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5) Which of the following represents a valid hypothesis?
A) Neon does not react with oxygen.
B) Sodium metal reacts violently with water.
C) Lead is soft and malleable.
D) Oxygen is a gas at room temperature.
E) Metals tend to lose electrons.
Answer: E
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1.2
2
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
6) The statement, "In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed" is called
A) the Law of Conservation of Mass.
B) Dalton's Atomic Theory.
C) the Scientific Method.
D) the Law of Multiple Proportions.
E) the Law of Definite Proportions.
Answer: A
7) Dalton's Atomic Theory states

A) that all elements have several isotopes.
B) that matter is composed of small indestructible particles.
C) that the properties of matter are determined by the properties of atoms.
D) that energy is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction.
E) that an atom is predominantly empty space.
Answer: B
8) The Scientific Method

A) is just a theory.
B) is a strict set of rules and procedures that lead to inarguable fact.
C) isn't used much in modern chemistry.
D) is based on continued observation and experiment.
E) is a framework for proving an argument you know to be true.
Answer: D
9) Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) A scientific law is fact.
B) Once a theory is constructed, it is considered fact.
C) A hypothesis is speculation that is difficult to test.
D) An observation explains why nature does something.
E) A scientific law summarizes a series of related observations.
Answer: E
10) Identify a liquid.

A) definite volume and definite shape
B) definite volume and no definite shape
C) no definite shape and definite volume
D) no definite shape and no definite volume
Answer: B
3
11) Identify a solid.
Answer: A
12) Identify a gas.

Answer: D
13) Which of the following statements about crystalline and amorphous solids is TRUE?
A) A crystalline solid is composed of atoms or molecules arranged with long-range repeating order.
B) An example of a crystalline solid is glass.
C) An example of an amorphous solid is table salt (NaCl).
D) An amorphous solid is composed of atoms or molecules with a majority of its volume empty.
E) All of the above statements are TRUE.
Answer: A
14) Which of the following statements about the phases of matter is TRUE?
A) In both solids and liquids, the atoms or molecules pack closely to one another.
B) Solids are highly compressible.
C) Gaseous substances have long-range repeating order.
D) There is only one type of geometric arrangement that the atoms or molecules in any solid can adopt.
E) Liquids have a large portion of empty volume between molecules.
Answer: A
15) A substance that can't be chemically broken down into simpler substances is
A) a homogeneous mixture.
B) an element.
C) a heterogeneous mixture.
D) a compound.
E) an electron.
Answer: B
4
16) A substance composed of two or more elements in a fixed, definite proportion is
A) a homogeneous mixture.
B) a heterogeneous mixture.
C) a compound.
D) a solution.
E) an alloy.
Answer: C
17) Decanting is
A) a process in which the more volatile liquid is boiled off.
B) dissolving a solid into a liquid.
C) separating a solid from a liquid by pouring off the liquid.
D) pouring a mixture through a filter paper to separate the solid from the liquid.
E) heating a mixture of two solids to fuse them together.
Answer: C
18) Distillation is
Answer: A
19) Filtration is
Answer: D
20) Two or more substances in variable proportions, where the composition is constant throughout are
A) a compound.
B) an element.
D) a homogeneous mixture.
E) a crystalline solid.
Answer: D
5
21) Two or more substances in variable proportions, where the composition is variable throughout are
A) a solution.
B) a homogeneous mixture.
C) a compound.
D) an amorphous solid..
E) a heterogeneous mixture.
Answer: E
22) A physical change

A) occurs when iron rusts.
B) occurs when sugar is heated into caramel.
C) occurs when glucose is converted into energy within your cells.
D) occurs when water is evaporated.
E) occurs when propane is burned for heat.
Answer: D
23) A chemical change

A) occurs when methane gas is burned.
B) occurs when paper is shredded.
C) occurs when water is vaporized.
D) occurs when salt is dissolved in water.
E) occurs when powdered lemonade is stirred into water.
Answer: A
24) Which of the following represents a physical property?

A) Sodium metal is extremely reactive with chlorine gas.
B) Mercury is a silvery liquid at room temperature.
C) Aluminum has a tendency to "rust."
D) Butane is highly flammable.
E) Argon has an unreactive nature.
Answer: B
25) Which of the following represents a chemical property of hydrogen gas?

A) It is gaseous at room temperature.
B) It is less dense than air.
C) It reacts explosively with oxygen.
D) It is colorless.
E) It is tasteless.
Answer: C
6
26) Which of the following statements about energy is FALSE?
A) Energy can be converted from one type to another.
B) The total energy of a system remains constant.
C) Kinetic energy is the energy associated with its position or composition.
D) Energy is the capacity to do work.
E) Systems tend to change in order to lower their potential energy.
Answer: C
27) Define thermal energy.

A) energy associated with the temperature of an object
B) energy associated with the motion of an object
C) energy associated with the force of an object
D) energy associated with the gravity of an object
E) energy associated with the position or composition of an object
Answer: A
28) Define kinetic energy.

Answer: B
29) Define potential energy.

Answer: E
30) All of the following are SI base units of measurement, EXCEPT

A) meter
B) gram
C) second
D) kelvin
E) mole
Answer: B
7
31) The outside temperature is 35°C, what is the temperature in K?
A) -238 K
B) 308 K
C) 95 K
D) 31 K
E) 63 K
Answer: B
32) Determine the density of an object that has a mass of 149.8 g and displaces 12.1 mL of water when
placed in a graduated cylinder.
A) 8.08 g/mL
B) 1.38 g/mL
C) 12.4 g/mL
D) 18.1 g/mL
E) 11.4 g/mL
Answer: C
33) Determine the volume of an object that has a mass of 455.6 g and a density of 19.3 g/cm3.
A) 87.9 mL
B) 42.4 mL
C) 18.5 mL
D) 23.6 mL
E) 31.2 mL
Answer: D
34) A student performs an experiment to determine the density of a sugar solution. She obtains the
following results: 1.11 g/mL, 1.81 g/mL, 1.95 g/mL, 1.75 g/mL. If the actual value for the density of
the sugar solution is 1.75 g/mL, which statement below best describes her results?
A) Her results are precise, but not accurate.
B) Her results are accurate, but not precise.
C) Her results are both precise and accurate
D) Her results are neither precise nor accurate.
E) It isn't possible to determine with the information given.
Answer: D
Answer: A
8
Answer: C
37) Systematic error is defined as

