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citizen.
D) It takes just over eight Mexican citizens to equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S.
citizen.
E) It takes about 12 Mexican citizens to equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S.
citizen.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 1.5 Pressures on the global environment
2) Nearly 50% of the land on our planet is currently used for agriculture. If everyone on the
planet had an ecological footprint the size of the average citizen of the United States, then
________.
A) we would have 50% more food to go around
B) we would be able to provide for everyone without much difficulty, using the other 50% of the
land currently not being used
C) we would need at least two more planet Earths to feed and support everyone
D) we could support 50% more people on our planet
E) about 50% of the people would starve
Answer: C
Diff: 1
3) The world's average footprint per person is about 2..7 hectares per person. At that size, we are
depleting our renewable resources 30% faster than they can replenish. The U.S. average footprint
is 9.5 hectares, which is ________ times larger than the average world footprint.
A) 2
B) 2.5
C) 3.5
D) 5
E) 6.7
Answer: C
Diff: 2
4) The average footprint per person has increased from 2.2 to 2.7 since 2008, and the footprints
of many developing nations, such as India and China, have also increased. This means that
________.
A) our collective lifestyle is even more unsustainable than before
B) our collective lifestyle is slightly more sustainable than before
C) the ability of the planet to sustain human beings has increased
D) some nations no longer have a measurable footprint
E) the populations of both India and China have decreased since 2008
Answer: A
Diff: 2
2
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.2 Matching Questions
Match the following.
A) dependent variable
B) theory
C) qualitative data
D) Interdisciplinary science
E) ecology
F) prediction
G) paradigm
H) quantitative data
I) independent variable
J) Social Science
K) environmentalism
L) hypothesis
1) A scientific field of study

Diff: 1
Objective: 1.3 Interdisciplinary nature of environmental science
2) Information expressed with numbers

Diff: 1
Objective: 1.4 Scientific Method
3) The variable that is manipulated

Diff: 1
4) Expectations of experimental outcome

Diff: 1
5) Widely accepted , well-tested explanation of one or more cause-and-effect relationships

Diff: 1
6) Type of discipline describing environmental science

Diff: 1
Answers: 1) E 2) H 3) I 4) F 5) B 6) D
3
1.3 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) A paradigm ________.
A) is a group of several hypotheses that can be tested together
B) is a dominant world view in science
C) can only come from qualitative data
D) is synonymous with the scientific method
E) is a means of evaluating scientific hypotheses
Answer: B
Diff: 1
2) Advances in agriculture ________.

A) did not increase the amount of food per person from a global perspective
B) do not include chemical fertilizers
C) are always sustainable, since they are based on natural ecosystems
D) have resulted in increased death rates
E) have often resulted in alteration and destruction of natural systems
Answer: E
Diff: 1
3) The scientific process and knowledge is based on ________.

A) observation alone
B) testing hypotheses that are built on observations
C) the fact that hypotheses can be proven
D) quantitative data alone
E) educated guesses
Answer: B
Diff: 1
4) Scientific inquiry is based on ________.

A) an incremental approach to truth
B) facts that can only be proven by testing hypotheses
C) the production of technological advances
D) designing experiments that have never been done before
E) making huge leaps of knowledge with scientific insights
Answer: A
Diff: 1
4
5) A hypothesis is ________.
A) a prediction about something that has not yet been observed
B) a testable proposition that explains an observed phenomenon or answers a question
C) an instrument that is used to examine environmental conditions
D) the design of an experiment that can be used in scientific enquiry
E) a proven scientific fact
Answer: B
Diff: 1
6) Sachiko and Fred are having a discussion about the scientific method. Sachiko makes the
comment that every time she sees people carrying open umbrellas, she also sees several small car
accidents. This is a(n) ________.
A) hypothesis
B) theory about umbrellas
C) theory about car accidents
D) scientific study
E) observation
Answer: E
Diff: 2
7) An experiment ________.
A) is an activity designed to test the validity of a hypothesis
B) often involves manipulating as many variables as possible
C) does not need to be repeated if well designed
D) involves only collection of quantitative data
E) is designed to generate new scientific hypothesis
Answer: A
Diff: 1
8) In a manipulative experiment ________.

