A REPORT ON

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS & DESIGN

OF
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
OF
Mr. SHANKAR LAUDARI
LOCATION: KALYANPUR, Ward No. 4, CHITWAN
 Contents
List of Figures ............................................................................................... ii
List of Tables ................................................................................................ iii
1 Introduction .............................................................................................1
1.1 An Overview of Earthquake-Resistant Design .................................................... 1
1.2 Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy............................................................. 2
2 Description of the Building ....................................................................4
2.1 Building Description ............................................................................................ 4
2.2 Location of Building ............................................................................................ 5
3 Numerical modeling................................................................................6
4 Structural analysis ..................................................................................9
4.1 Load cases considered .......................................................................................... 9
4.2 Load combination ................................................................................................. 9
4.3 Mass Source ......................................................................................................... 9
4.4 Dead loads ............................................................................................................ 9
4.5 Live load ............................................................................................................. 12
4.6 Seismic Analysis ................................................................................................ 13
4.6.1 Seismic coefficient method ......................................................................... 13
4.6.2 Dynamic analysis ........................................................................................ 14
4.6.3 Seismic Weight and Base Shear ................................................................. 14
4.6.4 Storey Drift and displacement Calculations ............................................... 15
4.7 Modal analysis and modal mass participation.................................................... 18
4.8 Analysis of Internal Forces Developed in Frames ............................................. 18
5 Design .....................................................................................................21
5.1 Column design summary.................................................................................... 22
5.2 Beam Design Summary...................................................................................... 25
5.3 Slab Design Summary ........................................................................................ 28
5.4 Staircase Design Summary................................................................................. 28
5.5 Foundation Design Summary ............................................................................. 28
6 Conclusion .............................................................................................30
7 Recommendations .................................................................................31
Annexes .........................................................................................................32
Annex -I: References .................................................................................................... 32
Annex-II: Sample Design Calculations ........................................................................ 33
SAMPLE BEAM DESIGN BY ETABS (D-2/3, ground Floor) .............................. 33
SAMPLE COLUMN DESIGN (D2-First floor) ....................................................... 34
SAMPLE SLAB DESIGN ........................................................................................ 36
SAMPLE ISOLATED FOOTING (IF-1) DESIGN (A-1 grid) ................................ 40
SAMPLE STAIRCASE DESIGN ............................................................................ 43

i
List of Figures
Figure 2-1 : Ground floor Plan of Building ........................................................................ 4
Figure 2-2 : Seismic Hazard of Himalayas ......................................................................... 5
Figure 3-1 : 3D model created in ETABS .......................................................................... 6
Figure 3-2 : Ground Floor plan modeled in ETABS .......................................................... 7
Figure 3-3 : First floor plan modeled in ETABS ................................................................ 7
Figure 3-4: Staircase Cover Plan modeled in ETABS ........................................................ 7
Figure 3-5 : Elevation on Grid A ........................................................................................ 8
Figure 3-6 : Elevation on Grid B ........................................................................................ 8
Figure 3-7 : Elevation on Grid C ........................................................................................ 8
Figure 3-8 : Elevation on Grid D ........................................................................................ 8
Figure 4-1 : Wall load ....................................................................................................... 10
Figure 4-2 : Floor finish load ............................................................................................ 11
Figure 4-3 : Staircase dead load (incl. floor finish) .......................................................... 11
Figure 4-4 : Live load ....................................................................................................... 12
Figure 4-5 : Staircase live load ......................................................................................... 13
Figure 4-6 : Terrace live load............................................................................................ 13
Figure 4-7 : Seismic forces at different levels .................................................................. 15
Figure 4-8 : Drift ratio in EQX ......................................................................................... 16
Figure 4-9 : Drift ratio in EQY ......................................................................................... 16
Figure 4-10 : Displacement in EQX ................................................................................. 17
Figure 4-11 : Displacement in EQY ................................................................................. 17
Figure 4-12 : Sample Bending Moment Diagram for frames along Grid 3/3-1.5(DL+LL)
........................................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 4-13 : Sample Shear force Diagram for frames along Grid 3/3 -1.5(DL+LL) ...... 19
Figure 4-14 : Sample Axial force Diagram for frames along Grid 3/3 -1.5(DL+LL) ...... 20
Figure 5-1 : Rebar of column in Grid A ........................................................................... 22
Figure 5-2 : Rebar of column in Grid B ............................................................................ 22
Figure 5-3 : Rebar of column in Grid C ............................................................................ 22
Figure 5-4: Rebar of column in Grid D ............................................................................ 22
Figure 5-5 : Rebar in Ground floor beam ......................................................................... 25
Figure 5-6 : Rebar in First floor beam .............................................................................. 25
Figure 5-7 : Rebar in Second floor beam .......................................................................... 25
Figure 5-8 : Base reaction for footing design ................................................................... 28

ii
List of Tables
Table 2-1 : Building Description ........................................................................................ 4
Table 4-1 : Mass source ...................................................................................................... 9
Table 4-2 : Dead loads unit weight ..................................................................................... 9
Table 4-3 : Dead load applied ........................................................................................... 10
Table 4-4 : Live load applied ............................................................................................ 12
Table 4-5 : Analysis and design parameters ..................................................................... 14
Table 4-6 : Drift Calculations for Earthquake Loads........................................................ 15
Table 4-7 : Modal mass Participation ration from ETABS .............................................. 18
Table 5-1 : Column Design summary ............................................................................... 23
Table 5-2 : Beam Design Summary .................................................................................. 26
Table 5-3 : Footing Design Summary............................................................................... 29

iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report focuses on structural design of residential building located at Kalyanpur, Ward
No. 4, Chitwan. It summarizes design assumption, methodology and follows up of codes
and standards for the building with proper consideration of the earthquake resistant design
criteria following the Indian Standard Code 2016.

