3 Two - Dimensional Stress System

3.1 Stresses on any plane

If the stress in AB and BC are y - x and then force would be sin ,




x 

x
cos , sin and cos
  

 

C
u

u
U
x Sin

in
Ts
A B
Tcos
sU
y Co

Fig. 3.1

Resolving the stresses shown in Fig. 3.1, the stress on plane AC is

= ( y. cos ) cos + ( x. sin )sin
    

  

+( . cos )sin + ( . sin )cos -------------3.1

   

 

Using sin² = ½(1 - cos2 ) , cos² = ½(1 + cos2 ),

 

 

sin2 =2 sin cos ,   

( 1 + co s 2 θ ) ( 1 − co s 2 θ )
σθ = σ y +σx
2 2
 = ½( y +
+ τ sin 2 θ
) + ½ ( y.- x)cos2
x + sin2 ---------- 3.2

and resolving in the direction of

= ( y. cos ) sin - ( x.sin )cos
+ ( .sin ) sin - ( .cos )cos -----------------------3.3

=1/2( y - x) sin2 - .cos2 ----------------------------3.4

Example 3.1 : Find the stress components and resultant stress on a plane at
60 to the stress plane in Fig. E.3.1
 C

20N/mm

15N/mm
60°
A
15 N/mm

30N/mm

Fig. E3.1


= (30 cos 60) cos 60 - (20 sin 60) sin 60 +
(15 cos 60) sin 60 + (15 sin 60) cos 60
= 7.5 - 15 + 3.75 3 + 3.73 3 

= 5.5 N/mm²

  = 29.2 N/mm²
/mm
. 2N
=29

m
/m
7N
r
29.

=5
5

Fig. 3.2

Resultant stress, r = (5.5² + 2 9 .2 ² ) = 29.7/mm²



at angle = tan (29.2)/(5.5) = 80.25 , 20.25 to the 30N/mm² stress. The

  

resultant diagram is shown in the figure above.

3.2 Principal Planes.

These are planes where the shearing stress values are zero (that is,
 = o)

 From equation3.4 on this
± (σ y − σ x ) plane --------- 3.5
cos 2 θ =
[( σ y − σ x ) 2 + 4 τ 2 ]
2τ
ta n 2 θ =
(σ y - σ x )

which could be represented as in Fig. 3.3

) -4
2
x
y - 2

20°
y - x)

Fig. 3.3

From Fig. 3.3

±2 τ
sin 2 θ =
(σ y − σ x ) 2 + 4 τ 2
while:

---------------------- 3.6

3.3 Principal Stresses

There are pure normal on the principal planes. From equation 2.6 and
equation 3.1 the principal stress becomes

(σ y + σ x ) ( σ y - σ x )² + 4 τ ²
σ m ax = ± 3 .7
2 2
      

m in

They are the maximum and minimum values of normal stresses in the two
dimensions. Differentiating equation 3.4 with .respect to and set to zero, the 

maximum shear stress is on planes at 45 to the principal planes and is given by,

 (σ y − σ x ) + 4 τ 2
τ m ax =     

3 .8
2

The angles where these occur are given by,

tan2 s = -( y - x)/2
   

tan2 = -1/tan2 which means that the two angles 2 1,2 are 900 from the angles
  

2 3 1,2. This means that the planes of maximum shearing stress will be 450 away


from the principal planes. Hence, shear stres is one-half the algebraic difference
between the principal stresses.