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4. What paradigm was used in the text to depict that health is dynamic and may range between optimal health at
one time to premature death at another time for the same individual?
A. The Health Behavior Pyramid
B. The Health Continuum
C. The Health Locus Of Control Model
D. The Health Self-Efficacy Belief phenomenon
5. According to the health continuum presented in the text, which attribute is at the extreme end of the
continuum, indicating optimal health?
A. Disability
B. Positive attitudes
C. Signs/symptoms of disease
D. Health knowledge
6. What term refers to conditions and/or factors that threaten wellness and increase the chances of contracting
disease?
A. Recidivism factors
B. Efficacy factors
C. Risk factors
D. Immune factors
7. Which component of wellness is described as an awareness and understanding of one's purpose in life?
A. Intellectual
B. Emotional
C. Social
D. Spiritual
8. Which component of wellness involves the ability to develop close interpersonal relationships?
A. Intellectual
B. Emotional
C. Social
D. Spiritual
9. What component of wellness was the focal point in the study of college students who participated in
meditation and relaxation exercises?
A. Occupational
B. Spiritual
C. Emotional
D. Intellectual
10. The ability to establish and maintain relationships with other people defines the concept of
A. social connectedness.
B. psychosomatic medicine.
C. self-efficacy.
D. locus of control.
11. Studies indicate that people should stay "connected." What component of wellness served as the context for
this advice?
A. Social component
B. Spiritual component
C. Emotional component
D. Intellectual component
12. Which of the following was identified by the authors as a way to maintain social connectedness?
i. Telephone access
ii. Internet access
iii. Trust in others
iv. Regular contact with friends
A. Answer IV only.
B. Answer III only
C. Answers III and IV only
D. Answers I, II, III, and IV
13. In what phase of the Forgiveness Model is the emotion of anger confronted and acknowledged?
A. Outcome phase
B. Work phase
C. Deepening phase
D. Uncovering phase
14. In what phase of the Forgiveness Model does the victim of a hurtful event begin to experience relief from
the process of forgiving the injurer?
A. Deepening phase
B. Decision phase
C. Uncovering phase
D. Work phase
15. The International Forgiveness Institute maintains that research on forgiveness may be as important to the
treatment of emotional disorders as the
A. use of cholesterol medicines was to the treatment of heart disease.
B. discovery of penicillin was to the treatment of infectious diseases.
C. application of radiation therapies was to the cure of some cancers.
D. development of herbal remedies was to the prevention of nutritional disorders.
16. What is the correct order of phases of forgiveness that was developed by the International Forgiveness
Institute?
A. Work phase, uncovering phase, outcome phase, decision phase
B. Deepening phase, uncovering phase, decision phase, work phase
C. Uncovering phase, decision phase, work phase, outcome phase
D. Decision phase, work phase, outcome phase, uncovering phase
17. The increased incidence of heart attacks among people who become angry quickly under stress was cited in
the text as an example of the importance of the __________________ of wellness?
A. social component
B. occupational component
C. environmental component
D. emotional component
18. What type of locus-of-control is most consistent with the principles of "wellness"?
A. Affective locus-of-control
B. Internal locus-of-control
C. Cognitive locus-of-control
D. External locus-of-control
19. The concept of ________________ refers to a special degree of emotional, social, spiritual, and physical
closeness?
A. Forgiveness
B. Intimacy
C. Locus of control
D. S.M.A.R.T.
20. Which of the health effects listed below were presented in the text as consequences of a lack of intimacy?
i. Increased health risks
ii. Higher rate of mortality
iii. Higher rate of morbidity
iv. Feelings of loneliness and isolation
v. Disappointments in career
vi. Increased risk of divorce
A. i and iii only
B. ii and iv only
C. i, ii, iii, and iv only
D. i, ii, iii, iv, v, and vi
21. Javier is said to be proactive and driven by factors within his control. What type of locus-of-control best
describes him?
A. Cognitive locus-of-control
B. Affective locus-of-control
C. External locus-of-control
D. Internal locus-of-control
22. The term that refers to a person's belief in his/her ability to accomplish a task or carry out a behavior is
A. locus-of-control.
B. recidivism.
C. self-efficacy.
D. contingency management.
23. SELF-EFFICACY is to BEHAVIOR as LOCUS OF CONTROL is to

A. knowledge.
B. attitude.
C. will power.
D. potential.
24. LOCUS OF CONTROL is to ATTITUDE as SELF-EFFICACY is to

A. knowledge.
B. behavior.
C. will power.
D. potential.
25. What is the relationship between self-efficacy, locus-of-control, and wellness?
A. Self-efficacy establishes behavior, while locus-of-control determines attitude toward high-level wellness.
B. Self-efficacy determines attitude, while locus-of-control establishes behavior toward high-level wellness.
C. Self-efficacy establishes behavior and attitude, while locus-of-control determines potential for high-level
wellness.
D. Locus-of-control establishes behavior and attitude, while self-efficacy determines potential for high-level
wellness.
26. The phrase "health behavior gap" refers to the discrepancy between health
A. knowledge and health behavior.
B. attitudes and health behavior.
C. attitudes and health knowledge.
D. knowledge and health research.
27. What was the conclusion of the study that compared the weight-loss of subjects according to their level of
self-efficacy?
A. People with a high level of self-efficacy lost more weight than their peers who experienced low self-efficacy.
B. People with a high level of self-efficacy gained more weight than their peers who experienced low self-
efficacy.
C. People with a high level of self-efficacy did not lose any more weight than their peers who experienced low
self-efficacy but they experienced gains in self-confidence.
D. There was no difference in weight-loss or self-confidence among dieters, regardless of their level of self-
efficacy.
28. Which of the following was associated with the increased survival of cancer patients in a 7-year Norwegian
study?
A. Locus of control
B. Self efficacy
C. Sense of humor
D. Forgiveness
29. The discrepancy between what people know is good for their health and what they actually do refers to the
concept of
A. self-efficacy.
B. locus of control.
C. health behavior gap.
D. transactional recidivism.
30. The concepts of locus of control and self-efficacy were used to describe which component of wellness?
A. Occupational
B. Environmental
C. Intellectual
D. Spiritual
31. Which of the following statements suggests an attitude consistent with an internal locus of control?
A. "When I get sick, I am to blame."
B. "Having regular contact with my physician is the best way for me to avoid illness."
C. "No matter what I do, if I am going to get sick, I will get sick."
D. "My good health is largely a matter of good fortune."
32. Which of the following attitudinal statements is paired with the correct locus of control?
A. "Health professionals control my health."--------Internal Locus of Control
B. "Most things that affect my health happen to me accidentally."----External Locus of Control
C. "If it is meant to be, I will stay healthy."-------- Internal Locus of Control
D. "If I get sick, my behavior determines how soon I get well."------External Locus of Control
33. Which dimension of wellness is described as the ability to achieve a balance between work, school, leisure,
and career goals?
A. Intellectual dimension
B. Environmental dimension
C. Social dimension
D. Occupational dimension
34. What two health risk behaviors were singled out in the text as being related to an unstable employment
history and shorter duration of current job?
A. Smoking and alcohol consumption.
B. Obesity and poor dietary habits.
C. Physical inactivity and stress.
D. High dietary fat intake and indiscriminate sexual activity.
35. What is the current average life expectancy of Americans at birth (rounded to nearest year)?
A. 50 years
B. 62 years
C. 78 years
D. 85 years
36. Which of the following statements best reflects the differences in the health of Americans today compared
with their peers of 1900?
A. Communicable diseases are the major threat to the health of Americans today.
B. In spite of modern technology, infants had a better chance of survival in 1900 than they do today.
C. The major problems of today are chronic conditions caused by the way people live.
D. Government programs provided more protection from environmental risks in 1900 than programs of today.
37. How does the life expectancy of Americans of today compare with their peers of 1900?
A. Life expectancy is about 5 years longer today than it was in 1900.
B. Life expectancy is about 30 years longer today than it was in 1900.
C. Life expectancy is about 15 years longer for women today than it was in 1900 but about the same for men.
D. Life expectancy is about 10 years longer for men today than it was in 1900 but about the same for women.
38. The percent of children expected to reach their fifth birthday in 1900 was ______% compared to ______%
today.
A. 10%; 29%
B. 20%; 46%
C. 40%; 85%
D. 50%; 99%
39. Which of the following health measures is given credit for having the most impact on the improvement of
health and longevity of Americans?
A. Discovery of penicillin and development of antibiotics
B. The availability and distribution of safe water
C. Advancements in medical technology
D. Increase in the number of medical specialties
40. Which of the following statements best describes the nature of health problems in the U.S. today?
A. New strains of exotic diseases present the greatest threat to health today.
B. The major problems of today result from poor sanitation, toxic wastes, and environmental hazards.
C. Poor nutrition causes most of today's health problems.
D. Today's major health problems are caused by lifestyle habits and practices.
41. How is socioeconomic status related to health and life expectancy?

A. Life expectancy tends to be shorter for people in poverty and who are less educated.
B. Life expectancy is not related to level of education but it is strongly related to level of poverty.
C. Life expectancy is not related to poverty but it is strongly related to level of education.
D. Socioeconomic factors of poverty and education are not related one way or the other to life expectancy.
42. What health issue was singled out in the text to illustrate the multi-faceted nature of most health problems?
A. Alcohol consumption
B. Cigarette smoking
C. Obesity
D. Psychosomatic diseases
43. Which of the following was cited in the text as examples of what the community can do to promote health
and wellness?
A. Pass laws that forbid all smoking.
B. Create a tax penalty for people who are obese.
C. Sponsor health fairs that provide cholesterol and diabetes screening.
D. All of the above
44. Which of the following correctly pairs a health issue with the racial/ethnic group most affected?
A. High HIV death rates among white females
B. High prevalence of diabetes among Native Americans
C. High infant mortality and mothers of Chinese origin
D. High suicide rate of white males.
45. Which of the following correctly pairs a health issue with the racial/ethnic group most affected?
A. High rate of cigarette smoking among Asian adults
B. High prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among white Americans
C. Low life expectancy at birth among African Americans
D. Low rate of childhood immunizations among Hispanic Americans
46. Which of the following are most likely to experience disproportionately high work loss days due to injury
and illness?
A. American Indian and Hispanic American adults
B. Hispanic American and Asian American adults
C. African American and Hispanic American adults
D. White American and African American adults
47. Which of the following diseases are disproportionately high among people with low level of education?
A. Heart disease, cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease
B. Diabetes, stroke, HIV infection
C. Cirrhosis of the liver, kidney disease, emphysema
D. Hypertension, stroke, heart disease
48. In reference to health disparities, Men are more likely than women to:
A. have a primary care physician.
B. have been tested for HIV.
C. be at a healthy weight.
D. Participate in leisure time physical activities.
49. The disproportionate prevalence of diseases and health problems among certain population groups refers to
the concept of
A. psychosomatic medicine.
B. epidemiological morbidity and/or mortality.
C. health disparities.
D. retrospective demographics.
50. What two causes of death are responsible for almost one-half of all deaths in the U.S.?
A. Accidents and HIV infections
B. Cancer and homicide
C. Diabetes mellitus and cirrhosis
D. Heart disease and cancer
51. The three leading causes of death among Americans of all ages in rank order from high to low are
A. Cancer, heart disease, diabetes
B. Stroke, diabetes, heart disease
C. Cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease, diabetes
D. Heart disease, cancer, stroke
52. The three leading causes of death among Americans ages 25 to 34 in rank order from high to low are
A. HIV infection, accidents, cancer
B. HIV infection, accidents, homicide
C. Homicide, HIV infection, heart disease
D. Accidents, cancer, heart disease
53. The leading causes of death of Americans between the ages of 15 and 24 years are
A. HIV infections, accidents, and cancer.
B. Cancer, heart disease, suicide.
C. Suicide, homicide, and HIV infections.
D. Accidents, homicide, and suicide.
54. Included among the six leading causes of death of Americans between the ages of 25 to 34 years old are
A. Accidents, pneumonia, and heart disease.
B. Cancer, HIV infections, and lung disease.
C. HIV infections, accidents, and homicide.
D. Heart disease, suicide, and nephritis.
55. What is the leading cause of death among Americans of all ages?
A. Cancer
B. Heart Disease
C. Stroke
D. Accidents
56. What are the three leading causes of death among Americans of all ages?
A. Cancer, diabetes mellitus, heart disease
B. Stroke, diabetes mellitus, septicemia
C. Accidents, influenza, Alzheimer's disease
57. What is the leading cause of death among Americans between 25 and 34 years old?
A. Accidents
B. Heart Disease
C. Cancer
D. HIV Infection
58. What are psychosomatic diseases?

