Penyebab Apnea

1. Apnea Prematuritas
Hal ini mungkin terkait dengan imaturitas dan mekanisme yang mengontrol
pernafasan.
a. Imaturitas neuron-neuron dalam mengatur pernapasan
b. Imeturitas dari fungsi batang otak
c. Imaturitas chemoreseptor
d. Keterlambatan aktivitas dari otot-otot pernapasan atas misalnya genioglossus
e. Refleks yang abnormal atau hiperaktif pada bayi preterm

Kondisi ini bisananya muncul setelah 1-2 hari kehidupan dan dalam 7 hari
pertama. Apnea yang muncul dalam 24 jam pertama atau setelah usia 7 hari
kemungkinan besar bukan merupakan AOP.

2. Penyebab Sekunder
Penyebab sekunder apnea meliputi :
a. Temperatur : hipotermia dan hipertermia
b. Neurologis : trauma lahir, obat-obatan, infeksi intracranial, perdarahan
intracranial, asfiksia neonatal, obat anestesi
c. Paru : Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS), pneuminia, penyakit paru-paru
kronis, perdarahan pulmonal, obstructive airway lesion, pneumothorax
d. Jantung : penyakit jantung congenital sianosis, hipotensi/hipertensi, gagal jantung
kongestif (CHF), Paten Duktus Arteriosus (PDA)
e. Gastro-intestinal : GERD, esophangitis
f. Hematologi : anemia, polisitemia
g. Infeksi : sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis/distensi
h. Metabolik : hipoglikemia, hipokalsemia, hiponatremia, hipernatremia
i. Kelainan bawaan metabolisme
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