U6 Experiments

Good luck everyone

1 Made by: Nour Ahmed

1- Investigate habituation to a stimulus. (nov 22)

A) Describe preliminary practical work that you might undertake to ensure

your proposed method would provide quantitative results.

 Find the time for animal to start feeding/ accept find time interval
between touches. (1)
 Find a suitable conditions for the animal to feed. (1)
 Find a suitable method to for applying a touch/ suitable force. (1)
 Find a suitable method of determining/measuring the extent of fan
withdrawal. (1)
2 Made by: Nour Ahmed
B) Devise a detailed method, including how you would control and monitor
important variables. (8)

 Clear statement of the dependent variable: record the length /extent of

the withdrawal. (1)

 Allow animal to acclimatize. (1)

 Method of touching the animal: use of glass rod/cotton bud / touch with

the same force. (1)

 Stated time intervals between touches or stated number of touches in a

set time. (1)

 Supply of organic particle to stimulate feeding activity. (1)

 Identify one variable to be controlled and description of how it is

controlled (1)

 Identify second variable to be controlled and description of how it is

controlled. (1)

 MP6 and 7 e.g., temperature with thermostat in tank/ water bath.

Accept same age/sex.
 Repeat with another animal. (1)

C) Suggest three limitations of your proposed method.

 Difficulty in determining extent of withdrawal. (1)

 Difficult to determine same pressure/force of touch. (1)
 Difficult to ensure each organism in the {same age/not already
habituated}. (1)
 Difficult to control concentration of organic particles. (1)
Accept noise/vibration/water currents/light to shade.

3 Made by: Nour Ahmed

2- Investigate the effect of light intensity on rate of photosynthesis
using a suitable aquatic plant. (nov 23)

A) Describe preliminary practical work that you might undertake to ensure

your proposed method would provide quantitative results.

 Find a suitable {mass / length} of plant to use. (1)

 Find a suitable method to change light intensity. (1)
 Find a suitable {temperature / time} to collect {gas / O2}. (1)
 Find suitable {method / apparatus} to measure volume of {gas / O2}/
(Ignore number of bubbles). (1)

4 Made by: Nour Ahmed

B) Devise a detailed method, including how you would control and
monitor important variables. (9)

 Clear statement of the dependent variable: the volume of {gas / O2}

released. (1)
 Description of method of measuring volume of gas (photosynth meter).
(1)
 Method of standardising plants (length/ mass). (1)
Ignore age / species / size (1)
 Method of producing two different light intensities (moving lamp). (1)
 Use of (sodium) hydrogen carbonate. (1)
 Allow plant time to acclimatise. (1)
 {Standardised/ stated} time for gas collection (5 mins to 24 hrs). (1)
One variable that need to be controlled and its method of control. (1)
 E.g. temperature using TC water bath/ heatshield/ LED bulb.
 Ignore AC room/ wavelength of light.
 {Repeats/ repeat the whole experiment} to give mean and SD. (1)
 Method of calculation of rate. E.g. volume/ time

C) Suggest two limitations of your proposed method.

 Difficult to measure (small) {volumes / distances} of {gas / O2}. (1)

 Difficult to control temperature. (1)
 Difficult to control surface area of leaves. (1)
 Idea that actual growing conditions in the river change during the day so
the results may not be a fair representation. (1)

5 Made by: Nour Ahmed

3- Investigate the effect of antimicrobial substances on the growth of
bacteria. (jun 23)

A) Describe preliminary practical work that you might undertake to ensure

your proposed method would provide quantitative results.

 Find a suitable mass/age of leaves/concentration of extract/method of

extraction. (1)

 Find a suitable temperature/pH/medium/time/species of bacteria. (1)

 Find suitable method to measure {inhibition/antibacterial effect}. (1)

6 Made by: Nour Ahmed

B) Devise a detailed method, including how you would control and monitor
important variables. (9)

 Clear statement of the dependent variable e.g. Zone of inhibition. (1)

 Description of method of preparation of extract. (1)
 Method of preparing bacterial lawn/broth/pour plate (1)
 Method of applying extract. E.g. Wells/discs/drop in broth/ put on agar.
(1)
 Detail of measuring dependent variable. E.g. ruler/grid. (1)
 Description of aseptic technique (1)
 Ignore taping dishes.
 Use of a control for comparison. (1)
 Incubate at stated temperature (but not more than 30˚). (1)
 Two variables that need to be controlled. (1)
 E.g. temperature/pH/incubation time/size of disc/medium/species of
bacteria.
 Method of control of one named variable. (1)
 Repeat the whole experiment to calculate (mean) and SD/error bars. (1)

C) Describe two limitations of your proposed method.