A) error that tends to be too high or too low.
B) error that has equal probability of being too high and too low.
C) error that averages out with repeated trials.
D) error that is random.
Answer: A
38) Read the water level with the correct number of significant figures.
A) 5 mL
B) 5.3 mL
C) 5.32 mL
D) 5.320 mL
E) 5.3200 mL
Answer: B
9
39) Read the temperature with the correct number of significant figures.
A) 87°C
B) 87.2°C
C) 87.20°C
D) 87.200°C
E) 87.2000°C
Answer: C
40) Read the length of the metal bar with the correct number of significant figures.
A) 20 cm
B) 15 cm
C) 15.0 cm
D) 15.00 cm
E) 15.000 cm
Answer: C
10
41) Read the length of the metal bar with the correct number of significant figures.
A) 20 cm
B) 15 cm
C) 15.0 cm
D) 15.00 cm
E) 15.000 cm
Answer: D
42) Identify the exact number

A) 2
B) 2.0
C) 2.00
D) 2.000
E) 2.0000
Answer: A
43) How many significant figures are in the measurement, 20.300 m?

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 1
E) 2
Answer: C
11
44) What answer should be reported, with the correct number of significant figures, for the following
calculation? (433.621 - 333.9) × 11.900
A) 1.19 × 103
B) 1.187 × 103
C) 1.1868 × 103
D) 1.18680 × 103
E) 1.186799 × 103
Answer: A
calculation? (249.362 + 41) / 63.498
A) 4.6
B) 4.57
C) 4.573
D) 4.5728
E) 4.57277
Answer: B
calculation? (965.43 × 3.911) + 9413.4136
A) 13189
B) 13189.2
C) 1.32 × 104
D) 1.3 × 104
E) 1.319 × 104
Answer: A
47) How many mm are in 3.20 cm?

A) 3.20 × 10 1 mm
B) 3.20 × 10 -1 mm
C) 3.20 × 10 -2 mm
D) 3.20 × 10 2 mm
E) 3.20 × 10 3 mm
Answer: A
48) If an object has a density of 8.65 g/cm3, what is its density in units of kg/m3?
A) 8.65 × 10-3 kg/m3
B) 8.65 × 10-7 kg/m3
C) 8.65 × 103 kg/m3
D) 8.65 × 101 kg/m3
E) 8.65 × 10-1 kg/m3
Answer: C
12
49) If the walls in a room are 955 square feet in area, and a gallon of paint covers 15 square yards, how
many gallons of paint are needed for the room? (3 ft = 1 yd)
A) 47 gallons
B) 21 gallons
C) 7.1 gallons
D) 24 gallons
E) 2.3 gallons
Answer: C
50) Gas is sold for $1.399 per liter in Toronto, Canada. Your car needs 12.00 gallons. How much will
your credit card be charged in Canadian dollars?
A) $16.79
B) $67.15
C) $4.44
D) $63.54
Answer: D
Algorithmic Questions
1) In the blood, hemoglobin is the carrier of

A) oxygen
B) carbon monoxide
C) nitrogen
D) hydrogen
E) helium
Answer: A
2) Identify the crystalline solid.

A) plastic
B) glass
C) table salt
D) water
E) bleach
Answer: C
3) Choose the pure substance from the list below.

A) tea
B) a casserole
C) carbon monoxide
D) sugar water
E) pomegranate juice
Answer: C
13
4) A blueberry scone is an example of
A) a compound.
B) an element.
Answer: C
5) Hydrochloric acid is an example of

A) a compound.
B) an element.
Answer: D
6) Gold is an example of
A) a compound.
B) an element.
Answer: B
7) Ammonia is an example of
A) a compound.
B) an element.
Answer: A
8) Identify a solid.
A) copper
B) oxygen
C) water
D) helium
E) air
Answer: A
9) Identify a liquid.
A) oxygen
B) copper
C) salt
D) mercury
E) sugar
Answer: D
14
10) Choose the pure substance from the list below.
A) sea water
B) diamond
C) air
D) tea
E) milk
Answer: B
11) Choose the element from the list below.

A) sodium chloride
B) water
C) hydrogen peroxide
D) helium
E) rust
Answer: D
12) Choose the compound from the list below.

A) gold
B) butane
C) neon
D) helium
E) lithium
Answer: B
13) Choose the heterogeneous mixture from the list below.

A) sports drink
B) chlorine gas
C) beer
D) lasagna
E) carbon (graphite)
Answer: D
14) Choose the homogeneous mixture from the list below.

A) cola
B) mud
C) ice water
D) dirt
E) salsa
Answer: A
15
15) Choose the homogeneous mixture from the list below.
A) carbonated soda
B) air
C) chocolate chip cookies
D) trail mix
E) blood
Answer: B
16) Which of the following are examples of physical change?

A) sugar is dissolved in water
B) tea is brewed
C) dry ice sublimes
D) water freezes
E) All of these are examples of physical change.
Answer: E
17) Which of the following are examples of physical change?

A) dew forms on a blade of grass
B) a halloween light stick glows after shaking
C) browning meat
D) hydrogen balloon explodes when contacted with a flame
E) None of the above are physical changes.
Answer: A
18) Which of the following are examples of a chemical change?

A) copper building materials develop a green patina over time
B) a candle burns
C) rubbing alcohol evaporates
D) Both A and B are examples of chemical change.
E) All of the above are examples of chemical change.
Answer: D
19) Which of the following are examples of a chemical change?

A) coffee brewing
B) water freezing
C) leaves turning color in the fall
D) salt dissolves in water
E) None of the above are chemical changes.
Answer: C
16
20) Identify the unit of measurement which is a SI base unit of measurement.
A) second
B) Celsius
C) quart
D) ton
E) kilometer
Answer: A
21) Kilogram is a measure of

A) mass
B) time
C) length
D) temperature
E) volume
Answer: A
22) What symbol is used to represent the factor 103?

