NINTH-CENTURY DIRHAM HOARDS FROM SWEDEN

Author(s): Bengt E. Hovén

Source: Journal of Baltic Studies , Fall 1982, Vol. 13, No. 3, SPECIAL ISSUE: RELATIONS
BETWEEN SCANDINAVIA AND THE SOUTEASTERN BALTIC/NORTHWESTERN RUSSIA IN
THE VIKING AGE (Fall 1982), pp. 202-219
Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd.

Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43211162

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NINTH-CENTURY DIRHAM HOARDS FROM SWEDEN

Bengt E. Hovén, Royal Coin Cabinet , Stockholm

This study is intended to provide a comprehensive listing of ninth-century

hoards of Sasanian and Islamic coins found in Sweden. It should be note
however, that some hoards may be stored at provincial museums or in som
other way may have escaped the author's attention. Nevertheless, the hoar
examined here represent the overwhelming majority of ninth-century dirham
hoards found in Sweden. Two problems soon came to light in this work. H
do we define a hoard and how do we determine when in the ninth century th
most recent coin in a hoard could have been struck and still attribute the hoard
as a whole to the ninth century? The first problem was temporarily solved by
following the inventory numbers of the Swedish Royal Coin Cabinet (hereafter
RCC) and the principles for defining a hoard discussed in Stenbergeťs Schatz-
funde Gottlands . 1 The second was resolved by excluding every hoard containing
coins struck after ca. 895 A.D., i.e., by excluding every hoard with Sãmãnid
coins. This examination is not meant to solve all problems connected with ninth-
century Islamic hoards from Sweden. Rather, it is intended as an introduction to
and a preliminary account of the material. This is important since most of this
material has hitherto been confined to the premises of the RCC or, if melted
down, recorded only in the unpublished manuscripts of Prof. C. J. Tornberg
who identified and described these coins in the nineteenth century.2
The dates and mints of the coins in sixteen hoards containing more than 100
coins whose most recent dirham was struck before ca. 895 have been studied. In
addition, a more superficial examination has been made of more than 30 hoards
containing less than 100 dirhams, including stray finds with only one coin each.
The chronological distribution of coins within a hoard is illustrated in the appen-
dix which shows the 16 large hoards with more than 100 coins each. "Hoard" 17
displays the composition of all the more than 30 smaller hoards. The find-spots
are shown in the Figure which includes a special inset for the island of Gotland.

202 JBS, Vol XIII No. 3 (1982)

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Dirham Hoards from Sweden 203

FIGURE. LOCATION OF NINTH-CENTURY DIRHAM HOARDS FROM

SWEDEN

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 204 Journal of Baltie Studies

In order to make the presentation of t

diagrammatic approach has been chosen
focused upon the whole and legible coi
literated coins not showing their mint
the diagrams would have been uncle
cases the percentage of coins with legi
able indication of the chronological com
remarks concern primarily the hoards
hoards have been combined to show ho
general pattern. The time-axis of each
over the period from 610 to 900 AD, th
century. A few Sasanian coins struck b
their existence is shown by a square w
vertical column corresponds to a fiv
whose year of striking falls within thi
the height of the vertical column will g
in question. The symbol inside the sq
question. A list of these symbols and t
low:

* = Sasanian
■ = Arab-Sasanian
* = Umayyad
□ = 'Abbāsid
* = Tãhirid
o = Idrīsid
° = Spanish Umayyad
o = Aghlabid
A = Kharijīte Imäm
s = Saffárid
* = Rebel