 Difficult to measure distances/ diameters/ ZOI with precision. (1)

 Only tested against one species of bacteria. (1)
 Contamination. (1)
 Bacteria cultured in aerobic conditions and gut is anaerobic or not
cultures at human body temperature. (1)

7 Made by: Nour Ahmed

4- Carry out an experiment using quadrats and transects to determine the
distribution and abundance of organisms, and measuring abiotic factors
appropriate to the habitat. (jan 23)

A) Describe preliminary practical work that you might undertake to find a

suitable method for observing these grasshoppers to provide quantitative
results.

 Find a suitable method of identifying this species. (1)

 Find a suitable method to stimulate grasshopper movement (because they
are camouflaged). (1)
 Find the time of day/month the grasshoppers are (most) active. (1)
 Find a suitable {sampling/counting} method. (1)
E.g. suitable methods - transects/ size of quadrat/ nets.
 Find suitable weather conditions. (1)
8 Made by: Nour Ahmed
B) Devise a detailed method, including how you would control and monitor
important variables. (8)

 Clear statement of the dependent variable: number of grasshoppers per

unit area. (1)
 Method of producing standardised sample sites (of known area on both
sites). (1)
 Standardised {method/time} of counting on both sites. E.g. use of
nets/quadrats/ camera. (1)
 Identify two variables to be monitored. (1)
E.g. temperature, light(intensity), humidity, rainfall, pH, time of day,
weather.
 Describe how one variable can be {monitored/controlled}. (1)
E.g. use similar aspect/ slope of road and gravel area.
 Repeats for {one/either} sample area. (1)
 Repeat the whole investigation at different times of year (between
November and March). (1)
 Method of calculation of population density. (1)

C) Suggest three limitations of your proposed method.

 Difficulty in identifying this species. (1)

 Difficulty in seeing/making grasshopper move/ hard to catch them. (1)
 Difficult to ensure each grasshopper counted is a new individual. (1)
 Difficult to {measure/monitor} a named variable. (1)
 Sampled once so population may change over time. (1)

9 Made by: Nour Ahmed

5- Use a respirometer to determine the rate of respiration and respiratory
quotient of a suitable material. (jan 24)

A) Describe preliminary practical work that you might undertake to ensure

your proposed method would provide quantitative results.

 Suitable way of germinating seeds/checking they are viable. (1)

 Find a suitable temperature for {respiration/germination/seeds to grow}.
(1)
 Find a suitable mass of seeds to give a measurable volume of gas. (1)
 Find suitable method for absorbing carbon dioxide. (1)
 Find a suitable method to measure (change of) gas volume. (1)
Do no allow oxygen produced

10 Made by: Nour Ahmed

B) Devise a detailed method, including how you would control and monitor
important variables. (9)

 Clear statement of the dependent variable: distance moved in unit time/

volume of oxygen in unit time. (1)
 Allow volume of gas using syringe.
 Some description of apparatus used. E.g. respirometer. (1)
 Control mass of seeds. (1)
 (record) time for a measured distance of the meniscus or volume of gas.
(1)
 Time to acclimatise. (1)
 Repeat with and without soda lime. (1)
 One variable that needs to be controlled. (1)
 Description of how this variable is controlled. (1)
AC with suitable stated temperature/incubator.
 Repeat the method with the other seed type. (1)
 Formula for calculating RQ. (1)
CO2 ÷ O2 Or distance with soda lime – distance without ÷ distance
without soda lime.

C) Suggest two limitations of your proposed method.

 Difficult to measure distances or (collect small) volumes of gas. (1)

 Difficult to prevent contamination of watermelon seeds. (1)
 Difficulty of controlling temperature. (1)

11 Made by: Nour Ahmed

6- Use a respirometer to determine the rate of respiration and respiratory
quotient of a suitable material. (jun 22)

A) Describe preliminary practical work that you might undertake to ensure

your proposed method would provide quantitative results.