A) M
B) k
C) μ
D) n
Answer: B
23) Which of the following is the smallest volume?

A) 22 cm3
B) 0.50 dL
C) 2.8 × 103 mL
D) 5.0 × 107 nL
Answer: A
24) What symbol is used to represent the factor 10-1?

A) M
B) m
C) μ
D) d
Answer: D
25) The factor 10 corresponds to which prefix?

A) centi
B) deci
C) deka
D) milli
Answer: C
17
26) The factor 10-3 corresponds to which prefix?
A) deka
B) deci
C) milli
D) centi
Answer: C
27) What decimal power does the abbreviation f represent?

A) 1 × 106
B) 1 × 103
C) 1 × 10-1
D) 1 × 10-15
E) 1 × 10-12
Answer: D
28) What decimal power does the abbreviation pico represent?

A) 1 × 106
B) 1 × 109
C) 1 × 10-1
D) 1 × 10-12
E) 1 × 10-15
Answer: D
29) Which of the following are examples of intensive properties?

A) density
B) volume
C) mass
D) None of the above are examples of intensive properties.
E) All of the above are examples of intensive properties.
Answer: A
30) Which of the following are examples of extensive properties?

A) mass
B) color
C) density
D) temperature
E) odor
Answer: A
18
31) Identify the common substance that has the highest density.
A) sugar
B) ice
C) glass
D) mercury
E) aluminum
Answer: D
32) Identify the common substance that has the lowest density.
A) ethanol
B) aluminum
C) titanium
D) table salt
E) sugar
Answer: A
33) What is the volume (in cm3) of a 43.6 g piece of metal with a density of 2.71 g/cm3?
A) 16.1
B) 19.5
C) .425
D) 6.65
E) none of the above
Answer: A
34) A piece of metal ore weighs 8.25 g. When a student places it into a graduated cylinder containing
water, the liquid level rises from 21.25 mL to 26.47 mL. What is the density of the ore?
A) 0.312 g/mL
B) 0.633 g/mL
C) 1.58 g/mL
D) 3.21 g/mL
Answer: C
35) A mass of mercury occupies 0.950 L. What volume would an equal mass of ethanol occupy? The
density of mercury is 13.546 g/mL and the density of ethanol is 0.789 g/mL.
A) 0.0553 L
B) 0.0613 L
C) 16.3 L
D) 18.1 L
Answer: C
19
36) If the melting point of vanadium metal is 1910°C, what is its melting point in Kelvin?
A) 1029 K
B) 1637 K
C) 2183 K
D) 3470 K
Answer: C
37) If the temperature is 128°F, what is the temperature in degrees celsius?

A) 262.4°C
B) 401°C
C) 53.3°C
D) -145°C
E) 328°C
Answer: C
38) If a solution has a temperature of 255 K, what is its temperature in degrees celsius?
A) 491°C
B) 528°C
C) 123.9°C
D) 355°C
E) -18°C
Answer: E
39) Determine the mass of an object that has a volume of 88.6 mL and a density of 9.77 g/mL.
A) 98.37 g
B) 0.110 g
C) 9.07 g
D) 78.8 g
E) 866 g
Answer: E
40) The outside air temperature is 40°F, what is the temperature in Kelvin?
A) 313 K
B) 377 K
C) 281 K
D) 277 K
Answer: D
20
41) The outside temperature is 55°C, what is the temperature in °F?
A) 131°F
B) 12.8°F
C) 23°F
D) 77°F
E) 99°F
Answer: A
42) Which of the following is the lowest temperature?

A) 42°C
B) 57°F
C) 318 K
D) All of these temperatures are all equal.
Answer: B
43) How many significant figures are in the measurement 5.34 g?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 3
E) 5
Answer: D
44) How many significant figures are in 0.00523980 mL?

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6
E) 7
Answer: D
45) How many significant figures are in 3.876 x 104 m?

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 7
E) 8
Answer: B
21
46) How many significant figures are in the measurement, 463.090 m?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6
Answer: E
47) How many significant figures are in the measurement, 0.005890 g?

A) 4
B) 5
C) 6
D) 7
E) 8
Answer: A
48) The correct answer (reported to the proper number of significant figures) to the following is
________.
11.5 × 8.78 = ________
Answer: 101
49) Round the following number to four significant figures and express the result in standard
exponential notation: 0.00222755
A) 0.2228 × 10-2
B) 0.002228
C) 2.228 × 103
D) 2.228 × 10-3
E) 22.28 × 102
Answer: D
50) Which of the following numbers has the greatest number of significant figures?
A) 0.5070
B) 0.201
C) 418000
D) 6.02 × 1024
Answer: A
22
51) How many of the following numbers contain 3 significant figures?
0.408 9.040 0.0400 9.05 × 1024
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
Answer: C
52) How many significant figures are there in the answer to the following problem?
(9.992 × 3.200) + 0.610 = ?
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
Answer: C
53) How many significant figures are there in the answer for the following problem?
56.4 + 0.8822 + 21 = ?
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
Answer: B
54) How many significant figures are there in the answer for the following problem?
=?
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
Answer: B
55) An acetylene molecule contains 2 atoms of carbon. The number 2 represents how many significant
figures?
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) infinite
Answer: D
23
56) Round off 00907506 to four significant figures.
A) 0091
B) 9076
C) 9100
D) 9.075 × 105
Answer: D
57) The width, length, and height of a large, custom-made shipping crate are 1.22 m, 3.22 m, and 0.83
m, respectively. The volume of the box using the correct number of significant figures is ________ m3.
A) 3.26057
B) 3.3
C) 3.26
D) 3.261
E) 3.2606
Answer: B
58) The correct answer (reported to the proper number of significant figures) to the following is
________.
(1815 - 1806) × (9.11 × 7.92) = ________
Answer: 600
59) Without using a calculator, solve the following problem:
A) 1 × 10-4
B) 1 × 105
C) 1 × 1023
D) 1 × 1032
Answer: C
24
60) Without using a calculator, solve the following problem:
A) 1 × 106
B) 1 × 100
C) 1 × 10-12
D) 1 × 10-18
Answer: C
61) Which of the following is the greatest mass?