A) researchers manipulate the independent variable
B) researchers manipulate as many variables as possible
C) replication of the experiment is not necessary
D) the motive is economic gain
E) the peer review process is bypassed
Answer: A
Diff: 2
5
9) Ecology is ________.
A) concerned only with solving environmental problems
B) the study of organisms and their interactions with each other and with the environment
C) a subfield of environmentalism
D) not a crucial discipline to environmental science
E) the study of animal behavior
Answer: B
Diff: 1
10) According to Edward O. Wilson, biodiversity ________.

A) cannot be conserved
B) is a nonrenewable resource because extinction is irreversible
C) always recovers from human impacts given time
D) can recover quickly with human intervention
E) is a resource that can be used endlessly for human good
Answer: B
Diff: 1
11) In general, natural resources ________.

A) should not be used
B) should be used efficiently and conserved
C) belong only to those on whose property they exist
D) are evenly divided among all countries
E) should be used by everyone equally
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 1.2 Natural resources and their importance
12) Solutions to environmental problems ________.

A) can be implemented only by scientists
B) must be designed with sustainable goals
C) must be on a local scale
D) must be short term
E) are best designed and discussed in the political arena
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 1.6 Sustainability
6
13) Ruben has a new puppy and wants to feed it the best possible food. He decides on an
experiment where he will feed it the very best canned food plus a dietary supplement of vitamins
recommended by a veterinarian. Which of the following best describes Ruben's project?
A) This is an example of an excellent, controlled experiment as it is written.
B) Ruben needs to take careful measurements of the puppy's weight and height at least once a
week for it to be a good experiment.
C) Ruben needs to control for the amount of exercise, sunshine, water, and care that the puppy
gets each week, so that they are equal from week to week.
D) Ruben needs to use his mother's 6-year-old chocolate Sharpei to feed a standard diet so he can
compare his puppy with a control dog.
E) This is not an experiment—there are no controls or replicates.
Answer: E
Diff: 3
14) The process by which several researchers review another researcher's manuscript prior to
publication to ensure research quality is referred to as ________.
A) hypothesis testing
B) investigative inquiry
C) peer review
D) quality control
E) critical analysis
Answer: C
Diff: 1
15) Geothermal energy, wind and solar radiation are all examples of ________.
A) non-renewable resources
B) renewable environmental factors
C) biotic environmental factors
D) biodiversity
E) biodegradable materials
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 1.1 Environment
16) Which of the following is the best description of a sustainable system component?
A) one which can appropriate increasing amounts of energy from other components
B) one which is in balance with the system as a whole
C) one in which all species have rapidly increasing populations
D) a component that requires increasing amounts of materials from surrounding components
E) a component that does not need to interact with other components
Answer: B
Diff: 2
7
17) Ecosystem services ________.
A) contribute to keeping ecosystems productive
B) are not necessary to sustainable systems
C) economically valuable services provided by natural systems
D) valuable to natural systems but not to human-created systems
E) required to rebalance natural systems that we have disturbed
Answer: C
Diff: 2
18) The cumulative total and kind of living things on Earth is ________.
A) called taxonomy
B) its biodiversity
C) increasing rapidly
D) its environment
E) an abiotic factor
Answer: B
Diff: 1
19) You have read about the mistakes made on Easter Island. On Tikopia, another small island,
the people acted in other ways. When they realized that the pigs they had imported were
damaging the environment, they killed them all. They had to have permission from a chief to
fish, which prevented overfishing. They practiced contraception. These all indicate that
________.
A) they believed in full resource utilization
B) they felt that everything was a nonrenewable resource
C) they felt that everything was a renewable resource
D) they were concerned with only one year at a time
E) they truly practiced sustainability
Answer: E
Diff: 3
20) The oceans face pressure from ________.

A) increasing whale populations
B) the Endangered Species Act
C) overfishing
D) too many preserves
E) lack of predators
Answer: C
Diff: 1
8
21) Sustainable development ________.
A) ensures an economy that will decline over time
B) means consuming resources without compromising future availability
C) is impossible to accomplish
D) is beyond our current technology and attitudes
E) is possible given our increased use of fertilizers and technology for agriculture
Answer: B
Diff: 1
22) Pesticide use ________.

A) may be a necessary part of modern technological agriculture with monocultures
B) can be eliminated by changing the season when crops are planted
C) will be eliminated as pests decrease as a consequence of years of pesticide use
D) poses no environmental threat in this country
E) will not be a problem as we learn to genetically modify predators
Answer: A
Diff: 1
23) In a controlled experiment, ________.