 Find suitable ages of seedlings. (1)

 Find a suitable temperature for respiration/growth. (1)
 Find a suitable time for measuring a volume of gas. (1)
 Find a suitable {mass/ number} of seedlings (to give measurable results).
(1)
 Find a suitable {pH/ watering regime} for {respiration/ growth}. (1)

12 Made by: Nour Ahmed

B) Devise a detailed method, including an explanation of how you would
control and monitor important variables. (8)

 MP 1 clear statement of the dependent variable: volume of gas/ distance

moved by meniscus/ RQ. (1)
 MP 2 appropriate description or diagram of apparatus used. (1)
E.g. Test tube with capillary tube/ gas syringe.
 MP 3 use seedlings of different ages (age in days or weeks only). (1)
 MP 4 record time for a measured distance of the meniscus/volume from
gas syringe. (1)
Accept record distance meniscus moved in a set time.
 MP 5 do with and without soda lime. (1)
 MP 6 description of how to find the volume of oxygen used. (1)
 E.g. distance x area/ reading gas syringe/ subtract one gas reading from
another to give CO2 produced.
 MP 7 temperature needs to be controlled. (1)
 MP 8 use of a thermostatic device to control temperature. (1)
 MP 9 sterilise the (surface of) seeds. (1)
 MP 10 formula for calculating RQ. (1)
Carbon dioxide released ÷oxygen consumed.

C) Suggest two limitations of your proposed method.

 Difficult to measure {distances / volumes of gas}. (1)

Accept changes in {atmospheric pressure / temperature} change volume
of gas.
 (Difficult to prevent) contamination of mung beans/ infected. (1)
 Difficult to decide if seedings are germinating at the same rate. (1)
Accept seedlings may have a different starch/ protein content.
 Seedlings may change from aerobic to anaerobic respiration (during
investigation). (1)

13 Made by: Nour Ahmed

7- Using a hydrogen carrier (redox indicator), investigate the effect of
temperature on respiration in yeast. (jan 22)

A) Describe preliminary practical work that you might undertake to ensure

your proposed method would provide quantitative results.

 Find a suitable {mass / concentration / number of cells} of yeast (that will

produce carbon dioxide). (1)
Accept suitable {concentration / mass} of sugar.
Accept suitable concentration / mass of mineral ions.
 Find a suitable {method for measuring carbon dioxide / method to
measure oxygen consumption / redox indicator} .(1)
E.g. TTC / DCPIP / methylene blue.
 Find a suitable range of temperatures. (1)
Accept find a suitable timescale to measure the {volume of gas
produced / oxygen consumption}.
14 Made by: Nour Ahmed
B) Devise a detailed method, including how you would control and monitor
important variables. (8)

 Clear statement of the dependent variable: Volume of carbon dioxide

produced per unit time/ volume of oxygen used per unit time / time for
(named) redox indicator to change colour. (1)
 Some description of apparatus used. (1)
E.g. method of collecting (carbon dioxide) gas / respirometer with soda
lime/ tubes in a water bath before mixing.
 Control of mass of yeast/ {volume/ concentration} of yeast (suspension)/
number of yeast cells. (1)
 Incubate for a set period of time and record {volume of carbon dioxide
produced/ movement of ink drop}/ record time for {colour change of
redox indicator}. (1)
 Five stated temperatures in a range of 5-55˚C. (1)
 Two variables that need to be controlled. (1)
 E.g. {concentration / volume} of redox indicator; {mass / concentration}
of glucose; {type / strain / species / age} of yeast.
 Description of how one of these variables is controlled. (1)
 pH – buffer; mass of glucose - use of balance.
 Repeats for each temperature or repeat the whole experiment. (1)
 Method of calculating rate of respiration. (1)
E.g. 1divided by time taken for colour change/ distance divided by time/
volume divided by time.
C) Give two limitations of your proposed method.

 Difficult to measure (small) values of the dependent variable/ to recognize

end point. (1)
 Difficult to prevent contamination of yeast cultures/ hard to maintain
aseptic conditions. (1)
 Difficulties related to experimental design. (1)

E.g. yeast may change from aerobic to anaerobic respiration during

investigation; build-up of waste products may affect enzymes.
15 Made by: Nour Ahmed
8- Investigate the rate of growth of microorganisms in a liquid culture.
(nov 21)

A) Describe preliminary practical work that you might undertake to ensure

your proposed method would provide quantitative results.

