CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A broad scope of research has been conducted to understand the dynamics of the game of

volleyball1.When analyzing the logic of the game, principal sports complexes should be

distinguished: complex I or side-out, which accommodates serve-reception, setting, and

attack, and complex II or side-out transition, which comprises serve, block, low defense, and

counterattack. In complex I, the team memberface the opponent’s serve, which is generally

more predictable than the attack, consequently, they could higher prepare themselves. This

allows the team to preparefaster and more potent attacks. Conversely, in transition teams

regularly carry out slower and greater steady offenses,as a consequence permitting the

opponent a higher shielding organization.1

Within the service type, female youth volleyball presented a decreased chance of performing

all forms of jump serves while as compared to male volleyball. Otherwise, the ground serve

was highly predominant in female players, happening in 87.9% of the situations. As for the

attack type, again female players are much less in all likelihood to use more effective attacks

than males. Palao et al. (2009) discovered that ground serve is the maximum not unusual

place prevalence concerning female volleyball.1

jumping is very essential to many of volleyball’s skills. The major muscle groups of the

lower limb involved in the jump are the glutes, hamstrings, quadriceps, and calves.players

flex the ankles, knees, and hips during the jump and propel the body upward with an

extension at every joint. Equally essential for the volleyball skillset is the development of the

upper body. Shoulder extension and internal and external shoulder rotation are most

important for the serve and spike.Another essential mechanical attention for volleyball is an
athlete’s cap potentialto speedy extrude direction. The fast‐paced nature of the sport calls for

an athlete to be speedy react to the ball at the same time as preserving management and

balance. Often this requires the cap potential to stabilize body movements over a single limb.

focus on lower back strength and stability for a volleyball player. isessential.Based on the

desiredevaluation for volleyball, it is far important to exercises that develop lower body

power, upper body strength power, unilateral limb strength, core stability, and flexibility.

Additionally, stabilization and passing skills can be better via way of training core stability.

The core muscles of the body (usually agreed to consist of the musculature of the abdominal

wall, the diaphragm, the thoracolumbar back muscles, and the pelvic floor) perform a vital

role by providing support for the extremities to properly enforce the various volleyball‐

specific skills.2 to understand the dynamics of the game of volleyball broad scope of research

has been conducted to understand the dynamics of the game of volleyball broadscope of

research has been conducted to understand the dynamics of the game of volleyball

A broad scope of research has been conducted to understand the dynamics of the game of

volleyball broad scope of research has been conducted to understand the dynamics of the

game of volleyball broad scope of research has been conducted to understand the dynamics of

the game of volleyball.Besides the height of the jump, the cap potential to spike the ball with

the highestpossiblespeed is also an essentialfactor for the performance of thevolleyball

players4,5,6Withinthis structure, the spike is a complicated motion patternrequiring flexibility,

muscular strength, coordination, and neuromuscular efficiency.3the spike is defined because

the maximum explosive motion form among the various overhead volleyball

skills3,4Volleyball needs a straight approach to the ball with a right angle and jumping with

proper timing7The spike cap potential may be bettervia increasing or enhancing the strength

and power of the trunk and the chest/shoulder girdle area using a variety of resistance training

and upper body plyometric activities6. Because of those demands, both extremity’s strength
isvery extensive factors for overall performance and injury prevention in volleyball.

Especially, shoulder extension strength at excessive speeds is taken intoconsideration very

highly for spiking velocity and is likewise important for younger athletes. Therefore,

participation in especially strength and conditioning programs are very essential withinside

the protection of injuries among women6

Muscular chains are a bunch of muscles that work together or affectconcurrently motion

patterns8. The core serves as an anchor of sorts for the extremities especially the upper limb.

In maximum athletic situations, the hip musculature generates the bulk of power8. The power

is transferred upward via the linkage to the arms via a “stiffened” core8. Stiffness is the

essential precursor to stability and the efficient transfer of forces, collectively with being one

of the keys to injury prevention. Myers9summarizes numerous research that combines those

concepts with quantification of stability). McGill10reportedthat 4 primary concepts of spinal

stability could direct purposeful training,increase overall performance, and assist prevent a

host of injuries associatedwith instability: (a) proximal stiffness (meaning the lumbar

backbone and core) compliments distal segment athleticism and limb velocity or speed; (b) a

muscular guy wire system is important for the flexible spine to successfully bear load; (c)

muscular coactivation creates stiffness to get rid of micro-motions withinside the joints that

cause to pain and tissue degeneration; and (d) abdominal armor is essential for some

occupational, combative, and impact athletes.