A) the researcher has several hypotheses, one of which will be proven correct
B) the researcher knows the outcome before beginning the experiment
C) the researcher controls for the effects of all variables except one
D) the experimental organisms have all been used before and given good results
E) you need only a single experimental organism which is tested again and again
Answer: C
Diff: 2
24) Qualitative data ________.

A) are data that are expressed as numbers and tested using statistics
B) can be acquired in the detailed examination of personal interviews or observations
C) have variables that may not have been properly manipulated
D) cannot be used to support or disprove hypotheses
E) cannot be replicated
Answer: B
Diff: 1
9
25) A pharmaceutical company wishes to study a possible new headache medicine. They are
doing human trials with 1,000 volunteers and need to ________.
A) have 10 volunteers in the control group
B) put all women in the control group and all men in the experimental group
C) divide the groups by level of health
D) give both control and experimental groups the same amount of the new medication
E) control for the type of headache—stress, migraine, or other causes
Answer: E
Diff: 3
26) A study's results are deemed worthy of acceptance into the body of scientific knowledge if
they are published in journals which ________.
A) use the peer review process
B) charge a high fee for acceptance
C) are funded by corporations funding the research
D) meet guidelines advocated by environmentalists or consumer groups
E) conform to current political and religious views
Answer: A
Diff: 1
1.4 Essay Questions
1) Why is it important to understand our interactions with the environment? What will studying
environmental science enable you to do?
Answer: We depend on the environment for air, water, food, shelter, and everything else. We
are capable of modifying the environment whether we intend to or not. Understanding our
interactions with the environment is the essential first step toward devising positive, sustainable
solutions. Studying environmental science will give us the tools we need to evaluate information
on environmental change and to think critically and creatively about possible actions to take in
response.
Diff: 1
10
2) Define the term environmental problem. Give an example of an environmental problem. Why
does the perception of what is an environmental problem differ from time to time and country to
country? Give an example of how the perception of an environmental problem may have
changed.
Answer: An environmental problem is an imbalance or undesirable change in the environment.
An example would be decreased air quality caused by pollution in Los Angeles. The perception
of a problem changes due to one's definition of the word undesirable and the awareness of the
consequences of certain actions. The environmental problems resulting from DDT use are
undesirable in this country but are the lesser of two evils in a country with severe malaria
problems. Still, we should accept the challenge of trying to control malaria-transmitting
mosquitoes without major threat to the environment.
Diff: 2
3) Differentiate between environmental science and environmentalism. Define each term and
explain how they are similar and how they differ.
Answer: Environmental science is the pursuit of knowledge about the workings of the
environment and our interactions with it. Environmentalism is a social concern focused on
protecting the natural environment and, by extension, humans, from undesirable changes brought
about by certain human choices. Environmental scientists and environmentalists study the same
issues, but environmental scientists use an objective scientific approach to understanding
environmental problems. Environmentalists, on the other hand, may use dramatic and often
emotional approaches to alter the political and social understanding or to educate the public
about environmental problems.
Diff: 1
4) Name two transformative events of the past 10,000 years that caused human population size to
increase? Describe each, briefly explaining the contributions that each made to human
population growth. Include pros and cons of each.
Answer: The agricultural revolution included transition from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle to an
agricultural lifestyle. Then, during the industrial revolution, there were shifts from rural life,
animal-powered agriculture, and manufacture by craftspeople to an urban society powered by
fossil fuels such as coal and oil. Students should describe the benefits and problems associated
with each transformative event.
Diff: 1
11
5) Compare and contrast the types of knowledge gained and the research methods of natural and
social sciences when considering environmental problems. Why do both types of disciplines
need to be a part of environmental science?
Answer: The natural sciences are made up of disciplines that study the physical and biological
facets of the natural world and their interactions with each other. These disciplines rely on all
types of studies that generate mainly quantitative data, allowing scientists to acquire and interpret
information about the natural world. The social sciences are made up of disciplines that study
human attitudes, behaviors, and interactions. The scientists in these disciplines mainly collect
qualitative data using a variety of research techniques that are similar to natural scientists.
Studies that examine how cultures perceive an environmental concept may be used to implement
environmental policy. Because environmental problems involve accurate assessment of the scope
of the problem by which policy that affects humans is devised, both types of sciences are needed
to be a part of environmental science.
Diff: 1
6) What qualities are present in an sustainable enterprise?