A. Diseases that are caused by mistakes made by medical care providers
B. Diseases that are caused by the effects of mental and emotional stressors
C. Diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans
D. Diseases that can be diagnosed but have no cure
59. How do chronic diseases differ from acute diseases?

A. Chronic diseases usually come on suddenly while acute diseases typically begin gradually.
B. Chronic diseases often have multiple causes while acute diseases often have specific identifiable causes.
C. Chronic diseases usually disappear in a short time while acute diseases often persist for an indefinite period
of time.
D. There is no difference in the meaning of "Chronic diseases" and "acute diseases;" they are synonymous
terms.
60. Which of the following descriptors usually apply to the definition of a chronic disease?
i. Diseases that have specific identifiable causes
ii. Diseases that disappear in a short time
iii. Diseases associated with chemotherapy
iv. Diseases the progress gradually over a long period of time
A. I, II, III, and IV
B. I, II, and III only
C. I and II only
D. IV only
61. Which of the following diseases are generally regarded as acute diseases?
A. Pneumonia, influenza, and appendicitis
B. Influenza, HIV infections, and diabetes
C. Influenza, tonsillitis, arthritis
D. Hypertension, cancer, HIV infections
62. Which of the following diseases are generally regarded as chronic diseases:
A. Sinusitis, influenza, cancer
B. Arthritis, diabetes, hypertension
C. Heart disease, cancer, pneumonia
D. Headache, asthma, influenza
63. HEART DISEASE is to CHRONIC DISEASE as ________________ is to ACUTE DISEASE.

A. Cancer
B. Hypertension
C. Pneumonia
D. Arthritis
64. The seven leading causes of death for all age groups in the U.S. in descending order of frequency are
A. cancer, heart disease, stroke, respiratory disease, diabetes, HIV infection, and homicide.
B. heart disease, cancer, stroke, respiratory disease, accidents, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease.
C. HIV infection, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, accidents, suicide, and cancer.
D. accidents, cancer, heart disease, suicide, HIV infection, homicide, and liver disease.
65. Health priorities published in the landmark document Healthy People 2010 because they have the most
potential for preventing and/or delaying premature death are referred to as
A. Leading Health Indicators
B. Lifestyle Health Priorities
C. Disease Risk Factors
D. Health Behavior Indexes
66. What health behavior risk factor is most strongly associated with premature death and chronic disease
among people of all ages in the United States?
A. Cigarette smoking
B. Poor diet and physical inactivity
C. Irresponsible sexual behavior
D. Illicit drug use
67. What risk factor was identified in the text as "the most formidable wellness challenge for Americans of all
ages?"
A. Sedentary lifestyles
B. Failure to wear automobile seat belts
C. Excessive dietary fat intake
D. Excessive alcohol consumption
68. What does a pedometer measure?

A. Body fat
B. Muscle mass
C. Fat intake
D. Number of steps taken
69. Identify in rank order from high to low the three health behavior risk factors most strongly associated with
premature death and chronic disease among all people in the U.S.
A. Alcohol, tobacco, being overweight
B. Poor diet, lack of exercise, tobacco
C. Alcohol, motor vehicles, and irresponsible sexual behavior
D. Tobacco, lack of exercise, and being overweight
70. What is the rationale for health experts proclaiming sedentary lifestyles as Americans' most formidable
challenge?
A. It is the easiest health behavior for most people to change.
B. Improvements in this area can be realized with minimal expense.
C. More people are affected by sedentary lifestyles than they are for other health behavior risk factors.
D. Research demonstrates that when people become more physically active they eat better and smoke less than
when they were sedentary.
71. What health behavior risk factor is second to tobacco use as a cause of premature onset of disease and/or
death in the U.S.?
A. Physical inactivity
B. Bad diet
C. Excessive consumption of alcohol
D. Obesity
72. Which of the following health behaviors was included on the list of lifestyle recommendations of Consumer
Reports on Health, American Heart Association, and Tufts University Health and Nutrition Letter?
A. Start the morning with whole-grain cereal.
B. Get 7 - 8 hours sleep daily.
C. Adopt a physically active lifestyle.
D. Add vitamin D to your diet.
73. In its list of lifestyle recommendations, Consumer Reports on Health recommends that television watching
be limited to less than ________ hours a day.
A. 6
B. 4
C. 3
D. 2
74. What is the recommended minimum number of steps to take daily to promote good health?
A. 2,000
B. 6,000
C. 10,000
D. 15,000
75. According to 2008 physical activity guidelines for Americans, adults should do at least ______ minutes a
week of moderate-intensity physical activity.
A. 30
B. 60
C. 75
D. 150
76. According to 2008 physical activity guidelines for Americans, adults should do at least ______ minutes a
week of vigorous-intensity physical activity.
A. 30
B. 60
C. 75
D. 150
77. According to 2008 physical activity guidelines for Americans, at the minimum how often should adults do
muscle-strengthening activities?
A. Daily
B. 1 day each week
C. 2 days each week
D. 3 days each week
78. What does the acronym MET mean?

A. Metabolic Equivalent
B. Muscular Endurance Training
C. Major-muscle Exercise Training Effect
D. Macro-muscle Energy Test
79. Moderate-intensity exercise has a MET of?

A. .9 to 2.9.
B. 3.0 to 5.9.
C. 6.0 to 9.9.
D. 10 or higher.
80. Vigorous-intensity exercise has a MET of?

A. .9 to 1.9.
B. 2.0 to 3.9.
C. 4.0 to 5.9.
D. 6 or higher.
81. Which of the following activities best illustrate a moderate-intensity activity?
A. Doing laundry
B. Walking a mile in 20 minutes
C. Shopping
D. All of the above
82. Which of the following activities best illustrate a vigorous-intensity activity?

A. Walking a mile in 20 minutes
B. Playing doubles tennis
C. Ballroom dancing
D. Heavy gardening such as digging
83. What approach to lifestyle change is recommended in the text?

A. Psychotherapy
B. Self-help
C. Cold turkey
D. Abstinence
84. What principle of behavior is being applied when a person uses "reverse psychology" to influence someone
else's behavior?
A. Behavior shaping
B. Reactance motivation
C. Aversive conditioning
D. Stimulus-response conditioning
85. How many stages are included in the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
86. Which of the following statements is consistent with the assumptions of behavioral change as applied to the
Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change?
A. To be successful, a behavioral change program should follow a set progression of stages that is completed in
sequential order.
B. Failure to achieve behavioral change goals occurs primarily because of the lack of commitment and/or
motivation.
C. Successful behavioral change typically occurs quickly over a short time frame.
D. When behavioral change efforts are unsuccessful, a cooling off period of one year should be observed.
87. What is the correct order of the stages of Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change?
A. Precontemplation, preparation, contemplation, action, maintenance, termination
B. Precontemplation, action, contemplation, preparation, maintenance, termination
C. Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination
D. Preparation, precontemplation, action, maintenance, contemplation, termination
88. What is the recommended strategy or goal for a person in the contemplation phase of behavior change?
A. Emotional arousal
B. Formation of a support group
C. Establishment of rewards
D. Development of a plan
89. Which of the following stages of behavior change is correctly paired with its principal characteristic?
A. Preparation--------------Engaging in strategies
B. Contemplation----------Planning to change within a month
C. Maintenance------------Problem behavior no longer an issue
D. Precontemplation------Denial
90. Behavioral strategies such as "countering" and the "establishment of rewards" are most appropriate for
which stage in the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change?
A. Preparation stage
B. Contemplation stage
C. Action stage
D. Maintenance stage
91. During which stage of behavior change should a plan-of-action be developed?

A. Contemplation stage
B. Preparation stage
C. Action stage
D. Precontemplation stage
92. For a person who has no intention of changing problem behaviors, Assessment 1-1, Lifestyle Assessment
Inventory, is an example of a strategy that is most appropriate for which stage of behavior change?
A. Action stage
B. Precontemplation stage
C. Preparation stage
93. The internal conflict that occurs when people feel that their behavior is inconsistent with their intentions
and/or values describes the concept of
A. reactance motivation.
B. cognitive dissonance.
C. contemplative awareness.
D. aversive conditioning.
94. The concept of cognitive dissonance is included in which stage of behavior change?
D. Termination stage
95. Behaviors that are detrimental to health are called

A. health-inhibiting behaviors.
B. health-aversion behaviors.
C. antagonistic health practices.
D. lifestyle-demoting behaviors.
96. The term "recidivism" refers to the tendency to

A. avoid doctors and hospitals except in emergencies.
B. use drugs for coping with health problems.
C. revert to the original behavior after completing a behavior change program.
D. use more health care than is necessary and often more than is good for a person.
97. What is the recommended first step to take in formulating a plan for behavioral change?
A. Set goals for behavior change
B. Formulate a behavioral contract
C. Assess behavior
D. Develop a list of rewards and penalties
98. According to a study reported in Chapter 1 that assessed time participants spent watching television,
participants watched television approximately _________ hours per day?
A. One to two
B. Two to three
C. Three to five
D. More than five
99. What did a study cited in Chapter 1 conclude regarding the relationship between the time spent watching
television and health risks?
A. An increase in time spent watching television is associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality.
B. An increase in time spent watching television is associated with an increase in morbidity but not associated
with mortality.
C. The relationship between watching TV and health risks occurrs when participants consistently watch TV
more than one hour per day.
D. There is no relationship between time spent watching television and health risks.
100. The acronym S.M.A.R.T refers to the

A. concept of setting goals in a lifestyle change program.
B. questionnaire used in the text to assess wellness.
C. components of the wellness model.
D. theoretical explanation for the way we acquire habits.
101. Which of the following correctly represents S.M.A.R.T. as presented in the text?
A. Sedentary, Muscle, Activity, Resistance, Training
B. Stimulus, Measurement, Assessment, Recidivism, Transtheoretical
C. Self-efficacy, Modeling, Aerobic, Relevance, Terminal
D. Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Trackable
102. Which of the following goals for losing weight best meets the criterion of specificity?
A. Cut down on the amount of food consumed at fast food restaurants
B. Eat low fat foods and increase exercise each week for the next 3 months
C. Lose 20 pounds during the next year
D. Lose 1 pound each week for the next 20 weeks
103. All of the following actions are consistent with principles of lifestyle-change programs except one. Which
one is not?
A. Begin working on the most difficult goals first and then proceed to easier goals.
B. Develop a list of rewards that can be earned when meeting goals.
C. Establish a starting date and completion date for each goal.
D. Break down long-term goals into small, progressive goals.
104. The wellness approach to health is unique in that it emphasizes the treatment of disease and the wise use of
medical technology.
True False
105. The term that refers to conditions and/or factors that threaten wellness and increase the chances of
contracting disease is called efficacy factors.
True False
106. The component of wellness that involves a person's awareness and understanding of his or her purpose in
life is called the intellectual component.
True False
107. The component of wellness that includes the ability to express anger in appropriate ways is called the
emotional component.
True False
108. The number of components in the Wellness Model is 7.