The first hoard to be considered is by far the largest. It comes from Eskedalen
in the parish of Loftahammar, Smâland, on the coast of the Baltic (RCC, Inven-
tory Number 5872). This hoard contained 2,001 coins. They were distributed
among the following dynasties: 3 Sasanian, 2 Arab-Sasanian, 152 Umayyad,
1 Rebel, 1,578 'Abbāsid, 4 Idrfsid, 2 Kharijīte Imām, 1 Aghlabid, 1 Tãhirid (it
is worth while noting that Tornberg attributed all coins struck in Iran and east-
wards after 820 as Tãhirid while recent opinion, which I follow here, classifies
them as 'Abbāsid unless they specifically carry the name or title of a Tãhirid
prince), 79 undetermined, 35 blank flans, and 143 unspecified pieces. All infor-
mation on this hoard is taken from Tomberg's manuscript. The earliest and
latest datable coins are from 619 and 865, respectively. Out of a total of 2,001
coins, not more than 623 specimens (31.1%) have been dated exactly; i.e.,
every part of the year of striking was legible to Tornberg (the rest were fragments
or obliterated or both). The chart for Hoard 1 shows the distribution in time of
those 623 coins, clearly revealing three or four frequency peaks. Three were

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Dirham Hoards from Sweden 205

comparatively moderate in size, 740-

fourth peak of 795-820 was by far the lar
tendency among the hoards being exami
tribution in percentages of each hoard wi
tion of the hoard.) For 1,150 coins (5
Among the most common mints are Mad
madiyyah = al-Rayy (the ancient Rhag
Teheran). The former numbered 414 (3
mints together formed a majority am
distribution for this hoard (legible dates
615-20 = 0.2%, 680-85 = 0.3%, 700-05
1.0%, 715-20 = 0.5%, 720-25 = 0.8%, 7
45 = 3.2%, 745-50 = 1.8%, 750-55 = 0.
765-70 = 1.6%, 770-75 = 4.2%, 775-80
2.1%, 790-95 = 1.1%, 795-800 = 4.5%,
810-15 = 6.3%, 815-20 = 4.5%, 820-25
1.9%, 83540 = 3.2%, 84045 = 2.2%, 84
60 = 5.8%, and 860-65 = 6.3%. (The to
but this is not the case with some of t
ages were worked out to one decimal po
The second largest hoard (No. 2) is from
land (RCC, Inventory numbers 12662,
which 393 specimens or 58.7% had legibl
evidently discernible peaks of two or th
835-840. These peaks coincide with the
span of time of this hoard is ca. 699-865.
al-Salām and al-Muhammadiyyah: of 5
former counts 256 specimens (46.0%) a
The time distribution for this hoard is as f
695-700 = 0.3%, 705-10 = 0.8%, 710-15
0.3%, 730-35 = 0.5%, 73540 = 2.0%, 7
55 = 1.8%, 755-60 = 2.0%, 760-65 = 2.0
775-80 = 8.1%, 780-85 = 2.8%, 785-90
8.9%, 800-05 = 12.2%, 805-10 = 7.1%,
820-25 = 2.8%, 825-30 = 0.8%, 830-35
2.8%, 845-50 = 2.3%, 850-55 = 0.8%, 8
(The total is 100.2%.)
The third hoard is from östris in the pa
numbers 16242, 16286, 16323, 19724,
published in the corpus of Swedish Vikin
tions have added another 19 coins to it.4
in 705 and 870-71 respectively; out of
63.2% have a clearly legible date. One find
ate one in 770-780, and a higher one in 7

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 206 Journal of Baltic Studies

peak is the last dating from 855-865.