A) 1000 μg
B) 1.000 × 10-4 kg
C) 1.000 × 10-4 cg
D) 1.000 × 10-8 Mg
Answer: B
62) The mass of a proton is 1.67 × 10-27 kg. What is the mass of a proton in picograms?
A) 1.67 × 10-18 pg
B) 1.67 × 10-15 pg
C) 1.67 × 10-12 pg
D) 1.67 × 10-9 pg
Answer: C
63) The mass of a single zinc atom is 1.086 × 10-22 g. This is the same mass as
A) 1.086 × 10-16 mg.
B) 1.086 × 10-25 kg.
C) 1.086 × 10-28 μg.
D) 1.086 × 10-31 ng.
Answer: B
64) A student weighed 30.00 μg of sulfur in the lab. This is the same mass as
A) 3.000 × 10-8 g.
B) 3.000 × 10-5 kg.
C) 3.000 × 10-5 mg.
D) 3.000 × 104 ng.
Answer: D
25
65) Convert 2 μm to meters.
A) 2 × 10-9 m
B) 2 × 10-6 m
C) 2 × 10-3 m
D) 2 × 106 m
Answer: B
66) The average distance between nitrogen and oxygen atoms is 115 pm in a compound called nitric
oxide. What is this distance in millimeters?
A) 1.15 × 10-8 mm
B) 1.15 × 10-7 mm
C) 1.15 × 1013 mm
D) 1.15 × 1017 mm
Answer: B
67) The diameter of an atom is approximately 1 × 10-10 m. What is the diameter in millimeters?
A) 1 × 10-16 mm
B) 1 × 10-13 mm
C) 1 × 10-7 mm
D) 1 × 10-4 mm
Answer: C
68) Which of the following volumes is equal to 40 mL?

A) 40 cm3
B) 40 dm3
C) 0.40 L
D) 0.00040 kL
Answer: A
69) Convert 10 cm3 to m3.

A) 1 × 10-5 m3
B) 1 × 10-1 m3
C) 1 × 103 m3
D) 1 × 107 m3
Answer: A
26
70) Convert 35 m3 to liters.
A) 3.5 × 10-2 L
B) 3.5 L
C) 3.5 × 102 L
D) 3.5 × 104 L
Answer: D
71) What wavelength of light would you report in units of nm, if the light had a wavelength of
9.90 x 10-10 m?
A) 9.90 × 10-3 nm
B) 9.90 × 10-19 nm
C) 9.90 nm
D) 0.990 nm
E) 990 nm
Answer: D
72) How many mg does a 690 kg sample contain?

A) 6.90 × 10-4 mg
B) 6.90 × 107 mg
C) 6.90 × 10-3 mg
D) 6.90 × 106 mg
E) 6.90 × 108 mg
Answer: E
73) How many kL does a 8.55 × 108 cL sample contain?

A) 8.55 × 103 kL
B) 8.55 × 1013 kL
C) 8.55 × 104 kL
D) 8.55 × 1012 kL
E) 8.55 × 102 kL
Answer: A
74) How many cm3 are contained in 3.77 × 104 mm3?

A) 3.77 × 104 cm3
B) 3.77 × 101 cm3
C) 3.77 × 10-10 cm3
D) 3.77 × 1020 cm3
E) 3.77 × 106 cm3
Answer: B
27
75) How many mL are in 7.59 L?
A) 7.59 × 10-3 mL
B) 7.59 × 101 mL
C) 7.59 × 103 mL
D) 7.59 × 10-1 mL
E) 7.59 × 102 mL
Answer: C
76) 38.325 lb = ________ grams. (1 lb = 454 g)

Answer: 17400
77) If 1.4% of the mass of a human body is calcium, how many kilograms of calcium are there in a 165-
pound man?
A) 1.0 kg Ca
B) 5.1 kg Ca
C) 1.0 × 102 kg Ca
D) 5.1 × 102 kg
Answer: A
78) A fishing boat accidentally spills 3.0 barrels of diesel oil into the ocean. Each barrel contains 42
gallons. If the oil film on the ocean is 2.5 × 102 nm thick, how many square meters will the oil slick
cover?
A) 1.9 × 10-3 m2
B) 1.9 × 106 m2
C) 1.9 × 107 m2
D) none of these
Answer: B
79) Because of the high heat and low humidity in the summer in Death Valley, California, a visitor
requires about one quart of water for every two miles traveled on foot. Calculate the approximate
number of liters required for a person to walk 10. kilometers in Death Valley.
A) 2.9 L
B) 12 L
C) 30 L
D) 47 L
Answer: A
28
80) The estimated costs for remodelling the interior of an apartment are: three 1-gallon cans of paint at
$13.22 each, two paint brushes at $9.53 each, and $135 for a helper. The total estimated cost with the
appropriate significant figures is $________.
A) 193.72
B) 1.9 × 102
C) 194
D) 2 × 102
E) 193.7
Answer: C
81) How many liters of wine can be held in a wine barrel whose capacity is 22.0 gal?
1 gal = 4 qt = 3.7854 L.
A) 1.72 × 10-4
B) 0.172
C) 83.3
D) 5.81 × 103
E) 5.81
Answer: C
82) The recommended adult dose of Elixophyllin , a drug used to treat asthma, is 6.00 mg/kg of body
mass. Calculate the dose in milligrams for a 115-lb person. 1 lb = 453.59 g.
A) 24
B) 1,521
C) 1.5
D) 313
E) 3.1 × 105
Answer: D
83) The density of air under ordinary conditions at 25°C is 1.19 g/L. How many kilograms of air are in a
room that measures 11.0 ft × 11.0 ft and has an 10.0 ft ceiling? 1 in. = 2.54 cm (exactly); 1 L = 103 cm3
A) 3.66
B) 0.152
C) 4.08 × 104
D) 0.0962
E) 40.8
Answer: E
29
84) How many liters of air are in a room that measures 10.0 ft × 11.0 ft and has an 8.00 ft ceiling?
1 in. = 2.54 cm (exactly); 1 L = 103 cm3
A) 2.49 × 104
B) 92.8
C) 26.8
D) 2.68 ×
E) 8.84 × 105
Answer: A
85) A recipe requires 1.66 liters of milk for a soup base. How many quarts are needed?
A) 1.57 qts
B) 1.75 qts
C) 1.66 qts
D) 3.65 qts
E) 0.754 qts
Answer: B
86) If a room requires 25.4 square yards of carpeting, what is the area of the floor in units of ft2?
(3 ft = 1 yd)
A) 76.2 ft2
B) 8.47 ft2
C) 152.4 ft2
D) 229 ft2
E) 64.5 ft2
Answer: D
87) A person is 68.00 inches tall. How tall is she in cm?