True False
109. The component of wellness that was illustrated in the study of college students who participated in
meditation exercises was the physical dimension.
True False
110. The ability to establish and maintain relationships with other people defines the concept of locus of
control.
True False
111. According to the International Forgiveness Institute, the number of phases in the Forgiveness Model is
four.
True False
112. In the Forgiveness Model, the Deepening Phase is synonymous with the Work Phase.
True False
113. In the Forgiveness Model, the first phase is called the Decision Phase.
True False
114. The concept that is described as a special degree of emotional, social, spiritual, and physical closeness is
Self-Efficacy.
True False
115. The component of wellness that includes reference to the "health behavior gap" is the social component.
True False
116. The type of locus-of-control that is consistent with the wellness approach to living is called internal locus-
of-control.
True False
117. The belief that a person has the ability and control to change his or her behavior is referred to as the
concept of self-efficacy.
True False
118. The concept of "Locus of Control" was used to illustrate the intellectual component of wellness.
True False
119. The concept of "Self Efficacy" was used to illustrate the occupational component of wellness.
True False
120. Studies on the relationship between sense of humor and heart disease indicate that laughter is heart-
protective.
True False
121. The 7-year Norwegian study of cancer patients was cited in the text to illustrate the relationship between
survival and sense of humor.
True False
122. In spite of advancements in medicine, the life expectancy of an American born in the 21st century is about
the same as the life expectancy of an American born at the beginning of the 20th century.
True False
123. The average life expectancy at birth of Americans today is about 15 years longer than it was 100 years
ago.
True False
124. The percentage of children born today who will survive early childhood diseases and live to be at least five
years old is 99 percent.
True False
125. The two factors that medical historians claim had the most impact on improving the health and longevity
of Americans today are safe water and vaccinations.
True False
126. The two diseases that account for almost one-half of all deaths in the U.S. today are cancer and diabetes
mellitus.
True False
127. The term "morbidity" refers to death rates.

True False
128. The terms "morbidity" and "mortality" are synonymous.

True False
129. The term that refers to the disproportionate prevalence of diseases and health problems among certain
population groups is cognitive dissonance.
True False
130. Infant mortality rates are lowest for infants of mothers of Chinese origin.
True False
131. The prevalence of asthma in white adults is higher than that in African American adults.
True False
132. The racial/ethnic groups with the highest HIV death rates are white males and Hispanic females.
True False
133. The life expectancy at birth for white Americans is 2 years longer than the life expectancy at birth for
black Americans.
True False
134. Septicemia is a disease associated with uncontrolled high blood sugar levels.
True False
135. The leading cause of death among Americans of all ages is heart disease.
True False
136. The three leading causes of death of Americans between the ages of 15 and 24 are accidents, homicide, and
suicide.
True False
137. The leading cause of death among Americans ages 25 to 34 is accidents.

True False
138. Diseases that produce physical symptoms as a result of social, emotional, and/or spiritual stressors are
referred to as iatrogenic diseases.
True False
139. Three examples of a chronic disease are heart disease, arthritis, and hypertension.
True False
140. Two examples of an acute disease are pneumonia and appendicitis.

True False
141. The risk factor ranked as the number one cause of premature death and chronic disease among Americans
of all age groups combined is poor diet.
True False
142. The risk factor ranked as the number one cause or premature death and chronic disease among nonsmokers
is illicit drug use.
True False
143. The phrase "health knowledge gap" refers to the discrepancy between health knowledge and health
behavior.
True False
144. The term "recidivism" refers to the practice of hiding symbols, words, and/or sexual messages in
advertisements.
True False
145. To promote good health it is recommended that people walk a minimum of 5,000 steps daily.
True False
146. Physical activity guidelines for Americans recommend a minimum of 75 minutes a week of moderate-
intensity exercise.
True False
147. Physical activity guidelines for Americans recommend muscle strengthening exercises at least 3 times a
week.
True False
148. Moderate-intensity physical activities start with a MET value of 3.0.

True False
149. The theory of behavior that suggests that some behavior may be motivated in response to coercion and/or
strong messages is called reactance motivation.
True False
150. The number of stages in the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change is six.
True False
151. The first stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change is called the preparation stage.
True False
152. The fourth stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change is called the action stage.
True False
153. The last stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change is called the maintenance stage.
True False
154. The stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change in which denial is a common characteristic is
the precontemplation stage.
True False
155. The stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change in which the concept of cognitive dissonance
is most likely to apply is the contemplation stage.
True False
156. To ensure success in completing a lifestyle change program, a person should first work on the easy goals
and then proceed to difficult goals.
True False
157. The principle of "specificity" in a lifestyle change program refers to the need to attach a specific reward or
penalty to the program.
True False
158. The most common strategy used by lay-people in attempting to alter some aspect of their behavior is
referred to as countering.
True False
159. Match the components of wellness listed on the right side to the proper descriptions listed on the left side.
Not all components are necessarily used; some may be used more than once.
1. Willingness to develop good health habits Social ____

2. Capacity to form relationships Social ____
3. Ability to control stress Spiritual ____
4. Ability to develop a sense of purpose in life Emotional ____
5. Ability to develop respect and tolerance for others Physical ____
160. Listed in the left column are characteristics, goals, and activities that represent the various stages of
lifestyle change. Listed in the right column are the stages of lifestyle change. Match the stage of change in the
right column to the descriptor listed in the left column. Some stages may be used more than once; some stages
may not be used.
1. Denies the existence of a problem Action stage ____

2. Displays a lack of awareness of the need for
change Preparation stage ____
Precontemplation
3. Plans to make a change within a month stage ____
4. Publicly affirms intentions to make a change Contemplation stage ____
5. Identifies/establishes countering strategies Preparation stage ____
6. Forms and/or joins a support group Action stage ____
7. Demonstrates a commitment to change Action stage ____
Precontemplation
8. Is thinking about changing stage ____
9. Engages in emotional arousal activities Contemplation stage ____
161. What lifestyle risk factors are most strongly associated with premature death and chronic disease in the
United States. Match the proper rank listed in the right column to the risk factor listed in the left column.
Third highest risk

1. Bad diet C. Third highest risk factor factor ____
2. Being Overweight E. Fifth highest risk factor Highest risk factor ____
Fifth highest risk
3. Tobacco B. Second highest risk factor factor ____
Second highest risk
4. Lack of exercise D. Fourth highest risk factor factor ____
5. Excessive Alcohol consumption A. Highest Fourth highest risk
risk factor factor ____
162. What is the correct order of the first three stages of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change?
Match the stage listed in the right column with its proper sequence listed in the left column.
1. Third stage C. Contemplation D. Precontemplation

E. Maintenance Precontemplation ____
2. First stage A. Preparation Contemplation ____
3. Second stage B. Action Preparation ____
163. What is the correct order of stages 4-6 of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change? Match the stage
listed in the right column with its proper sequence listed in the left column.
1. Sixth stage C. Preparation D. Contemplation E.

Termination Action ____
2. Fifth stage B. Action Maintenance ____
3. Fourth stage A. Maintenance Termination ____
164. Listed in the right column are the phases of the Forgiveness Model, as described by the International
Forgiveness Institute. Match the phase in the right column to the descriptors in the left column. Some phases
may be used more than once; some may not be used.
1. Victim may find meaning in his/her suffering E.

Outcome phase Outcome phase ____
2. Victim confronts anger and emotional pain B. Work Uncovering
phase phase ____
3. Victim accepts of the unjust pain D. Revenge,
resolution phase Decision phase ____
4. Victim begins to consider the idea of forgiveness C.
Uncovering phase Work phase ____
5. Victim begins to experience relief A. Decision
phase Outcome phase ____
165. Match the exercise intensity level listed in the right column to the activities listed in the left column.
1. Riding a bike under 10 miles per hour A. Light Moderate