coins, Madînat al-Sallm is represente
Shāsh (Tashkent in Uzbekistan) with
coins in this hoard, as will be seen from
atively late, which explains why al-Shl
the second mint town (from the middl
mines of Central Asia grew more impo
The time distribution for this hoard is
705-10 = 0.3%, 725-30 = 0.3%, 7354
0.7%, 750-55 = 1.0%, 755-60 = 0.7
770-75 = 4.7%, 775-80 = 4.3%, 780-8
1.0%, 795-800 = 5.3%, 800-05 =9.0%,
20 = 0.3%, 820-25 = 2.0%, 825-30 = 0
84045 = 2.7%, 845-50 = 5.7%, 850-5
12.0%, 865-70 = 6.7%, and 870-75 = 0
Hoard 4 from Oxarve in the parish of
ber 8132) contains 437 Sasanian and Isla
only 206 coins (47.1%) have legible date
845 which makes it one of the earliest
have only one or two Sasanian coins at
Umayyad representation is as high as 1
The frequency peaks in this hoard are
of 264 coins with legible mint names
coins (23.5%), and in second place, al-M
A hoard with a large component of Um
a lower percentage of coins from the tw
about 765 onwards. The time distribution
550-55 = 0.5%, 580-85 = 0.5%, 595-6
1.0%, 620-25 = 1.0%, 625-30 = 0.5%
700-05 = 2.9%, 705-10 = 3.4%, 710-15 = 2.4%, 715-20 = 1.0%, 720-25 =
0.5%, 725-30 = 1 .5%, 730-35 = 1 .0%, 73540 = 0.5%, 74045 = 4.9%, 745-
50 = 1.0%, 750-55 = 1.9%, 755-60 = 1.5%, 760-65 = 3.4%, 765-70 = 4.4%,
770-75 = 3.4%, 775-80 = 8.3%, 780-85 = 4.9%, 785-90 = 8.7%, 790-95 =
2.4%, 795-800 = 6.8%, 800-05 = 8.3%, 805-10 = 4.9%, 810-15 = 5.3%,
815-20 = 3.9%, 820-25 = 2.4%, 825-30 = 0.5%, 830-35 = 1.9%, 83540 =
1.5%, and 84045 = 0.5%. (The sum is 100.5%.)
A hoard (No. 5) like the one from Häcklinge, in the parish of Wahlbo, Gästrik-
land (RCC, Inventory number 1630), whose coins were long ago dispersed, must
be treated in the same way as the Eskedalen hoard; i.e., the needed information
must be sought in Tornberg's manuscripts. There the hoard is said to have em-
braced 404 coins of which exact dates are given for 293 pieces (72.5%). This
hoard is also characterized by three frequency peaks: the first one is 770-780,
the second and tallest is 795-815, and the latest and shortest is 840-860. The
hoard's extension in time falls between ca. 705 and 860. In this hoard, we have

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 Dirham Hoards from Sweden 207

information on the mint places of 316

sented by 124 coins (39.2%) and al-Muh
again, both of these mints constitute
quite common for the hoards with a
about 800 and containing not too many
for this hoard is the following:
705-10 = 2.0%, 710-15 = 1.4%, 720-
0.7%, 740-45 = 3.1%, 745-50 = 2.0%
65 = 2.7%, 765-70 = 3.8%, 770-75 =
785-90 = 1.7%, 790-95 = 1.4%, 795-8
8.9%, 810-15 = 5.5%, 815-20 = 2.4%
35 = 3.1%, 835-40 = 2.0%, 84045 = 4
and 855-60 = 3.8%. (The sum is 100.
The sixth hoard (RCC Inventory nu
Gotland, contained 401 coins of wh
legible. It is a rather late hoard, so late
ought to be included in this study. Its
895, which probably made it impossib
ten years. Nevertheless, since most coi
the hoard contained no Sāmānid coin
dirhams from the 850s-870s, b it must
an atypical one. As mentioned above, t
the hoard has no spectacular peaks exc
and then the main one during the per
names could be read on 251 coins of which those struck in Madlnat al-Salām
numbered 46 pieces (18.3%) and those from al-Muhammadiyyah numbered 39
(15.5%). This new evidence shows that towards the end of the ninth century the
two prolific mints were losing the almost absolute majority among coins which
they had possessed fifty years earlier. The time distribution for this hoard is as
follows:
710-15 = 0.5%, 715-20 = 1.1%, 73540 = 2.2%, 740-45 = 1.1%, 745-50 =
0.5%, 750-55 = 0.5%, 765-70 = 1.6%, 770-75 = 1.6%, 775-80 = 3.2%, 780-
85 = 1.1%, 785-90 = 1.1%, 795-800 = 2.7%, 800-05 = 5.4%, 805-10 =
5.9%, 810-15 = 1.1%, 815-20 = 3.2%, 820-25 = 0.5%, 825-30 = 1.1%, 830-
35 = 2.2%, 835-40 = 2.7%, 84045 = 3.8%, 845-50 = 7.0%, 850-55 = 5.9%,
855-60 = 8.6%, 860-65 = 8.6%, 865-70 = 8.1%, 870-75 = 8.1%, 875-80 =
3.2%, 880-85 = 8.5%, and 890-95 = 0.5%. (The sum is 99.6%.)
From Hemmors in the parish of Nähr, Gotland, comes the seventh hoard
(RCC, Inventory number 1585). Its coins are now dispersed in the systematic
collection of the RCC which explains why it is important to have access to
Tornberg's manuscripts where information on the 315 coins of this hoard is
given. Dates for 178 coins seem to have been legible to Tomberg, i.e., 56.5%
of the hoard. There are two frequency peaks, the tallest at the usual time of
795-815, and the other, lower but wider, occurring during the period 840-870.