A) 172.7 cm
B) 26.77 cm
C) 27.20 cm
D) 204.0 cm
E) 136.0 cm
Answer: A
88) A person weighs 77.1 kg. What is his weight in pounds?

A) 154 pounds
B) 170 pounds
C) 35.0 pounds
D) 30.8 pounds
E) 193 pounds
Answer: B
30
89) A person is 2.000 yards tall. How tall is he in cm?
A) 182.9 cm
B) 28.35 cm
C) 0.1411 cm
D) 5.080 cm
E) 15.24 cm
Answer: A
90) An alligator is 152.4 cm long. How long is he in feet?

A) 5.00 feet
B) 60.0 ft
C) 12.7 ft
D) 32.2 ft
E) 720.0 ft
Answer: A
91) How many cm are in 23.2 ft?

A) 9.14 cm
B) 278 cm
C) 58.9 cm
D) 707 cm
E) 0.761 cm
Answer: D
31
Matching Questions
Match the following.

A) 10-1
B) 10-2
C) 10-9
D) 106
E) 10-6
F) 103
G) 10-3
1) kilo
2) centi
3) milli
4) nano
5) micro
6) deci
7) mega
Answers: 1) F 2) B 3) G 4) C 5) E 6) A 7) D
Short Answer Questions
1) Define an atom.
Answer: An atom is the submicroscopic particle that constitutes the fundamental building block of
ordinary matter.
2) Define matter.
Answer: Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
32
3) A sample of liquid isopropyl alcohol is placed in a sealed container. Some of the volatile isopropyl
alcohol vaporizes. Does the mass of the sealed container and its contents change during the
vaporization? Explain.
Answer: No. The vaporized isopropyl alcohol is just in a different physical state. It still has mass and
therefore the gas plus the remaining liquid and container have the same total mass after the vaporization
of some of the isopropyl alcohol.
4) What is the difference between a physical property and a chemical property? Give an example of
each.
Answer: A physical property is something that can be observed without changing the chemical identity
of the substance, such as color or scent. A chemical property can only be observed while the chemical
identity of a substance is changing, such as sodium metals tendency to react with water to form
hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide.
5) Define energy.
Answer: Energy is the capacity to do work.
6) Define the law of the conservation of energy.

Answer: Energy is neither created or destroyed.
7) A flash drive contains 4 gigabytes. How many bytes does it contain?

Answer: 4,000,000,000 bytes or 4,292,967,296 bytes, if someone is computer literate
8) Describe the difference between an intensive and extensive property using examples.
Answer: An intensive property does NOT depend on the amount of the substance present, such as color
or density. An extensive property is one that does depend on the amount of the substance, such as mass
or volume.
9) What happens to the density of a sample of iron metal as it is heated from room temperature to
100°C? (This is below the melting point of iron.)
Answer: Since the mass of the iron stays constant, but the volume increases as the temperature is raised,
the density of the iron decreases upon heating.
10) What does it mean to be an exact number? Give an example of an exact number.
Answer: An exact number has an infinite number of significant figures even though we typically don't
write many of them out. If there are 26 people in a classroom, there are exactly 26.00000.... people in
that room. There is no possibility of a half person, so this is an exact whole number with no ambiguity.
11) Define random error.

Answer: Random error has an equal probability of being too high or too low.
33
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Elijah Cobb
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Title: Elijah Cobb

1768-1848 a Cape Cod skipper
Author: Elijah Cobb
Author of introduction, etc.: Ralph Delahaye Paine
Release date: September 12, 2023 [eBook #71624]
Language: English
Original publication: New Haven, CT: Yale University Press,

1925
Credits: Carol Brown, Steve Mattern and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book
was produced from images made available by the
HathiTrust Digital Library.)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ELIJAH

COBB ***
Transcriber’s Note:
Spelling and punctuation are non-standard. Occasional sentences
end without punctuation or begin with a lower case letter. Quotation
marks appear randomly through the text. A double close quote is
frequently used to indicate an abbreviated word. A lower case "s"
was substituted for ſ throughout the book. The letter ‘c’ with a cedilla
above it is transcribed as [‘c]. The letter ‘o’ with an umlaut below is
transcribed as [o:].
Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and moved to the end of
the book. Footnotes [10], [11], [12], and [15] have multiple anchors.
Page headers were converted to sidenotes.
In the Account of Belem Port Charges, a mid-dot was substituted
for a handwritten non-number non-letter character. Illegible
handwriting is identified [TN illegible handwriting].
Elijah Cobb
PUBLISHED ON THE FOUNDATION
ESTABLISHED IN MEMORY OF
PHILIP HAMILTON McMILLAN
OF THE CLASS OF 1894, YALE COLLEGE
[From a French pastel, 1794.]
“He was tall and straight, of fine figure,
his face very pleasant to look upon. He
loved children & was loved by them,
Distinguished for his sturdy integrity, as
well as talent, loved and respected by all
who knew him, he died at the age of 80.”
Elijah Cobb
1768-1848
A Cape Cod Skipper

WITH A FOREWORD BY
RALPH D. PAINE
New Haven: Yale University Press
London: Humphrey Milford: Oxford University Press
1925
Copyright 1925 by Yale University Press
Printed in the United States of America