intensity intensity ____
2. Ballroom dancing Light intensity ____
Vigorous
3. Swimming laps C. Vigorous intensity intensity ____
Vigorous
4. Playing doubles tennis intensity ____
Moderate
5. Playing basketball intensity ____
Vigorous
6. Cooking B. Moderate intensity intensity ____
Moderate
7. Jumping rope intensity ____
166. In what ways are the major health problems of today different from those 20 years ago? 100 years ago?
167. Describe each of the seven components of wellness and their implications for health.
168. Differentiate internal locus-of-control and external locus-of-control and give the implications of each on a
person's prospects for wellness.
169. What is the relationship between the concepts of self-efficacy and wellness?
170. Discuss some of the factors that help to explain why making a lifestyle change is so difficult to accomplish
for most people.
171. Some experts suggest that obesity is an environment issue rather than simply a lifestyle issue. What is the
rationale for this claim? What are the implications of this claim in terms of prevention and treatment of
obesity?
172. Discuss how laws that control health behavior (such as laws requiring seat belts or forbidding smoking in
certain places) reinforce or negate the reactance motivation theory of lifestyle change.
173. Describe the relationship between intimacy, morbidity, mortality, and components of wellness.
174. Differentiate between light-intensity, moderate-intensity, and vigorous-intensity exercises. Give examples
of each intensity level.
175. Describe the physical activity guidelines for adults as recommended in 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines
for Americans.
176. What is the relationship between socioeconomic status, quality of health, and life expectancy?
177. Write out an example of a behavioral goal for improving studying habits that meets the principle of
specificity.
c1 Key
1. (p. 2) Which of the statements below best captures the meaning of "wellness" as an approach to healthy living?
A. Wellness means making choices and taking action that help people achieve their full potential.
B. Wellness means being knowledgeable of signs and symptoms of diseases.
C. Wellness means keeping immunizations up-to-date and seeing a physician at least once a year.
D. Wellness means having comprehensive health insurance.
Anspaugh - Chapter 01 #1
Difficulty: Moderately Difficult
Level of Learning: Comprehension
2. (p. 2) Which of the following are identified by the authors of the text as benefits of living a wellness lifestyle?
i. Decrease in absenteeism from school and/or work
ii. Improvement in physical appearance
iii. Promotion of self-confidence
iv. Delay in the aging process
v. Decrease in recovery time after illness and/or injury
vi. Increase in ability to communicate emotions to others
vii. Protects against cognitive decline in older persons
A. Answers II, V, and VII only
B. Answers I, II, III, and V only
C. Answers II, IV, and V only
D. Answers I, II, III, IV, V and VI
3. (p. 2) What does it mean when the concept of "Wellness" is described as a process rather than a goal?
A. Wellness occurs when attitudes are formed and behaviors are adopted primarily according to their potential
to prevent disease.
B. Wellness means developing an awareness and making choices that enhance quality of life.
C. Wellness implies placing health as the top priority in making decisions about family, career, and personal
lifestyle.
D. Wellness suggests that health is achieved as a result of a structured plan, not by accident.
Difficulty: Difficult
Level of Learning: Application
4. (p. 3) What paradigm was used in the text to depict that health is dynamic and may range between optimal
health at one time to premature death at another time for the same individual?
A. The Health Behavior Pyramid
B. The Health Continuum
C. The Health Locus Of Control Model
D. The Health Self-Efficacy Belief phenomenon
Difficulty: Easy
Level of Learning: Knowledge
5. (p. 3) According to the health continuum presented in the text, which attribute is at the extreme end of the
continuum, indicating optimal health?
A. Disability
B. Positive attitudes
C. Signs/symptoms of disease
D. Health knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
6. (p. 13) What term refers to conditions and/or factors that threaten wellness and increase the chances of
contracting disease?
A. Recidivism factors
B. Efficacy factors
C. Risk factors
D. Immune factors
Difficulty: Easy
7. (p. 3) Which component of wellness is described as an awareness and understanding of one's purpose in life?
A. Intellectual
B. Emotional
C. Social
D. Spiritual
Difficulty: Easy
8. (p. 4) Which component of wellness involves the ability to develop close interpersonal relationships?
A. Intellectual
B. Emotional
C. Social
D. Spiritual
Difficulty: Easy
9. (p. 3) What component of wellness was the focal point in the study of college students who participated in
meditation and relaxation exercises?
A. Occupational
B. Spiritual
C. Emotional
D. Intellectual
Difficulty: Easy
10. (p. 4) The ability to establish and maintain relationships with other people defines the concept of
A. social connectedness.
B. psychosomatic medicine.
C. self-efficacy.
D. locus of control.

Difficulty: Easy
11. (p. 4) Studies indicate that people should stay "connected." What component of wellness served as the context
for this advice?
A. Social component
B. Spiritual component
C. Emotional component
D. Intellectual component

12. (p. 4) Which of the following was identified by the authors as a way to maintain social connectedness?
i. Telephone access
ii. Internet access
iii. Trust in others
iv. Regular contact with friends
A. Answer IV only.
B. Answer III only
C. Answers III and IV only
D. Answers I, II, III, and IV

13. (p. 5) In what phase of the Forgiveness Model is the emotion of anger confronted and acknowledged?
A. Outcome phase
B. Work phase
C. Deepening phase
D. Uncovering phase

Difficulty: Easy
14. (p. 5) In what phase of the Forgiveness Model does the victim of a hurtful event begin to experience relief
from the process of forgiving the injurer?
A. Deepening phase
B. Decision phase
C. Uncovering phase
D. Work phase

Difficulty: Easy
15. (p. 5) The International Forgiveness Institute maintains that research on forgiveness may be as important to
the treatment of emotional disorders as the
A. use of cholesterol medicines was to the treatment of heart disease.
B. discovery of penicillin was to the treatment of infectious diseases.
C. application of radiation therapies was to the cure of some cancers.
D. development of herbal remedies was to the prevention of nutritional disorders.

16. (p. 5) What is the correct order of phases of forgiveness that was developed by the International Forgiveness
Institute?
A. Work phase, uncovering phase, outcome phase, decision phase
B. Deepening phase, uncovering phase, decision phase, work phase
C. Uncovering phase, decision phase, work phase, outcome phase
D. Decision phase, work phase, outcome phase, uncovering phase

17. (p. 4) The increased incidence of heart attacks among people who become angry quickly under stress was
cited in the text as an example of the importance of the __________________ of wellness?
A. social component
B. occupational component
C. environmental component
D. emotional component

Difficulty: Easy
18. (p. 7) What type of locus-of-control is most consistent with the principles of "wellness"?
A. Affective locus-of-control
B. Internal locus-of-control
C. Cognitive locus-of-control
D. External locus-of-control

19. (p. 6) The concept of ________________ refers to a special degree of emotional, social, spiritual, and
physical closeness?
A. Forgiveness
B. Intimacy
C. Locus of control
D. S.M.A.R.T.

Difficulty: Easy
20. (p. 6) Which of the health effects listed below were presented in the text as consequences of a lack of
intimacy?
i. Increased health risks
ii. Higher rate of mortality
iii. Higher rate of morbidity
iv. Feelings of loneliness and isolation
v. Disappointments in career
vi. Increased risk of divorce
A. i and iii only
B. ii and iv only
C. i, ii, iii, and iv only
D. i, ii, iii, iv, v, and vi

21. (p. 7) Javier is said to be proactive and driven by factors within his control. What type of locus-of-control best
describes him?
A. Cognitive locus-of-control
B. Affective locus-of-control
C. External locus-of-control
D. Internal locus-of-control

22. (p. 7) The term that refers to a person's belief in his/her ability to accomplish a task or carry out a behavior is
A. locus-of-control.
B. recidivism.
C. self-efficacy.
D. contingency management.

Difficulty: Easy
23. (p. 7) SELF-EFFICACY is to BEHAVIOR as LOCUS OF CONTROL is to
A. knowledge.
B. attitude.
C. will power.
D. potential.

24. (p. 7) LOCUS OF CONTROL is to ATTITUDE as SELF-EFFICACY is to

A. knowledge.
B. behavior.
C. will power.
D. potential.

25. (p. 7) What is the relationship between self-efficacy, locus-of-control, and wellness?
A. Self-efficacy establishes behavior, while locus-of-control determines attitude toward high-level wellness.
B. Self-efficacy determines attitude, while locus-of-control establishes behavior toward high-level wellness.
C. Self-efficacy establishes behavior and attitude, while locus-of-control determines potential for high-level
wellness.
D. Locus-of-control establishes behavior and attitude, while self-efficacy determines potential for high-level
wellness.

26. (p. 7) The phrase "health behavior gap" refers to the discrepancy between health
A. knowledge and health behavior.
B. attitudes and health behavior.
C. attitudes and health knowledge.
D. knowledge and health research.

Difficulty: Easy
27. (p. 8) What was the conclusion of the study that compared the weight-loss of subjects according to their level
of self-efficacy?
A. People with a high level of self-efficacy lost more weight than their peers who experienced low self-efficacy.
B. People with a high level of self-efficacy gained more weight than their peers who experienced low self-
efficacy.
C. People with a high level of self-efficacy did not lose any more weight than their peers who experienced low
self-efficacy but they experienced gains in self-confidence.
D. There was no difference in weight-loss or self-confidence among dieters, regardless of their level of self-
efficacy.

28. (p. 7) Which of the following was associated with the increased survival of cancer patients in a 7-year
Norwegian study?
A. Locus of control
B. Self efficacy
C. Sense of humor
D. Forgiveness

Difficulty: Easy
29. (p. 7) The discrepancy between what people know is good for their health and what they actually do refers to
the concept of
A. self-efficacy.
B. locus of control.
C. health behavior gap.
D. transactional recidivism.

30. (p. 6) The concepts of locus of control and self-efficacy were used to describe which component of wellness?
A. Occupational
B. Environmental
C. Intellectual
D. Spiritual

31. (p. 7) Which of the following statements suggests an attitude consistent with an internal locus of control?
A. "When I get sick, I am to blame."
B. "Having regular contact with my physician is the best way for me to avoid illness."
C. "No matter what I do, if I am going to get sick, I will get sick."
D. "My good health is largely a matter of good fortune."

32. (p. 7) Which of the following attitudinal statements is paired with the correct locus of control?
A. "Health professionals control my health."--------Internal Locus of Control
B. "Most things that affect my health happen to me accidentally."----External Locus of Control
C. "If it is meant to be, I will stay healthy."-------- Internal Locus of Control
D. "If I get sick, my behavior determines how soon I get well."------External Locus of Control

33. (p. 8) Which dimension of wellness is described as the ability to achieve a balance between work, school,
leisure, and career goals?
A. Intellectual dimension
B. Environmental dimension
C. Social dimension
D. Occupational dimension

Difficulty: Easy
34. (p. 8) What two health risk behaviors were singled out in the text as being related to an unstable employment
history and shorter duration of current job?
A. Smoking and alcohol consumption.
B. Obesity and poor dietary habits.
C. Physical inactivity and stress.
D. High dietary fat intake and indiscriminate sexual activity.

35. (p. 8) What is the current average life expectancy of Americans at birth (rounded to nearest year)?
A. 50 years
B. 62 years
C. 78 years
D. 85 years

Difficulty: Easy
36. (p. 8) Which of the following statements best reflects the differences in the health of Americans today
compared with their peers of 1900?
A. Communicable diseases are the major threat to the health of Americans today.
B. In spite of modern technology, infants had a better chance of survival in 1900 than they do today.
C. The major problems of today are chronic conditions caused by the way people live.
D. Government programs provided more protection from environmental risks in 1900 than programs of today.

37. (p. 10) How does the life expectancy of Americans of today compare with their peers of 1900?
A. Life expectancy is about 5 years longer today than it was in 1900.
B. Life expectancy is about 30 years longer today than it was in 1900.
C. Life expectancy is about 15 years longer for women today than it was in 1900 but about the same for men.
D. Life expectancy is about 10 years longer for men today than it was in 1900 but about the same for women.

38. (p. 8) The percent of children expected to reach their fifth birthday in 1900 was ______% compared to
______% today.
A. 10%; 29%
B. 20%; 46%
C. 40%; 85%
D. 50%; 99%

39. (p. 8) Which of the following health measures is given credit for having the most impact on the improvement
of health and longevity of Americans?
A. Discovery of penicillin and development of antibiotics
B. The availability and distribution of safe water
C. Advancements in medical technology
D. Increase in the number of medical specialties

40. (p. 8) Which of the following statements best describes the nature of health problems in the U.S. today?
A. New strains of exotic diseases present the greatest threat to health today.
B. The major problems of today result from poor sanitation, toxic wastes, and environmental hazards.
C. Poor nutrition causes most of today's health problems.
D. Today's major health problems are caused by lifestyle habits and practices.