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 208 Journal of Baltie Studies

The hoard's time-span extends from ab

to have been legible on 226 coins of thi
al-Salãm numbered 93 pieces (41.2%) w
36 coins (15.9%). These two mints thus
time distribution for this hoard is as f
740-45 = 0.6%, 750-55 = 0.6%, 755-
2.8%, 770-75 = 4.5%, 775-80 = 2.2
790-95 = 0.6%, 795-800 = 7.3%, 800
= 6.2%, 815-20 = 2.2%, 820-25 = 1.7
835-40 = 4.5%, 840-45 = 3.9%, 845-
5.6%, 860-65 = 5.6%, 865-70 = 6.7%
100.1%.)
From Kinner in the parish of Lummelunda, Gotland, comes the eighth
hoard (RCC, Inventory number 8873) of 296 coins with legible dates on 98 of
them (33.1%). The preponderance of this hoard lies in the second half of the
ninth century with a marked frequency peak in 860-870. The hoard's span falls
between about 730 and 885. There are legible mint names for 1 1 1 coins of which
28 (25.2%) were struck in Madlnat al-Salām. In second place among mints comes
Samarqand with 18 coins (16.2%) which indicates that this hoard was rather
late; Samarqand, situated not far from al-Shãsh, only became an important mint
during the second half of the ninth century. The time distribution for this hoard
is as follows:
730-35 = 1.0%, 735-40 = 2.0%, 745-50 = 1.0%, 755-60 = 1.0%, 765-70 =
2.0%, 775-80 = 5.1%, 780-85 = 1.0%, 795-800 = 7.1%, 800-05 = 3.1%,
805-10 = 6.1%, 810-15 = 2.0%, 815-20 = 4.1%, 825-30 = 1.0%, 830-35 =
4.1%, 835-40 = 5.1%, 845-50 = 3.1%, 850-55 = 6.1%, 855-60 = 5.1%, 860-
65 = 10.2%, 865-70 = 15.3%, 870-75 = 4.1%, 875-80 = 5.1%, and 880-85 =
5.1%. (The sum is 99.8%.)
The ninth hoard (RCC, Inventory number 1457), from Svenskens in the
parish of Endre, Gotland, is described in the manuscript of Tornberg and was
recently published in the corpus of Swedish Viking-Age coin hoards.5 It con-
tains 277 coins of which 189 had legible dates (68.2%). Its chart shows the usual
pattern, one frequency peak in 770-780 and then a very high one in 795-815.
The hoard embraces a time-span from about 555 to 860 with the preponderance
of coins seemingly around 810. There were 191 coins whose mint names were
legible to Tornberg of which 62 pieces (32.3%) were struck in Madīnat al-Salām
and 29 in al-Muhammadiyyah (15.2%). Together this gives close to a majority
for these two common mints. The time distribution for this hoard is the follow-
ing:
555-60 = 0.5%, 675-80 = 0.5%, 700-05 = 0.5%, 705-10 = 1.6%, 710-15 =
0.5%, 735-40 = 1.1%, 740-45 = 3.2%, 745-50 = 2.1%, 750-55 = 3.2%, 755-
60 = 2.1%, 760-65 = 3.7%, 765-70 = 1.6%, 770-75 = 6.3%, 775-80 = 8.5%,
780-85 = 1.6%, 785-90 = 2.6%, 790-95 = 1.1%, 795-800 = 7.4%, 800-05 =
12.2%, 805-10 = 14.8%, 810-15 = 5.8%, 815-20 = 4.8%, 820-25 = 2.1%,