The primary objective of the project is to analyze and design the structural elements of the
buildings based on NBC and Indian standards. The seismic coefficient method is adopted
to analyze the earthquake response of the building.

Finite element analysis showed that the anticipated performance of the buildings subjected
to the design earthquake meets IS code seismic hazard level requirement for building. The
building response for drift, displacement is also calculated.

The following conclusions can be drawn from this report:

The structure is designed to complying the guidelines and the Indian standards.

Story drifts are within the acceptable limits under DBE level earthquakes.

** The structural design is carried on the architectural drawing provided. This report solely emphases and
confines itself to technical aspects of the structure and does not comment on other aspects of the structure.

iv
 1 Introduction
1.1 An Overview of Earthquake-Resistant Design
Nepal lies in an earthquake prone zone. It is located in the boundary between Indian plate and
Tibetan plate. Thus, Nepal experiences earthquakes frequently. Earthquakes are the most
sudden, dramatic and devastating natural calamities. Although they last only for few seconds to
minutes, they are the most devastating ones. Past records of the earthquake show that eighteen
major earthquakes have hit Nepal till now. So, special consideration of earthquake forces while
designing a building is mandatory in Nepal.

Designing building against earthquake forces does not mean that we are making the building
earthquake-proof. Although earthquake proof structures may be viable in terms of engineering
but they are not financially viable. However, it is possible to design and build earthquake-
resilient (more precisely seismic resilient) structures. According to this philosophy, no matter
how much severe earthquake occurs, the building won’t collapse although it may be irreparably
damaged. In, this background, it is ensured that this building has been designed to withstand all
the acting loads including the earthquake forces making it seismic resistant.

The structural design alone is not enough to ensure the safety of a building, equally important,
is its construction. The role of a contractor is of paramount importance as he is the one to execute
the construction work at site. He is required to execute the work according to drawings supplied
by the consultant to him and detailing has to be carefully followed. A large percentage of failure
of the building is attributed to poor quality of construction. Past experiences from damages have
shown that quality of material and workmanship play an important role in good seismic
behavior of the buildings. Hence, quality assurance of construction works is the key to good
seismic performance of a building.

Severity of ground shaking at a given location during an earthquake can be minor, moderate
and strong. Relatively, minor shakings occur frequently, moderate shakings occasionally and
strong shakings rarely. For instance, on average annually about 800 earthquakes of magnitude
5.0-5.9 on Richter scale occur in the world while the number is only about 19 for magnitude of
range 7.0-7.9 on Richter scale. So, should we design and construct a building to resist that rare
earthquake shaking that may come only once in 500 years or even once in 2000 years at the

1
chosen project site, even though the life of the building itself may be only 50 or 100 years?
Since it costs money to provide additional earthquake safety in buildings, a conflict arises:
Should we do away with the design of buildings for earthquake effects? Or should we design
the buildings to be “earthquake proof” wherein there is no damage during the strong but rare
earthquake shaking? Clearly, the former approach can lead to a major disaster, and the second
approach is too expensive. Hence, the design philosophy should lie somewhere in between these
two extremes.

The engineers do not attempt to make earthquake proof buildings that will not get damaged
even during the rare but strong earthquakes; such buildings will be too robust and also too
expensive. Instead, the engineering intention is to make buildings earthquake resistant and
affordable; such buildings resist the effects of ground shaking, although they may get damaged
severely but would not collapse during the strong earthquake. Thus, safety of people and
contents is assured in earthquake-resistant buildings, and thereby a disaster is avoided. This is
a major objective of seismic design codes throughout the world.

1.2 Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy

The earthquake design philosophy may be summarized as follows:

a) Under minor shakings which occur frequently, the main members of the buildings that carry
vertical and lateral forces should not be damaged; however non-structural parts may sustain
repairable damages. It is assured that the building will be fully operational within a short time
and the repair costs will be small

b) Under moderate shakings which are occasional, the structural elements may sustain
repairable damage, while the non-structural elements may be heavily damaged; the building
will be operational followed by repair and re-strengthening of the damaged structural elements
and replacing of damaged non-structural elements.

c) Under strong shakings which are rare, the main members may sustain severe damage, but the
building should not collapse; the building may become dysfunctional for further use, but will
stand so that people can be evacuated and property recovered.

2
The degree to which the building is to be assured against the possibility of damage must be
considered while designing the building. Important buildings like hospitals, health posts, fire
stations, post offices communication towers, electric power houses which play a critical role in
post-earthquake activities must remain functional immediately after the earthquake and hence
require higher degree of assurance against possible damage. Public buildings, educational
buildings, busy commercial complex etc. where the risk of human loss is high and some critical
structures like nuclear power plants, dams, etc. whose collapse may cause secondary disasters
are also designed to assure higher level of safety against earthquakes. Other buildings like
residential buildings, offices, mercantile buildings etc. are designed for lower level of safety,
while the design philosophy mentioned above is always maintained. However, the level of
safety to be assured in the design may also depend upon the demand of the client.

Design of buildings to resist earthquakes involves controlling the damage to acceptable levels
at a reasonable cost. Contrary to the common thinking that any crack in the building after an
earthquake means the building is unsafe for habitation, some damage in non-structural elements
may be unavoidable. Different types of damages (mainly visualized through cracks; especially
so in concrete and masonry buildings) may occur in buildings during earthquakes. Some of
these cracks are acceptable (in terms of both their size and location), while others are not. In
general, qualified technical professionals may only be knowledgeable of the causes and severity
of damage in earthquake-resistant buildings.

