GuRrat, and maniferuy not far diflant from the r For the difficulties of navigating the gulpb of
    ate of the modem in the front of Swa11y, Cambay, confult SkiDner, in the Oriental Navi-
    wbich is the road of Surat.. Both Skinner and ptor, p. i06. See Dalrymple'. Charta of Malabar.
    03
    Digitized by Google
    100 NDlA.
    , 1" iftr J 'N" Alii VTO-
    f - J .. \",
    "'0' flINtefMfUI4"' TlJAO'fM', et. Ae-
    "tII ect'JrJr)'et. K ",Cet. ek
    tMra.mttr" ;fiexorrtll ""XP' Xupct.-
    /tip' oJ;, tII fiJA ""-
    :te' IOJ,Jlf1" a.".O
    ... u 1\ ' ,
    or TtIS' 0 Tet. 4)"l
    _ I , , t1Iv , ,
    Ttnf "A"P(illfUl4"'" If.!1I ct.uTet.
    cr.9- et.)' o'f. 0", ,.,..,
    T'lr fiJNt"",r a:ceOmf. ;t;1f""",f JI ,J,0p-
    ;(orr JCd.T "ct.f eJUlf '" ,Jlf.
    Oi J, "u.9-e"o, TWO' Htr" T 1I'OTet.fUI
    -cr.9- I 0' ", B iX'
    '#IV "
    )'et.e fllll'O TJI 'S"0pATtIS' et.,fM 11'1" 1I'OTet.I'-fJ'
    ", / I""
    ,.". fMf 'fill ,et." fill'. ct.f1'et.
    \ ."
    fU'" ho,,,,, 1I'OTet.fUlf fXH 1I'Mc-
    J " I
    Jlf. fItTr Te 1I'M r '" 'S"ct.f,
    tru,et.7I'70",i,ct.f wD T'I' If.!1I
    '" ., IV, "'" ,_
    et." '0' , T " '. Ttnf
    !'-'T(u JCd.Tct.t;'f/fUI4"" treM",f ,Act.f1'-
    JI,u 'U J' "']A '"et.' Bet.-
    i.It;. eUpr,,J,,, TE M-'o,
    p4t8- "tII'et. " 1I'0T!
    I. f"e4. T4 1I'p'o ""'''erN 11'
    , , "_,, IV
    Jlf 1I'OT Jlf. 0 T'I erao T'I
    T 1I'EAti)'Jlf QA tru'fIII[tJl,u'JI.
    trq>oJ eo, 4>,a.tII JCd. 4>&
    . , , , - ,,, ,
    tr" plU/A4TtIS' f1I'l 11' Mt;Jlf 'S"ct.fJ,Jlf. .c1,o
    , It' IV ,
    I(!JI "AII: fUl"l T6I )..tnflll pOfT'
    et.)'AI'}'af ".;, ifet.)'AI'}'a4 TO'f
    " ,. /
    efltTr fUI" trill TO e e'" r"
    """,r 11',) 1I'M",,,,
    INDIA.
    men eeps therm in , w Jar
    vea-els called Trappaga and Kotumba. to
    lie t the ranc f th ulph or t
    wat the roac f ve as off'
    [or the coall of Kutch,] and
    top the pt
    Thefe "ea-els have ftout crews, and from
    the ran f th gulp they w th
    vefl"e up oug the Oal9, alting
    them at certain regular patches of deep
    wat ftyl baf ; whin t th
    commencement of the flood, and anchor-
    ing d ing h tide f ebb' thef afon
    whi are nd .te u 0 B giz
    Barugliza lies at the diltance of three
    hun d Ita fro he f
    The whole of India abounds
    in 'rs, 'h a fubj to mo
    irupe ous es. e cue 0 efe IS
    from the eall, and they are highell at the
    full n, th Tee owi day
    after which they fall off again during the
    inte B at B e v' nee
    rull re arka ; f at m
    ment, when the \vater drops, the bottom
    is bar nd rts the re a.
    dry, where a few minutes tiefore veft"els
    we failin A', u the omi
    in he e,t floo om ef
    drives back the water in the rivers, and
    the rear re ed f gI nu
    ber of miles, with a ftronger current than
    that which they have in the' tuJ-l
    def to oce
    This makes the approach or departure
    of Ish lyd gero to ew
    are inexperienced, or who arrive at this
    po or t firft me. or n
    rifing of the tide. the Itream rwnes 10
    . without I remiffion whe 0 II gth of
    n '"'_ clilD
    INDI A,
    " / c\' ,
    ,",T4 TU tI1J '-0 , ","Tf I ,
    fUM,.,."" ;;,., iltt n;r
    .. '" , I
    I OT 4' TO 1i1u\4'10r I
    r' 07 W f'G
    . rJ...' '0'1 07r " " "p(f\ III
    , , ,,/ ,'. ,
    ",1UI0fA',,,,r I{!II fA'fT O.N'1Oll .... IT f-
    - I '}' 0.'
    'X."" TOIf T'I' Jti.NMnr411,
    4 ry
    ,
    .". -'"'tI.f '1,-) "- 4
    H4 fU) "4 s-, T'" '} -
    ,.,. 'c 'n.'
    pllM I(S"- P W- I ---", U.;r-?4 ,l,
    'it n;r 4 rIpo"MiJor, 'Ell Dir &,u-
    KtI.f Tour,.,I .".'
    IIOf Ba. pI
    TC 011, K
    ... ,
    'l, .,so
    'A f-
    INDIA, 101
    cables is a fufticient fecunty; fhips are
    ca ht' in nt nd ur d th
    their fides to the ftream, and in that fitua-
    o riv 0 the oa! an 10 ,a the
    fame time that the f all v {fe1s re
    complete y overfet, Many take reruge
    'n t Cl :ks uri th tid f b, en
    the falling of the water has been fo in-
    la! ne s to op ei pro ef na
    moment' (but this exp*'dient is fnutlefs ;]
    or, upon the return of the ood, the rife
    of e ate is ra' d, at e ue
    filled before float, Thefe inftances
    occ 11 qu tl du g e ht
    tide at the full of the moon' for it is
    he th.. th fl<J.vJ is mo vio ent, and
    the ife mo ra', nd' f, IOn hi
    conJunCture, you are prepared to enter
    up th firft f e fl od, nd he the
    fea' appeared perfeaIy calm; - you lhall
    heL in m me a fhi g fo d qm
    the 0 th of th rive IL1.. t tr-,ul
    of battle, and the water, anving forward
    wi th ut oft npe uo ve th
    bare fhoals in an inftant u,
    th co nt wlu h h in-lld om
    Bsrnga ... a there is a va 'ety f t 'bes fuc
    as e .n.ratru, the Rhak.hoofi, tbe TaR-
    th nd the ro ean : i th re ro s
    gion lies the Alexandria of x Buc6phalus, Peoge-ab l
    an far er th no h t w lik na
    tion of the Baarians under a reg? I go
    ver men , was om this traCt of
    J :in ... .. I .. ",; _ .. I ... " I".. Gel ius Rea ".,--"'''" -ut, "(",.
    ele s.
    t -eo>-" Si,or .. >. or;,r. F th. wo
    aft words, which are mauiCeftl), corrupt, I propofe
    S' (3l lin 1.
    11 The author 18 fo minute and graplllcal In bis
    erc . tio f . b t1 th Cl be' tie
    doubt of Ills bavlng expenenced the dangers be
    eta" ; e :ge . ed ha by . fea or JI)'
    . from the imperfett ftate of naYigation,
    b ftill nf ab in ell' I:iaI uti JU'8
    dle account of modern geographers. To judge
    fro his arg en ere e y n raJ con
    elude that he had little acquaintance with the coaft
    of adro , w re . na tive as an as
    is here dlft'ure.
    he is thi an nt m rn, alii
    us in placing there tribes ;' but the mention of Bu-
    ce alus d e ri m 8 th ge. aph
    of the author as tending to the of the Indul
    d no
    1
    - ,.
    -
    IND IA. INDIA.
    country that Alexander proceeded to the
    '1 Ganges, leaving Limurike, and the whole
    peninfula on the fouth. And [in confe-
    quence of his expedition] ancient coins
    with Greek infcriptions are run current
    at Barugaza; fome of there bear the im-
    preffion of Apo1l6ciotui and Z Menander,
    who reigned [in thefe northern provinces]
    after the time of Alexander.