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Dirham Hoards from Sweden 209

830-35 = 2.6%, 835-40 = 3.2%, 840

2.1%, and 855-60 = 0.5%. (The sum
The tenth hoard (RCC, Inventory
found in the parish of Vrena, Söderm
177 had a legible date (72.8%). Its coins
with two protruding peaks in 805-8
mint names of which Madlnat al-Sal
Muhammadiyyah has 26 coins (14.2%).
reach a majority in this hoard. The pr
the production of these mints diminis
as follows:
710-15 = 2.8%, 715-20 = 1.1%, 720-
5.6%, 745-50 = 2.3%, 160-65 = 5.1%
775-80 = 4.0%, 780-85 = 5.1%, 785-
4.5%, 800-05 = 6.8%, 805-10 = 14.7
820-25 = 2.3%, 825-30 = 0.6%, 830
4.0%, 845-50 = 9.6%, 850-55 = 4.0%
865-70 = 0.6%. (The sum is 99.7%.)
Lilla Vagóme in the parish of Lärbro
(RCC, Inventory number 18098) wit
legible date (76.0%). Its earliest coin is
year 79 AH = 698-99 AD making it one
yad monetary reforms. The latest coin
frequency peaks: the first in 770-790,
the last and lowest in 845-865. Among
mint name was legible, MadTnat al-Sal
and al-Muhammadiyyah by 31 pieces (
of this hoard comes from these two min
as follows:
695-700 = 0.6%, 710-15 = 1.7%, 725
2.8%, 745-50 = 2.3%, 750-55 = 1.1%,
70 = 2.3%, 770-75 = 5.6%, 775-80 =
790-95 = 1.1%, 795-800 = 9.0%, 800
3.4%, 815-20 = 3.4%, 820-25 = 3.4%,
40 = 3.4%, 84045 = 1.1%, 845-50 = 5
860-65 = 7.3% and 865-70 = 2.3%. (T
The twelfth hoard (RCC, Inventor
in the parish of Eke, Gotland and was
ing-Age coin hoards.6 It contains 1 38 c
The number of datable coins in this ho
cally reliable notion of the distribution
cidence with the larger hoards are disce
between about 730 and 880. The num
reaches 80 specimens of which 24 wer

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 210 Journal of Baltie Studies

