Math A Graphs 8 Transformation of Functions and Graphs

We can produce new graphs from parent ones by Algebraic Transformations: Translate, Reflect, Stretch, Compress
Geometrical
Algebraic transformation
transformation of the Example Diagram
of function
graph

A’(1,2)
f ( x ) +1
Translate up by k units A(1,1)
up by 1units B’
f ( x ) +k (k >0)
()
0
k
(+10 ) B

f ( x )−2
Translate downby k units A(1,1)
down by 2units
f (x)−k (k >0)
( )
0
−k
( )
0
−2 A’(1,-1)
B

B’
f ( x +3 )
Translate ¿ k units A’(-2,1) A(1,1)
¿ 3 units
f (x+ k )(k > 0)
( )
−k
0
(−30) B’ B

f ( x−4 )
Translate ¿ by k units A(1,1) A’(5,1)
¿ by 4 units
f (x−k )(k >0)
( )
+k
0
(+04) B B’

A’(1,5)

Stretch by k times
5f (x)
kf (x)(k >1) A(1,1)
along the y−¿axis stretch5×along y−axis
B

B’
 1
f ( x)
Compress by k times 6
kf (x)(0< k <1)
along the y−¿axis
compress 6×along y

1 A(1,1)
Compress by ׿ f (7 x )
f (kx )(k >1) k
along the x −axis compress 7×along x
B’ B

A(1,1) A’(8,1)

f (kx )(0< k <1)

1
Stretchby ׿
k
f ( 18 x)
along the x −axis
stretch 8×along x
B B’

A(1,3)
−f (x)
−f (x) Reflect along the x−¿ axis
Up swaps with Down

A ’ (1 ,−3)

f (−x)
f (−x) Reflect along the y−¿axis
Left swaps with Right A ’ (−2 ,1) A(2, 1)

Transformation of B(2,-1) to B’(?,?) is left for Students’ exercises.

 Transformation of Periodic Functions
Maximum/Minimum are affected by Up/Down translation, Vertical Enlarge/Reduce and reflect from up to down only.
Period are affected by Horizontal Enlarge/Reduce only.
Vertical y -axis Horizontal x -axis
Minimum Maximum Period
sin x −1 +1 360 °
cos x −1 +1 360 °
tan x −∞ ,∨undefined +∞ ,∨undefined 180 °
f (x) a b c
f (x+ d) unchanged → a unchanged →b unchanged → c
f (x)±d a±d b±d unchanged → c
f (dx ) unchanged → a unchanged →b c /d
d f ( x ) , d> 0 ad bd unchanged → c
d f ( x ) , d< 0 bd ad unchanged → c
f (−x) unchanged → a unchanged →b unchanged → c
−f (x) −b −a unchanged → c

b
c=Period