The structure of the serape is the key. By developing a stiffened core in a spiral

pattern, the proximal ends of the hip and shoulder muscles are anchored generatingquicker

arm and leg movements throughout the body. This is important for all speedy reciprocal

movements, which include running (in particularly sprinting), throwing, kicking, changing

direction, stair climbing, chopping firewood, and even single-sided lifting and carrying. Thus,

a universal law of human motion is established“proximal stiffness complements

distalmobility and athleticism”4 Introductory anatomical structure courses usually describe

the anterior and posterior oblique sling systems (Figure 3). In 10 years of research and

limitless communication with core or backbone experts, which includes Vleeming5

Myers6,7, and others, we have not been able to ascertain the origins or source of the anterior

and posterior oblique system.

Muscle Slings provide stability at the same time as participating withinside the motion of

diverse joints.11,12 Among those muscle slings, the posterior

oblique sling muscles (POSMs) contain the opposite latissimus dorsi and

gluteus Maximus, which are connected via the thoracolumbar fascia,

erectorspinae, multifidus, and biceps femoris, which transmit force from

the lowerextremities and extend the body during gait.11,12,13

Thus, the posterior oblique sling muscles make a contribution to the

stability of the dynamic lumbar pelvis.14 The gluteus maximus is aligned vertically to the

sacroiliac joint, and so its contraction affords the transmission of force from the lower limbs

to the pelvis.15,16 Based on the evidenced study, it might be feasible to prevent back pain via

way of means of efficaciously activating the managed synergy withinside the simultaneous

activation of the posterior oblique sling muscles. In addition, body motion entails numerous

muscle groups to be activated at the same time as being related with fasciae1 forstrengthening

POSM to assist in enhancing spinal mobility, balance, and stability. Vleeming et

al.17,18Fascia, as so defined, with its irregular weave of collagenous fibers is best suited to

withstand stress in more than onedirection (reviewed in Willard et al. 2011).19numerous

researchers have advised according to their conclusion of the study the activation of POSMs

prone hip extension (PHE) exercising8,11,12,13. However, there isjusta littleresearch on

enhancing POSM activation during PHE according to the activation of the latissimus dorsi,

which is widely covered by the thoracolumbar fascia among the posterior oblique sling

muscles.12,20,21,22
A broad scope of research has
been conducted
to understand the dynamics of the
game of
volleyball
A broad scope of research has
been conducted
to understand the dynamics of the
game of
volleyball
A broad scope of research has
been conducted
to understand the dynamics of the
game of
volleyball
High spinal forces at some stage in the sport of volleyball make it important to have well-

evolved trunk muscle function. Back and shoulder injuries are common ina volleyball game

and might on the whole be attributed to the stresses of frequent spiking and jump serving,

each sport characterized viaway of means of simultaneous forceful spinal hyperextension and

rotation, further to excessive shoulder external rotation. The third most injured region is the
lower back in the volleyball game, Low back injury risk is enhanced with spinal twisting,

lateral bending, and asymmetrical movements of the spine. The maximum essential trunk

muscle function is to provide multi-directionalstability Panjabi111 described spinal

osseoligamentous, muscle, and motor control additives as interdependent structures designed

to obtain trunk stability. The gluteal muscles and the trunk and lower extremity fascial

structures additionally make acontribution to dynamic trunk stability. The throwing process

additionally required the trunk rotation strength that allows switching power and additionally

generate force to enhance the throwing ball velocity. To maximize throwing velocity, Aragon

(2010) said that the player should need to execute the skill with theright approach or

technique. The trunk rotation may be taken into consideration as a mediator to complete the

transfer of energy from the lower limb to the upper limb. A right throwing approach with the

advent of throwing velocity which determines the overall performance, it consequences from

the power switch of power from lower extremities,mediated via way of means of the trunk

and forward to the upper extremity (Aragon, 2010).