15 in al-Muhammadiyyah (18.8%). Tog

of the legible coins. The time distributi
730-35 = 1.4%, 750-55 = 2.8%, 755-
1.4%, 770-75 = 1.4%, 775-80 = 5.6
795-800 = 8.5%, 800-05 = 5.6%, 805-
7.0%, 83540 = 8.5%, 84045 = 1.4%,
60 = 4.2%, 860-65 = 8.5%, 865-70 =
is 99.8%.)
Hoard 13 (RCC, Inventory numbers 7285, 8137, and 8579), consisting of
137 coins, was found in Vikare in the parish of Viklau, Gotland. From this hoard,
67 pieces (48.9%) had a clearly legible date, and they range from about 740 to
875. The number of datable coins is rather small, but it is still possible to dis-
cern that they congregate on the same lustra as in most of the larger hoards.
Of the 77 coins in this hoard with legible mint names, 27 were struck in Madlnat
al-Sallm (35.1%) and 9 in al-Muhammadiyyah (11 .7%). Together they constitute
less than half of the coins with legible mint names in the hoard. The time distri-
bution for this hoard is the following:
74045 = 1.5%, 745-50 = 1.5%, 765-70 = 3.0%, 770-75 = 1.5%, 775-80 =
4.5%, 780-85 = 4.5%, 785-90 = 1.5%, 795-800 = 4.5%, 800-05 = 7.5%,
805-10 = 6.0%, 810-15 = 6.0%, 815-20 = 1.5%, 830-35 = 6.0% 83540 =
4.5%, 84045 = 3.0%, 845-50 = 4.5%, 850-55 = 9.0%, 855-60 = 9.0%,
860-65 = 10.4%, 865-70 = 9.0%, and 870-75 = 1 .5%. (The sum is 100.4%.)
The next hoard (No. 14), which does not seem to have an inventory number,
is described by Tornberg in his manuscript as having been found "1/2 mile [pro-
bably an old Swedish mile] outside Upsala near the railway" and to have con-
tained 137 coins of which only 15 pieces (10.9%) are specified. This would make
it rather senseless to calculate any distributional percentages within the hoard.
Still, for the sake of consistency, it has its own chart. Its peaks seem to coincide
with the high peaks in the larger hoards while its extension in time ranges from
about 720 to 895.
Hoard 15 (RCC, Inventory number 6373) from the parish of Fittja, Upland,
contains 134 coins of which 106 pieces have legible dates (79.1%). It ranges in
time from about 612 to 866-67 with its highest frequencies in the periods 775-
785, 800-815, and 850-855. Among the 105 coins with legible mints, MadTnat
al-Salām is represented by 34 pieces (32.4%) and al-Muhammadiyyah by 23
coins (21.9%). More than half of the coins in the hoard come from these two
most frequent mint towns. The time distribution for this hoard is as follows:
610-15 = 0.9%, 660-65 = 0.9%, 705-10 = 1.9%, 710-15 = 0.9%, 720-25 =
0.9%, 73540 = 1.9%, 74045 = 1.9%, 745-50 = 1.9%, 750-55 = 1.9%, 755-
60 = 0.9%, 760-65 = 3.8%, 765-70 = 0.9%, 770-75 = 3.8%, 775-80 = 8.5%,
780-85 = 7.5%, 785-90 = 2.8%, 790-95 = 0.9%, 795-800 = 5.7%, 800-05 =
9.4%, 805-10 = 6.6%, 810-15 = 7.5%, 815-20 = 4.7%, 820-25 = 2.8%, 825-
30 = 0.9%, 830-35 = 1.9%, 83540 = 0.9%, 84045 = 1.9%, 845-50 = 1.9%,
850-55 = 8.5%, 855-60 = 3.8%, and 865-70 = 0.9%. (The sum is 99.6%.)

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 Dirham Hoards from Sweden 21 1