    On the eaft of Barugaza lies the city
    of [frill called Ougein] which UjjaiD.
    was formerly the a feat of government.
    From this city all the neceff'aries of life
    are brought down to 'B,arugaza in abun-
    dance, and many articles for 0 U R trade;
    fuch as onyx froncs, porcelane, the fined:
    muOins, fome of inferior P quaJity, and
    ordinary cottons in large quantities. The
    fpikenard alfo from c Prok.Ws [m the
    north] pafi"es through in its way
    to Barugaza; and ,?f this there are feveral
    fpecies, diftinguilhed by the names of
    KataboOrine, and the Kaba-
    litic. The fame article, with the addition
    of koftus and gum bdellium, is intro-
    duced alfo through d Scindi, the province
    adjoining to Prok.Ws.
    The imports are, wine; Italian has the
    preference; and next to that, Syrian and
    c Arabian; brafs, tin, lead, coral, topazes,
    7 This is aD unfortunate aifertion, auul provcs of fpikenud out of Tartary by Kabool, and the
    that our author was more converfant in trade and . provinces on the foun:es of the Indus, is conform-
    navigation thaD hiftory.
    Menander is well known in hiftoryas a Greek
    king of &aria: the name of Apol16dotus does not
    occur, but he was probably a Greek, who had
    eftabllihed himfelf in fome province 011 the weft of
    the IDduI. See Bayer. Hift. :aaa.
    Ougein is ftill in one fenfe the capital of the
    Mahrattas, for it is the Jaghire of Scindia.
    It Rendered alfo muftin of the c0-
    lour of mallows.
    C I have already mentioned the difficulty of af-
    Dping a fite to ProkWs; but if Kabalites means
    KabGol, (which I belieYe it does,) the conveyance
    able to the track of the regular caravans at this
    day. The information of our author, who acquaints
    us that fpikenard came out of Tartary, is very re-
    markable; for this plant is a native of Thibet aDd
    Boodtan, and hu been brought down in all ...
    by the fame route, till of late that it has found a
    nearer conveyance by Beogal. What the other
    fpecics are befides the Kabalitic, we have DO
    mCBDI of difcovering.
    d Scythia in the Peripllla always meaoa Scindi,
    auul is probably a corruption of Scinthia.
    e"'Perbaps toddy or palm-wine.
    Digitized by Google
    INDIA.
    10
    3
    cloth plain and adulterated, fine fafiles,
    half yard wide, ftOr8.x, rweet lotus, flint
    glars, cinnabar, ftibium for tinging the
    eyes, fpecie, gold and ftlver, on which
    there is profit by exchanging it with the
    coin of the country; perfumes of no
    great price, and not many. Gold and
    tilver plate of the moA: expen6ve fort for
    the king, at the f time when the govern-
    was at Oz8ne. The articles im-
    ported fpecially for the king were mOOcal
    inA:ruments, handfome girls for the ha-
    ram, wine of the beA: fort, cloth of the
    higheA: price, and the tineft perfumes.
    [There ittlports and exports feem all
    relative to the market at but
    fpikenard, bdellium, koftus, onyx ftones,
    cottons of all forts and muffins were ob-
    tained likewife at Barugaza; and betide.
    there, ivory, myrrh, box thorn, tilks, filk
    thread, long pepper, and black pepper,
    brought from other marts on the coaA:.
    The feafon for the voyage to this part
    of India is in July or Epiphi, [that is,
    during the fouth-wetl monfoon.]
    From g Barugiza the coaA: of the ad-
    joining continent ftretches down from
    the north to the fouth; and the gene-
    ral name of the country is Dakhinaba-
    des, from h Dakhan, which in the native
    language figni6es SOUTH. The inte-
    rior, which lies eaftward from the coaA:,
    5 r;"'" illbe common uCage.
    I K.,.' I :,I/t n,{ feems to imply, not
    the immediate time when the merchant' WBII at
    Barugaza, but a former period, when the metfO.
    polis was Ougein.
    I The long detail of circumftances at Barupza
    is the bigheft internal evidence that the PeriplBs
    is not the worlt of a geographer, but of a merchant
    who performed the voyage in perfOD; and the
    refpondence of thefe circwnftances with the pre-
    fent ftate of the country and the trade, muft be
    highly interefting to thore who are acquainted.
    with the geography of thefe regions, and the cam- .
    merce of the prefent age. We bave only one other
    port (Nelkunda) where the fame uccuracy will
    occur, and there two correfpond with the India
    trade at Surat and Tellicheri, as firft eftabli/bed
    by the Engllib. Con6dering therefore that the
    PeriplBs . is 1800 years old, the agreement is
    nitbing.
    la The Deccaun is the term now in ofe for the
    wbole peniofulR, but fpecially for the Nizam'. d0-
    minions.
    Digitized by Google
    1O;f. INDIA.
    . , , \ \ ,.,
    IptJI''f'';(IC X1MPtU TI fAlo}AtU IC!JI.I 1e'ff'Hr.
    ,., I '0-.' "
    IC!JI.I Oe'f fWYtU..fI" IC!JI.I '1'''' fAltU-
    T0''''', fAltllfJtl.Nff T' 3 iJ..i-
    Hl.._ '. I
    ,....... tU, IC!JI.I . (lpu,oPTtU VIrlefWY'rJ"f,
    "e0Ur7tU, 3 7r).W;fI, '1.",.
    --..,.0...._ \ .. , I \
    I:.ATFJI '1'1 IC!JI.I TfI,
    e:" .-." ,.. ,,,,,
    Tit n,l')I"YtIr. T M' fII " lIT!'
    7j :4c&Z\?,fI,C.u" ,Mo Juur",.,...,..:7,1,
    ;ptJI'OeIfl. _0
    !I ! It- ..." '7 I
    .;ti0PTfI, NO' "XotI'. .", ...
    A7rO TttImtr JiXfl, fAlpOr ti",.
    , , ,
    "w;.. a,e" 'I1'O},Jr Twy..".. fWY'",
    Kct.TJ.YlTtI{ tI if rim;, il.II4fM,
    3 ti",JtfJUr fWYVrfJUf fir
    , " ,.. .. -
    ;t:I,fI" IUIf TIPfI, cUAfI, TfI'II"'XIiIIr IX. fAlpo-
    X1Mem-fI, <POfT'fI, '1';,
    '0 J\: iAor

    t1I ,;,. ,a.y1tl.J..O,. T07I"xa. t1I ill'-
    I .. .''1' ,.t:.: . , 'A I
    7r0e'fI, ..,. TO ','If lUCf'I,fI,. "AV"f'""'
    Io;;"."."ffl,. 'lrONr. i ... , '1';,
    INDIA.
    comprehends a number of regions, Come
    defert, and others mountainous: in thefe
    parts there are wild animals of all forts,
    leopards, tigers, elephants, prodigious fer-
    pents, hyenas, and baboons of different
    fpecies. There is a variety alfo of pro-
    vinces, extremely populous, quite to the
    i Ganges. But in that tra8: which is
    called the Dakhan, or South, Plithana and
    TIigara are two inland marts of great
    preeminence: PHtbana lies at the diftance
    of twenty days fouth from Barugaza,
    and t T&,gara, which is an immenfe city, Deogbur.
    ten days eafl: from Plithana.
    The produce of thefe two places is
    brought down to Damp by land car-
    riage, through a country where the roads
    are obftruaed with extraordinary diffi-
    culties': from Plithana great quantity of
    the on'yx ftone; and .from Ti.gara ordi-
    nary cottons, common mufiins; and fome
    of the finefl: fort, befides a variety of other
    articles reach that capital from the
    countries on the coaft.
    The extent of the navigation from Ba-
    rugaza to [which la the mo-
    dem Canara] amounts to feven I thou-
    {and ftadia down the coaft. The marts
    frequented by the natives lie in the fol-
    lowing order; firfl:, Akabarous 1LIld Oop-
    para, or Sooppara, [which are apparently
    in the province of Guzerat,] and then
    KalIiena, [which is Gallian in the vi-
    cinitY of BombaY'lUld in the diftria Qf
    the piri!te :coafl: of the ancients,
    the Konkan or country of
    ode J y' .,. ..
    m ms. ...