3
 2 Description of the Building
2.1 Building Description
The building to be analyzed and designed here is a 2½-storey residential building to be
constructed on behalf of Mr. Shankar Laudari. The proposed site is located in Kalyanpur, Ward
No. 4, Chitwan. The ground floor plan of the building is presented below in Figure 2-1. The
building description is presented in Table 2-1: Building Description.

Figure 2-1 : Ground floor Plan of Building

Table 2-1 : Building Description

General features
Building Type Residential Building
Location Kalyanpur, Ward No. 4, Chitwan
Ground Floor Area 1324.9 sq. ft.
Architectural features
Number of storeys Two and half storeys

4
 Floor to Floor Height 11’1”
Total Height of the Building: 33’-3” unto top slab from plinth level
Building Lateral Dimensions (Maximum) Max distance along X: 32’-11”
Max distance along Y: 50’-02”
Wall and Partition 9” and 5” Brick Masonry in cement mortar
in outside and inside respectively
Structural features
Structural System RCC Frame Structure
Foundation Type RCC Isolated Footings
Loads Resisting Elements
Columns 350 mm X 350 mm &300 mm x 300 mm
Beams Main beam: 250 mm X 400 mm
Slab 125 mm
Geotechnical Features
Soil Test Not Available
Soil Type (assumed) Type III (Soft Soil)
Seismic Zone considered: V (as per IS 1893:2016, Part-1)
Allowable bearing capacity assumed 120 KN/m2
Material
Grade of concrete: M20 for column, beam, slab and footings.
Grade of Reinforcement steel for RCC Fe 500

2.2 Location of Building

Nepal is a highly vulnerable to earthquake hazards. As per IS 1893:2016 (Part 1), Nepal can be
predicted to lies in high seismic risk (Zones V) as shown in Figure 2-3. The site is located in
Chitwan and it belongs to the higher seismic risk zone V.

Figure 2-2 : Seismic Hazard of Himalayas

5
 3 Numerical modeling
A three-dimensional finite element model of the whole structural system is created in ETABS
v18.1.1. The structural system is considered as a Special Moment Resisting Frame structure.
Main components to be modeled are: Beams, Columns & Slabs. Beams and columns are
modeled as frame elements while slabs are modeled as four-nodded shell elements. The support
condition at the base is idealized as a fixed support and hence any moment release at the base
of columns is neglected. The moment release at the beam/column joints is also neglected. Self-
weight of the parapet wall is applied onto the beams in the form of uniformly distributed loads.
Stair isn’t modeled but its weight is applied on respective supporting beam. The inner partition
wall load is applied by creating null beam as positioned in architectural drawing.

Figure 3-1 : 3D model created in ETABS

6
Figure 3-2 : Ground Floor plan modeled Figure 3-3 : First floor plan modeled in
in ETABS ETABS

Figure 3-4: Staircase Cover Plan

modeled in ETABS

7
Figure 3-5 : Elevation on Grid A
Figure 3-6 : Elevation on Grid B

Figure 3-7 : Elevation on Grid C Figure 3-8 : Elevation on Grid D

8
 4 Structural analysis
For the purpose of structural analysis various Indian Standard Codes are followed for loadings,
load combinations and other analysis procedures.

4.1 Load cases considered

Following loads have been considered in the analysis of the building as per IS 456-200 and
IS1893-2016.

I. Dead Load (DL)

II. Live load (LL)
III. Earthquake load in X-direction (EQX)
IV. Earthquake load in Y-direction (EQY)
4.2 Load combination
Following load combinations have been adopted as per IS 1893:2002 for Static Analysis.

I. 1.5(DL+LL)
II. 1.2(DL+LL±EQ (x, y))
III. 1.5(DL±EQ (x, y))
IV. 0.9DL±1.5EQ (x, y)
Where, DL= Dead load
LL = Imposed (Live) load
EQ (x, y) = Earthquake load (Along X and Y direction)

4.3 Mass Source

Following mass source have been adopted as per IS 1893:2016 for Seismic Analysis.

Table 4-1 : Mass source

Dead load including parapet, floor finish, wall load 1
Live load 0.25

4.4 Dead loads

Dead loads are assumed to be produced by slab, beams, columns, parapet walls and floor
finish. The weight of building materials is taken as per IS 875 (Part 1-1987).

Table 4-2 : Dead loads unit weight

Materials Unit weight
Reinforced Concrete (for foundation) 25.00 KN/m³
Reinforcement Steel 78.50 KN/m³

9
 Brick Masonry 19.2 KN/m3

Table 4-3 : Dead load applied

9” wall 14.92 KN/m
9” wall with opening 11.91 KN/m
5” wall 7.46 KN/m
Parapet wall load 2.00 KN/m
Staircase dead load +floor finish on supporting beam 10.17 KN/m on 1st and 3rd flight
13.14 KN/m on 2nd flight
Floor finish 1.2 KN/m2

Figure 4-1 : Wall load

10
 Figure 4-2 : Floor finish load

Figure 4-3 : Staircase dead load (incl. floor finish)

11
4.5 Live load
Live loads are applied on floor slabs on the basis of usage of rooms, as specified in IS 875
part II.