Axio appendicular muscle groups, which include the latissimus dorsi and gluteus maximus,

similarly make a contribution to dynamic trunk stability and motionvia their thoracolumbar

fascial attachments23researchvalidated that resistance training programs enhance throwing

velocity muscular strength, power, and endurance youth baseball 23,24and tennis players.24

Treiber et al.24, concluded that resistance training using Thera-Band tubing and lightweight

dumbbells would possibly have useful consequences on strength and useful

overallperformance in college-level tennis players. on the basis of evidence on the safety of

supervised resistance training in young athletes and adolescents, there is evidence that

resistance training may also lessen injury in a young athlete’s chosen sport.36young athletes
who included resistance training as part of their exercise routinevalidatedreduced injuries and

recovered from injuries with much less time spent in rehabilitation while as compared with

their teammates.evidence shows that resistance training is not only a relatively safe activity

for younger athletes however that itcan additionally be beneficial to reduce injuries at some

stages inaggressive play.25serve spike velocity overall performance (radar gun) at some stage

in spike test, Weexaminedwithinside study the relationship between theparameters or

physical structure and field performances represented via way of means of spike velocity.26

Swiss ball exercises are essential and used in training and rehabilitation to increase core

strength improvement and stability. For example, prone hip extension achieved on a Swiss

ball is typically used for gluteus maximus and hamstring development27

Body stabilization exercises consist of exercises concerning diverse muscular structures that

provide lumbopelvic stability and as a consequence the stabilization of the kinetic chain. The

exercise is formedvia way of means of the posture, depth of loading, and the multi-direction

of the movement.28,29

to understand the dynamics of the

game of
volleyball
A broad scope of research has
been conducted
to understand the dynamics of the
game of
volleyball
A broad scope of research has
been conducted
to understand the dynamics of the
game of
volleyball
A broad scope of research has
been conducted
to understand the dynamics of the
game of
volleyball
A broad scope of research has
been conducted
to understand the dynamics of the
game of
volleyball
A broad scope of research has
been conducted
to under
A broad scope of research has
been conducted
to understand the dynamics of the
game of
volleyball
A broad scope of research has
been conducted
to understand the dynamics of the
game of
volleyball

NEED OF STUDY

A review of literature on field observation finds that there will be a paucity of

overallevidence showing direct relation of resisted band exercisesandswiss ball stability

exercise onactivation of posterior oblique sling muscles for performance enhancement.In this
study, we are going to evaluate the effect of posterior oblique sling activation with the help of

resisted band exercises and swiss ball stability exercises to improve performance parameters

in terms of ground spike velocity and thoracolumbar rotation and flexion.

CHAPTER 2
AIMS & OBJECTIVES

AIM

This study aims to know the effect of posterior oblique sling activation on serves spike

velocity and compare the theraband resisted exercise and swiss ball stability exercise on trunk

rotation in female volleyball players

OBJECTIVES

 To determine the effect of resisted band exercises on activation of posterior oblique

sling muscles in female volleyball players.

 To determine the effect ofswiss ball stability exercise on activation of posterior

oblique sling muscles in female volleyball players.

 To compare the effect ofresisted band exercises and swiss ball stability exercises on

activation of the posterior oblique sling in female volleyball players.

CHAPTER 4
MATERIALS AND METHOD

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH STUDY DESIGN

This study was a comparative experimental study that include the efficacy in two groups –

Resisted band exercises group

Swiss ball stability exercises group

SAMPLING METHOD- Purposive sampling

In the brothers club, Indore (Madhya Pradesh) 42 volleyball players who fulfill the inclusion

criteria were selected by purposive sampling method further divided into two equal half (odd

n even no. selection for divided groups ) of sample size – 42.

SAMPLE SIZE – A total of 42 volleyball players were included in this Study

Resisted band exercise group -n = 21

Swiss ball exercises group -n = 21

SETTING – Brothers club Indore (M.P)

DURATION OF STUDY – 8 Month

DURATION OF INTERVENTION – 4 Weeks

INCLUSION CRITERIA

 Age group – 17-26 years

 Gender – female

 Volleyball players have played for a minimum of 2 years

 Right-hand dominant players included

 Athletes who have given written consent y

EXCLUSION CRITERIA

 Any type of surgery recent before 4 months

 Any spinal deformity (kyphosis, scoliosis, exaggerated lordosis)

 Any current systemic illness

 Any disc or spinal pathology

 Subject with low back pain (any current or previous core-strengthening experience

currently on any fitness program)

 Any history of fracture spine and ribs

INSTRUMENTATION

 Weighing machine

 Pen and paper

 Inch tape
  Stool

 Goniometer

VARIABLES

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES – posterior oblique sling activation exercise

with resisted band and swiss ball.

DEPENDENT VARIABLES

Pocket radar

Goniometer

METHOD OF APPLICATION AND TECHNIQUES

A total of 42 players were taken in this study in which 8 players did not agree for taken

intervention due to some personal issues and 4 players refused the study during the

intervention.