    11 See Stuetilll.
    7 i. wanting.
    s""'c- Ptolcmai.
    I Kixc' .lJ'ii n'rr1IIf. Correaed by StuckiUl
    ".I"" ri r.T1Iff.
    It Tigara is Deogbur, 6nce called Elore, the
    bead of the province of Dowlatabad, and within
    is or {even milee of the modern Auruogabad.
    Plithaoa is {aid by Captain Wilford to be Polta-
    aah; but I have not found it iD ReDDell, De la Ro-
    chette, or any other map tbat I have feen. ...p.t-
    .'f and .""-'f relate to the roads through U.
    Ghaat
    I This ftatement it too large.
    Digitized by Google
    INDIA.
    w-eW<:vr1eat ill-w-&-
    tit'\.. M'"
    e'o, "07"/1-0'1 Y''10/A.l'lO'l. IT'' Y-e '1'0
    tWrO'l :'.'11""", ;"'1 .
    I \' J ,
    71'M.u. KtiIIf 7'J '1' It. 'l'UX'Ir ftr 'fatTlIf
    'I'itr 'I'watr fiJAii, 'DNr"u,
    11-". "'''Y
    fT
    4f.
    MIT'. I. K.-If'I.'I ill-nel. TO-
    71', ... , '",if M.'II'''&e.,
    n.NuJr"TII-4f, Ifii Bu-
    (<<.r7'fAJ'I lITw.,,'1, Tue""otrC"". E1T.
    x"""pHi'tiIIf lI.ry&II-"4f .0', '<it '1';'1
    A,,,,JiOl,. I!!iI T;' K.c'lflT;" 1t.Cf.T'II.
    " / ___ 0.."" ,
    lI.ry0/A.l"" xae""'"" II.f//N Tow-atr
    , I 'Il ... , I A '
    lW" '"'e"TCIf &--r 1A.fT& TtUm/' IWIf
    .or. Ei'T' T.
    i"""-0f'' '<it /A.l1 .. Tairr""
    'j), , ' .. , .. ,
    Mat'll'e''', I(!II N.lI.IW'lIItJ1,. 4f M fiJeCUlTat-
    , 1\' t \ \ , \\
    tT4f. "''' 'Ii''' " 11-" Tu,.,,,
    t.-
    trfIlI-Of. Jt 11-
    1
    ,
    .". H , , N t
    tull'Jfr. Ill. TOIf tlllf'0 nrr Af.-
    fir fiJlI.%.r ''I';;r
    INDIA. J05
    lCalliena was formerly an eftabll{hed
    mart under the fovereignty of Saraganus ;
    but the prefent 'chief is Sandllnes, who
    hu obfiruaed the commerce of the
    Greeks [from Egypt] : fo that if any of
    their veffels touch here by accident, he
    puts a guard on board them, and felida
    them to Barugaza.
    Below Kalliena the ports in fucceffion
    are m Semulla, Mandllgora, Palai-Patma,
    Melizeigara, T6paron of the Byzantians,
    and TurannMboas. Then follow the iOands
    called Sefekreienai; then two more, de- Vingorla
    rocks? Goa
    nominated Aigidii and Kaineitle, clofe to aDd M_
    the. peninfula [of Soonda] where there COD?
    are PIRATES; and lafi of all the White
    IOand 0. Aogediye'
    Below the White IOand commences the .
    kingdom of Keprobotas, ftyled Limu- Caoara.
    rlke, the firfi mart of which is Naoora,
    then Tundis, a large village clofe to' tho
    {hore; and next t.o thefe Mooziris, a
    flouri{hing place, frequented both by
    the native vetrels frolP Ariake, and by
    SI '1 __ .,.. Stuckiu.
    There is notbing which CBD enable UII to at:
    &go aDy one or there 1lIUDet! to a modem repre-
    fentative. I have ofFered a conjeCtore in the Com-
    mentary, tbat Meli-Zeigara may be Zyghur, and
    Palai-Patma (tbe old or &retJt city) DUDda Rajah-
    poor; but it is mere cOnje&re. They muft be OD the
    pirate coaft BDd not iD Guzerat, where D' Anville
    places them, beeauCe they are below Kalltena,
    which he acknowledges to be near Bombay. They
    are.all mentioned by Ptolemy, who writell Bali-
    patma (or city or the god Ball) ror Palai-Patma.
    Mandflgora has the termination ghur, (a fort,) or
    oar, (a city,) which is till a native ufage.
    " I dare not anfwer for the lU'I'IUlgeIIleot of there
    itland., .. we have fcarcely BDy charaaeriftics to
    direa Ill: but it fuitl bed with the pupe
    on the coaft, and the peninfula or Soonda does lie
    between and that is, between the
    termination or the Mahratta coad and Canara;
    and I fiod no other peniofula, or Cherfonefe .. it
    is called, on the whole coafl, ei_ abme or be-
    low.
    D Angedive liee ofF Carwar, the cape which it
    the limit between the provioce of the Soooda Ra-
    jah and Can.,.; and .. the author maket! Naoora,
    Beltt mentioned, the firft mart or and
    is Canara, the ancient and modem boUD-
    -d.., correfpond. or Konkan is UDder San-
    dines; Naoora, Tundis, and Mooalris are iD tbe
    dominion or Kepr6botaa, that is, or Ca-
    Dar&.
    P
    . Digitized by Google
    ..
    INDIA.
    N ..., , "
    E.J,,,,,,,,,. Kiirt (JI CCIf" Cft'fl.I""
    -''X)JfTfI. cf.".. p.I'I Tu,J. c&. Co
    T..,a J';" IIrmcr.-
    ",,, 'H
    .... tll 'I'M Ifl.T GWnf' "XOfT'.
    ""., ",,"0 I
    ".. .. l
    Iln;t1l IIrmMOfTIIK tlUIo
    T. lIrft'a,a IIil VI'('; 1''
    I{ ;t;Ir meM
    -t I. Cap. fIIft'fI.,M'I,
    .. t;J*. i ... T'o. ;u,.OfT'
    'En'ea ,JI UtT' '1''0 t;6p4 Cft'""a
    , , B' A.,
    filt'Xrt ""'IMf .. ,...... _ ", fl.1r0
    CF"'T"
    C
    , , N , .. " -'-
    .. ,lIfT, Ta IIrNia. IC!II W. fT&1IJI (J'OfI/u
    lfTt. 'I'M q>0Ft", . 4.-
    , , Sol , ",
    I,. '1'0'1 Cft'fl.I'" iU.pATfI. IC!II tI'fl.1r
    IX" Awe, J. 01
    , ....... ,..". ,
    f>ft"P"" T 'fI'1rOP'''''' " ..., """0)'IIff Ifl.T-
    ... \ J
    "lUIfTl. Kf Cfp' T.uf (JI TWour.
    ;1 fI'fI,u,O'I' ,.,.}.,
    .; O<p., ,.,.;u,'I1r pD ICit
    " , 0.-._' "" "
    1/UlT0I TIf' (J'. IC!II (Je"
    &o'IToJiir TO'" Of'fU"TI'I
    I M..a/r" Geleniul.
    --
    I do not comprehend what the author meaDI
    by the ellpreffioll l._ ri ...... ,..ii .1
    ne: but I have elicited a feufe, though I dare IIOt
    fa, that it ia corre&.
    I haft given my reafODl at large iD the Com-
    mentaI'J for placillg Naoora, Tundil, aDd MOOIiril
    at Oooor, Barceloor, and Manploor. They are
    founded 011 .the authority or Rennell, who
    &us Nelkuoda at Neli-c:eram. and on the cone-
    fponclenc:e or diftanc:ea, which are nearl, 6a,. miles
    between there three places mpeaively; aDd 011
    &be local cimuDftaDces at Neli-ceram.