Table 4-4 : Live load applied

All room except family room 2.0 KN/m2
Balcony & Passage 3.0 KN/m2
Staircase live on supporting beam 4.0 KN/m on 1st and 3rd flight
4.81 KN/m on 2nd flight
Terrace live 1.5 KN/m2

Figure 4-4 : Live load

12
 Figure 4-5 : Staircase live load
Figure 4-6 : Terrace live load

4.6 Seismic Analysis

4.6.1 Seismic coefficient method

The total design lateral force or design seismic base shear (VB) along any principal direction
shall be determined by the following expression:

VB=Ah*w

The design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah for a structure is determined by the following
expression (IS 1893 (Part I):2016):
𝑍𝐼𝑆
𝐴ℎ = 2𝑅𝑔𝑎

Where,

Z = Zone factor

I = Importance factor, depending upon the functional use of structure

R = Response reduction factor, depending on the perceived seismic damage performance of

the structure, characterized by ductile or brittle deformations.

Sa/g = Average response acceleration coefficient depending upon time period

For linear static method, the time period is calculated using empirical relation

T=0.075H0.75 (for RCC frame building)

13
Where, H = Height of the building above ground

W=seismic weight of building that includes total Dead load plus appropriate amount of live
load. [7.4, IS: 1893 (part1)-2016].

4.6.2 Dynamic analysis

Considering that the building is regular building lesser than 12 m located in Zone V, dynamic
analysis wasn’t performed as per IS 1893:2016.

4.6.3 Seismic Weight and Base Shear

For the purpose of analysis, seismic forces are applied in the model of the building in ETABS
Hence, the manual calculations of seismic weight, story force, base shear and the seismic forces
have not been shown. However, the ETABS outputs for base shear is shown in table below.
Also, seismic forces at each level are also shown in figure

Followings factors are considered for earthquake resistant design of the building.

Table 4-5 : Analysis and design parameters

Method adopted for design Seismic coefficient method
Response function IS 1893: 2016
Seismic Zone Zone V
Zone factor 0.36
Soil Type Type III
Height of Structure, H (m) 10.13 m
Time Period 0.4258 sec (both directions)
Importance factor 1
Response reduction factor 5
Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient 9%
(Ah=ZI/2R*Sa/g)
Mass participation Above 90% along both directions
Base shear from seismic coefficient method along – X 437.69 kN
Base shear from seismic coefficient method along - Y 437.69 kN

14
 Figure 4-7 : Seismic forces at different levels

4.6.4 Storey Drift and displacement Calculations

Storey Drift ratio for all storey is checked as defined in clause 7.11.2, IS 1893-2016. It is
found that storey drift ratio for all stories is within permissible limit 0.004
Table 4-6 : Drift Calculations for Earthquake Loads
Floor Displacement Displacement Drift Drift
level Along X, Δx Along Y, Δy ratio ratio
mm mm along X along Y
Second 28.81 25.28 0.0021 0.002
First 21.21 18.21 0.0034 0.0029
Ground 9.52 8.07 0.0027 0.0024
Base 0 0 0 0

15
Figure 4-8 : Drift ratio in EQX

Figure 4-9 : Drift ratio in EQY

16
Figure 4-10 : Displacement in EQX

Figure 4-11 : Displacement in EQY

17
4.7 Modal analysis and modal mass participation
Table 4-7 : Modal mass Participation ration from ETABS
Case Mode Period UX UY SumUX SumUY
sec
Modal 1 0.74 0.4476 0.3173 0 0.4476
Modal 2 0.732 0.3068 0.5388 0 0.7544
Modal 3 0.607 0.1156 0.0079 0 0.87
Modal 4 0.266 0.0003 0.1045 0 0.8704
Modal 5 0.259 0.0971 0.0004 0 0.9674
Modal 6 0.233 0.0068 0.00004165 0 0.9742
Modal 7 0.171 0.0008 0.0302 0 0.9749
Modal 8 0.17 0.0211 0.0009 0 0.996
Modal 9 0.152 0.004 0 0 1
Modal 10 0.009 0 0 0 1
Modal 11 0.009 0 0 0 1
Modal 12 0.004 0 0 0 1

The total mass participation in both considered direction is greater than the 90% of the total
lateral force. A building has regular modes of oscillation in two principal plan directions as
the mass participation factor for first three modes is greater than 65%.

4.8 Analysis of Internal Forces Developed in Frames

Bending moments, shear forces and axial forces of the buildings were analyzed using the
ETABS. The analysis is used for identification of critical sections and to find out the design
requirements so as to design various structural components. The sample moment diagrams,
shear force diagram, axial force diagrams and torsion diagrams of the frames along some grids
are as extracted from ETABS are presented below:

18
Figure 4-12 : Sample Bending Moment Diagram for frames along Grid 3/3-1.5(DL+LL)

Figure 4-13 : Sample Shear force Diagram for frames along Grid 3/3 -1.5(DL+LL)

19
Figure 4-14 : Sample Axial force Diagram for frames along Grid 3/3 -1.5(DL+LL)

20
 5 Design
The design of reinforced concrete structural members includes selection of material properties
(grade of steel and concrete), shape and size of cross section, factor of safety and amount of
steel required. The design of reinforced concrete members is carried out using limit state method
as per IS 456: 2000. The limit state method is the modern and latest design methodology. This
method evolved around 1970’s. Limit state method is based on the concept of multiple safety
factors and attempts to provide adequate safety at the ultimate loads and adequate serviceability
at service loads. For the design of the members, IS 456:2000 and design aid SP 16 has been
used. Footings have been checked for vertical loads due to dead load and live load only. Square
footings have been adopted from seismic point of view that reversal stress may occur. And
footing beams are provided for column at foundation for more rigidity of building and also need
for the column located at boundary. Longitudinal reinforcement in beams and columns has been
calculated based on critical load combination. Spacing of the shear reinforcement has been
calculated as per the ductility criteria as defined in IS 13920 -1993.Some sample designs are
shown later on in this report.
Beams and columns have been designed using ETABS while slab, staircase and foundations
are designed manually. Samples of manual design calculation of critical slab, footings and
staircase are shown in this report in ANNEX-II: SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS. The
structural design of sections and reinforcements are presented in the drawing.