THE
PHILIP HAMILTON McMILLAN
MEMORIAL PUBLICATION
FUND
The present volume is the fourth work published by the Yale

University Press on the Philip Hamilton McMillan Memorial
Publication Fund. This Foundation was established December 12,
1922, by a gift to Yale University in pursuance of a pledge
announced on Alumni University Day in February, 1922, of a fund of
$100,000 bequeathed to James Thayer McMillan and Alexis Caswell
Angell as Trustees, by Mrs. Elizabeth Anderson McMillan, of Detroit,
to be devoted by them to the establishment of a Memorial in honor of
her husband.
He was born in Detroit, Michigan, December 28th, 1872, prepared
for college at Phillips Academy, Andover, and was graduated from
Yale in the Class of 1894. As an undergraduate he was a leader in
many of the college activities of his day, and within a brief period of
his graduation was called upon to assume heavy responsibilities in
the management and direction of numerous business enterprises in
Detroit; where he was also a Trustee of the Young Men’s Christian
Association and of Grace Hospital. His untimely death, from heart
disease, on October 4th, 1919, deprived his city of one of its leading
citizens and his University of one of its most loyal sons.
Table of Contents
Page
Foreword 1
Biographical Sketch 17
Letters 85
Illustrations
Elijah Cobb Frontispiece
Ship Ten Brothers facing page 56
Port Charges in 1811 88
Ivory, Coffee and Palm Oil: a Typical Bill of
Lading 96
FOREWORD
uch memoirs as were left to posterity by Captain Elijah