After obtaining informed consent was taken from the players, those willing to participate in

the study were given a brief idea and about the nature and also the intervention. Only those

willing to take exercise intervention three times a week for four weeks each exercise session

were recruited for the study. 30 volleyball athletes were randomly selected by (selected odd n

even no. format in standing a single straight line) and allocated into two groups equally 15

each based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The demographic data including age, height,

weight, were collected through a data collection sheet.

PROCEDURE OF MEASURING PARAMETERS

Throwing velocity assessment -

Throwing velocity assessment Throwing ball velocity was measured using a radar gun the

radar gun was placed approximately 1 meter behind the target, perpendicular to the ball

direction. The participants were invited to perform three maximum ground serve spike trials,

and each trial has been recorded. Approximately 30 seconds of rest was provided between all

throwing trials to prevent muscular fatigue from occurring. And which is the maximum

reading of a throw that was included as the final reading. Throws were analyzed by radar gun

on the right side, throwing with right arm. This method is used for taking the PRE- DATA,

and POST-DATA.

THORACOLUMBAR FLEXION AND ROTATION ASSESSMENT –

THORACOLUMBAR FLEXION - Motion occurs in the sagittal plane around a medial-

lateral axis.

Testing position – standing erect position

Stabilization - stabilize the pelvis to prevent anterior tilting.

Testing Motion – 3 trials forward flexion of spine attempts by players gradually while

keeping the arms relaxed. The end of the motion occurs when the examiner feels the pelvis

start to tilt anteriorly.

TAPE MEASUREMENT – C7 -S1 is considered to be an average measurement for a

healthy person.

Testing position – erect standing

Stabilization – stabilized the pelvis

Testing procedure - mark the spinous processes of the C7 and S1 vertebrae using a skin
marking pencil. Align the tape measure between and record the distance at the beginning of
the ROM Hold the tape measure in place as the individual performs flexion ROM. (Allow the
tape measure to unwind and accommodate the motion.) Record the distance at the end of the
ROM. The difference between the first before flexion and the second after
flexionmeasurements indicates the amount of thoracolumbar flexion ROM. This method is
used for taking the PRE and POST DATA.

THORACOLUMBAR ROTATION – Motion occurs in the transverse plane around a

vertical axis.

Testing Position – sitting on a stool with feet on the ground and stabilizing the pelvis. The
cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine aligned in 0 degrees of flexion, extension, and lateral
flexion.

Stabilization - Stabilize the pelvis on the stool to prevent rotation. Avoid flexion, extension,
and lateral flexion of the spine.

Testing Motion – for trial Asked the player to turn the body to the one right side than the left
side as far as possible, keeping the trunk in an erect position and feet flat on the floor. The
end of the movement occurs when the examiner feels the pelvis start to rotate. And take the
final reading. This method is used for taking the PRE and POST DATA.

PROCEDURE -

Sitting on stool, Center fulcrum of the goniometer over the center of the cranial aspect of the
player’s head. Align proximal arm parallel to an imaginary line between the two prominent
tubercles on the iliac crests. Align the distal arm with an imaginary line between the two
acromial processes. Command the player to turn the body to the one right side and then
leftside as far as possible, keeping the trunk erect and feet flat on the floor. The end of the
motion occurs when the examiner feels the pelvis start to rotate. and reading is taken by a
goniometer.

INTERVENTION – Given 10 min. warm-up to the players to both groups (2 min. walk and
jog and then stretching which are they already do).

One resisted band exercise group and another swiss ball stabilization exercise group for
activation of the posterior oblique sling.

Resisted exercises were used (n-15) – (blue purple-colored Thera band approx. 7 – 10 lb
resistance) and large size swiss ball was used in the current study. both SBE and TBE groups
were given the posterior oblique sling activation exercise protocol according to the formula:
4w × 3days/week × 40 min. per session and 3 days/week resting time equal to both groups.

42
SWISS BALL EXERCISES –

RUSSIAN TWIST WITH LEG BRIDGE ON THE SWISS BALL –

Player’s position – slowly leaning backrest on the ball (bridge position on ball). the head,
neck, and shoulder blades should be supported on the ball. knees should be bent at a 90º
angle, with feet on the ground. The player should focus on maintaining the stability of the
lumbo-pelvic region. and hold this position for min.30 seconds.