21
5.1 Column design summary

Figure 5-2 : Rebar of column in Grid B

Figure 5-1 : Rebar of column in Grid A

Figure 5-3 : Rebar of column in Grid C

Figure 5-4: Rebar of column in Grid D

22
Table 5-1 : Column Design summary
Column Area Rebar
Name Grid Floor required no dia no dia
C1- Ground 1698 4 20 4 20
14'x14' A2 First 1100 4 20 4 20
Ground 1536 4 20 4 20
C1-
First 1062 4 20 4 20
14'x14'
A3 Second 1012 4 20 4 20
Ground 1818 4 25 4 20
C2-
First 1012 4 25 4 20
14'x14'
A4 Second 1012 4 25 4 20
Ground 2361 4 20 4 20
C1-
First 1473 4 20 4 20
14'x14'
A5 Second 1017 4 20 4 20
C4- Ground 1597 4 20 4 20
12'x12' B1 First 1349 4 20 4 20
C2- Ground 1983 4 25 4 20
14'x14' B2 First 2027 4 25 4 20
Ground 1539 4 20 4 20
C1-
First 1359 4 20 4 20
14'x14'
B3 Second 1133 4 20 4 20
Ground 2018 4 25 4 20
C2-
First 1889 4 25 4 20
14'x14'
B4 Second 1094 4 25 4 20
Ground 2485 4 25 4 25
C3-
First 2537 4 25 4 25
14'x14'
B5 Second 1242 4 25 4 25
C4- Ground 1614 4 20 4 20
12'x12' C1 First 1360 4 20 4 20
Ground 1964 4 20 4 20
C1-
First 1719 4 20 4 20
14'x14'
C2 Second 1067 4 20 4 20
Ground 1897 4 20 4 20
C1-
First 1190 4 20 4 20
14'x14'
C3 Second 1026 4 20 4 20
Ground 2130 4 20 4 20
C1-
First 1287 4 20 4 20
14'x14'
C4 Second 1036 4 20 4 20
C5 Ground 1985 4 25 4 25

23
 C3-
14'x14' First 1679 4 25 4 25
Ground 1616 4 20 4 20
C1-
First 1012 4 20 4 20
14'x14'
D2 Second 1012 4 20 4 20
Ground 1814 4 25 4 20
C2-
First 1293 4 25 4 20
14'x14'
D3 Second 1045 4 25 4 20
Ground 1650 4 20 4 20
C1-
First 1032 4 20 4 20
14'x14'
D4 Second 1012 4 20 4 20

For more details refer structural drawing.

24
5.2 Beam Design Summary

Figure 5-5 : Rebar in Ground floor beam Figure 5-6 : Rebar in First floor beam

Figure 5-7 : Rebar in Second floor beam

25
Table 5-2 : Beam Design Summary
Dia of rebar
Beam
Floor Left Middle Right
Id
T B T B T B
A-2/3 GF 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12 2-16 2-16 & 1-12 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12
A-3/4 GF 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12 2-16 2-16 & 1-12 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12
A-4/5 GF 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12 2-16 2-16 & 1-12 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12
B-1/2 GF 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12 2-16 2-16 & 1-12 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12
B-2/3 GF 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12 2-16 2-16 & 1-12 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12
B-3/4 GF 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12 2-16 2-16 & 1-12 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12
B-4/5 GF 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12 2-16 2-16 & 1-12 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12
C-1/2 GF 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12 2-16 2-16 & 1-12 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12
C-2/3 GF 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12 2-16 2-16 & 1-12 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12
C-3/4 GF 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12 2-16 2-16 & 1-12 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12
C-4/5 GF 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12 2-16 2-16 & 1-12 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12
D-2/3 GF 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12 2-16 2-16 & 1-12 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12
D-3/4 GF 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12 2-16 2-16 & 1-12 3-16 & 3-12 2-16 & 1-12
1-B/C GF 3-16 & 3-12 4-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 & 3-12 4-16
2-A/B GF 3-16 & 3-12 4-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 & 3-12 4-16
2-B/C GF 3-16 & 3-12 4-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 & 3-12 4-16
2-C/D GF 3-16 & 3-12 4-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 & 3-12 4-16
3-A/B GF 3-16 & 3-12 4-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 & 3-12 4-16
3-B/C GF 3-16 & 3-12 4-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 & 3-12 4-16
3-C/D GF 3-16 & 3-12 4-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 & 3-12 4-16
4-A/B GF 3-16 & 3-12 4-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 & 3-12 4-16
4-B/C GF 3-16 & 3-12 4-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 & 3-12 4-16
4-C/D GF 3-16 & 3-12 4-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 & 3-12 4-16
5-A/B GF 3-16 & 3-12 4-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 & 3-12 4-16
5-B/C GF 3-16 & 3-12 4-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 & 3-12 4-16
A-2/3 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
A-3/4 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
A-4/5 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
B-1/2 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
B-2/3 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
B-3/4 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
B-4/5 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
C-1/2 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
C-2/3 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
C-3/4 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
C-4/5 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
D-2/3 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16