 Find a suitable {concentration/ volume} of pineapple juice. (1)

Accept find a suitable range of concentrations.
Accept find a suitable method of making the pineapple juice.
Accept find storage time (of pineapple juice) which has an effect.
 Find a suitable timescale for growth of bacteria (1)
 Find a suitable {temperature / pH} for {growth of bacteria/ incubation/
activity of enzyme}. (1)
 Find a suitable way to count bacteria/ method for comparing growth
(rate). (1)

16 Made by: Nour Ahmed

B) Devise a detailed method, including how you would control and monitor
important variables. (8)

 Clear statement of the dependent variable: {number of bacteria /

turbidity/ absorbance} with ref to time. (1)
 Method of producing pineapple juice (1)
 (Use of nutrient broth) with and without pineapple juice. (1)
Accept several concentrations of juice as long one is zero/ heated juice /
water / sugar solution as a control.
 Use of aseptic technique. (1)
E.g. flaming neck of bottles, work near Bunsen burner.
 Samples taken at suitable intervals. (1)
Accept bacteria counted at start and after suitable time
 Suitable method for counting bacteria. (1)
Accept {absorbance / transmission} with {colorimeter / datalogger}/
serial dilution and plating.
 Method of calculation of growth rate (1)
 Identify one variable to be controlled and description of how it is
controlled. (1)
 Identify second variable to be controlled and description of how it is
controlled. (1)
Accept: temperature, pH, {age / variety / part / tissue} of pineapple,
{concentration / volume} of juice, {age / volume/ concentration} of
bacterial culture.
 Repeats for each set up or repeat the whole investigation. (1)

C) Suggest three limitations of your proposed method.

 {Clumping / uneven distribution} of bacteria makes it difficult to count.

(1)
 Factors related to colorimeter use. (1)
 Relevant named factor may affect growth (rate) of bacteria. (1)
 Second relevant named factor may affect growth (rate) of bacteria. (1)
17 Made by: Nour Ahmed
9- Investigate habituation to a stimulus. (jun 21)

A) Describe preliminary practical work that you might undertake to ensure

your proposed method would provide quantitative results.

 Find a suitable method for touching the external gills. (1)

 Find suitable conditions that allow the sea slugs to be active. (1)
Accept eg. temperature, light intensity.
 Find a suitable method to decide when the gills have re-emerged. (1)

18 Made by: Nour Ahmed

B) Devise a detailed method, including an explanation of how you would
control and monitor important variables. (10)

 Clear statement of the dependent variable: (time for) re-emergence of

gills. (1)
 Description of method to provide different number of touches. (1)
Accept description of frequency of touches e.g. every 5 minutes.
 Description of method for ensuring same intensity of each touch
stimulation. (1)
E.g. glass rod of same diameter/ same person using same glass rod to
touch with the/ same force.
 Description of method for determining complete re-emergence of gills. (1)
E.g. measure / sketch gills at start and refer to this.
 The method of touching the gills must not cause pain/ damage. (1)
 The animals are given time to acclimatise {before stimulation begins /
between touches}. (1)
 Variables that need to be taken into account. (2)
E.g. water temperature, pH, salinity, depth of water, light intensity,
substrate.
 Description of how these variables is controlled. (2)
E.g. source / age / sex / species of Aplysia.
 Repeat whole experiment with different animals. (1)

C) Suggest four limitations of your proposed method.

 Difficult to standardise the touch affecting the withdrawal reflex. (1)

E.g. pressure / force
 Possible errors in determining full re-emergence. (1)
 Difficult to control {age of animal / surface area of gills}. (1)
 Difficult to control other possible stimuli which may cause reflex. (1)
E.g. sound, shadows, vibrations, water currents.
19 Made by: Nour Ahmed
10- Investigate the production of amylase in germinating of grains. (jan 21)

A) Describe preliminary practical work that you might undertake to ensure

your proposed method would provide quantitative results.

 Find a suitable concentration range for ABA. (1)

Accept suitable concentrations of ABA.
 Find a suitable method for measuring starch digestion. (1)
Accept suitable method for measuring amylase production.
 Find a suitable {temperature/pH} (for starch digestion). (1)
Accept species (of wheat).
 Find a suitable timescale (for starch digestion). (1)
Accept find a suitable time for soaking endosperm in ABA.