Progression: lift both hands together and rotate to the right to left and left to right with
maintaining the bridge position.

LEG CURLS ON THE SWISS BALL –

The purpose of this dynamic stabilization exercise is to activate the posterior oblique sling
while maintaining dynamic stability of the lumbar spine. in a supine position on the floor,
placed both feet on the swiss ball (without shoes to allow increased proprioception from
exteroceptors of the feet) the player keeps her arms at rest on the floor at the sides of the body
for balance and raised the hips off the ground until the knees, hips, and shoulders were
aligned and maintain the spine in a neutral midrange position. The main goal is to keep the
pelvis elevated, the hip should be extended, with knees flexed and maintain lumbopelvic
stability.

Progression: continue with alternate leg curls in the same position on a swiss ball.

Resting time between exercise – 30 seconds

ABDOMINAL ROLL-OUT –

This is an excellent exercise to train the lower and upper back. The player kneels behind the
ball with both hands-on ball and body should be maintained at a straight line from shoulder to
hip. while maintaining the alignment she pulls the ball towards the body and pushes away
from her body a short distance. the movement occurs only at the shoulders. and maintain
pelvic stability.
JACK KNIFE – Keeping both legs on the swiss ball in a prone position with both arms
balanced on the ground and then slowly flexing their knees and pulling the ball towards the
body by the legs and keeping the spine in neutral alignment throughout the movement.

Progression: start with shins instead of the toes on the ball.

CHAPTER 5
DATA ANALYSIS

A maximum of 30 volleyball players was screened for the study and collected information the

study and collected information for all these samples were entered into the computer

database. The software used was SPSS software. prevalence of outcome variables along with

95% confidence limits was calculated. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed as

statistical analysis statistically the gathered data.

Results on categorical measurement are presented using mean + standarddeviation(Min-

Max).The demographic information of spastic cerebral palsy patients was collected as a

baseline(pre-test). The probability value,p>0.05 was considered statistically insignificant but

the probability value from p <0.06was considered as suggestively or poorly significant.

However, the probability value consideredsignificantfrom p<0.05 to p<0.02 while the

probability value from p<0.01 to p<0.001 was considered as statistically highly/strongly

significant.

Above table 5.01 shows the effect of Thera band therapy on thoracolumbar rotation on the
right side in female volleyball players. Means of thoracolumbar rotation on the right side in
pre and post-condition of Thera band therapy are 27.67 and 31.67. There is a significant
difference between means. The calculated t-value is 2.41 which is significant at the degree of
freedom 28 at 0.05 level of significant because the calculated t-value is greater than (2.05)
minimum value at 0.05 significant level.
So we can say that there is a significant difference in thoracolumbar rotation on the right side
in pre and postcondition of Thera band therapy in female volleyball players. There is a
significant effect of the Thera band on thoracolumbar rotation on the right side in female
volleyball players.

Above table 5.02 shows the effect of Thera band therapy on thoracolumbar rotation on the
left side in female volleyball players. Means of thoracolumbar rotation on the left side in pre
and postcondition of Thera band therapy are 20.00 and 24.33. There is a significant
difference between means. The calculated t-value is 3.16 which is significant at the degree of
freedom 28 at 0.05 level of significance because the calculated t-value is greater than (2.05)
minimum value at 0.05 significant level.

So we can say that there is a significant difference in thoracolumbar rotation on the left side
in pre and postcondition of Thera band therapy in female volleyball players. There is a
significant effect of the Thera band on thoracolumbar rotation on the left side in female
volleyball players.

Effect of Thera Band therapy on Thoracolumbar Flexion flexed spine

flexion (after flexion)in female volleyball players.
Above table 5.03 shows the effect of Thera Band on Thoracolumbar Flexion flexed spine
flexion (after flexion) in female volleyball players. Means of Thoracolumbar Flexion flexed
spine flexion (after flexion) in pre and post-condition of Thera band therapy are 48.93 and
50.27. There is no significant difference between means. The calculated t-value is 1.16 which
is not significant at the degree of freedom 28 at 0.05 level of significance because the
calculated t-value is less than (2.05) minimum value at 0.05 significant level.