26
 Dia of rebar
Beam
Floor Left Middle Right
Id
T B T B T B
D-3/4 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
1-B/C 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
2-A/B 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
2-B/C 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
2-C/D 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
3-A/B 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
3-B/C 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
3-C/D 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
4-A/B 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
4-B/C 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 3-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
4-C/D 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
5-A/B 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
5-B/C 1F 3-16 & 2-12 3-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 & 2-12 3-16
A-3/4 2F 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12
A-4/5 2F 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12
B-3/4 2F 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12
B-4/5 2F 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12
C-2/3 2F 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12
C-3/4 2F 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12
D-2/3 2F 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12
D-3/4 2F 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12
2-C/D 2F 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12
3-A/B 2F 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12
3-B/C 2F 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12
3-C/D 2F 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12
4-A/B 2F 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12
4-B/C 2F 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12
4-C/D 2F 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12
5-A/B 2F 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12

Secondary beam 230 X 300 around the stair-3 nos 12mm bar top and 3 nos 12 mm bar at
bottom

Main beam size = 250 X 400

For more details, refer structural drawings

27
5.3 Slab Design Summary
Size: 125mm
Reinforcement:
Let’s provide 8mm@150mm c/c both ways with usual layouts/curtailments wherever required
For more details, refer structural drawings

5.4 Staircase Design Summary

Staircase is designed as waist slab with following design details.
Waist Slab Thickness = 125 mm,
Longitudinal reinforcement: 12mm dia. bars@ 150mm c/c,
Transverse Reinforcement: 8 mm dia. bars @ 150mm c/c

5.5 Foundation Design Summary

The foundation is designed as Isolated footing and strap footing. Tie beams are provided in two
different levels one at the top level of footings (Lower Tie Beams) and another at the plinth
level (Upper Tie Beams).

Figure 5-8 : Base reaction for footing design

28
Table 5-3 : Footing Design Summary
Footing pad

Footing type Size(mm*mm) Depth(mm) Reinforcement

IF1(A-2, A-3, A-5, D- 1800 X1800 350 16 mm bar @150 c/c both way
2, D-4, D-5)
IF2(A-4, B-3, B-4, C- 2400 X 2400 350 16 mm bar @150 c/c both way
3, C-4,D-3)
CF1(B-1/2) 3200x1800 450 16 mm bar @150 c/c both way
at top and bottom
CF2(C-1/2) 3700x2400 450 16 mm bar @150 c/c both way
at top and bottom
Tie beams
LTB1 & UTB1 230 x300 Longitudinal bars: 3-12dia top & bottom
Stirrups: 2-legged 8 Dia @ 6" c/c
For more details, refer structural drawing

29
 6 Conclusion
After the analysis of the building components, the building is found to be safe against the gravity
as well as Seismic Loads. The section sizes and reinforcements are sufficient enough to
withstand all kinds of possible axial, shear, flexural and torsional forces. The building is
designed to make it good enough to assure Life Safety under Design Basis Earthquake
considered for Zone V, Importance Factor 1.0 and soft soil condition as per IS1893:2016.
Bearing capacity of the soil is taken as 120 KN/m2. M20 grade of concrete is used for columns,
beams, slabs and foundations. Ductile detailing as per IS13920:1993 has been extensively
adopted while detailing.

30
 7 Recommendations
Design and construction of the structure are inter–related jobs. A performance of a building
depends upon a work and material quality during the construction more than the intensions
pursued during structural design. A large percentage of structural failures are attributed due to
poor quality of construction. Therefore, to assure the proper safety, material and work quality
should be maintained during the construction. Structural designer will be responsible for all the
designs but not for any faulty constructions happened at site beyond his supervision. Following
recommendations are made by the structural designer.
1. It is recommended to strictly follow the section sizes and reinforcements provided in the
structural drawings.
2. It is recommended that the site engineer should be responsible to handle the problems that
may arise during construction. He/she shall also be responsible for maintaining the material and
process quality during construction.
3. It is strictly recommended that any changes in the design shall be done only with the
consultation of the structural designer.
4. It is strictly recommended to maintain the standards in the grade of cement and reinforcement
steel. It is recommended to run a cube test to ensure the strength and quality of the concrete
ratio used. It is also recommended test the reinforcement steels to ensure the quality of steel
used.

31
 Annexes
Annex -I: References
IS: 456 – 2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete

IS: 875 (Parts 1-5) Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake)
for buildings and structures (second revision)
Part 1 – Dead loads Part
2 – Imposed load

NBC 105: 1994 Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal

IS: 1893 – 2016 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

IS: 13920 - 1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures

subjected to Seismic forces - Code of Practice

SP: 16 – 1980 Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456 – 1978

SP: 34 – 1987 Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement Detailing

Jain, A.K Reinforced Concrete, Limit State Design, fifth edition,

Nem Chand and Bros, Rookie, 1999

Sinha, S. N. Reinforced Concrete Design, second edition, Tata

McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 1996

Pillai, U.C. and Menon, D. Reinforced Concrete Design, second edition, Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 2003

Neelam Sharma Reinforced cement concrete design

32
Annex-II: Sample Design Calculations

SAMPLE BEAM DESIGN BY ETABS (D-2/3, ground Floor)

IS 456:2000 + IS 13920:2016 Beam Section Design

Beam Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Level Element Unique Name Section ID Combo ID Station Loc Length (mm) LLRF
1F B12 81 B 10 X 16 DCon9 4648.2 5130.8 1

Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) bf (mm) ds (mm) dct (mm) dcb (mm)
254 406.4 254 0 40 40

Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
22360.68 20 1 415 415

Design Code Parameters

ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15

Factored Forces and Moments

Factored Factored Factored Factored
Mu3 Tu Vu2 Pu
kN-m kN-m kN kN
-78.187 4.6573 61.4414 0

Design Moments, Mu3 & Mt

Factored Factored Positive Negative
Moment Mt Moment Moment
kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m
-78.187 7.123 0 -85.3099