41. (p. 8) How is socioeconomic status related to health and life expectancy?
A. Life expectancy tends to be shorter for people in poverty and who are less educated.
B. Life expectancy is not related to level of education but it is strongly related to level of poverty.
C. Life expectancy is not related to poverty but it is strongly related to level of education.
D. Socioeconomic factors of poverty and education are not related one way or the other to life expectancy.

42. (p. 8) What health issue was singled out in the text to illustrate the multi-faceted nature of most health
problems?
A. Alcohol consumption
B. Cigarette smoking
C. Obesity
D. Psychosomatic diseases

43. (p. 9) Which of the following was cited in the text as examples of what the community can do to promote
health and wellness?
A. Pass laws that forbid all smoking.
B. Create a tax penalty for people who are obese.
C. Sponsor health fairs that provide cholesterol and diabetes screening.
D. All of the above

44. (p. 9) Which of the following correctly pairs a health issue with the racial/ethnic group most affected?
A. High HIV death rates among white females
B. High prevalence of diabetes among Native Americans
C. High infant mortality and mothers of Chinese origin
D. High suicide rate of white males.

45. (p. 10) Which of the following correctly pairs a health issue with the racial/ethnic group most affected?
A. High rate of cigarette smoking among Asian adults
B. High prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among white Americans
C. Low life expectancy at birth among African Americans
D. Low rate of childhood immunizations among Hispanic Americans

46. (p. 10) Which of the following are most likely to experience disproportionately high work loss days due to
injury and illness?
A. American Indian and Hispanic American adults
B. Hispanic American and Asian American adults
C. African American and Hispanic American adults
D. White American and African American adults

47. (p. 10) Which of the following diseases are disproportionately high among people with low level of
education?
A. Heart disease, cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease
B. Diabetes, stroke, HIV infection
C. Cirrhosis of the liver, kidney disease, emphysema
D. Hypertension, stroke, heart disease

48. (p. 10) In reference to health disparities, Men are more likely than women to:
A. have a primary care physician.
B. have been tested for HIV.
C. be at a healthy weight.
D. Participate in leisure time physical activities.

49. (p. 10) The disproportionate prevalence of diseases and health problems among certain population groups
refers to the concept of
A. psychosomatic medicine.
B. epidemiological morbidity and/or mortality.
C. health disparities.
D. retrospective demographics.

Difficulty: Easy
50. (p. 10) What two causes of death are responsible for almost one-half of all deaths in the U.S.?
A. Accidents and HIV infections
B. Cancer and homicide
C. Diabetes mellitus and cirrhosis
D. Heart disease and cancer

51. (p. 10) The three leading causes of death among Americans of all ages in rank order from high to low are
A. Cancer, heart disease, diabetes
B. Stroke, diabetes, heart disease
C. Cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease, diabetes

52. (p. 10) The three leading causes of death among Americans ages 25 to 34 in rank order from high to low are
A. HIV infection, accidents, cancer
B. HIV infection, accidents, homicide
C. Homicide, HIV infection, heart disease
D. Accidents, cancer, heart disease

53. (p. 10) The leading causes of death of Americans between the ages of 15 and 24 years are
A. HIV infections, accidents, and cancer.
B. Cancer, heart disease, suicide.
C. Suicide, homicide, and HIV infections.
D. Accidents, homicide, and suicide.

54. (p. 10) Included among the six leading causes of death of Americans between the ages of 25 to 34 years old
are
A. Accidents, pneumonia, and heart disease.
B. Cancer, HIV infections, and lung disease.
C. HIV infections, accidents, and homicide.
D. Heart disease, suicide, and nephritis.

55. (p. 10) What is the leading cause of death among Americans of all ages?
A. Cancer
B. Heart Disease
C. Stroke
D. Accidents

Difficulty: Easy
56. (p. 10) What are the three leading causes of death among Americans of all ages?
A. Cancer, diabetes mellitus, heart disease
B. Stroke, diabetes mellitus, septicemia
C. Accidents, influenza, Alzheimer's disease

57. (p. 10) What is the leading cause of death among Americans between 25 and 34 years old?
A. Accidents
B. Heart Disease
C. Cancer
D. HIV Infection

Difficulty: Easy
58. (p. 23) What are psychosomatic diseases?

A. Diseases that are caused by mistakes made by medical care providers
B. Diseases that are caused by the effects of mental and emotional stressors
C. Diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans
D. Diseases that can be diagnosed but have no cure

59. (p. 12) How do chronic diseases differ from acute diseases?
A. Chronic diseases usually come on suddenly while acute diseases typically begin gradually.
B. Chronic diseases often have multiple causes while acute diseases often have specific identifiable causes.
C. Chronic diseases usually disappear in a short time while acute diseases often persist for an indefinite period
of time.
D. There is no difference in the meaning of "Chronic diseases" and "acute diseases;" they are synonymous
terms.

60. (p. 12) Which of the following descriptors usually apply to the definition of a chronic disease?
i. Diseases that have specific identifiable causes
ii. Diseases that disappear in a short time
iii. Diseases associated with chemotherapy
iv. Diseases the progress gradually over a long period of time
A. I, II, III, and IV
B. I, II, and III only
C. I and II only
D. IV only

61. (p. 12) Which of the following diseases are generally regarded as acute diseases?
A. Pneumonia, influenza, and appendicitis
B. Influenza, HIV infections, and diabetes
C. Influenza, tonsillitis, arthritis
D. Hypertension, cancer, HIV infections

62. (p. 12) Which of the following diseases are generally regarded as chronic diseases:
A. Sinusitis, influenza, cancer
B. Arthritis, diabetes, hypertension
C. Heart disease, cancer, pneumonia
D. Headache, asthma, influenza

63. (p. 12) HEART DISEASE is to CHRONIC DISEASE as ________________ is to ACUTE DISEASE.
A. Cancer
B. Hypertension
C. Pneumonia
D. Arthritis

64. (p. 13) The seven leading causes of death for all age groups in the U.S. in descending order of frequency are
A. cancer, heart disease, stroke, respiratory disease, diabetes, HIV infection, and homicide.
B. heart disease, cancer, stroke, respiratory disease, accidents, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease.
C. HIV infection, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, accidents, suicide, and cancer.
D. accidents, cancer, heart disease, suicide, HIV infection, homicide, and liver disease.

65. (p. 11) Health priorities published in the landmark document Healthy People 2010 because they have the most
potential for preventing and/or delaying premature death are referred to as
A. Leading Health Indicators
B. Lifestyle Health Priorities
C. Disease Risk Factors
D. Health Behavior Indexes

Difficulty: Easy
66. (p. 13) What health behavior risk factor is most strongly associated with premature death and chronic disease
among people of all ages in the United States?
A. Cigarette smoking
B. Poor diet and physical inactivity
C. Irresponsible sexual behavior
D. Illicit drug use

Difficulty: Easy
67. (p. 13) What risk factor was identified in the text as "the most formidable wellness challenge for Americans of
all ages?"
A. Sedentary lifestyles
B. Failure to wear automobile seat belts
C. Excessive dietary fat intake
D. Excessive alcohol consumption

68. (p. 17) What does a pedometer measure?

A. Body fat
B. Muscle mass
C. Fat intake
D. Number of steps taken

Difficulty: Easy
69. (p. 13) Identify in rank order from high to low the three health behavior risk factors most strongly associated
with premature death and chronic disease among all people in the U.S.
A. Alcohol, tobacco, being overweight
B. Poor diet, lack of exercise, tobacco
C. Alcohol, motor vehicles, and irresponsible sexual behavior
D. Tobacco, lack of exercise, and being overweight

70. (p. 13) What is the rationale for health experts proclaiming sedentary lifestyles as Americans' most formidable
challenge?
A. It is the easiest health behavior for most people to change.
B. Improvements in this area can be realized with minimal expense.
C. More people are affected by sedentary lifestyles than they are for other health behavior risk factors.
D. Research demonstrates that when people become more physically active they eat better and smoke less than
when they were sedentary.

71. (p. 13) What health behavior risk factor is second to tobacco use as a cause of premature onset of disease
and/or death in the U.S.?
A. Physical inactivity
B. Bad diet
C. Excessive consumption of alcohol
D. Obesity

72. (p. 15) Which of the following health behaviors was included on the list of lifestyle recommendations of
Consumer Reports on Health, American Heart Association, and Tufts University Health and Nutrition Letter?
A. Start the morning with whole-grain cereal.
B. Get 7 - 8 hours sleep daily.
C. Adopt a physically active lifestyle.
D. Add vitamin D to your diet.

73. (p. 15) In its list of lifestyle recommendations, Consumer Reports on Health recommends that television
watching be limited to less than ________ hours a day.
A. 6
B. 4
C. 3
D. 2

Difficulty: Easy
74. (p. 15) What is the recommended minimum number of steps to take daily to promote good health?
A. 2,000
B. 6,000
C. 10,000
D. 15,000

75. (p. 13) According to 2008 physical activity guidelines for Americans, adults should do at least ______ minutes
a week of moderate-intensity physical activity.
A. 30
B. 60
C. 75
D. 150

Difficulty: Easy
76. (p. 13) According to 2008 physical activity guidelines for Americans, adults should do at least ______ minutes
a week of vigorous-intensity physical activity.
A. 30
B. 60
C. 75
D. 150

Difficulty: Easy
77. (p. 13) According to 2008 physical activity guidelines for Americans, at the minimum how often should adults
do muscle-strengthening activities?
A. Daily
B. 1 day each week
C. 2 days each week
D. 3 days each week

Difficulty: Easy
78. (p. 14) What does the acronym MET mean?

A. Metabolic Equivalent
B. Muscular Endurance Training
C. Major-muscle Exercise Training Effect
D. Macro-muscle Energy Test

79. (p. 14) Moderate-intensity exercise has a MET of?
A. .9 to 2.9.
B. 3.0 to 5.9.
C. 6.0 to 9.9.
D. 10 or higher.

80. (p. 14) Vigorous-intensity exercise has a MET of?

A. .9 to 1.9.
B. 2.0 to 3.9.
C. 4.0 to 5.9.
D. 6 or higher.

81. (p. 14) Which of the following activities best illustrate a moderate-intensity activity?
A. Doing laundry
B. Walking a mile in 20 minutes
C. Shopping
D. All of the above

82. (p. 14) Which of the following activities best illustrate a vigorous-intensity activity?
A. Walking a mile in 20 minutes
B. Playing doubles tennis
C. Ballroom dancing
D. Heavy gardening such as digging

83. (p. 15) What approach to lifestyle change is recommended in the text?
A. Psychotherapy
B. Self-help
C. Cold turkey
D. Abstinence

Difficulty: Easy
84. (p. 16) What principle of behavior is being applied when a person uses "reverse psychology" to influence
someone else's behavior?
A. Behavior shaping
B. Reactance motivation
C. Aversive conditioning
D. Stimulus-response conditioning

85. (p. 16) How many stages are included in the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8

Difficulty: Easy
86. (p. 16) Which of the following statements is consistent with the assumptions of behavioral change as applied
to the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change?
A. To be successful, a behavioral change program should follow a set progression of stages that is completed in
sequential order.
B. Failure to achieve behavioral change goals occurs primarily because of the lack of commitment and/or
motivation.
C. Successful behavioral change typically occurs quickly over a short time frame.
D. When behavioral change efforts are unsuccessful, a cooling off period of one year should be observed.