    INDIA.
    the Greeks from Egypt. It lies upon a ri-
    ver but at the diftance of twenty fiadia, and
    five hundred from Tundis j the intermedi-
    ate fpace is equal, whether you meafure by
    land from river to river, or take the paf-
    (age by feaP. [Naoora, Tundis, and q Moo Onoor.
    ziris,] are fuccced.ed by Nelkunda, which =
    is in another province under the govern- .
    ment of Pandion. This mart is again five
    hundred ftadia from Mooziris, by mea
    furement between their two rivers, or by
    the road on {bore, or by the courfe of
    the veO"el along the coaft.
    Nelkunda lies on a river at the r diftance
    of an hundred and twenty ftadia from the
    fea j but at the mouth of the river there is
    a village called and here the veC
    fels, wh\ch come down from Nelkunda,
    lie in an open road to receive their car-
    goes: for the river is full of {boals,. or
    a mud banks, and the channel between
    them is not deep. Both Nelkunda and Perha MIM
    BaraU are Cubje& to a king who refides dria, .: Ba-
    . th.
    In e lntenor. Pandlon at
    Upon approaching this river you again lfidwa.
    find fnakes, but they are black, and are
    {borter in the body [than thofe at the
    Indus] j their eyes are as red as blood,
    and they are t crefted
    Stuckiu ..
    r This acc:onla with the fite or NeIi-eeram..
    ", .. ...1 'p
    Corre&d. by Stucki .. U _
    fta,. ..u l"II' .....
    loc:a ctIftI!fo, ia a good correaion: ill a da-
    bioUl term; but the author has ufeet it 0DCe before
    in a pall"age where the contellt requires.JMllt-.
    Hef,chilll renders iMf,- by,.. ,... bid
    this fenfe ia not appnwed by tile editor.
    t 6c ... ,,...,J.if. I do DOt bow the diN W.
    between z,,, and ,.C .....
    Digitized by Google
    INDIA.
    , nft.,..N _AM. GeIcDi_
    Xfw--,.I\ Stackiaa.
    N.,1'oc r .... ".'. Ilead by Had-
    loD; aDd Co ufed by the aathor below.
    It is worthy of efpecial DOtice, that the author
    makes no JDeDboa of the Y0yapl Cuppofed to haYe
    INDIA.
    10
    1
    There is a great refort of fiUpping to
    this port for pepper and betel; the mer-:-
    chants bring out a large quantity of
    fpecie, and their other imports are to-
    pazes, a fmall afl"ortment of plain cloth,
    ffibium, coral, flint gWs, brafs, tin, lead,
    a fmaIl quantity of wine, as profitable as
    at Barugaza, cinnabar, fine cloth, arfenic,
    and wheat, not for faIe, but for the ufe
    of the crew.
    The principal article obtained here is
    PBPPER, which is the ftaple of the coun-
    try, as growing in the interior; it is brought
    down to this port in preference to all
    others, and is of that fpedes called. Cot-
    tonarikon, [from Canara the province
    where it grows.] Great quantities of
    the beft pearl are likewife purcbafed here,
    [brought from Ceylon,] ivory, filk in the
    web, fpikenard from the a Ganges, betel
    from the countries farther to the
    tranfparent ftones of all forts,
    rubies, and tortoife {hell from the golden
    Cherfoncfe, or from the [Lackdive] iOanda
    oft" the coaft of LimuriU.
    The beft feafon for the voyage is to
    leave Egypt in the month of July or Epi-
    phi j and this voyage was originally per-
    formed in fmall vefTels from Kant and
    Aden in II Arabia, which followed the
    coaft during their whole pafTage.
    But HI'PPALUI was the firft navigator
    who difcovered the dire& courfe acrofs
    the ocean, by obferving the pofition of
    s r.,.",..j Stadtiaa. Racber T .,.,....-.
    been performed under the Ptolemiet &om Egypt,
    but feem. to c:oafiDe the trade whony to the Arabe
    of Yemea aud Hadramaut.
    .2
    Digitized by Google
    108 INDI A.
    ,.. .. Il.' ''''- ,
    TO 'J(1''''' T" filA nNi.-
    "YlJr if we' 7rAM.. oV TfI1rUIMs
    U T 'n",,,, TM. '"'Ta. ICaU-
    eO', 7r-.e i.
    , ,0' A\ ' ,
    7r'M"Y" y,,",1T1JIf 7rear o"..-
    _0 ",.ponryoe:1Itr T 7re,n.t'It/f'
    ifwp""",or l,tlnrAJn. oV
    ,- \ \ ., , ,
    I(gI MI, T"'r ".., wuUf' ...... 0 K"",. TI"'r
    ';''''0 TM. 'Aft'ItI,.,ATt'ItI. oi ,uP
    fir 7rAlovr,r, 7rM.,
    oi 11 fir .i I.
    ';r :"US-;"", oil 7rMO' TeHr
    .vrfxW1. Kf TO
    rI,,, let""., ;"
    I,d. "'r i'ft'ltl.9-n 7r"e ...... AlW, Tltr
    fl'POllf'lpA'lJr 'A,,' f'v.a.C",_
    TO DUppo, ..." set.-
    xcde" T'I ""r 8 U"e.")J,,, M-
    7rior "WO, TO. ''''w. 'Er; ,,0-
    u.-O T n",I'"''
    . .
    7 p-a.p.u\ before.
    , The ellprellion is what it ell-
    prefsly meaas, I caunol fay. The verb 6gaifies to
    "!JI llIe IIcck or Iteatl of an adverfUJ in ftrugling
    or wreftliag. TC.XIIA'Co ..... ' orJ.c ,.p, might 6g-
    niry, turning the beads of their fhipe difFerent ways,
    backwards and furwards; that is, I_artg or cruif-
    i"B ofi' Aromata or Kw: but I have no authority
    better conjeCture for fuppoing that this is the
    fenfe ortbe Buthor.
    The tellt here has a charm, which pofIibly con-
    tained another name of the country: .,r'
    \ _\ .. .....c 0 '!l -
    --C" n .-,vfU'O' ocoe. &AA" -"C'I'" Xlllp.
    'n ....... "e ti D-C1lA1a ""ro,u",. The chafm I have
    INDIA.
    the porta and the general appearance of
    the fea. For at the feafQn when the
    annual winds peculiar to 0 v a climate
    fettle in the north, and blow for a con-
    tinuance upon our cOaft from the Medi-
    terranean; in the Indian ocean the wind
    is continually from the And
    this wind has in thofe feaa obtained the
    name of Hippalua, from the pilot who
    firA: took advantage of it to make his
    paffage to the eaR:.
    From the period of that difcovery to
    the prefent time, vetrels bound to India
    take their departure either from on
    the Arabian, or cape Atamata on the
    African fide; and from thefe points they
    R:retch out into the open fea at once,
    leaving all the windings of the guJphs
    and bays at a diR:ance, and make for their
    feveral deR:inations on the coaR: of India;
    thofe that are intended for
    Y waiting fome time before they faU, but "
    thofe that are deiHned for Barugaza or
    Scindi, feldom more three days.
    . Upon leaving Ela-bakare, or the Ruddy Ram d'lUi'
    Mountain, the country which fucceeds
    is under the government of Pandion; it
    is called Par&lla, [or THB coaR:, by way
    of preeminence,] and lies almoR: dire8:ly
    north and fouth ; [as this coaR: winds
    t n.,..a;. GclCllius.
    filled up with rie O ...... ,,,&ii,, but it is dubious.
    Elabakare may be the ruddy mountain, but rather,
    as I fuppofe, Ramdllli, which lies at the entrance
    of the Neliceram river; and then Ollcia, leoe ought
    to be mount D'llli: but I do not know that that
    mountain is red. .Red cliffs are noticed in modem
    geography both juft previous to D'Illi, and lower
    down, near Anjengo; but the latter feem too low
    fur our parpofe: fur I conceive Ballta to be the
    capital of Malabar proper, like the modem Cali-
    cut: but the author is fo brief, that I conclude be
    never was lower down than Nelkunda.
    Digitized by __ _
    INDIA.
    ". ..... M. JCit ".o)".r ),ry.,d", KO)"X"
    D,wror To".or
    .. &.\I, _,."",
    1. TaIrrr,r ;0;)' To...or TO Ko-
    )""1.,.".,or. 'E, r; To"."
    io;", .. ,q Elr.," TO'
    ""'JA.VT. in;;r y,,;tb-4.