20 Made by: Nour Ahmed

B) Devise a detailed method, including how you would control and monitor
important variables. (8)

 Clear statement of the dependent variable: size of clear area/

absorbance /transmission using colourimeter. (1)
 Some description of aseptic technique. (1)
E.g. rinse endosperm in {sodium hypochlorite/sterile water}.
 Soak the endosperm with ABA and place on starch agar/ place
endosperm in tube containing starch solution. (1)
 Stated time for incubation 24 - 72hrs. (1)
 Method of determining clear area. (1)
E.g. trace for total area or take (several) diameter measurement(s).
Accept use colorimeter to measure {transmission / absorbance} (if
starch in tube method used).
 Identify one variable to be controlled and description of how this
variable is controlled. (1)
 Identify second variable to be controlled and description of how this
variable is controlled. (1)
E.g. pH, temperature, humidity, light intensity, species / variety, age of
seed.
 Repeats at each ABA concentration or repeat the whole experiment. (1)
 Test at 5 different concentrations of ABA. (1)

C) Suggest two limitations of your proposed method.

 Difficult to measure small clear areas. (1)

Accept difficulty in using the colourimeter or judging an end point.
 Difficult to maintain aseptic conditions. (1)
Accept {seeds / agar} may be contaminated with bacteria.
 {Growth regulators / chemicals} in seed may affect amylase production.
(1)
Accept genetic variation in seeds affects {amylase production / size of
endosperm}.
21 Made by: Nour Ahmed
Preliminary work and limitations for experiments that didn’t come yet (study
them bardo badl ma el examiner y8afelna )

Investigate the effects of exercise on Tidal Volume, Breathing Rate,

Respiratory minute ventilation, and oxygen consumption using data from
spirometer traces.

 Preliminary Practical Work:

• Select most suitable type of exercises.

• Idea of standardising participants (Age of participants, gender of

participants, health, previous experience of exercising, VC training, usual
training regime, height, body mass, BMI).

• Idea of determining timescale for measurable effect (on VC/TV/BR..etc).

• Obtaining informed consent from participants.

• Measuring baseline respiratory variables at rest.

 Limitations:

• Difficult to control all variables affecting VC.

E.g. genetic variability, previous history of exercising, additional activities

outside of excersing sessions, diet.

• Idea that participants will differ in their effort.

• Idea that accurate measurement of VC is reliant on the subject exhaling

fully (which may not be the case).

• Idea that the {results / participants} may not be representative (of an

individual / the population).

• Spirometry only measures lung function and cannot determine the cause
of changes in respiratory parameters.

• Environmental factors such as altitude, temperature, and humidity can

also impact respiratory parameters.

22 Made by: Nour Ahmed

Investigate the production of amylase in germinating cereal grains.

 Preliminary Practical Work:

• Find suitable range of concentration of growth regulator.

• Find suitable method for measuring amylase activity.

• Find the time taken for amylase production.

• Identify {other / named} variable that needs to be taken into account.

• Find a suitable method for measuring starch digestion.

• Find a suitable {temperature/pH} (for starch digestion).

• Find a suitable timescale (for starch digestion).

• Find a suitable time for soaking endosperm in growth regulator.

 Limitations:

• Difficult to control {all variables / or a named variable}.

• Another factor may be limiting effect of growth regulator.

• Possible contamination with {bacteria / fungi}.

• More than one growth regulator may be involved.

• Difficult to measure small clear areas.

• Difficult to maintain aseptic conditions.

• {growth regulators / chemicals} in seed may affect amylase production.

• Difficulty in using the colourimeter or judging an end point.

• Genetic variation in seeds affects {amylase production / size of

endosperm}.

23 Made by: Nour Ahmed

Investigate the effect of temperature on the development of organisms.

 Preliminary Practical Work:

• Find suitable range of temperature.

• Find a suitable growth medium (for mentioned species.)

• Find an appropriate measurement of growth.

• Find the time taken for a measurable change in growth.

• Find the time for the species to grow aka (eggs to hatch or seedlings to
germinate)

• Identify an environmental condition to control and to be taken into

account {temperature /salinity / pH / oxygen concentration / light
intensity}.

 Limitations:

• Difficult to control {all variables / or a named variable} affecting the

growth of the organism/ affecting the results.

• Idea of difficulty of measuring growth.