So we can say that there is no significant difference in Thoracolumbar Flexion flexed spine
flexion (after flexion) in pre and postcondition of Thera band therapy in female volleyball
players. There is no significant effect of the Thera band on Thoracolumbar Flexion flexed
spine flexion (after flexion) in female volleyball players.
Above table 5.04 shows the effect of Thera Band on serve velocity in female volleyball
players. Means of serve velocity in pre and post-condition of Thera band therapy are 56.06
and 63.60. There is a significant difference between means. The calculated t-value is 7.91
which is significant at the degree of freedom 28 at 0.05 level of significant because the
calculated t-value is greater than (2.05) minimum value at 0.05 significant level.

So we can say that there is a significant difference in serve velocity in pre and postcondition
of Thera band therapy in female volleyball players. There is a significant effect of the Thera
band on serve velocity in female volleyball players.

Table No. 5.05

Effect of Swiss ball therapy on Thoracolumbar Rotation on the right side in
female volleyball players.

Above table 5.05 shows the effect of Swiss ball therapy on thoracolumbar rotation on the
right side in female volleyball players. Means of thoracolumbar rotation on the right side in
pre and post-condition of Swiss ball therapy are 25.00 and 35.67. There is a significant
difference between means. The calculated t-value is 6.63 which is significant at the degree of
freedom 28 at 0.05 level of significant because the calculated t-value is greater than (2.05)
minimum value at 0.05 significant level.

So we can say that there is a significant difference in thoracolumbar rotation on the right side
in pre and postcondition of Swiss ball therapy in female volleyball players. There is a
significant effect of Swiss ball therapy on thoracolumbar rotation on the right side in female
volleyball players.

Table No. 5.06

Effect of Swiss ball therapy on Thoracolumbar Rotation on the left side in
volleyball players
Above table 5.06 shows the effect of Swiss ball therapy on thoracolumbar rotation on the left
side in female volleyball players. Means of thoracolumbar rotation on the left side in pre and
post-condition of Swiss ball therapy are 20.00 and 24.33. There is a significant difference
between means. The calculated t-value is 3.16 which is significant at the degree of freedom
28 at 0.05 level of significant because the calculated t-value is greater than (2.05) minimum
value at 0.05 significant level.

So we can say that there is a significant difference in thoracolumbar rotation on the left side
in pre and postcondition of Swiss ball therapy in female volleyball players. There is a
significant effect of Swiss ball therapy on thoracolumbar rotation on the left side in female
volleyball players.

Table No. 5.07

Effect of Swiss ball therapy on Thoracolumbar Flexion flexed spine flexion
(after flexion)in volleyball players

Above table 5.07 shows the effect of Swiss ball therapy on Thoracolumbar Flexion flexed
spine flexion (after flexion) in female volleyball players. Means of Thoracolumbar Flexion
flexed spine flexion (after flexion) in pre and post-condition of Swiss ball therapy are 46.93
and 49.27. There is no significant difference between means. The calculated t-value is 1.76
which is significant at the degree of freedom 28 at 0.05 level of significant because the
calculated t-value is less than (2.05) minimum value at 0.05 significant level.

So we can say that there is no significant difference in Thoracolumbar Flexion flexed spine
flexion (after flexion) in pre and postcondition of Swiss ball therapy in female volleyball
players. There is no significant effect of Swiss ball therapy on Thoracolumbar Flexion flexed
spine flexion (after flexion) in female volleyball players.

Table No. 5.08

Effect of Swiss ball therapy on serve velocity in volleyball players

Above table 5.08 shows the effect of Swiss ball therapy on serve velocity in
female volleyball players. Means of serve velocity in pre and post-condition of Swiss ball
therapy are 53.27 and 72.40. There is a significant difference between means. The calculated
t-value is 14.29 which is significant at the degree of freedom 28 at 0.05 level of significant
because the calculated t-value is greater than (2.05) minimum value at 0.05 significant level.

So we can say that there is a significant difference in serve velocity in pre and postcondition
of Swiss ball therapy in female volleyball players. There is a significant effect of Swiss ball
therapy on serve velocity in female volleyball players.

Above table 5.09 shows a Comparison between the Effect of Thera band and Swiss ball
therapy on Thoracolumbar Rotation on the right side in female volleyball players. Means of
thoracolumbar rotation on the right side after Thera band therapy and Swiss ball therapy are
31.67 and 35.67. There is a significant difference between means. The calculated t-value is
2.65 which is significant at the degree of freedom 28 at 0.05 level of significant because the
calculated t-value is greater than (2.05) minimum value at 0.05 significant level.

So we can say that there is a significant difference in thoracolumbar rotation on the right side
after Thera band therapy and Swiss ball therapy in female volleyball players. There is a
significant effect of Swiss ball therapy on thoracolumbar rotation on the right side in female
volleyball players.