87. (p. 17) What is the correct order of the stages of Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change?
A. Precontemplation, preparation, contemplation, action, maintenance, termination
B. Precontemplation, action, contemplation, preparation, maintenance, termination
C. Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination
D. Preparation, precontemplation, action, maintenance, contemplation, termination

88. (p. 18) What is the recommended strategy or goal for a person in the contemplation phase of behavior
change?
A. Emotional arousal
B. Formation of a support group
C. Establishment of rewards
D. Development of a plan

89. (p. 17) Which of the following stages of behavior change is correctly paired with its principal characteristic?
A. Preparation--------------Engaging in strategies
B. Contemplation----------Planning to change within a month
C. Maintenance------------Problem behavior no longer an issue
D. Precontemplation------Denial

90. (p. 21) Behavioral strategies such as "countering" and the "establishment of rewards" are most appropriate for
which stage in the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change?
A. Preparation stage
B. Contemplation stage
C. Action stage

91. (p. 19) During which stage of behavior change should a plan-of-action be developed?
B. Preparation stage
C. Action stage
D. Precontemplation stage

92. (p. 17) For a person who has no intention of changing problem behaviors, Assessment 1-1, Lifestyle
Assessment Inventory, is an example of a strategy that is most appropriate for which stage of behavior change?
A. Action stage

93. (p. 18) The internal conflict that occurs when people feel that their behavior is inconsistent with their
intentions and/or values describes the concept of
A. reactance motivation.
B. cognitive dissonance.
C. contemplative awareness.
D. aversive conditioning.

Difficulty: Easy
94. (p. 18) The concept of cognitive dissonance is included in which stage of behavior change?
D. Termination stage

95. (p. 18) Behaviors that are detrimental to health are called
A. health-inhibiting behaviors.
B. health-aversion behaviors.
C. antagonistic health practices.
D. lifestyle-demoting behaviors.

Difficulty: Easy
96. (p. 19) The term "recidivism" refers to the tendency to

A. avoid doctors and hospitals except in emergencies.
B. use drugs for coping with health problems.
C. revert to the original behavior after completing a behavior change program.
D. use more health care than is necessary and often more than is good for a person.

97. (p. 19) What is the recommended first step to take in formulating a plan for behavioral change?
A. Set goals for behavior change
B. Formulate a behavioral contract
C. Assess behavior
D. Develop a list of rewards and penalties

Difficulty: Easy
98. (p. 21) According to a study reported in Chapter 1 that assessed time participants spent watching television,
participants watched television approximately _________ hours per day?
A. One to two
B. Two to three
C. Three to five
D. More than five

99. (p. 21) What did a study cited in Chapter 1 conclude regarding the relationship between the time spent
watching television and health risks?
A. An increase in time spent watching television is associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality.
B. An increase in time spent watching television is associated with an increase in morbidity but not associated
with mortality.
C. The relationship between watching TV and health risks occurrs when participants consistently watch TV
more than one hour per day.
D. There is no relationship between time spent watching television and health risks.

100. (p. 20) The acronym S.M.A.R.T refers to the

A. concept of setting goals in a lifestyle change program.
B. questionnaire used in the text to assess wellness.
C. components of the wellness model.
D. theoretical explanation for the way we acquire habits.

101. (p. 20) Which of the following correctly represents S.M.A.R.T. as presented in the text?
A. Sedentary, Muscle, Activity, Resistance, Training
B. Stimulus, Measurement, Assessment, Recidivism, Transtheoretical
C. Self-efficacy, Modeling, Aerobic, Relevance, Terminal
D. Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Trackable

102. (p. 20) Which of the following goals for losing weight best meets the criterion of specificity?
A. Cut down on the amount of food consumed at fast food restaurants
B. Eat low fat foods and increase exercise each week for the next 3 months
C. Lose 20 pounds during the next year
D. Lose 1 pound each week for the next 20 weeks

103. (p. 19) All of the following actions are consistent with principles of lifestyle-change programs except one.
Which one is not?
A. Begin working on the most difficult goals first and then proceed to easier goals.
B. Develop a list of rewards that can be earned when meeting goals.
C. Establish a starting date and completion date for each goal.
D. Break down long-term goals into small, progressive goals.

104. (p. 2) The wellness approach to health is unique in that it emphasizes the treatment of disease and the wise
use of medical technology.
FALSE
Wellness means assuming responsibility for one's own health.
105. (p. 2) The term that refers to conditions and/or factors that threaten wellness and increase the chances of
contracting disease is called efficacy factors.
FALSE
Risk factors
106. (p. 6) The component of wellness that involves a person's awareness and understanding of his or her purpose
in life is called the intellectual component.
FALSE
Spiritual component
107. (p. 4) The component of wellness that includes the ability to express anger in appropriate ways is called the
emotional component.
TRUE

108. (p. 4) The number of components in the Wellness Model is 7.
TRUE
109. (p. 4) The component of wellness that was illustrated in the study of college students who participated in
meditation exercises was the physical dimension.
FALSE
Spiritual component
110. (p. 7) The ability to establish and maintain relationships with other people defines the concept of locus of
control.
FALSE
Social connectedness
111. (p. 5) According to the International Forgiveness Institute, the number of phases in the Forgiveness Model is
four.
TRUE
112. (p. 5) In the Forgiveness Model, the Deepening Phase is synonymous with the Work Phase.
FALSE
Outcome phase

113. (p. 5) In the Forgiveness Model, the first phase is called the Decision Phase.
FALSE
Uncovering phase
114. (p. 15) The concept that is described as a special degree of emotional, social, spiritual, and physical closeness
is Self-Efficacy.
FALSE
Intimacy
115. (p. 7) The component of wellness that includes reference to the "health behavior gap" is the social
component.
FALSE
Intellectual component
116. (p. 7) The type of locus-of-control that is consistent with the wellness approach to living is called internal
locus-of-control.
TRUE
117. (p. 7) The belief that a person has the ability and control to change his or her behavior is referred to as the
concept of self-efficacy.
TRUE

118. (p. 7) The concept of "Locus of Control" was used to illustrate the intellectual component of wellness.
TRUE
119. (p. 7) The concept of "Self Efficacy" was used to illustrate the occupational component of wellness.
FALSE
Intellectual component
120. (p. 7) Studies on the relationship between sense of humor and heart disease indicate that laughter is heart-
protective.
TRUE
121. (p. 7) The 7-year Norwegian study of cancer patients was cited in the text to illustrate the relationship
between survival and sense of humor.
TRUE
122. (p. 8) In spite of advancements in medicine, the life expectancy of an American born in the 21st century is
about the same as the life expectancy of an American born at the beginning of the 20th century.
FALSE
Americans live 30 years longer today than they did 100 years ago

123. (p. 8) The average life expectancy at birth of Americans today is about 15 years longer than it was 100 years
ago.
FALSE
Almost 30 years
124. (p. 8) The percentage of children born today who will survive early childhood diseases and live to be at least
five years old is 99 percent.
TRUE
125. (p. 7) The two factors that medical historians claim had the most impact on improving the health and
longevity of Americans today are safe water and vaccinations.
TRUE
126. (p. 7) The two diseases that account for almost one-half of all deaths in the U.S. today are cancer and
diabetes mellitus.
FALSE
Heart disease; cancer
127. (p. 7) The term "morbidity" refers to death rates.

FALSE
Incidence of disease; sickness; illness

128. (p. 7) The terms "morbidity" and "mortality" are synonymous.
FALSE
Morbidity refers to incidence of disease; mortality refers to incidence of death
129. (p. 18) The term that refers to the disproportionate prevalence of diseases and health problems among certain
population groups is cognitive dissonance.
FALSE
Health disparities
130. (p. 10) Infant mortality rates are lowest for infants of mothers of Chinese origin.
TRUE
131. (p. 10) The prevalence of asthma in white adults is higher than that in African American adults.
FALSE
Asthma is more prevalent among African American adults than white American adults.
132. (p. 10) The racial/ethnic groups with the highest HIV death rates are white males and Hispanic females.
FALSE
Hispanic and black males

133. (p. 10) The life expectancy at birth for white Americans is 2 years longer than the life expectancy at birth for
black Americans.
FALSE
Four to six years longer
134. (p. 12) Septicemia is a disease associated with uncontrolled high blood sugar levels.
FALSE
Blood poisoning
135. (p. 11) The leading cause of death among Americans of all ages is heart disease.
TRUE
136. (p. 11) The three leading causes of death of Americans between the ages of 15 and 24 are accidents,
homicide, and suicide.
TRUE
137. (p. 11) The leading cause of death among Americans ages 25 to 34 is accidents.
TRUE
138. (p. 11) Diseases that produce physical symptoms as a result of social, emotional, and/or spiritual stressors are
referred to as iatrogenic diseases.
FALSE
Psychosomatic

139. (p. 12) Three examples of a chronic disease are heart disease, arthritis, and hypertension.
TRUE
140. (p. 12) Two examples of an acute disease are pneumonia and appendicitis.
TRUE
141. (p. 12) The risk factor ranked as the number one cause of premature death and chronic disease among
Americans of all age groups combined is poor diet.
FALSE
Cigarette smoking
142. (p. 12) The risk factor ranked as the number one cause or premature death and chronic disease among
nonsmokers is illicit drug use.
FALSE
Poor diet/lack of exercise
143. (p. 7) The phrase "health knowledge gap" refers to the discrepancy between health knowledge and health
behavior.
TRUE

144. (p. 19) The term "recidivism" refers to the practice of hiding symbols, words, and/or sexual messages in
advertisements.
FALSE
Refers to the failure/relapse rate associated with behavior change programs/efforts
145. (p. 17) To promote good health it is recommended that people walk a minimum of 5,000 steps daily.
FALSE
10,000
146. (p. 17) Physical activity guidelines for Americans recommend a minimum of 75 minutes a week of moderate-
intensity exercise.
FALSE
150 minutes per week
147. (p. 17) Physical activity guidelines for Americans recommend muscle strengthening exercises at least 3 times
a week.
FALSE
2 times per week
148. (p. 14) Moderate-intensity physical activities start with a MET value of 3.0.
TRUE

149. (p. 16) The theory of behavior that suggests that some behavior may be motivated in response to coercion
and/or strong messages is called reactance motivation.
TRUE
150. (p. 16) The number of stages in the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change is six.
TRUE
151. (p. 16) The first stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change is called the preparation stage.
FALSE
Precontemplation stage
152. (p. 16) The fourth stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change is called the action stage.
TRUE
153. (p. 16) The last stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change is called the maintenance stage.
FALSE
Termination stage
154. (p. 16) The stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change in which denial is a common
characteristic is the precontemplation stage.
TRUE