Answer: A sustainable enterprise is one which allows future generations to carry it on at the
same level of productivity that we do at present. Whatever natural capital is required will remain
equally available in the future as it is now. The environmental effects of the enterprise will not
damage, degrade or deplete the systems with which it interfaces. Materials and energy will be
used efficiently, wastes will be minimal and non-toxic, and the ecological footprint of the
enterprise will remain unchanged, or may diminish as better technology becomes available.
Diff: 3
7) Discuss the differences between a manipulative and a natural experiment.

Answer: In a manipulative experiment, the researcher chooses and manipulates the independent
variable, but in a natural experiment the researchers records differences in variables as they are
expressed in the natural environment, such as the mean weight of tomatoes grown in dry versus
wet climates.
Diff: 2
8) Several states in the United States and Mexico remove water from the Colorado River for a
variety of purposes. Every year, California has typically removed more than its fair share of
water as mandated by the Colorado River Compact of 1922. How is this action a "tragedy of the
commons"?
Answer: The Colorado River holds water in common for seven states in the U.S. (Colorado,
Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, California, Arizona and New Mexico) and the two northwestern states
of Mexico (Baja California del Norte and Sonora). If California removes more than its share
from the river, it leaves less water for the other users, tempting them to do likewise and scramble
to compete for a limited resource. This poses a threat to the entire riverine system and is thus a
"tragedy of the commons"
Diff: 3
12
1.5 Scenario-Based Questions
Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
Pablo and Johanna have to do a yearlong study for their biology course. After some discussion,
they decide to try comparing their dogs and the diet that they feed them. Each has a dog from the
pound, and both dogs are less than one year old. Pablo feeds his shepherd-mix dog a special diet
of wet and dry foods from the local vet, while Johanna uses generic dry kibble from the
supermarket for her bulldog. They want to see which diet results in bigger, healthier, faster-
growing dogs.
1) The independent variable in this study will be ________.

A) the age of the dogs
B) the sex of the dogs
C) the type of food the dogs receive
D) how much the dogs grow
E) the breed of the dogs
Answer: C
Diff: 2
2) According to the information given, one dependent variable in this study will be ________.
A) the age of the dogs
B) the sex of the dogs
C) the type of food the dogs receive
D) how much the dogs grow
E) the breed of the dogs
Answer: D
Diff: 2
3) When they write up their initial proposal, the instructor will probably ________.
A) give them an A for thoroughness and allow them to proceed with the experiment
B) tell them that they need at least 100 dogs to do the study
C) tell them that the proposal is impossible and that such a study cannot be done at all
D) give them an F and tell them to start over—it would take many years to do such a study
E) tell them they have some serious problems with the proposal, but it is possible to fix
Answer: E
Diff: 2
13
4) The reason the instructor gives them will include the fact that they have too many ________.
A) variables that they didn't control and not enough replicates
B) replicates and not enough variables
C) controlled variables and not enough uncontrolled variables
D) dependent variables and not enough independent variables
E) independent variables and not enough dependent variables
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
After meeting with their instructor, Pablo and Johanna know that they need to change their
experimental design. They contact a local puppy farm and arrange to do their study with 3-
month-old litters of pups from four Irish setters, a total of 24 puppies, consisting of 12 females
and 12 males.
5) In order to have two sets of puppies, one set to be the control group and one set to be the
experimental group, Pablo and Johanna should ________.
A) put the 12 females in one group and the 12 males in the other group
B) flip a coin for each dog to see which group it will be in
C) randomly choose one dog for the control group and use the other 23 in the experimental group
D) put six males and six females in each group, with some from each litter in each group
E) put all the puppies from two of the litters in one group and all of the puppies from the other
two litters in the other group
Answer: D
Diff: 2
6) Pablo and Johanna should probably run the experiment ________.