Above table 5.10 shows a Comparison between the Effect of Thera band and Swiss ball
therapy on Thoracolumbar Rotation on the left side in female volleyball players. Means of
thoracolumbar rotation on the left side after Thera band therapy and Swiss ball therapy are
31.67 and 35.67. There is a significant difference between means. The calculated t-value is
2.65 which is significant at the degree of freedom 28 at 0.05 level of significant because the
calculated t-value is greater than (2.05) minimum value at 0.05 significant level.

So we can say that there is a significant difference in thoracolumbar rotation on the left side
after Thera band therapy and Swiss ball therapy in female volleyball players. There is a
significant effect of Swiss ball therapy on thoracolumbar rotation on the left side in female
volleyball players.

Above table 5.11 shows a Comparison between the Effect of Thera band and Swiss ball
therapy on thoracolumbar flexion flexed spine flexion (after flexion) in female volleyball
players. Means of thoracolumbar flexed spine flexion (after flexion) after Thera band therapy
and Swiss ball therapy are 50.27 and 51.73. There is no significant difference between means.
The calculated t-value is 0.99 which is not significant at the degree of freedom 28 at 0.05
level of significant because the calculated t-value is less than (2.05) minimum value at 0.05
significant level.

So we can say that there is no significant difference in thoracolumbar flexion flexed spine
flexion (after flexion) after Thera band therapy and Swiss ball therapy in female volleyball
players. There is no significant effect of Thera band and Swiss ball therapy on thoracolumbar
flexion flexed spine flexion (after flexion) in female volleyball players.

Above table 5.12 shows the comparison between the effect of Thera band therapy and Swiss
ball therapy on serve velocity in female volleyball players. Means of serve velocity after
Thera band therapy and Swiss ball therapy are 63.60 and 72.40. There is a significant
difference between means. The calculated t-value is 8.57 which is significant at the degree of
freedom 28 at 0.05 level of significant because the calculated t-value is greater than (2.05)
minimum value at 0.05 significant level.

So we can say that there is a significant difference in serve velocity after Thera band therapy
and Swiss ball therapy in female volleyball players. There is a significant effect of Swiss ball
therapy on serve velocity in female volleyball players.
Finally the above all statements, tables, graphical representation,and interferences indicated

the alternative hypothesis was accepted which stated as There is a significant effect of

resisted band exercises and swiss ball exercises on serve spike velocity and trunk rotation to

activate the posterior oblique sling in female volleyball athletes and accepted null

hypothesistrunk flexion. and rejected the null hypothesis. There will be no significant effect

of resisted band exercises on serves spike velocity and rotation to activate the posterior

oblique sling in female volleyball athletes.There will be no significant effect of swiss ball

stability exercises on serves spike velocity and trunk flexion and rotation to activate the

posterior oblique sling in female volleyball athletes.

The entire selected objectives followed with the fulfillment of the aim of proposal research

titled

"TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF POSTERIOR OBLIQUE SLING ACTIVATION

EXERCISES ON PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS IN VOLLEYBALL FEMALE

PLAYERS”

CHAPTER – 6

DISCUSSION

The purpose of this study is to know the effect of posterior oblique sling activation on serves

spike velocity and compare the thera-band resisted exercise and swiss ball stability exercise

on trunk rotation in female volleyball players.

In this study intervention was given 3 times a week for four weeks.30 volleyball

players were randomly selected (odd n even no. in standing a single straight line) and

allocated into two groups equally 15 each based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The
demographic data including age, height, weight, were collected through a data collection

sheet.

Data analysis shows that there was a significant difference between the mean of

thoracolumbar rotation on the right side and left side in pre and post-condition of Thera band

therapy in female volleyball players. It found that there was a significant effect of Thera band

therapy on post-assessment of thoracolumbar rotation on the right side and left side in female

volleyball players. It meant that Thera band therapy is effective to improve thoracolumbar

rotation on the right side and left side in female volleyball players.

Fleisig et al. (2013) summarised that, in their study biomechanically on how trunk axial

rotation during throwing movement. Trunk rotation starts to involve during the stride phase

or also known as the wind-up phase. The athlete began to rotate the pelvis to face the target

while keeping the upper trunk parallel to the direction of throwing. Maximal trunk rotation

occurred near the instant of foot contact to the ground. Trunk axial acceleration also peaked

at this point. The pelvis and upper trunk rotated as the throwing arm externally rotated the

movement acceleration is maximum according to the force generated by the muscles

contraction. This is where the trunk rotation strength plays an important role to produce

greater force to increase the throwing ball velocity.