The sixteenth and last of the hoards t

more than 100 coins (RCC, Inventory n
parish of Eskelhem, Gotland and is pub
Age coin hoards.7 It contained 1 29 coi
(67.4%). It ranges from 711-12 to 855-8
peaks in the periods 770-785, 795-820
tains 87 coins with legible mints amon
by 33 pieces (37.9%) and al-Muhamm
as we have often seen, these two mints
the hoard. The time distribution for thi
710-15 = 1.1%, 745-50 = 1.1%, 750-
4.6%, 775-80 = 2.3%, 780-85 = 6.9%
805-10 = 5.7%, 810-15 = 3.4%, 815-2
4.6%, 84045 = 2.3%, 845-50 = 4.6%, 850-55 = 6.9%, 855-60 = 8.0%,
860-65 = 9.2%, 865-70 = 1.1%, 875-80 = 2.3%, 880-85 = 9.2%, and 885-
90 = 1.1%. (The sum is 99.5%.)
The last chart in the appendix (Hoard 17) shows an amalgamation of all
easily accessible hoards with less than 100 coins (one exception is noted below),
and many stray finds with one or a few coins. These total 1 ,085 coins. Quite
probably, all of them originated from different ninth-century hoards and finds.
Legible dates were found on 312 of them (28.8%), and they are shown in the
chart. One hoard with more than 100 coins had, for different reasons, to be in-
cluded in this amalgamation. This hoard (RCC, Inventory number 512), from
Wäsby in the parish of Hammarby, Upland, contained 426 coins but had legible
mint names on just 16 coins and legible dates on only 3. Another hoard from
Norrgârda in the parish of Björke, Gotland, had to be divided into its 14 consti-
tuent parts in order to exclude one of them (RCC, Inventory number 12249)
which contained a coin struck in 910-11. The remaining 13 parts are thus treated
as separate hoards. The coins in these hoards and finds range from the sixth
century to about 895. Our amalgamation of smaller hoards and finds is enum-
erated in note 8 with the inventory number given in parentheses, the find-spot,
and the number of coins as far as it is known to the author.8 The time distribu-
tion for the datable coins in these hoards and finds is as follows:
Before 610 =0.9%, 6 15-20 =0.3%, 620-25 = 0.3%, 625-30 = 0.3%, 695-700
= 1.0%, 705-10 = 1.9%, 710-15 = 1.9%, 7 15-20= 1.6%, 720-25 = 0.3%, 725-
30 = 0.3%, 730-35 = 1.0%, 73540 = 1.6%, 74045 = 2.9%, 745-50 = 2.2%,
750-55 = 1.0%, 755-60 = 1.3%, 760-65 = 1.0%, 765-70 = 3.8%, 770-75 =
5.4%, 775-80 = 7.1%, 780-85 = 6.1%, 785-90 = 2.9%, 790-95 = 1.0%, 795-
800 = 7.4%, 800-05 =6.7%, 805-10 = 7.7%, 810-15 = 5.1%, 815-20 = 5.1%,
820-25 = 3.2%, 830-35 = 1.6%, 83540 = 1.0%, 84045 = 1.9%, 845-50 =
1.6%, 850-55 = 1.3%, 855-60 = 2.6%, 860-65 = 3.2%, 865-70 = 3.5%, 870-
75 = 0.6%, 875-80 = 0.3%, 880-85 = 0.6%, and 890-95 = 0.3%. (The sum is
99.8%.)
While this presentation of coins from many hoards and stray finds may seem

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 212 Journal of Baltic Studies

methodologically questionable, when we

the striking fact is that the peaks and v
with those of the larger hoards. The pe
825 have their approximate counterpart
the entire material has to be treated by
it will be possible to draw any definite
of the correlation between mints and y
space of this paper does not allow this. N
coin hoards found within the boundari
can it be stated whether these fluctuati
iations in the striking of coins from ye
these coins into Sweden.