A) for one month, weighing and measuring the pups before and after
B) for several months, weighing and measuring the pups before and after
C) for several months, weighing and measuring the pups twice every day
D) for several months, weighing and measuring the pups every week
E) for at least 3 years, weighing and measuring the pups every week
Answer: D
Diff: 3
14
7) If the puppies in the experimental group gain, on average, 3 pounds more than those in the
control group over a 4-month period and seem healthier and more energetic, then ________.
A) they have proven the veterinary diet is best for all dogs
B) there is a probability that the veterinary diet is better than kibble for puppies
C) there is a probability that the veterinary diet is better than kibble for all dogs
D) there is a probability that the kibble is better for puppies
E) they have proven that the kibble diet is best for female dogs.
Answer: B
Diff: 3
15
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"Don't get excited," Jason's voice grated in his earphones. "We've
calculated it all out. According to our figures, your suit will store
enough heat during the day to last the night...."
"I nearly froze to death last night and the ship was heated most of the
time!"
"It will get cold," Jason's voice answered calmly, "but you should be
able to make it. Your own body warmth will be stored by the suit's
insulation, and that will help somewhat. But you must not open the
suit all night, not even to take off your helmet."
"And the oxygen?"
"You can take all the replacement cylinders from the ship and keep
them at the satellite. The time you save by not having to go back and
forth to the ship for fresh oxygen will give you about an hour's extra
margin. You should be able to make it."
Tom nodded. "And of course I'm expected to work on the satellite
right through the night."
"It will help you keep your mind off the cold. If we see that you're not
going to make it—either because of the cold or the oxygen—we'll
warn you and you can return to the settlement."
"Suppose I have enough oxygen to just finish the satellite, but if I do, I
won't have enough to fly home. Will you warn me then?"
"Don't be dramatic."
"Go to hell."
"Dr. Arnoldsson said he could put you under," Jason continued
unemotionally, "but he thinks you might freeze once your conscious
mind went asleep."
"You've figured out all the details," Tom muttered. "All I have to do is
put your damned satellite together without freezing to death and then
fly 22,500 miles back home before my air runs out. Simple."
He glanced at the sun, still glaring bright even through his tinted visor.
It was nearly on the edge of the Earth-disk.
"All right," Tom said, "I'm going into the ship now for some pills; it's
nearly sunset."
Cold. Dark and so cold that numbers lost their meaning. Paralyzing
cold, seeping in through the suit while you worked, crawling up your
limbs until you could hardly move. The whole universe hung up in the
sky and looked down on the small cold figure of a man struggling
blindly with machinery he could not understand.
Dark. Dark and cold.
Ruth stayed on the radio as long as Jason would allow her, talking to
Tom, keeping the link with life and warmth. But finally Jason took
over, and the radio went silent.
So don't talk, Tom growled silently, I can keep warm just by hating
you, Jason.
He worked through the frigid night, struggling ant-like with huge
pieces of equipment. Slowly he assembled the big parabolic mirror,
the sighting mechanism and the atomic convertor. With dreamy
motions he started connecting the intricate wiring systems.
And all the while he raged at himself: Why? Why did it have to be this
way? Why me? Why did I agree to do this? I knew I'd never live
through it; why did I do it?
He retraced the days of his life: the preparations for the flight, the
arguments with Jason over exploring the cities, his trek from Chicago
to the settlement, the aimless years after the radiation death of his
two boys and Marjorie, his wife.
Marjorie and the boys, lying sick month after month, dying one after
the other in a cancerous agony while he stood by helplessly in the
ruins of what had been their home.
No! His mind warned him. Don't think of that. Not that. Think of Jason,
Jason who prevents you from doing the one thing you want, who is
taking your life from you; Jason, the peerless leader; Jason, who's
afraid of the cities. Why? Why is he afraid of the cities? That's the hub
of everything down there. Why does Jason fear the cities?
It wasn't until he finished connecting the satellite's last unit—the