Cobb are fragmentary, a few letters and a narrative of
certain voyages, yet they serve to portray with singular
fidelity the figure of a New England shipmaster of a
century and more ago against the backgrounds of his
time. Seafaring has long since ceased to be interwoven
with the lives and interests of the American people as a whole. No
fact is more difficult to realize than that we were once a maritime
nation which, from father to son, earned its bread upon the face of
the waters. The abandoned farm with the grassy cellar-hole and the
lilac bush surviving by the stone doorstep is the accepted symbol of
the Puritan and Pilgrim pioneers. Just as eloquent and significant are
the sloping shores of a hundred bays and inlets where the little brigs,
sloops, and ketches were built to trade with Virginia, with the West
Indies, with the ports of Europe.
At the beginning of the Revolution, in fact, there were more sailors
than farmers in the coastwise settlements of Maine and New
Hampshire. Shipping was the chief industry of Boston. On Cape
Cod, where Elijah Cobb was born and raised, the boys followed the
sea instead of the plow, and the dry land was merely a roosting
place until they were old enough to sign on in a forecastle. The
proverbial Yankee traits of canny business dealings, handiness, and
resourceful hardihood were bred in those clumsy, home-made
vessels. The skipper was also a merchant who bought and sold and
bartered the cargoes that filled his holds. His crew risked their own
“adventures” in cash or merchandise, while his neighbors ashore
owned shares in the vessel and her enterprises. And every voyage
was a hazard that might make or break them.
Elijah Cobb is well worth bringing to light because he was so
completely typical, from his piety and his eccentric spelling to his
mastery of difficulties. The romance of the sea meant nothing to him,
although he sailed in continual peril of pirate and privateer and of
foundering in a gale of wind. Navigation was mostly by guesswork
and to us it seems miraculous that he and his kind were able to fetch
anywhere at all. What he called a good ship was not much larger
than a canal boat, with a few men and boys to handle it. Such was
the training school of the shipbuilders and seamen who, in
succeeding generations, were to win for the Stars and Stripes on the
high seas a commercial prestige that challenged the ancient
supremacy of Great Britain and achieved its superb climax in the
clipper ship era.
With unconscious art Elijah Cobb suggests to us the beginnings
of his own career. It could not be better done by the practised hand
of a novelist. His father, the master of a brig, dying at sea, left a
young widow with six small children in poverty on a forlorn Cape Cod
farm. The family could not be kept together. “Some of us, must leave
the perternal dwelling & seek subsistance among strangers—my
Bror., being the elder, was tried first, but wou’d not stay, & came
home crying—I was then, in my 6th year, & altho” too young to earn
my living, a place was offered me, & I left my dear Mother, for that
subsistance among strangers which she could not procure for me.”
For seven years this brave little codger toiled away from home
and then disabled himself by lifting beyond his strength. His dear
mother nursed him back to health and, in 1783, when he was in his
fourteenth year, he went to Boston to look for a voyage, with his
“whole wardrobe packed in a gin case, for a trunk.”
You can imagine him wandering down to the long wharf and
admiring the “monstrous size” of a new vessel, her great cables and
anchors, when the marvelous gentleman steps from her deck, and
signs him on for the voyage at $3.50 a month.
And so as a cook he sailed away for fever-stricken Surinam, or
Dutch Guiana. His wages, together with some presents from the
officers, enabled him to bring back a private “adventure” of a barrel
of molasses and some dried fruit. The trade with the West Indies had
flourished a full century before the Revolution. There was always a
market for salted codfish to feed the slaves of the sugar plantations.
The return cargoes were largely molasses for distilling New England
rum. These voyages had been extended to the mainland of South
America; to Surinam, where fish and lumber were exchanged for the
products of the Dutch East Indies; to Honduras, whose logwood and
mahogany were cut for export to England.
Young Elijah Cobb escaped the swamp fever and returned with
twenty silver dollars to put into his mother’s hands, “probably, the
largest sum of money she had possessd. since she had been a
widow—& that, from her poor little sick Boy.” No wonder her tears
flowed freely, upon the occasion. For some time thereafter he was
sailing coastwise and working his way up to a mate’s berth. Then he
crossed the stormy Western Ocean and felt qualified for command.
He must have been twenty-three years old when he became master
of a brig. This was not unusually youthful. Nathaniel Silsbee of
Salem, a captain in the East India trade at nineteen, could say of his
own family:
“Connected with the seafaring life of myself and my brothers,
there were some circumstances which do not usually occur in one
family. In the first place each of us commenced that occupation in
the capacity of clerk, or supercargo, myself at the age of fourteen
years; my brother William at about fifteen; and my brother Zachariah
at about sixteen and a half years. Each and all of us obtained the
command of vessels and the consignment of their cargoes before
attaining the age of twenty years, viz., myself at the age of eighteen
and a half, my brother William at nineteen and a half, and my brother
Zachariah before he was twenty years old.”
It was during his first voyage to Europe as a shipmaster that
Captain Elijah Cobb showed himself to be a young man of
exceptional courage and contrivance. Steering for Cadiz, he learned
that it was unsafe to venture too close to Gibraltar and so he
changed his course to Coruna in the Bay of Biscay. The swift
corsairs of the Dey of Algiers were cruising like wolves to snap up
merchantmen and enslave their Christian crews. In his journal
Captain Cobb states that “the Algerines were at war with America.”
This is not quite accurate, for the United States delayed declaring
war on the Barbary pirates until 1801, several years after this.
The infant republic, left without any naval force at the close of the
Revolution, was compelled to submit to the most humiliating insults
and depredations at the hands of these lawless sea rovers. It seems
incredible to recall the gifts and bribes that were abjectly paid the
Dey of Algiers as tribute, including a handsome new frigate, nor can
one read the newspaper account without a blush.
Portsmouth, N. H., Jan 20, 1798. On Thursday morning,
about sunrise, a gun was discharged from the frigate
Crescent, as a signal for getting under way. May she arrive in
safety at the place of her destination, as a present to the Dey
of Algiers of one of the finest specimens of elegant naval
architecture which was ever borne on the Piscataqua’s
waters. Richard O’Brien, who was ten years a prisoner at
Algiers, took passage in the frigate and is to reside at Algiers
as Consul-General of the United States to all the Barbary
States. The Crescent has many valuable presents for the
Dey, including twenty-six barrels of dollars. It is worthy of
remark that the captain, the chief officers and many of the
privates of the Crescent frigate have been prisoners at
Algiers.
When Captain Cobb prudently went wide of the Strait of Gibraltar,
in 1794, the Dey was running amuck among American merchant
vessels. As many as ten of these luckless ships had been taken in
one cruise of a brig and three xebecks out of Algiers, and more than
a hundred Yankee seamen thrown into dungeons to toil under the
lash of Arab slave drivers. And honest seamen were begging from
door to door in Boston and Salem to collect funds for the ransom of
this fellow mariner or that, with whom they had been shipmates. The
tourist who visits the Algiers of today, an ornate French metropolis
with the ancient Arab town climbing the hill behind it, can behold
strongholds whose stones were laid by tortured, perishing sailormen
from the land of the brave and the free.
Bearing safely away from those ticklish waters, Captain Elijah
Cobb found himself out of the frying-pan and into the fire. England
had gone to war with France in 1793 when most of Europe was
allied in the effort to stamp out the flames of the Revolution. The
rights of neutrals were tossed aside. American shipping was ground
between two millstones. All was fair in war. British and French
cruisers seized our ships for engaging in trade which our own
interpretation of international law held to be perfectly legitimate.
More than a hundred American vessels were taken by France in
1793 on pretext of trading with England or her colonies.
Captain Cobb could find no reason why his voyage to Spain
should be molested and he was too stiff-necked to submit without
protest. His papers were stolen by the prize master and there
seemed to be no means of redress whatever. He had no friends in
France, official or otherwise, and his ship was tied up in the port of
Brest while a starving populace looted her cargo of foodstuffs. The
Reign of Terror was at its height. Chaos and bloodshed ruled in
place of government. The guillotine was a law unto itself. In a period
of fifteen months, 17,000 persons had been formally executed in
France. The number of those who were shot, drowned, or otherwise
massacred without pretense of a trial can never be known, but must
be reckoned far greater.
All of which may have harrowed the soul of Captain Elijah Cobb,
but he kept his eye firmly fixed on his own predicament. His ship had
to be released and indemnity paid him for detention and loss of
cargo. After six weeks of wrangling with minor officials, he resolved
to go to Paris and seek satisfaction. A stubborn mariner who shoved
obstacles aside, behold him making this dangerous journey with an
official courier, for armament loaded pistols and a blunderbuss, in a
carriage that was “musquet shot proof” and driving like Jehu night
and day, without a wink of sleep all the way from Brest, more than
six hundred miles.
Undismayed, persistent, Captain Elijah Cobb pursued his way
through the weltering horrors of Paris, merely noting that he saw one
thousand persons beheaded by “that infernal machine,” the
guillotine. Thwarted at every turn, he carried his case to none other
than Robespierre himself. The audacity of this Yankee seafarer was
amazing. He made dollars seem heroic. His motive was really better
than this—the compulsion of duty toward the owners who had
entrusted him with the ship and her lading. Citizen Robespierre,
Carlyle’s sea-green monster, spoke the word that swiftly untangled
the affair.
Shortly after this, Robespierre was overthrown and outlawed by
the Convention. Trying to commit suicide with a pistol, the bullet did
no more than shatter his jaw. And now for the final scene in the
Place de la Concorde. Captain Cobb stood there and beheld it with
his own eyes, on the 9th Thermidor (July 28, 1794). Robespierre
rides on a tumbril, the mangled jaw bound in dirty linen. The
Gendarmes point their swords at him to show the people who he is.
A woman leaps upon the tumbril and screams: “Thy death rejoices
my very heart. Scélérat, go down to Hell with the curses of all wives
and mothers!” At the scaffold they stretch him on the ground. Then
Samson, the burly executioner, lifts him aloft, wrenches off his coat,
tears the dirty linen from his jaw. A hideous cry and the head of
Robespierre is shorn from his shoulders.
And how does Captain Cobb describe this gigantic episode? As if
he were making an entry in a ship’s log. “Before I left the country; I
saw Robertspeirs head taken off, by the same Machine—But to
return to my induvidual, and embarised affairs….” This was
characteristic of the New England breed of seafarers. They are
exasperating at times. They saw so much and told so little. The
wonders of the world left them unmoved. The pen was an awkward
tool to handle and they were as thrifty with words as with pence.
You will find Captain Cobb waxing loquacious, however, when it
comes to the intricate and difficult business of due bills and foreign
exchange or smuggling gold out of France. All this is of value to the
modern reader as showing how extremely competent were these
master mariners as bankers and merchants. It helps to explain why
they became the leaders in their communities when they retired from
the quarter-deck, and why they were so successful, as a class, in
commercial pursuits ashore. They were literally the first American
captains of industry, men accustomed to large responsibilities and
the tests of critical emergencies.
It throws a curious slant on the moral code of the time to find
Elijah Cobb so profoundly pious and yet so ready to bribe and
smuggle with a clear conscience. In a way, this point of view was
inherited from the American Revolution. The harsh restrictions laid
by the mother country on the commerce of her colonies had led to
smuggling as an easy road to wealth. In almost every town
prominent characters were named who, under British rule, had
stowed in their attics and cellars goods that were not for the officers
of the King’s Customs to see. To these harbors came vessels built
for speed and laden with contraband wares gathered in the colonies
of France and Spain. And reputable merchants were always ready to
run the stuff ashore. Thus, on the very day when the farmers of
Middlesex drove the British out of Lexington, John Hancock was to
have stood trial for defrauding the Customs.
And so Elijah Cobb, pillar of the Universalist church in his later
years, is not in the least ashamed to admit that he did a very pretty
job of running rum to a crew of skilled smugglers between the Cove
of Cork and the Scilly Islands.
It was adroit intelligence and knowledge of the world that enabled
him to escape from the trap of the British Orders in Council that
ruined hundreds of American shipmasters and owners. These high-
handed measures aimed against Napoleon, together with his Milan
Decree launched in retaliation, made American vessels liable to
confiscation in almost every foreign port to which they traded. It was
not a proud era in our national history. The time was not far distant
when the cry of “Free Trade and Sailors’ Rights” was to sound the
note of the Second War with England.
Elijah Cobb, loading a return cargo of wines and dried fruit at
Malaga, in 1806, learned that England forbade such a voyage. He
decided to take a sporting chance of slipping by the English cruisers
in the “Gut of Gibralter.” The wind failing him at the wrong time, he
obtained his clearance papers by bribing an official. In the opinion of
Elijah Cobb there was more than one way to skin a cat.
The intolerable aggressions aimed at American commerce,
including the impressment of seamen, had caused President
Thomas Jefferson to use the embargo as a weapon in reprisal. If he
could not protect American ships and sailors on the high seas, he
could, at least, he thought, save them by keeping them at home.
Maritime New England had been reluctant to accept an embargo
policy. Josiah Quincy had begged Congress to remember that the
ocean could not be abandoned by his people “of whom thousands
would rather see a boat-hook than all the sheep-crooks in the world.”
However, the first Embargo Bill was passed in December of 1807,
forbidding the departure of American vessels for any foreign port.
The results were futile and disastrous. Ports filled with dismantled
ships, counting-houses deserted, grass growing in the waterside
streets failed to affect perfidious Albion. Nevertheless, the embargo
was tried again in the spring of 1812.
Captain Cobb was loading flour at Alexandria, Virginia, for a
European voyage when the news of another embargo came like a
blow from a clear sky. Hard-bitten New Englander, he had refused to
heed the warnings. His own Massachusetts Legislature had
denounced such Acts of Congress as unconstitutional, and a
hundred towns had adopted resolutions of protest. However, Mr.
Madison’s latest embargo was a condition and not a theory, so Elijah
Cobb made haste to get to sea before the officials could lawfully stop
him. He had twenty-four hours of grace. A gale of wind was blowing,
so violent that the ship was almost torn away from the wharf. Here
was the efficient shipmaster in action—a hundred tons of stone
ballast to be landed, three thousand barrels of flour to be stowed in
the hold and secured, provisions, wood, and water to be taken
aboard, a crew to be found and signed on, and the vessel cleared at
the custom house.