155. (p. 16) The stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change in which the concept of cognitive
dissonance is most likely to apply is the contemplation stage.
TRUE
156. (p. 19) To ensure success in completing a lifestyle change program, a person should first work on the easy
goals and then proceed to difficult goals.
TRUE
157. (p. 19) The principle of "specificity" in a lifestyle change program refers to the need to attach a specific
reward or penalty to the program.
FALSE
Refers to the need to develop specific; observable; concrete goals in a lifestyle change program
158. (p. 19) The most common strategy used by lay-people in attempting to alter some aspect of their behavior is
referred to as countering.
TRUE
159. Match the components of wellness listed on the right side to the proper descriptions listed on the left side.
Not all components are necessarily used; some may be used more than once.
1. Willingness to develop good health habits Social 2

2. Capacity to form relationships Social 5
3. Ability to control stress Spiritual 4
4. Ability to develop a sense of purpose in life Emotional 3
5. Ability to develop respect and tolerance for others Physical 1

160. Listed in the left column are characteristics, goals, and activities that represent the various stages of
lifestyle change. Listed in the right column are the stages of lifestyle change. Match the stage of change in the
right column to the descriptor listed in the left column. Some stages may be used more than once; some stages
may not be used.
1. Denies the existence of a problem Action stage 7

2. Displays a lack of awareness of the need for
change Preparation stage 3
3. Plans to make a change within a month Precontemplation stage 2
4. Publicly affirms intentions to make a change Contemplation stage 8
5. Identifies/establishes countering strategies Preparation stage 4
6. Forms and/or joins a support group Action stage 6
7. Demonstrates a commitment to change Action stage 5
8. Is thinking about changing Precontemplation stage 1
9. Engages in emotional arousal activities Contemplation stage 9
161. What lifestyle risk factors are most strongly associated with premature death and chronic disease in the
United States. Match the proper rank listed in the right column to the risk factor listed in the left column.
Third highest risk

1. Bad diet C. Third highest risk factor factor 5
2. Being Overweight E. Fifth highest risk factor Highest risk factor 3
3. Tobacco B. Second highest risk factor Fifth highest risk factor 1
Second highest risk
4. Lack of exercise D. Fourth highest risk factor factor 4
5. Excessive Alcohol consumption A. Highest risk Fourth highest risk
factor factor 2
162. What is the correct order of the first three stages of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change?
Match the stage listed in the right column with its proper sequence listed in the left column.
1. Third stage C. Contemplation D. Precontemplation E.

Maintenance Precontemplation 2
2. First stage A. Preparation Contemplation 3
3. Second stage B. Action Preparation 1

163. What is the correct order of stages 4-6 of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change? Match the stage
listed in the right column with its proper sequence listed in the left column.
1. Sixth stage C. Preparation D. Contemplation E.

Termination Action 3
2. Fifth stage B. Action Maintenance 2
3. Fourth stage A. Maintenance Termination 1
164. Listed in the right column are the phases of the Forgiveness Model, as described by the International
Forgiveness Institute. Match the phase in the right column to the descriptors in the left column. Some phases
may be used more than once; some may not be used.
1. Victim may find meaning in his/her suffering E.

Outcome phase Outcome phase 5
2. Victim confronts anger and emotional pain B. Work Uncovering
phase phase 2
3. Victim accepts of the unjust pain D. Revenge, resolution
phase Decision phase 4
4. Victim begins to consider the idea of forgiveness C.
Uncovering phase Work phase 3
5. Victim begins to experience relief A. Decision phase Outcome phase 1
165. Match the exercise intensity level listed in the right column to the activities listed in the left column.
1. Riding a bike under 10 miles per hour A. Light Moderate

intensity intensity 1
2. Ballroom dancing Light intensity 6
3. Swimming laps C. Vigorous intensity Vigorous intensity 3
4. Playing doubles tennis Vigorous intensity 7
Moderate
5. Playing basketball intensity 4
6. Cooking B. Moderate intensity Vigorous intensity 5
Moderate
7. Jumping rope intensity 2
166. In what ways are the major health problems of today different from those 20 years ago? 100 years ago?
Answers will vary

167. Describe each of the seven components of wellness and their implications for health.
Answers will vary
168. Differentiate internal locus-of-control and external locus-of-control and give the implications of each on a
person's prospects for wellness.
Answers will vary
169. What is the relationship between the concepts of self-efficacy and wellness?
Answers will vary
170. Discuss some of the factors that help to explain why making a lifestyle change is so difficult to accomplish
for most people.
Answers will vary
171. Some experts suggest that obesity is an environment issue rather than simply a lifestyle issue. What is the
rationale for this claim? What are the implications of this claim in terms of prevention and treatment of
obesity?
Answers will vary

172. Discuss how laws that control health behavior (such as laws requiring seat belts or forbidding smoking in
certain places) reinforce or negate the reactance motivation theory of lifestyle change.
Answers will vary
173. Describe the relationship between intimacy, morbidity, mortality, and components of wellness.
Answers will vary
174. Differentiate between light-intensity, moderate-intensity, and vigorous-intensity exercises. Give examples
of each intensity level.
Answers will vary
175. Describe the physical activity guidelines for adults as recommended in 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines
for Americans.
Answers will vary
176. What is the relationship between socioeconomic status, quality of health, and life expectancy?
Answers will vary

177. Write out an example of a behavioral goal for improving studying habits that meets the principle of
specificity.
Answers will vary

c1 Summary
Category # of Questions
Anspaugh - Chapter 01 177
Difficulty: Difficult 27
Difficulty: Easy 31
Difficulty: Moderately Difficult 45
Level of Learning: Application 9
Level of Learning: Comprehension 36
Level of Learning: Knowledge 58
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The history of
the proceedings in the case of Margaret,
commonly called Peg, only lawful sister to John
Bull, Esq
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and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
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you are located before using this eBook.
Title: The history of the proceedings in the case of Margaret,

commonly called Peg, only lawful sister to John Bull, Esq
Author: Adam Ferguson
Dubious author: David Hume
Release date: May 20, 2022 [eBook #68133]
Language: English
Original publication: United Kingdom: W. Owen, 1761
Credits: Emmanuel Ackerman and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was
produced from images made available by the HathiTrust
Digital Library.)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE

HISTORY OF THE PROCEEDINGS IN THE CASE OF MARGARET,
COMMONLY CALLED PEG, ONLY LAWFUL SISTER TO JOHN
BULL, ESQ ***
THE
HISTORY
OF THE
PROCEEDINGS in the CASE
OF
MARGARET,
Commonly called PEG, only lawful Sister to JOHN
BULL, Esq;
The Second Edition.
Printed for W. Owen, near Temple Bar.

MDCCLXI.
THE
CONTENTS.
Chap. I. How Jo h n quarrelled with L e w is Ba b o o n
about dividing the West-common; and how instead of 16
going to law, they came to blows,
Chap. II. What sort of fellows Jo h n and L e wi s were in
23
use to employ to keep their orchards, and their poultry,
Chap. III. How Jo h n got a terrible fright in his own house
36
of Bull-hall,
Chap. IV. How Jo h n ’s affairs had like to have gone to
48
the Devil,
Chap. V. How Jo h n consulted with his friends about the
59
method of retrieving his affairs,
Chap. VI. How the Nurse dreamt that Jo h n Bu l l had
66
banished all the weavers,
Chap. VII. What happened after this conversation with
77
the Nurse,
Chap. VIII. Concerning sister Pe g, 84
Chap IX. How L e wis Ba b o o n was belaboured and
91
drubbed; and how Jo wle r behaved,
Chap X. How sister P e g began to look about her; and
98
how she wrote a letter to her brother Jo h n,
Chap XI. How this letter was received by Jo h n, 114
Chap XII. How Mrs. B u ll’s attendants were prepared on
119
this subject,
Chap XIII. How B u mb o discoursed with Jo h n Bu l l’s 129
Nurse, and found her not so great a fool as he thought
her,
Chap XIV. Showing how it was the fashion to harangue
141
Mrs. Bu ll,
Chap XV. How Mrs. B u ll sat still and heard a great deal
152
more on this subject,
Chap XVI. How B u mb o gave his evidence, 164
Chap XVII. How Mrs. B u l l settled her stomach, 172
THE
HISTORY
OF THE
PROCEEDINGS in the CASE
OF
MARGARET,
Commonly called PEG.