sighting mechanism—that Tom realized the answer.
One answer. And everything fell into place.
Everything ... except what Tom Morris was going to do about it.
Tom squinted through the twin telescopes of the sighting mechanism
again, then pushed away and floated free, staring at the Earth bathed
in pale moonlight.
What do I do now? For an instant he was close to panic, but he
forced it down. Think, he said to himself. You're supposed to be a
Homo Sapiens ... use that brain. Think!
The long night ended. The sun swung around from behind the bulk of
Earth. Tom looked at it as he felt its warmth penetrating the insulated
suit, and he knew it was the last time he would see the sun. He felt no
more anger—even his hatred of Jason was drained out of him now. In
its place was a sense of—finality.
He spoke into his helmet mike. "Jason."
"He is in conference with the astronomers." Dr. Arnoldsson's voice.
"Get him for me, please."
A few minutes of silence, broken only by the star-whisperings in his
earphones.
Jason's voice was carefully modulated. "Tom, you made it."
"I made it. And the satellite's finished."
"It's finished? Good. Now, what we have to do...."
"Wait," Tom interrupted. "It's finished but it's useless."
"What?"
Tom twisted around to look at the completed satellite, its oddly-angled
framework and bulbous machinery glinting fiercely in the newly-risen
sun. "After I finished it I looked through the sighting mechanism to
make certain the satellite's transmitters were correctly aimed at the
settlement. Nobody told me to, but nobody said not to, either, so I
looked. It's a simple mechanism.... The transmitters are pointed
smack in the middle of Hudson's Bay."
"You're sure?"
"Certainly."
"You can rotate the antennas...."
"I know. I tried it. I can turn them as far south as the Great Lakes."
A long pause.
"I was afraid of this," Jason's voice said evenly.
I'll bet you were, Tom answered to himself.
"You must have moved the satellite out of position while assembling
its components."
"So my work here comes to nothing because the satellite's power

beam can't reach the settlement's receivers."
"Not ... not unless you use the ship ... to tow the satellite into the
proper orbital position," Jason stammered.
You actually went through with it, Tom thought. Aloud, he said, "But if
I use the ship's engine to tow the satellite, I won't have enough fuel
left to get back to Earth, will I?" Not to mention oxygen.
A longer pause. "No."
"I have two questions, Jason. I think I know the answers to them both
but I'll ask you anyway. One. You knew this would happen, didn't
you?"
"What do you mean?"
"You've calculated this insane business down to the last drop of
sweat," Tom growled. "You knew that I'd knock the satellite out of
position while I was working on it, and the only way to get it back in
the right orbit would be for me to tow it back and strand myself up
here. This is a suicide mission, isn't it, Jason?"
"That's not true...."
"Don't bother defending yourself. I don't hate you anymore, Jason, I
understand you, dammit. You made our deal as much to get rid of me
as to get your precious satellite put together."
"No one can force you to tow the satellite...."
"Sure, I can leave it where it is and come back home. If I can fly this
ship, which I doubt. And what would I come back to? I left a world
without power. I'd return to a world without hope. And some dark night
one of your disappointed young goons would catch up with me ... and
no one would blame him, would they?"
Jason's voice was brittle. "You'll tow it into position?"
"After you answer my second question," Tom countered. "Why are
you afraid of the cities?"
"Afraid? I'm not afraid."
"Yes you are. Oh, you could use the hope of exploring the cities to
lure me up here on this suicide-job, but you knew I'd never be back to
claim my half of the bargain. You're afraid of the cities, and I think I
know why. You're afraid of the unknown quantity they represent,
distrustful of your own leadership when new problems arise...."
"We've worked for more than ten years to make this settlement what
it is," Jason fumed. "We fought and died to keep those marauding
lunatics from wrecking us. We are mankind's last hope! We can't
afford to let others in ... they're not scientists, they wouldn't
understand, they'd ruin everything."
"Mankind's last hope, terrified of men." Tom was suddenly tired,
weary of the whole struggle. But there was something he had to tell
them.
"Listen Jason," he said. "The walls you've built around the settlement
weren't meant to keep you from going outside. You're not a self-
sufficient little community ... you're cut off from mankind's memory,
from his dreams, from his ambitions. You can't even start to rebuild a
civilization—and if you do try, don't you think the people outside will
learn about it? Don't you think they've got a right to share in whatever
progress the settlement makes? And if you don't let them, don't you
realize that they'll destroy the settlement?"
Silence.
"I'm a historian," Tom continued, "and I know that a civilization can't