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7) Dalton's Atomic Theory states

8) The Scientific Method

9) Which of the following statements is TRUE?

10) Identify a liquid.

12) Identify a gas.

22) A physical change

23) A chemical change

24) Which of the following represents a physical property?

25) Which of the following represents a chemical property of hydrogen gas?

27) Define thermal energy.

28) Define kinetic energy.

29) Define potential energy.

30) All of the following are SI base units of measurement, EXCEPT

37) Systematic error is defined as

42) Identify the exact number

43) How many significant figures are in the measurement, 20.300 m?

47) How many mm are in 3.20 cm?

1) In the blood, hemoglobin is the carrier of

2) Identify the crystalline solid.

3) Choose the pure substance from the list below.

5) Hydrochloric acid is an example of

11) Choose the element from the list below.

12) Choose the compound from the list below.

13) Choose the heterogeneous mixture from the list below.

14) Choose the homogeneous mixture from the list below.

16) Which of the following are examples of physical change?

17) Which of the following are examples of physical change?

18) Which of the following are examples of a chemical change?

19) Which of the following are examples of a chemical change?

21) Kilogram is a measure of

22) What symbol is used to represent the factor 103?

23) Which of the following is the smallest volume?

24) What symbol is used to represent the factor 10-1?

25) The factor 10 corresponds to which prefix?

27) What decimal power does the abbreviation f represent?

28) What decimal power does the abbreviation pico represent?

29) Which of the following are examples of intensive properties?

30) Which of the following are examples of extensive properties?

37) If the temperature is 128°F, what is the temperature in degrees celsius?

42) Which of the following is the lowest temperature?

43) How many significant figures are in the measurement 5.34 g?

44) How many significant figures are in 0.00523980 mL?

45) How many significant figures are in 3.876 x 104 m?

47) How many significant figures are in the measurement, 0.005890 g?

11.5 × 8.78 = ________

(1815 - 1806) × (9.11 × 7.92) = ________

59) Without using a calculator, solve the following problem:

61) Which of the following is the greatest mass?

68) Which of the following volumes is equal to 40 mL?