• Possible infection of the plants/seedlings/species with {bacteria / fungi /

virus}.

• Named environmental factor may fluctuate.

• Suitable reference to difficulty of counting (if asked for counting of

certain variable)

• Genetic Variability affects growth of organisms.

24 Made by: Nour Ahmed

1- The maize plants growing in this soil develop yellow stripes along each leaf and
the stems are short.
The stems are short because there is a reduced distance between each leaf. (jan 19)
Describe an experiment to investigate the effect of adding zinc sulphate on
the growth of maize plants.

1. (Dependent) variable to be measured stated: distance between leaves/

internode length/ number of yellow stripes. (1)
2. Idea of one growth medium with and one without (added)zinc (sulfate).
(1)
3. ACCEPT a range of concentrations that includes 0.
4. Use of {seeds / seedlings}. (1)
5. Method for measuring the dependent variable. (1)
6. {Same / stated} time for measurements to be taken/ at least 5 days. (1)
7. Repeats and calculate a mean. (1)

2- Brine shrimps are invertebrate animals that live in salt lakes. They feed
on algae and reproduce by producing eggs.
When the conditions are favourable, the eggs hatch into brine shrimps.
A student observed that eggs hatched faster when calcium ions were
added to the saltwater. (jun 21)

Describe an experiment to investigate the effect of calcium ion

concentration on the time taken for brine shrimps to hatch.

1. Dependent variable is the number (of eggs) hatched per unit time. (1)
2. Use of five different concentrations of calcium ions. (1)
3. Counting brine shrimps {hatched /swimming} at {same / stated} time
intervals. (1)
4. Suitable control of one variable. (1)
5. E.g. temperature / stated temp (up to 45°C) – thermostatically/ controlled
water bath, pH – buffer, light intensity – distance of bulb.
6. Repeats (for each treatment) and calculate a mean. (1)
25 Made by: Nour Ahmed
3- Describe an experiment to measure the tensile strength of fibres that
have been extracted from these plants. (jan 22)

1. Dependent variable is mass needed to break fibres. (1)

2. Use fibres the same length and {diameter/cross sectional area}. (1)
3. Method of supporting fibre. (1)
4. Add known mass to fibre until it breaks. (1)
5. Suitable method of control of one variable {age of fibre / temperature/
humidity}. (1)
6. Method of calculation for tensile strength. (1)
7. Repeats and calculate a mean. (1)

4- Cell division was reduced when plant cells were treated with a caffeine solution.
Describe an experiment to measure the mitotic index of cells from onion
roots treated with different concentrations of caffeine solution. (jun 23)

 Description of treatment of onion {plants/ roots} grown in caffeine

solution. (1)
 Use caffeine solution and without caffeine OR stated concentrations
/number of caffeine concentrations. (1)
Accept a concentrations without a 0%.
 Use of root tip. (1)
Accept description of tip e.g. terminal 5mm.
 Use of a suitable named stain. (1)
Toluidine blue/ orcein/ methylene blue/ nile blue.
 Method of preparing microscope slides. (1)
E.g. Teasing apart/ squashing/ macerate/ treat with acid.
 Counting cells under microscope. (1)
 Description of how to calculate mitotic index. (1)

26 Made by: Nour Ahmed

5- A student found the vitamin C content of camu camu fruits changed with the
length of time in storage.
The vitamin C content of these fruits decreases the most during the first 14 days of
storage.
Describe an experiment to investigate the change in vitamin C content
when the fruits are stored for 14 days compared with 28 days. (nov 23)

 Store fruits at same temperature (for both time intervals). (1)

Allow store juice/ incubate.
 Another stated variable about {storage / fruits}. (1)
 E.g. same humidity /mass / volume / source / age.
 {Same / standardised} extraction method used. (1)
Allow crush / blend /filter /pestle and mortar.
 {Stated / same} {volume /concentration} of DCPIP. (1)
 Titrate fruit juice against DCPIP and record volume. (1)
Allow description of titration /adding DCPIP into fruit juice.
 Juice turns DCPIP from blue to {colourless/red/juice colour}. (1)
Allow colourless to blue if DCPIP titrated into juice.
 Method of calculating Vit C content. (1)
E.g. use of {standard /calibration} curve or C1 x V1 = C2 x V2
Ignore compare to standard solution of Vit C.

27 Made by: Nour Ahmed