    N '"
    XlIp" f",wn .111"11. .JI.EI .rx,o,.".,.. tl/ll'o-
    , 1\' .,' N 'I
    ).U.VT4. T ..,\, &111"' )'U,,"..,r. 0;0-
    eHr4 ,9-,'0, ;Ui ;"., Jl.&Td.
    TU. ;xi 'A".o I,
    Ti ;"TIw ... ,.uxP' Ko).-
    ." I,. N liVa
    XA", " , .. oJW""",,""r T1I fltm" '0;".
    " I '}I.
    "'".. (If Jl.&T"'''eW'f'lAI'
    , , / ," " I
    Deer T" ,IT", W, TOV n"'e,,"'" '0;".
    1 NDIA.
    109
    round again to the eaft] it reaches to
    Kolkhi, in the vicinity of the pearl fifhery,
    and Pandion is fovereign of the whole
    But the firft port after leaving the
    Ruddy Mountain, is Balita, and next to
    that is Komar, which has a fort and a Cape Co-
    harbour. This place is frequented for morio.
    the purpofe of ablution by thofe who
    have dedicated themfelves to a religious
    life, and taken a vow of celibacy. Wo-
    men as well as men are admitted into
    this a inftitution; and the legend refpeCt-
    ing it reports, that a goddefs in fome
    former period praCtifed the fame ablu-
    tions once a month at this fpot.
    From Komar the diftriCt extends to
    Kolkhi, and the pearl fifhery; which is
    conduCted by Oaves or criminals con-
    demned to this fervice; and this whole
    fouthem [point of the] continent is part
    of Pandion's b dominion.
    11 Gelenias.
    This fociety is faid by Paolino run to aiR., but
    a& a place three leagues inland. The fuperftition,
    however, is the fame, and Comar or Comorin takes
    its IIIIIIIe from CaoJ8muri or Cumarl, the vilJin
    deity.
    .. The court of Pandion W8I at Miltun, called
    M6dufa by Pliny, and Modoora by Ptolemy j and
    by both placed far inland from the coad of Mala-
    bar, agreeing with its -anal fite. In the age of the
    Periplat, this fovereign mud bave e:ltended his
    power over the whole of Malabar proper. Travao-
    core. Mara..., and the pearl61hery; but in tile age
    of Ptoiemy, Malabar. or the COUDtry of the AU,
    W8I no longer part of his dominions. Pandton is
    probably a Dame common to all the kings of Mr.-
    dura, for the natives of province are called
    Pandooa and Pandavaia in Sanlkreet. Kolkhi, I
    bave no doubt, is Raman-Coil in the itland of
    Rami-ceram, near MaDar, the feat of the pearl
    61hery. Coil 6pi6es a temple, Raman-Coil the
    temple of Ram, Rami-ceram the itland Ram. This
    temple or pagoda ftill e:lifts j and Ram is a Hindoo
    deity, the fabulous conqueror of Ceylon with ..
    arm1ClIlODues.
    Digitized by Google
    Digitized by Google
    ON MAMBARUS .

    THE continual attention, which a re-
    gular tranOation requires, bad led to the
    difcovery of fome few inaccuracies that
    occur in the commentary, which I have
    given on this work: but as they were
    not of importance, I have corre8:ed them
    filently, without troubling the reader with
    an apology.
    But there is one error which I regret,
    as it afl"eaa a material part of the work.
    For I have attributed the fovereignty of
    Arlake or Concan to Mlunbarus, and
    I am now convinced that his dominion
    was Guzerat. For this portion of the
    error I can ihelter myfelf under the cor-
    ruption of the text ;-but in order to
    render the text confiRent, after having
    adopted the reading of Hudfon, I made
    the Parthian power at Minnagar on the
    Indus extend over Guzerat, whereas in
    reality it embraced only Scindi and Kutch;
    and for this portion of the error I am ac-
    countable.
    The text in the firfi edition fiands thus;
    . Md B. nP 1;,,' ..
    xh..tro" xal , Tl' 'Apa'.xijs xc'pas TlS
    1ifx1), xal TlS 'bB.xij,
    JVf&. T.,m" Ti '"' pAVlytlf& Tl' &c.
    For Hudfon and Stuckius
    read And it is evident Arabia
    can have here no relation to India. But
    ftill if 'Ap,"xij, be fubfiituted, the author
    does not mention the territory of MIun-
    barus by name, but fays only, " luwe is
    the commencement of the kingdtml of Ma"..
    banu [lreO'] 'owaTds A.riaIt.e, or, towanU
    it aD ..ijeaive like .
    ";,ff( the pnmoce of tar. .
    [the confine' w.J .AriGU.
    Let us next obferve that Barugba or
    Baroache is the principal mart of Gu-
    zerat; and that is equivalent to
    Concan, the Pirate or Mabratta coaft.
    If therefore the territory of Guzerat is
    undefined at its northern limit, and mark-
    ed only by its fouthem boundary, our
    geography travels the contrary way, to
    our courfe; and this can only be re-
    conciled by noticing, that we fail 6rft,
    foutherly to Diu head ; and -then come up
    the gulph of Cambay north, to the boun-
    dary between Guzerat and Concan. ThiI
    interpretation is as circuitous as our
    courfe.
    Under the preffure of this difficulty
    I have a conjeCbue to otTer, which I fub-
    mit to the judgement of the reader. That
    is, inRead of I would fubfiituto
    APABI'KIU. For LA-BIKB'
    is the title affigned to Guzerat by Pto-
    'lemy, and LAB it is called by Abu'lfeda.
    If this conje8:ure fhould be deemed
    admiffible, I would read the whole par-
    fage thus;
    Mw. BI nj, 1; .. ,
    l;'" xlAftS, xal , TlS AAPIKIa xriPlIS Tl'
    M.p.,-,. xal TlS oAII, 'bB,xis

    Next to immediately fucceed.
    the gulph of Barugba, and the com-
    mencement of the province of Lar,
    [which is] the kingdom of Mambarua,
    and the whole of b this part of India has
    the fame commencement.
    b ... _ it takeo fiom the following fenteac:e.
    nu ,.., of IDdia it the peaiufula.
    Digitized by Google
    IU MAMBARUS.
    I do not with to lay greater firers on
    a conjeB:ural emendation than it will
    bear;' but if this fhou]d be thought ad-
    miffible, it gives the c arrangement of the
    provinees in exquifite order;
    Minnagar and SU-}Under the Parthian
    Scindi and government at '
    Kutch, Minnagar.
    or Guzerat,-under Miunbarus.
    Arlake, Concan,. }under Sandanes,
    Kemkem, the Pl- . fuccefi"or to Sara-
    rate or Mahratta ganus.
    coafi,
    Limurike or Canara,-under Keprobotas.
    ParaIia or Malabar} under Pandion.
    proper,
    The limits affigned to thefe province.
    MAMBARUS.
    by the Peripltls continue to this day the
    refpeB:ive limits of difiinB: languages pe-
    culiar to the feveral different countries;
    an ufage in this infianee which pre-
    vailed over the lapfe of ages, and the in-
    trufions of conquefi; and which preferve.
    an indelible feature, by which the pro-
    vinces may be difiinguifhed after a courfe
    of eighteen centuries.
    In fhort, if Nelkunda has been identi-
    fied with Neli-eeram, (as I am perfuaded
    the documents in the commentary will
    fufficiently prove,) the whole voyage, con-
    tained in the original work, has been af-
    certained from M uos Hormus in Egypt
    to the coafi of Malabar.
    C This IU'I'IIDFment ia conformable to the author's plan in both Y01ageB, giviD, the marts or pro-
    Yincea, with their refpeftive governments. .
    AFRICAN VOYAGE.
    or prorIiJlc:ea. Gt1I1U'ftamt.
    Muos Hormus and
    renikil,
    Troglod,te1, Vagrant without chie&.
    Mofkh6phagi and Akri-}Tribea under their re-
    d6phllgi, ' Cpettive chiefs.
    and Adooli, under ZOfkalea.
    of Adel or Du- under chiefs.
    Marts of Aunia or Ajan, Severall, UDder chim.