33
 Design Moment and Flexural Reinforcement for Moment, Mu3 & Tu
Design Design -Moment +Moment Minimum Required
-Moment +Moment Rebar Rebar Rebar Rebar
kN-m kN-m mm² mm² mm² mm²
Top (+2 Axis) -85.3099 784 0 784 241
Bottom (-2 Axis) 0 196 0 0 196

Shear Force and Reinforcement for Shear, Vu2 & Tu

Shear Ve Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s
kN kN kN kN mm²/m
94.9782 0 128.8676 55.8958 974.63

Torsion Force and Torsion Reinforcement for Torsion, T u & VU2

Tu Vu Core b1 Core d1 Rebar Asvt /s
kN-m kN mm mm mm²/m
5.3799 58.831 194 346.4 410.1

SAMPLE COLUMN DESIGN (D2-First floor)

IS 456:2000 + IS 13920:2016 Column Section Design

Column Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Level Element Unique Name Section ID Combo ID Station Loc Length (mm) LLRF
1F C24 93 C 14 X 14 DCon9 0 3000 0.879

Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) dc (mm) Cover (Torsion) (mm)
355.6 355.6 60 30

Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
22360.68 20 1 415 415

Design Code Parameters

34
 ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15

Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Design For Pu , Mu2 , Mu3

Design Pu Design Mu2 Design Mu3 Minimum M2 Minimum M3 Rebar Area Rebar %
kN kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m mm² %
258.7734 62.631 18.7259 5.1755 5.1755 1069 0.85

Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Factors

K Factor Length Initial Moment Additional Moment Minimum Moment
Unitless mm kN-m kN-m kN-m
Major Bend(M3) 0.936446 2593.6 7.4904 0 5.1755
Minor Bend(M2) 0.948308 2593.6 25.0524 0 5.1755

Shear Design for Vu2 , Vu3

Shear Vu Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s
kN kN kN kN mm²/m
Major, Vu2 28.203 66.214 42.0464 28.203 394.16
Minor, Vu3 43.4899 66.3129 42.0464 34.6154 394.16

Joint Shear Check/Design

Joint Shear Shear Shear Shear Joint Shear
Force VTop Vu,Tot Vc Area Ratio
kN kN kN kN cm² Unitless
Major Shear, Vu2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Minor Shear, Vu3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

(1.4) Beam/Column Capacity Ratio

Major Ratio Minor Ratio
N/A N/A

Additional Moment Reduction Factor k (IS 39.7.1.1)

Ag Asc Puz Pb Pu k
cm² cm² kN kN kN Unitless
1264.5 10.7 1470.7301 519.2323 258.7734 1

Additional Moment (IS 39.7.1)

Consider Length Section KL/Depth KL/Depth KL/Depth Ma
Ma Factor Depth (mm) Ratio Limit Exceeded Moment (kN-m)
Major Bending (M3 ) Yes 0.865 355.6 6.83 12 No 0
Minor Bending (M2 ) Yes 0.865 355.6 6.917 12 No 0

Notes:
N/A: Not Applicable
N/C: Not Calculated
N/N: Not Needed

35
SAMPLE SLAB DESIGN
The design calculation of slab B3-C3-B2-C2 as critical slab has been shown in sample slab
design

DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB:

1.0 General Data:

Depth of slab : (D) 125 mm
Grade of Concrete : (fck) 20 N/mm2
Grade of Steel : (fy) 500 N/mm2
Effective cover: (d') 20 mm
Effective depth of slab : (d) 105 mm
Effective length:
Shoter span: (lx) 4.2926 m
Longer span: (ly) 4.6482 m

2.0 Loading:
Dead Load: (DL) 3.125 KN/m2
Other Dead Load: (ODL) 2.2 KN/m2
Live Load: (LL) 3 KN/m2
Total Load: (w) 8.325 KN/m2

36
 Factored Load: (wu) 12.4875 KN/m2

3.0 Type of slab:

1.083

Type: Two way Slab

4.0 Calculation of Moments:

Moment coefficient:
Type of Slab Panel: 4
Short span coefficient: αx
Support S 0.05198
Mid Span M 0.03915
Long span coefficient: αy
Support S 0.047
Mid Span M 0.035
Moments:

Short span moments:

Support S 11.961 KN-m
Mid Span M 9.009 KN-m

Long span moments:

Support S 10.815 KN-m
Mid Span M 8.054 KN-m

5.0 Check depth for maximum Moments:

Maximum moments: Mu 11.961 KN-m
Moment coefficient: k 0.134
< 105
effective depth: d 67 mm
OK

6.0 Calculation of reinforcement:

6.1 For shorter span
Mim'm reinforcement (Ast)min 126 mm2
Design moment: Mx 11.961 KN-m

37
 Neutral axis depth : x 17 mm
Area of steel required: Ast 281 mm2
Area of steel provided: Ø 8 mm
S 150 mm
Ast 336 mm2
Pt 0.32 %
For longer span
Effective depth d 97 mm
Mim'm reinforcement (Ast)min 117 mm2
Design moment: Mx 10.815 KN-m
Neutral axis depth : x 17 mm
Area of steel required: Ast 277 mm2
Area of steel provided: Ø 8 mm
S 150 mm
Ast 336 mm2
Pt 0.347 %

7.0 Check for shear stress:

Maximum shear force: Vu 26.802 KN
Shear Stress: tv 0.256 N/mm2
β 7.257
Concrete Shear Strength: tc 0.399 N/mm2
Shear Strength factor: K 1.3
Shear Strength of Slab: tc' 0.5187 > 0.256 N/mm2
OK