exist in a vacuum. If outsiders don't conquer it, it'll rot from within. It's
happened to Babylonia, Greece, Rome, China, even. Over and again.
The Soviets built an Iron Curtain around themselves, and wiped
themselves out because of it.
"Don't you see, Jason? There are only two types of animals on this
planet: the gamblers and the extinct. It won't be easy to live with the
outsiders, there'll be problems of every type. But the alternative is
decay and destruction. You've got to take the chance, if you don't
you're dead."
A long silence. Finally Jason said, "You've only got about a half-hour's
worth of oxygen left. Will you tow the satellite into the proper
position?"
Tom stared at the planet unseeingly. "Yes," he mumbled.
"I'll have to check some calculations with the astronomers," Jason's
voice buzzed flatly in his earphones.
A background murmur, scarcely audible over the crackling static.
Then Ruth's voice broke through, "Tom, Tom, you can't do this! You
won't be able to get back!"
"I know," he said, as he started pulling his way along the lifeline back
to the ship.
"No! Come back, Tom, please. Come back. Forget the satellite. Come
back and explore the cities. I'll go with you. Please. Don't die, Tom,
please don't die...."
"Ruth, Ruth, you're too young to cry over me. I'll be all right, don't
worry."
"No, it isn't fair."
"It never is," Tom said. "Listen, Ruth. I've been dead a long time.
Since the bombs fell, I guess. My world died then and I died with it.
When I came to the settlement, when I agreed to make this flight, I
think we all knew I'd never return, even if we wouldn't admit it to
ourselves. But I'm just one man, Ruth, one small part of the story. The
story goes on, with or without me. There's tomorrow ... your
tomorrow. I've got no place in it, but it belongs to you. So don't waste
your time crying over a man who died eighteen years ago."
He snapped off his suit radio and went the rest of the way to the ship
in silence. After locking the hatch and pumping air back into the
cabin, he took off his helmet.
Good clean canned air, Tom said to himself. Too bad it won't last
longer.
He sat down and flicked a switch on the radio console. "All right, do
you have those calculations ready?"
"In a few moments...." Arnoldsson's voice.
Ten minutes later Tom re-emerged from the ship and made his ghost-
like way back to the satellite's sighting mechanism. He checked the
artificial moon's position, then went back to the ship.
"On course," he said to the radio. "The transmitters are pointing a
little northwest of Philadelphia."
"Good," Arnoldsson's voice answered. "Now, your next blast should
be three seconds' duration in the same direction...."
"No," Tom said, "I've gone as far as I'm going to."
"What?"
"I'm not moving the satellite any farther."
"But you still have not enough fuel to return to Earth. Why are you
stopping here?"
"I'm not coming back," Tom answered. "But I'm not going to beam the
satellite's power to the settlement, either."
"What are you trying to pull?" Jason's voice. Furious. Panicky.
"It's simple, Jason. If you want the satellite's power, you can
dismantle the settlement and carry it to Pennsylvania. The
transmitters are aimed at some good farming country, and within
miles of a city that's still half-intact."
"You're insane!"
"Not at all. We're keeping our deal, Jason. I'm giving you the
satellite's power, and you're going to allow exploration of the cities.
You won't be able to prevent your people from rummaging through
the cities now; and you won't be able to keep the outsiders from
joining you, not once you get out from behind your own fences."
"You can't do this! You...."
Tom snapped off the radio. He looked at it for a second or two, then
smashed a heavy-booted foot against the console. Glass and metal
crashed satisfactorily.
Okay, Tom thought, it's done. Maybe Jason's right and I'm crazy, but
we'll never know now. In a year or so they'll be set up outside
Philadelphia, and a lot better for it, I'm forcing them to take the long
way back, but it's a better way. The only way, maybe.
He leaned back in the seat and stared out the observation port at the
completed satellite. Already it was taking in solar energy and
beaming it Earthward.
In ten years they'll send another ship up here to check the gadget and
make sure everything's okay. Maybe they'll be able to do it in five
years. Makes no difference. I'll still be here.
THE END
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Test Bank for Statistics: The Art and Science of

Match the following.

1) A scientific field of study

2) Information expressed with numbers

3) The variable that is manipulated

4) Expectations of experimental outcome

5) Widely accepted , well-tested explanation of one or more cause-and-effect relationships

6) Type of discipline describing environmental science

2) Advances in agriculture ________.

3) The scientific process and knowledge is based on ________.

4) Scientific inquiry is based on ________.

8) In a manipulative experiment ________.

10) According to Edward O. Wilson, biodiversity ________.

11) In general, natural resources ________.

12) Solutions to environmental problems ________.

20) The oceans face pressure from ________.

22) Pesticide use ________.

23) In a controlled experiment, ________.

24) Qualitative data ________.

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6) What qualities are present in an sustainable enterprise?

7) Discuss the differences between a manipulative and a natural experiment.

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Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

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Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

6) Pablo and Johanna should probably run the experiment ________.

It wasn't until he finished connecting the satellite's last unit—the

"So my work here comes to nothing because the satellite's power

"I'm a historian," Tom continued, "and I know that a civilization can't

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