    Rbapta and ita depeo-}Under Kharibael and
    deDcia, Klaolaibus, Araba.
    ORIENTAL VOYAGE.
    .11.,.,. tIP' pl"tnlirac: ...
    Arabia Petrfla,
    G""",,mc .. '
    under Malikhu.
    Arabia Deferta Heju, { o::.eena, called Kan-
    SabeBDII and Homeritel, under KbaribaeL
    } under Kholaibus.
    Jle of Arabm,
    Haclramaut, or Incetd"e}under Elebua.
    country,
    Mazeira, under priefta.
    South-eaft angle of Ara-}ouder the ki .. of PeII-
    bia, or modern Oman, Iia.
    Ap6l Obo
    l h {under the king of pft"o
    ogua, or e fi ..
    Oman_ in Karmania, under Arab c:hiefa.
    Digitized by Google
    QU L
    T P RIP S FT E IT RE S
    ll1ET A tt. ."d'ixrrr.t.(
    '" , "
    1)'1' " .".." 1-"'1 &;tAl pM
    f"fTOryHtJ'I AryIJf'''lJr ' Arr.AJI. 'E'I I'll
    - ", - ,
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    , f/I# I' I L /
    tt.cJ fTl'I r -rr4 rIo, ryo-
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    , f'fM 'r rJJ T ';"""0 '" AI
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    / , "cl!':: ' ,
    "'"I"." "'e. . T r:;"r f'f"'
    Ei"I'I i,.,.."..0p'" K.f'.p', If.SI1 IIIJA-",!, I{gf
    -'.' ""
    .tJiYII' f'.. 'I TIJ'Ir' Ei"'
    'If' AIJ;' . f'ixpl 'GI.e.ArylJf'fJl'
    ''I "E Jt. f'IJ 'Ml, IJlfM
    f'r'Y'i"fM" .Ucp Eewrf'E'IfMJI, AryIJf""'
    ,trY IS. ' JI . n" , ,;
    , :rt..
    TIJ' r.i"Y'I" "IJM" l..,..fM'IT' T'
    -.i-y n JI,;r 'r Tal
    MMf .-. mafius
    This bay in our charts has no Dative Dame;
    ut it called alk's age. exte &0
    Ramanadaburam to Point Kalymere; the coa11
    10 it i araw and couo of T .
    III
    THE lirfi place that fucceeds after leav-
    ing K lkhi" he a A Ius, ne -lam' .am.
    ed a firia land of fam
    name]. Here, and here only, the pearls
    di e ry
    Epiod&rus are [allowed to be] perforated Manu.
    and repared for th ma k. d fro
    Q
    the me Dd pr red e fi
    b muflins fprinkled with pearls
    P eed" fro rgal the fi co
    fpicuous of all the marts and anchorages
    on co are nar od a Cave
    Sopatma. To thefe the traders from LJ.- Soro-patma,
    and the other provinces n rth f <j0roman-
    Lim ke, ort : d in efe s Can
    found the native vdT'els which make coafi-
    ing age' Li riU e C nox
    of e large fort called Sangara, and
    others fiyled Colandiophonm, which are
    vetT' of :at k, pted 0 t
    voyages madt'l to the Ganges and the
    Go Cone
    fone lem
    with pearls. Salmafiu8.
    oox e 0 tI'el. e ou a 6n
    tree, but which have a lingle piece of timber for
    ir kee r bo , &0 hich plan' of
    fide raif . thou bs. h ve ....
    rull in ure OD this coaft, able to carry 150
    THE SEQUEL TO THE PERIPLUS.
    To thefe marts are brought all the
    ar'ticles prepared (in Egypt] for the mar-
    ket of and almoft all the fpecie,
    of which Egypt is continually drained by
    its trade with Limurike, finally centres
    . in this coaft, as well as all produce of CoI'OlDlllldeL
    itfelf.
    But atier paffing Limurike and the
    provinces next in d fucceffion, the coafi:
    winds round to the eaft; and, as the
    vetrel takes this direCtion in her courfe,
    the iOand now called Palaifimoondus, but
    formtrly Taprobana, lies out in the open Ceylon.
    fea to the weft. The northern part of
    this iOand is civilized, e but the patrage to
    it from the continent is feldom perform-
    ed in lefs than twenty days. The whole
    extent is fo large that it reaches almoft 'to
    the oppofite f coaft of Azania [in Africa;] Ajaa. bar
    and here, pearls, precious frones, fine muf- Zaague
    lins, and tortoife {hell are to be obtained.
    But [returning now to the coaft of
    Coromandel.; above KAmara, Podooka,
    and Sopatma lies] Mafalia, a difrria which Mdulipatam.
    extends far inland. In this country a
    great quantity of the fineft muQins are
    manufaaured: and from Maa8lia the
    courfe iies eaftward acro(s a bay to Defa- Oriiia.
    where the ivory is procured of that
    called B6fare g.
    Leaving the courfe is north-
    erly h, paffing a variety of barbarous
    tribes, one of which is ftyled i K.irrbade,
    J ..u.. Gelcniul. 4 .al ... AI;"" .. .;,.al, ...... .. Geleniul; for which Salma6us rCIdI
    .... -, lr .............. l ... , ... IW;: (Q ...;,) but Voftius fl .. A .... tl--ii. much nearer tbe tut. ..l ... ?
    d Malabar proper, Travaacore. aad Tinivelli.
    e The text is corrupt; but in the 6r1l edition it
    is written Ite ,.1 ... AI ..... corretted by Vof-
    6ulI. ..& .. AI, .. for tAe mojl port ita ""etat!!
    Thill correaion is fupported by Strabo, .. ,.;,
    . - "
    ",...,0/, 11_011'1.
    f This error, relative to the magnitude of Ceylon,
    Wall perpetuated till the time of Gama; but in no
    author is the extent carried fo far all in the Peri-
    pia..
    I I would willingly fuppofe this to be the ham
    of the rhinoceros, called SHe ,...HU,Mc: but the au-
    thor has diftinguilhed that by the term
    011 tAe coojl if Afrita..
    b I am afraid our courfe has been hitherto eaJl-
    erly all the Wliy from Argalus.
    1 The KirrhBdz of Ptolemy are on the eaft or
    the Ganges. and he is probably coma; all they
    feem to correfpond with the Kadrange oC oriental
    ceocraphy, which I take to be Arncaa.
    Digitized by Google
    THE SEQUEL TO THE PERIPLUS.
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    fir ,.", 'l'eI, ", fI'r.,olr
    ;xG""'" ,u';flfJfMI' J. 'I'd. AOI'1I'd. pi",
    GS".,..,..AJYrIll/" G rrHyr"r
    If.iI flI'e) aArr"
    I. ;t;" flI'e)
    aArrO" 0 rtl.-yr"r .mor ,.".-
    'Yl'i'"or '1';, '"'-'I'd. .",. ti.'JI'ObtllT"
    , ,,. ,., !..... ... N'
    '1" ,.". c&unI' .UN' r" H-
    ;,u'1l'oplo, ;t;),' op.,;l'fJfIA'
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    '\ " f,; .1\_"" ,;
    If!II flI""""" '!7 "''''flo"r f
    .; r"",rl'l'lxal Ary0f"'t. Af.yITt'" 5
    , ", ., ,;
    flI'P, 'l'lIr 'l'tnrllr '''t, fIO,..,-
    I #IV C
    trfMl' Ta 0 A"1Of"'or AfM\T,r.
    , ., , ,fill.,
    t/HrO, fll '1'0' "ftrOr .t;.,
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    e;' .6XOUp.{"fr , $ wl
    1- u.A1I,u'''' tXII-
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    I' c,
    "1''i'"fI'' 01 'l'tJUJTtf' ,.". XIII".,'- 11'11'
    ., ... .h., , Il.'; .. C1.. 15' ...
    4iWTOJ "tIJI- '1'0" 'r.IIIIo7111 IfS ",,"111'
    T'.a. 'l'WO' 4.'1I'oArroyw"r
    ;. Ti10A,r p.errry"or ,u'-
    a favage race with nofes flattened to the
    face. Another tribe are the Bargufi,
    and there are others diftinguifhed by the
    projection of the face, like that of the
    horfe, and others by the length of the
    head from the forehead to the k chin j
    both which tribes are faid to be canni-
    bals.