8.0 Check for development length:

Ultimate moment Capacity: M1 14.12 KN-m
Maximum Shear Force: V 26.802 KN
Bond Stress: tbd 1.92 N/mm2
Development length: Ld 454 mm
Anchorage length: L0 105 mm
Available length: 790 > Ld
OK

38
8.0 Check for deflection:

length to eff. Depth ratio: l/d 40.882

α 26
β 1
ϒ 1.600 for fs = 242.53 N/mm2
δ 1 and Pt = 0.32 %
λ 1
Coefficient: 41.600
OK

39
SAMPLE ISOLATED FOOTING (IF-1) DESIGN (A-1 grid)
Given
A) Data
Size of column
Bc = 350 mm
Dc = 350 mm
Column Load (V) = 319.4682 KN
Bearing Capacity (qa) = 120 KN/m2
Grade of Concrete (fck) = 20 Mpa
Grade of Steel (fy)= 500 Mpa

B) Calculation of size of footing

wt. of foundation = 31.95 KN
Total Load (P)= 351.42 KN
Area of footing = 2.928 m2
*Note:Taking the ratio of width and length of footing same as that of column dimensions

Size of footing
L= 1.711 m
B= 1.711 m
Provided (L) = 1.800 m
Provided (B) = 1.800 m

Upward reaction (q') = 147.902 KN/m

Max'm B.M. = 38.870 KN-m

C) Calculation for depth of footing

B.M. = 0.134 fckbd2
depth (d)= 120 mm
Provided depth (d) = 300 mm

D) Check for Shear

Per. Shear Strength (τc) = 0.25√fck 1.118 N/mm2
a) Punching shear
depth (d)= 300 mm
Punching shear(τ'V) = 0.534 N/mm2

40
 Ok
Provided depth (d) = 300 mm
Overall Depth (D)= 350 mm

b) One way Shear (Calculation for no shear reinforcement)

depth (d) = 300 mm
Max'm S.F. = 62.858 KN
One way Shear (τv) = 0.210 N/mm2
Provided Ast = 0.3 %
β= 7.74
Concrete Shear strength (τc)= 0.388 N/mm2
Ok
Ast = 900 mm2

E) Calculation for reinforcement

Ast = 306 mm2

Ast required = 900 mm2
Provided, Size = 16 mm dia
Spacing = 150 mm c/c
Ast Provided= 1340 mm2
Ok
Area of Steel Along width
B.M. = 38.870 KN-m
Ast = 900 mm2
Provided, Size = 16 mm dia
Spacing = 150 mm c/c
Ast Provided= 1340 mm2
Ok

F) Development Length

41
 Bond stress(τbd)= 1.920 N/mm2
Development length (Ld)= 906 mm
Available Ld along length = 675 mm
Provide
Hook

G) Load Transfer from Column to Footing

Nominal bearing stress in
column = 3.912 N/mm2
Allowable bearing stress = 0.45*fck
9.000 N/mm2
Now Excess load = 0.000 kN
Area of steel required As = 0 mm2
Minimum Ast = 0.5% of column area
612.5 mm2
Thus, area of steel for dowel
bars = 613 mm2
Now
Bar
extended
Nos dia Ast
8 16 1608
Available Ast for load transfer
= 1608 mm2

Thus no additional dowel bars are required to transfer load

Additional Ast = No dowel bars are needed

42
SAMPLE STAIRCASE DESIGN
1 Data
Grade of steel(fy) 500 N/mm2
Grade of concrete(fck) 20 N/mm2
Nominal cover 15 mm
diameter of main bars 12 mm
diameter of distribution bars 8 mm
Tread 300 mm
Rise 175 mm
thickness of waist slab 125 mm
Effective Depth= 104 mm
Thickness of landing slab 125 mm
support width 0.23 m

2 Load on waist slab

Inclined length per steps 0.347 m
Self weight of waist slab 1.09 KN/m
self weight of step 0.66 KN/m
total dead load 1.74 KN/m
total dead load(per m2) 5.81 KN/sq.m
live load 3 KN/sq.m
floor finish 1.2 KN/sq.m
total load per sq.m. 10.01 KN/sq.m
Factored load per sq.m. 15.01 KN/sq.m
load per m 15.01 KN/m

3 Load on landing
self weight of slab = 3.13 KN/m2
floor finish 1.20 KN/m2
live load 3.00 KN/m2
load per m sq. 7.33 KN/m2
factored load 10.99 KN/m2
load/m 10.99 KN/m

4 Crtitical Flight
4.1 Rebar calculation
span of landing A 1.09 m
span of landing B 1.09 m
span of flight 2.56 m

43
 Span of landing A with support 1.205
Span of landing B with support 1.205
effective span of flight with support 2.56
effective span 4.97
reaction at B support 25.83 kN
reaction at A support 25.83 kN
point of maximum moment(x) 2.044 m
Max.bending moment 28.43 KNm
Ast required 771.99 mm2
spacing required 146.50 mm
spacing provided 150 mm
Ast Provided 753.98 mm2
Providing 12mm dia. @ 150mm c/c as main
rebar

4.2 Check for shear

Max Vu= 25.83
Tv 0.248 N/mm2
Pt= 0.72
β 3.20
Tc 0.57 N/sq.mm
safe in shear

4.3 Development Length

M1= 28.43 KNm
V= 25.83 KN
L0 0.144 m
Ldmax= 1244.62377 mm
Ld provided 679.6875 mm
OK

5 Distribution bar
Ast required 0.12*b*D
150
spacing required 335.10
Spacing provided 150
Providing 8mm dia. @ 150mm c/c as distribution rebar

44