NOTES

1 Märten Stenberger, Die Schatzfunde Gotlands der Wikingerzeit II. Fundbeschreibung

und Tafeln (Lund, 1947).
2 C. J. Tomberg's unpublished manuscripts are preserved in the library of the University
of Lund.
3 The lustra were originally calculated on the basis of Islamic dates found on the coins.
Consequently, there is an overlap in the first and last years of each lustrum when the
dates are converted into the Christian era; e.g., 199 AH would be 814-15 and in the 810-
15 lustrum while 200 AH would be 815-16 and in the 815-20 lustrum.
4 Corpus Nummorum Saeculorum IX-XIqui in Suecis reperti sunt, 1:1 (Stockholm, 1975),
115-30.
5 Corpus Nummorum Saeculorum, 1:3, (Stockholm, 1982), 130-36.
6 Ibid., 31-37.
7 Ibid., 206-09.
8 (8212) Hesselby in Dalhem, Gotland, 3; (16182) Sigvards in Eskelhem, Gotland, 3;
(3045) Hammars in Flrö, Gotland, 8; (10334) Rosendal in Follingbo, Gotland, 4; (331/
81) Vallhaga in Fröjel, Gotland, 1; (7848) Fröjel, Gotland, 1; (10353) Norrgarda in
Björke, Gotland, 6, and (10454b), 20, and (10696), 15, and (10735), 7, and (10807b), 6,
and (11865), 1, and (10231), 11, and (10454a), 2, and (10725), 8, and (10807a), 2, and
(11150), 3, and (12328), 62; (? ) Bunge, Gotland, 5; (19367a) Häffinds in Burs, Gotland,
2; (19628, 19629) Känne in Burs, Gotland, 8; (5476) Ytternora in Husby, Dalecarlia, 1;
(490/77, 328/78) Helgö in Ekerö, Upland, 49; (100591) Mickels in Hablingbo, Gotland,
1; (425/81) ?, 1; (16533) Aspetorp in Törnevalla, Ostrogothia, 1; (7260) Dais in Gröt-
lingbo, Gotland, 47; (7 35 8) Broby in Voxtorp, Smlland, 15; (16652) Hallbater in Levide,
Gotland, 37; (8203) Âkesarve in Hemse, Gotland, 2; (3580) Lausarve in Roma, Gotland,
29; (3669) Runsten, öland, 1; (4915) Kettilstorp in Önum, Vestrogothia, 30; (3614)
Näsum, Scania, 1; (2252) Prästgärden in Hejde, Gotland, 65; (1009) Soďra Gärdslösa,
Öland, 36; (9818) Tune in Alsike, Upland, 9; (10357) Gotland, 44; (1693) Skällenäs in
Thorhamn, Blekinge, 1; (4344) Enge in Gammelgarn, Gotland, 2; (14520) Norrglrda in
Tofta, Gotland, 1 ; (6281) Wives in Sanda, Gotland, 1; (8556) Dörby in Norra Möckleby,
öland, 1; (21401) Garde in Stenkyrka, Gotland, 1; (21207) Bjärby in Kastlösa, öland, 1 ;
(21589) Karlevi in Vickleby, Öland, 2; (7650) Ungbatels in Stanga, Gotland, 1; (7500)
Ljungâ in Hellsjö, Jämtland, 1 ; (6650) Hallvards in Östergarn, Gotland, 1 ; (7960) Marte-
bo, Gotland, 1; (13374) Gotland, 1; (24989) Jönninge in Stavby, Upland, 2; (23423)
Lingsarve in Näs, Gotland, 3; (13555) Gotland, 5; (2231) Gardby, Öland, 2; (949)
Ausfers in ?, Gotland, 1; (?) Näs in Rasbo, Upland, 1; (3224) Färösund, Gotland, 4;

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Dirham Hoards from Sweden 213

(?) Hyllie, Scania, 2; (5043) Heligholm in V

Hejde, Gotland, 2; (5192) near Malmö, Scania
Ahlstad, Scania, 1 ; (?) Thorsaker, Ângermanla
426; (596) ?, Södermanland, 2; (?) Skâistad
öija, Gotland, 11; (1080) Thune in Wiklau, G
obliterated).

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214 Journal of Baltic Studies

APPENDIX: CHARTS OF NINTH-CENTURY DIRHAM HOARDS FROM

SWEDEN

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Dirham Hoards from Sweden 215

Hoard 2. Runne, Sanda Parish, Gotl

Hoard 3. östris, Alva Parish, Gotland,

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216 Journal of Baltie Studies

Hoard 4. Oxarve, Hemse Parish, Go

Hoard 5. Häcklinge, Wahlbo Parish, Gä

Hoard 6. Roma Parish, Gotland, c

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Dirham Hoards from Sweden 217

Hoard 7. Hemmors, Nähr Parish, G

Hoard 8. Kinner, Lummelunda Parish,

Hoard 9. Svenskens, Endre Parish, G

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218 Journal of Baltic Studies

Hoard 11. Lilla Vagóme, Lärbro Parish

Hoard 12. Bölske, Eke Parish, Gotlan

Hoard 13. Vikare, Viklau Parish, Got

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Dirham Hoards from Sweden 219

Hoard 14. Near Upsala, Province o

Hoard 15. Fittja Parish, Upland Pro

Hoard 16. Sojvide, Eskelhem Parish,

Hoard 17. Hoards with less than 100

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