    After paffing thefe, the courfe turns
    again to the eaft, and, proceeding with
    the coaft on the left, and the fea on the
    right, you arrive at the Ganges, and the
    extremity of the continent towards the
    eaft, called KhrufC, [or the Golden her- The peninrula
    fonefe.] . ofAva,&c.
    The Ganges is the largeft river of In-
    dia j it has an annual jncreafe and de-
    creafe, like the Nile j and there is a mart
    on it of the fame name, through which
    paffes a con6derable traffic, con6fting of
    pearls, betel, the Gangetic fpikenard, and
    Gangetic muffins, which are the tineA:
    manuaaure of the fort.
    I n this province alfo is I faid to be a
    gold mine, and a gold coin called m Kal-
    tia.
    Immediately upon leaving the Ganges
    there is an ifland in the ocean. of great ce-
    lebrity, called Khrufe, 01' the Golden me,
    which lies dire&ly under the ri6ng fun,
    and at the extremity of the world towards
    the eaft. This ifland produces the tineft
    tortoife fiJell that is found throughout
    the whole of the Erythr&Ln fea. The Indiu
    But Rill beyond this, immediately under ocean.
    the north, at a certain point, where the
    exterior fea lies a city called

    s W ... ... 'x ..... ... d ....... '''' xc-"' x.l.m., Ix." Gclenias. Xfwii i. a better reading. buc
    .).8"",,,, i. preferable co .. r. f.-. Cl .t, ................. l",..'" Gclenilll.
    It The wildell tribes of India are in the northtra
    parts ofOrilfa; but wben an author turua them into
    monften, we know that be ill at &he 8teDt of his
    bowledge.
    J The ellpn:llion ill AIoyrr : a proof. apparently.
    that tbe author fpeaks from report only,
    '" Kurdeen or Kardet!n is ftill applied to gold, Gt
    a gold coin, in BeDpI.
    Q:I
    Digitized by Google
    116 THE SEQUEL TO THE PERIPLUS.
    .,t", )."1o,u", ai.c&. 'Afl TO T.
    " "- , '!o..' ,
    'e''', I{!JI TO "'fU', I{!JI TO OJor,.. TO "f-
    , " I 1'. to' I
    e"t.o Hf Tor (lid.
    fiI,e; 4>'efTtI.f. KcrI '"'
    fiI&N' I.a. T rC&'YrK COTc&,a. Eir If
    ai.c& T.im,. l;" rVx'eZf tinr,).-
    .sw,. ';WOC&,;6,f .wo' TIP'" W
    Kiirtl.f Ii 0 TOr", n'
    A''YITtI.f If
    Toif d,WOf'iecr.,.",.,,',o.f ""'elf,", T
    n'm .. , Kc&tNrU&s-
    scr.ec&M,u", Af,."", M"..,m'f ';f TU
    " --- ,,,
    tTfIrc&,tU;0f'ltM'c&. JUr,T 1T0f (11
    tTfIroetc&' a"c&f
    "1"\.. ... \ ;!J ,., , Ir'I1I1...
    IJrof TI, ,." .. (J'QI,."fM' '5 v,....-
    Jecr. 'lDlI.c&7IJ'11'eWtn'0I. ,if T').of. c&U-
    Tf Ii ).ry.09-tI.f Clli0f'Otilf
    .",,,,,'eOlf. n4pc'Ytrorrtl.f m )Ilmuf.,
    fWY.M i,
    TCr"0'lIUf.
    Thina, not OD the coali, but inland; from
    which both the raw material, and manu-
    faetured 6Jk, are brought by land through
    Baetria to Barugaza; or elfe down the
    Ganges [to Bengal,] and thence by fea to
    Limurike on the coali of Malabar. CaDIUL
    n To Thina itfelf the means of approach
    are very difficult; and from Thina fome
    few [merclUmts] come, but very rarely:
    for it lies [far remote] under the con-
    lienation of the lefi'er bear, and is faid
    to join the 0 confines of the Euxine fea,
    the Cafpian, and the lake t4Mtis, which
    iflhes at the fame mouth with the Caf-
    pian into the northern ocean.
    On the confines of Thina an annual
    fair or mart is eftabli(bed; for the Sefatle, Tartan of
    who are a wild uncivilized tribe, atfemble LaS'aP
    there with their wives and children. They
    are defcribed as a race of men fquat and
    thick fet, with their face broad, and their
    nofe P greatly depretred. The articles they
    bring for trade are of great bulk, and
    enveloped in mats or facks, which in
    their outward appearance refemble the
    early leaves of the q vine. Their place of
    -----------------------------------
    n W I! are to underi\and by this ftrange pal'age,
    t. That thfo coad of China lies open to a great ocean
    on the nft, (now the Pacific ocean.) 2. That the
    capital of China lies in a high northern latitude,
    liS Pekin does in 40', (but not under the bear-ftar.)
    S. That the fea is not farther navigable to the
    north. 4. That the lilk of Chin" patres one way,
    through Tartnry to Baaria, and thence by the In-
    dus down to Guzerat; and, by another route, down
    the Ganges to Bengal, and from Bengal to the
    coafts of COlOmandel and of MI\).,bar. See the
    Commentary and Ditrertation. 5. TIant the domi-
    nion of China extends far through Tartary to the
    weft. And, G_ That the Cafpian and Pulus Meotis
    communicate with the northern ocean, (which is
    an ancient error.)
    o TD;, .,...rr.,..,...t.olf ,.Jr./N 'I' Donll, &c.
    The country of China reaches to the limitl of thofe
    regions which front (north) to another fea. lie ha
    ufed .'r,"""; ... , once before in this fenfe, when
    he places the Atlantic at the back of Libya, A-
    frica, &c.
    P Thill defcription can refer to no nation but a
    tribe of Tartnr!I i the BCfadllB of Ptolemy have the
    fame lIuributes, and are apparently the fame pe0-
    ple. He places them N. E. of the Ganges. They
    may be in any lite from Atram to Thibet or Boud-
    bUI. We learn from Goez, that eight tribes of Tar-
    tan came to lnule OD the confines of China, under
    pretence of embldties.
    q The betel is a fpecies of the pepper-plant; the
    fmit grows on a 'Dine, the leaves of which are wrap-
    ped round tbe areka-nut, with other ingredientl.
    aOlI is then called betel-nut, or betre, &om pet,.",.
    Thi. mode of manufaeture wiu perhaps explain
    why the matl are raid to be of the colour of rin ..
    by Google
    THE SEQUEL TO THE PERIPLUS.
    ,., .. , "1 -
    ElT 'N'1I"I"',IIr., , ... , TlrCS T'O'lrO, nrr tI1J,-
    ,/ #IV t , fill 0.' K '
    'e"" fWTfItJ'. 5 TM' tnro nrr o.rc&r. f
    a. T"fI,f fnrOt;prNcsr-
    . IV' ,/ '"
    T'r '4UrOK TfI,f T"fI'orfl,f. J(jCf tllJrtlU('lttr"
    , 't '" , ,.. , 0'
    fir TCS Uj,CS "I' Tltr 'tr61T'eltr T .... ltr. ,
    lr TOrCS I.xm-.r Tar. 'G14pcs'Y'''rTf
    ,,/ , " '''1 It
    TitS' T .... !1 tI1J.iylttrl T.CS, ''''''M' rnro-
    " "2: I., , ,
    J(jCf 'c,,,,eurcsr,.r xa.A4/A-1JS' TlJr
    ... irellr "' )....".7'0, i....I .... N-
    trcIrTlS' Ta. 'Pti.t& 5 ... .,m-IS'.
    ,,"I ""'"..." , 41
    tJ'''elltr. TtUr CS'1t'O TM' "tUr.
    r"ITf ,..", Te'CS. T
    tpr$JAIJ. TO AleOtrf>tUe" )..,-
    'Y0/A-i,or. "Ex T inrJrrt;'ell. TO /A-'-
    ,\1\'" '"
    tr .... .ylUf". b tJl Tit lA""eOT'ell, T., /A"-
    VU .. T4 /A-fe'/ T
    MCJ..9-ell ICi/ ,ir
    n" inrl T X47'e'Y"",wM. ClairJ..