The result shows that there was a significant difference between the mean of thoracolumbar

rotation on the right side and left side pre and post-condition of Swiss ball therapy in female

volleyball players. It found that in this study there was a significant effect of Swiss ball

therapy on thoracolumbar rotation on the right and left side in female volleyball players.

Results show that statistically has proven Swiss ball therapy is more effective than Thera

band therapy to improve thoracolumbar rotation on both sides in female volleyball players.
The result shows that there was a significant difference between the mean of serve velocity in

pre and post-condition of Thera band therapy and swiss ball therapy in female volleyball

players. It found that there was a significant effect of the both Thera band and swiss ball on

serve velocity, the results show statistically proven that Swiss ball therapy is more effective

than the thera-band to improve serve velocity in female volleyball players.

Jeffrey Willardson reported in their study that,Core stability allows the simultaneous

improvement of arm and leg strength. In terms of sports performance, the greater the core

stability, the greater the power output of the arm and the leg.

Stodden et al., 2008 concluded in their study that, The trunk rotation strength allows greater

force generation to the throwing arm and indirectly can maximize the throwing ball velocity

and also stated that without stepping and trunk rotation, the ball was accelerated to only 50%

of that attained in the normal throwing motion.

Elanchezhian1, P. SwarnaKumari2 (2019) concluded that, improved trunk control and

balance in spastic cerebral palsy children by swiss ball training. the surface moves the center

of gravity over a new base .activities done on a broad base required less muscle activation,

whereas activities done with a small base will require more muscle activation when compared

as a base of support used in swiss ball activities are very minimal the muscle activated greater

than any method.

The result shows in this study there was no significant difference between the mean of

Thoracolumbar Flexion Flexed spine flexion (after flexion) in pre and post-condition of

Thera band therapy and swiss ball therapy in females volleyball players. It found that there

was no significant effect of the Thera band and swiss ball on Thoracolumbar Flexion flexed

spine flexion (after flexion) in this study. It meant that in this study Thera band and swiss ball
therapy statistically is not effective to improve Thoracolumbar Flexion (after flexion) in

female volleyball players.

John D Willson et al. summarised in their study that,

Core stability is necessary to maintain the integrity of the spinal column, provide resistance to

perturbations, and furnish a stable base formovement of the extremities. Theability

ofindividuals to demonstratecore stability is determined througha complex relationship

between hipand trunk muscle capacity and motor control. Current literature suggests that

lower extremity injuriesmay diminish core stability measures. Additionally, a preexistingcore

deficiency may increase the riskof lower extremity injury.

In this study, we found that activating the posterior oblique sling in terms of enhances the

performance like ground serve spike velocity and also increase the trunk rotation which is

measured by a universal goniometer. Statistically, it is proven in this study that the posterior

oblique sling muscles are activated by the resisted band exercises as well as swiss ball

stabilization exercises. And significantly there is proof that in this study no changes were

found in pre and post-thoracolumbar flexion, in both groups. And according to the result in

swiss ball stability exercise show more improvement in the trunk rotation and spike velocity

than the resisted band exercise group.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

 One of the Essential limitation factors is small size

 Long term effect of intervention is not possible to measure due to covid 19.

 We can used other tools like dynamometer, EMG etc.so the result will be more

reliable.

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

This study is analysis activation of the posterior oblique sling in the performance of players

in selected parameters which are ground spike velocity and thoracolumbar rotation and

flexion by the resisted band exercise and swiss ball exercises in female volleyball players.

trunk rotation strength can be classified as an element or factor in throwing ball velocity since

both of these strengths have their function that can contribute to generating a greater force to

increase the velocity. So this was concluded statistically that it is proven in this study that the

posterior oblique sling muscles are activated by the resisted band exercises as well as swiss

ball stabilization exercises. And significantly there is proof that no changes were found in pre

and post-thoracolumbar flexion, in both groups. And according to the result in swiss ball

stability exercise show more improvement in the trunk rotation and spike velocity than the

resisted band exercise group.

FUTURE RECOMMENDATION –

As per my knowledge, few studies are available regarding posterior oblique sling muscles.

Furthermore study used a larger sample size, the experimental technique that resisted exercise

and swiss ball stability exercise needed to long study duration added to provide strong

evidence.