    ... ' to' "" \I le,.
    J. 4 ft /UT'.'" Tllr T .... llr. ,,"" T' rnr'eao-
    , , " 1 \I
    )..fI,f J(jCf fDfJlYlIS' /A-"Y.t;lIr t'IfItr-
    \' 'I' '0..' '\11
    IDAoT6I' T' T01f6l'. liT", J(jCf .;Tilt!- T", (/fi'"
    l1... "" , I I'
    /A'" .;TEM', "'''PW"IT''' 't;".
    W'IIU: the rolling up of there drawing
    out of the fibres-tbe rolling' up into balls, &c, and
    however inadequate the defcription may be, it
    proves that the _la-butlarulfl of the ancients is the
    6eIn, or petros,
    atrembly is between their own borders
    and thofe of Thina; and here, fpreading
    out their mats, on . which they fit [and
    exhibit their goods for fale,] they hold a
    feaft [or r fair] for feveral days, and at the
    conclufion ot'it return to their country in
    the interior.
    Upon their retreat, the Thinae, who
    have continued on the watch, repair to
    the fpot, and collea the mats which the
    ftrangers left behind at their departure j
    from thefe they pick out the haulm
    which is called PETROS, and, drawing
    out the fibres, fpread the leaves double,
    and make them up into balls, paffing the
    fibres through them. Of thefe balls there
    are three forts, the large, the middle
    fized, and the fmall; in this form they
    take the name Qf MalA-bathrum, and
    under this denomination the three forts
    of that mafficatory are brought into
    India, by thofe who prepare them [for
    the market.]
    All the regioDs beyond Thina [towards
    the north] are unexplored, either on ac-
    count of the feventy of the winter, the
    continuance of. the frofts, or the difficulty
    of the country j perhaps alfo the will of
    the gods has fixed thefe limits to the
    curiofity of man.
    r It is ... C'lCm in the original, which So1lma-
    6us reads Perhaps A'1Of"CIltJ'U is bet-
    ter, and approaches nearer to "' .... '11.:710, which
    is nonfenfe.

    "
    Digitized by Google
    118
    N.oticea received fince the publication of the Second Edition of the
    Commerce of the Ancients in the Indian Ocean .
    Vol. I. p. 174.
    THE title of Nullah Sunkra is applied
    to the eaftemmoft branch of the Indus i
    but Colonel Reynolds, who has been em-
    ployed many years upon a furvey of
    India, has found, that the weftem branch,
    ufually called the Laribundar river, is the
    true Nullah Sunkra. The miftake was
    derived from Frezier's aCcount of Nadir
    Shah's treaty with the Mogul emperor,
    in which the province of Tatta is ceded
    to Nadir, and it was concluded that the
    Pattalene or Delta of the Indus was the
    more efpecial part of that province.
    Vol. I. p. 185,
    Rhambakia. There is a ca.ftle of Rluzm
    mentioned in Nadir Shah's treaty; it is
    the fame as Rham-baugh, the garden of
    RJaam, found by Colonel Reynolds at the
    head of Crotehy bay. This fite does not
    accord with the marches of Alexander,
    but doubtlefs Rham-baugh and Rham-
    bakia are in fome fenfe or other allied. I
    It may be well imagined that Colonel
    Reynolds, whofe attention was more par-
    - tieularly dire&d to the countries on the
    Indus, will be enabled to throw great
    light on the tranfaCtions of Alexander in
    that quarter, and the courfe of the fleet
    down the river. Very happy {hould I
    have been to have received the informa-
    tion and correCtions of fo able a geogra-
    pher. But the voyage of Nearchus eould
    be conduaed only ori fuch intelligence as
    was previouOy in exiftence; and I bave

    the fatisfac9:ion to know from Colonel
    Reynolds, that my general outline is cor-
    rea, notwithftanding fome errors in parti-
    culars.
    Vol. n. p. 531.
    The Adulitie infcription is defcribed by
    Cofmas, with whom it originates, as COll-
    filling of two parts, one engraved upon
    a chair or throne, and the other upon a
    tablet; but both Parts are fuppofed by
    Cofmas to relate to one of the Ptolemies.
    The commentators alfo who have pub-
    liOled this infcription from Cofmas, as
    Leo Allatius, Berkelius, Spon, Me1chi-
    zedec Thevenot, Chi{hull, and Mont-
    " faucon, all agree in the fame opinion,
    and conclude that Pto]emy Euergetea is
    the fovereign defigned.
    Berger, Valkenaer, and others, who ob-
    jec9: to the authenticity of the infcription,
    feem never to have fufpec9:ed that the tWQ
    different parts relate to different perfons.
    But time has prOduced a difcovery, of
    which no one was aware. For Lord Va- .
    lentia has vifited Abyffinia, and his Secre-
    tary Mr. Salt has met with an infcription
    at Axum, which proves that the tablet
    only relates to Euergetes, and that the
    infeription on the chair is appropriate to
    . Aeisanas, a king of Abyffinia in the fourth
    century.
    That fuch a prince did reign in Abyf-
    tinia, he proves by a letter direc9:ed. to a
    fovereign of this name by the Emperor
    Conftantius, by the coincidence of hi,
    Digitized by Google
    119
    reign with that of Conftantius, by the
    duration of his reign for feven and twenty
    years, and by the affumption of his de-
    fcent from Mars; whereas the tablet de-
    rives the pedigree of Ptolemy from Her-
    cules on the father's fide, from Diondfus
    and Jupiter on the mother's.
    Mr. Salt from thefe premifes concludes
    therefore, that the tablet only relates to
    Ptolemy, and the chair to Aeifanas; and
    that they contain diftinc9: infcriptiona to
    different perfons.
    As I had beftowed much time on this
    infcription, I cannot help feeling fome
    difappointment from the reflec9:ion that
    my labour has been thrown away; but
    integrity requires that, being convinced,
    I {bould acknowledge my convicuon.
    Mr. Salt indeed haa made ample amends
    for my difappointment by the he
    has allotted me in the unraveling of the
    infcription {Vol. Ill. p. IS,...} But he im-
    putes a doubt to me, as fufpeaing that
    might be the unknown name of
    a month. Such a doubt I had upon my
    firft communication with him upon the
    . fubjea; but upon a fecond view I faw it
    was xP" OU, and immediately imparted
    the correc9:ion to Lord Valentia. As this
    correc9:ion was adopted, and taX"'" OU, re-
    ceived into the Greek text, and as it was
    rendered accurately in the Englilh " till
    '" the time that," I could have wilhed that
    my firA: crude conjec9:ure had been fup-
    prefTed. But I have no right to com-
    plain; due juftice has been rendered to
    the full extent of my wi1hes; and though
    I am forced to abandon a favourite dif-
    fertation, I feel that it was conftruc9:ed
    on firm ground, when it required a joU:"-
    ney into the heart of Abyffinia to con- .
    vince me of my miftak.e.
    !/,/"7/.
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    11,'./ g"

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    h"
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    /, 1:lJ,A'"

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    :;;"..
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    .IAt,." hp), B $,. /'''''r
    r
    / ,bJ/,/' ,.,. .,

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    un ""
    .,.1;bA,/;"" /,
    ERRORS.
    P. If. lino pen1llt. for ;.'" l".me rCtIIll r",me.
    P. 19. 60. t1. fur epeditioa read upedition.
    "
    P. 61. liD.. ". fur which haYins aceompliflaed rCtIIl this they accomplifbect, and then.
    p ... t. lino ta. for and that to lab tbe pIIIce by Co,.,. weald require the delay of 6ege rttIIl and that
    the del.y of. 6ege wu dellraaa,e.
    '!.a,./,,.,I .. ,,4 ......
    d. ..... .... .
    ,!.62. fA", . / ... .. f,. n,", ... !:" :/1. /- f,. ,,"', .
    P 67' I,'" .,. pr H. , . ., .
    t 8' . ? 1-"-' .2 h ,.,..,.,. !:Ol !J.,. , /, 4.
    "E.!)" 1':".1 .://n/"- r-riJ ./r-;."I' /'";.

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