There being no history with which every learned reader is better
acquainted in general, than that of John Bull, and his sister Peg, we
shall spend very little time in preambles or introductions to the
present story. John and his sister lived many a day, as every body
knows, in the two adjoining houses which were left them by their
father; and it matters not now to say, how much better John was
lodged than his sister, and how many more improvements he had
made on his farm. We never heard of any difference arising between
them on this score, farther than some jeers and taunts between the
blackguards or scullions of either house, who generally got
themselves bloody noses upon the occasion. As for Peg herself, she
was so far from complaining of her portion, that nothing could offend
her more, than to be told out of doors, that she was not the richest
heiress in the world.
It is not easy to say, whether it was Peg’s own temper, the
badness of her subject, or the perpetual vexations she met with in
her youth, that hindered her from minding her domestic affairs, so
much as she should have done: but the truth is, that matters were
often at sixes and sevens in her family; and her brother and she, to
be sure, never could agree about any thing. All the world knows how
long their affairs remained in confusion, merely because they would
not employ the same attorney, and what an aversion they had to
trust their affairs in common to any single person. Peg would say, “I’ll
have nothing to do with John’s lawyers; whoever I employ must mind
nobody’s affairs but mine. I have as good a right to be served as he;
and if he pays more than I do, let it be for services done to himself,
not for cheating me.” John again would swagger and swear, and
said, that whoever Peg employed, must be a dirty lousy fellow; and
would come to no terms, unless she would take a steward of his
choosing.
It happened, however, at last, as every careful peruser of history
knoweth, that every man of the law, within the reach almost of John’s
knowledge, from the master down to the merest clerk-boy, died, or
left the country, or disappeared some how or other, and John was
obliged for once to put his papers in the hands of his sister’s lawyer,
a very book-learned man, as many people affirm even unto this day.
But be this as it will, Peg had the vanity to boast, that though her
lawyer now lived in John’s own house, yet it was she who gave that
clod-pated pock-puddened numskull the lawyer at last; and that this
same man of the law, if he had any gratitude to the house where he
was born and bred, would not let her be wronged, or forget her boys,
when the stock came to be divided. She trusted too, that they would
remember themselves, and if John or the attorney pretended to
cheat them, she talked no less than of beating out both their brains.
John was really at bottom a good-natured fellow, and knowing
himself to be an overmatch for Peg, did not mind her peevish
humours a rush; but he would not have liked her attorney for all that,
if he had not expected to manage him, by keeping him in his own
house, and by putting clerks about him, who never had any
connexion with Margaret, or her hungry loons, from whom, the truth
is, he expected no good.
This affair being settled between the brother and sister, as well as
could be expected with so little cordiality on either side, their
common concerns began to be a little better managed, and people
got some rest in their beds; for they did not harbour vagrants, as
they used to do, to hamstring one another’s cattle, to tear up the
young planting, and knock out one another’s brains. They differed, it
is true, now and then about this thing, and t’other thing, and about
attornies and agents, but it always happened that they employed the
same person, even whilst John wished Peg at the bottom of the sea;
and Peg sometimes let devilish knocks at him, and the attorney too,
when she was jealous of either.
John, however, was so far lucky, that his sister concurred with him
very readily in most things of consequence, such as turning off
Squire Geoffry, and the like; insomuch, that he himself was not
readier to part with this Squire, as every body knows, although he
claimed kindred to Peg, as the foster-mother of his family; and to
make all sure, she put her hand as freely to the perpetual contract
with Sir Thomas. This was a gentleman in the neighbourhood, of an
ancient family, and a pretty fortune of his own: but he was willing to
take charge of the brother and sister’s affairs, provided he had some
security that he should not be turned out the next moment, which
was accordingly granted in the form of a contract, by virtue of which
he continues to manage their business in a very orderly regular
manner.
This, however, did not hinder some persons in both families, who
had a hankering after Squire Geoffry, from being mad enough once
and again, to think of restoring him to his office, in spite of John’s
and Margaret’s teeth. They came sometimes from the garret, and
from the cellar, roaring about this matter; and when they got drunk,
they imagined nothing was easier to be done. The truth is, that if Peg
had not been firm to the contract, John would often have been sore
beset.
Although the intention of this proem is far from being to give a full
account of the affairs of these two families, preceding the present
transaction, much less to censure or run down other grave
historians, who have published to the learned world any part of their
history; yet we cannot altogether pass in silence some few mistakes
in the otherwise elaborate work of the celebrated Sir Humphrey
Polisworth, bred in the learned university of Grub-street. An
historian, in our opinion, should be as mindful of truth in whatever he
may occasionally mention, as he is in the main series of his story.
For want of attending to this truth, the learned Sir Humphrey has
unguardedly misrepresented the nature of John’s and Peg’s
agreement, together with the causes which induced John to sollicit
that accommodation. Many learned writers of that time say, that the
question was not then about John’s heir, but about the old story the
choice of a steward, and the perpetual contract we have mentioned.
But be this as it will, there was no disagreement between John and
his sister on either of these points, as Sir Humphrey Polisworth
himself doth acknowledge. On the contrary, if John roared against
Squire Geoffry, Peg tore her cap and her apron in perfect rage, and
was like cat and dog with the same Squire and his gang, all the time
they were in the management of John’s business.
The truth of the matter was, that about the time of the great
change we have mentioned, many people in both families said,
Although we agree now, we may quarrel hereafter, and it will be a
plaguey thing to come into the hands of different lawyers and
attornies again, who never fail to set people by the ears for their own
advantage. John and Margaret have lived so much better, since they
came to employ the same lawyer, that it is a pity they should ever be
in danger of parting their affairs. The lands of Bull-hall and Thistle-
down were never intended for two farms, the same hedge and ditch
surround them, and whilst they continue in one, they may be kept
with half the looking after; for nobody can be half so troublesome to
either family, as they have formerly been to one another. For these,
and many more reasons, an agreement was thought upon; and
though it went somewhat against John’s stomach, yet he coaxed and
flattered sister Peg till he obtained her consent, not to come to live in
his house, as the learned Sir Humphrey Polisworth has erroneously
related, but merely to shut up her own compting-room, dismiss her
overseers, and send her clerks to John’s house, to manage their
affairs together with his accomptant, under the inspection of the
great lawyer, as he was then called, in both families.
This agreement, however, did not please every body. The servants
who attended Peg’s compting-room, were angry at the loss of their
vails. The upper servants, as every body knows, mismanaged their
part of the business some how or other, and many people said, that
the house looked melancholy when the windows of the counting-
room just looking to the South were shut up. In short, you could hear
a buzz in every corner of the house, that the whole family was
undone for ever. Jack himself grew very sulky, and for the turn of a
straw would have played the devil. But what will not a little time to.
Peg’s people got gradually into better humour; Jack’s zeal for the
contract made with Sir Thomas, soon reconciled him to whatever
was connected with it, and Peg’s affairs went on so tolerably, that
every body was pacified, except the few who would be pleased with
nothing, unless Squire Geoffry was restored.
About the time that Sir Thomas came to the office, there was a
great turmoil in John’s kitchin and back-yard, and in Peg’s garret,
where indeed she harboured a parcel of curious fellows, who did not
mind the business of the family much, but would run you up and
down stairs like lightning, sometimes get into the kitchen, the hen
roost, or back yard, and snap up any thing their fingers could lay
hold of. Their mistress seldom got any rent from them, except a days
work now and then in harvest, or the use of their children to keep the
crows from the barley. But the true secret of her liking to them was,
that they were excellent fellows at a brawl, and you had as good put
your head in the fire, as meddle with their mistress when they were
by. But Peg could never get them to agree among themselves till
very lately, nor always to behave very respectfully to herself;
insomuch, that both John and she were often tempted to condemn
that garret. But things must have their course, the garret gentry have
sometimes done excellent service, and there is nobody John himself
likes better to see about him, when Lewis Baboon or Lord Strutt
come about cudgel-playing, which is a very common case, as the
learned Sir Humphrey has very well observed.
CHAP. I.
How J o h n quarrelled with L e wis Ba b o o n about dividing the West-
common; and how instead of going to law, they came to blows.
We account it a great oversight in the learned Sir Humphrey
Polisworth, that he has taken little or no notice of John Bull’s land-
estate, his orchards, kitchen-grounds, and corn-fields, of which he
has always possessed an excellent share; but considered him as a
simple clothier and mechanic, merely because he sent goods of this,
and many other kinds to market. John got ready money, it is true, by
the sale of his goods; but the great support of his family, and what
made him be treated like a gentleman in the neighbourhood, was the
excellent manor of Bull-hall, where John and his posterity may find
capon and bacon, and beef and mutton, without being obliged to any
body, and without cringing to Lord Strutt, Squire South, or Lewis
Baboon, for their custom. It is true, that the devil possessed John
sometimes to that degree, that you could not hear a word from him
but about his cloth, and his iron-work, and his pottery, and you would
see him up to the eyes in clay, or steeped, till he grew all the colours
of the rainbow, in dyer’s stuff, or smoaked and roasted like a smith,
or sallow and greasy like a weaver, and no gentleman could keep
company with him, or any of his family, such low habits they had got
behind the counter, or in the work-shop. “Mind your customers, lads,”
says John; “Good words go far; Be civil to every body whether they
buy or no;” and then he would rap out a string of proverbs, such as,
“A penny saved is a penny got; Fast bind, fast find,” and so forth; in
short, if it had not been for some good blood which John had still in
his veins, he must have grown a mere pedling, sneaking, designing,
mercenary rogue, as ever was.
There was, as we say, blood, or something else, that kept up
John’s spirit, so that he went abroad now and then, in as gentleman-
like a way as could be wished, although Lewis Baboon used to sit
sneering at him sometimes as he passed; but John minded him not a
rush.
Now it happened, that John and Lewis had about the same time
taken in part of the west-common, and though their fields were not
contiguous, they could not agree about their marches. Many
meetings they had to settle them, but all to no purpose, for none of
them knew well what he would be at. The common saying was, that
Lewis wanted to get all the land in the country, and you needed only
to tell John so much, in order to put him in a downright foam of rage
and fury. However this be, Lewis tormented his own people enough,
with making them stick in posts and stakes in different parts of the
common; and when John asked him what he meant, he said, They
were only rubing posts for his cows to scratch themselves, in case
they strayed so far. But other people told John, that Lewis would
some day or other claim every bit of that ground as his own, by virtue
of those stakes, if he was not checked in time. Accordingly, John
sent him some angry message about them, and Lewis in return,
begged leave to present his compliments to John, and allured him,
that the thing in the world he wished most, was to live in good terms
with his honoured friend and neighbour John Bull. Mean time, some
of John’s cow-herds met with a fellow or two belonging to Lewis, and
after a great deal of bad language, painful to repeat, they came to
blows, and made a great noise, which brought John and Lewis too,
to see what was the matter. John, indeed, happened to be in his
barge that afternoon, on the lake to the west of his house, which he
affected to call his own fish-pond, and Lewis too being on his way to
the common, their barges unhappily met, when John, without any
more ado, took up an oar, and aimed a blow at Lewis Baboon’s
brains, You damn’d, insidious, fair-tongued villain, this is all your
doing, with your stakes and your posts, and your covetousness for
land, which nobody will possess under you, you damned,
oppressive, squeezing rascal. My dear John, says Lewis, what is the
matter? The matter, you scoundrel! With that John aimed another
blow; but their barges ran foul of one another, and he fastened on
Lewis Baboon’s wig, tore his bag, and threw it in the water; in short,
before you could count six, there was not a hat nor a wig to be seen
in the whole boats-crew, of either side. History says, that Lewis had
like to have been drowned outright, and was glad to get home with
his head broken in many places, and cursing John Bull, for the most
rash, cholerick, blunder-headed fellow, that ever was known in the
world.
CHAP. II.
What sort of fellows Jo h n and L e wi s were in use to employ to keep
their orchards, and their poultry.
History tells us many lies, if this was the first time that John and
Lewis came to blows; and Sir Humphrey Polisworth may think to
conceal it if he will, but many a time has Lewis, in his youth, lost his
hat and his wig in scuffles with John, and as often has John come
home with a broken pate, though very few people durst tell it to his
wife or his mother. In short, these two had been troublesome rogues
to one another time out of mind; and at the time of which we are now
speaking, there was no such thing as law or justice in the whole
country. If you could keep your own, it was well; if not, it did not
signify complaining; two or three stout fellows at your back, a brace
of pistols, or a blunderbuss, was a better title to an estate than the
best conveyance in the world. Whilst you thought yourself sure of
your lands, two or three fellows in the neighbourhood would be
disputing who should have it; and of Lord Strutt, Lewis Baboon,
Squire South, Nicholas Frog, John Bull himself, and all the gang of
them, there was not one to mend another, they did not mind blowing
out one another’s brains one farthing; they had got honourable
names for thieving, robbing, and house-breaking, such as policy,
conquest, and invasion; and if you lived in their neighbourhood, they
were sure to leave you nothing, unless you could handle a cutlass,
or fire a blunderbuss, and kept friends with some one or other of
them, who protected you for his own sake, or that he might take all
you had at a more convenient time. God help the poor milk-sop that
trusted to the goodness of his cause.
This made every body look about him; and John among the rest,
for many a day, had as stout a family of young fellows as any in all
the neighbourhood, and would not take an affront or an injury from
any man. His boys were for the most part sober, peaceable fellows
within doors; but if there was any noise heard over-night among the
poultry in the orchard, or the workshop, it needed only the bark of a
dog to bring a score of them into the court, and from every corner of
John’s house you could hear nothing but striving who should be out
first. Every body had his cutlass, or his carabine at his bed’s-head,
and it is hard to say which they were most jealous of, their father’s
honour, or the preservation of his estate. It was the pride of John’s
heart in those days, to see his boys hardy and resolute, and he
hated a sneaking, puny, pewling fellow, like the devil.
In this humour John lived for many a day; but many changes
happen which nobody looks for; people persuaded him by degrees,
that if he had money enough there was nothing else worth minding.
From this hopeful maxim, he even neglected sending his children to
school, locked up their cudgels and cricket-batts, and would not let
one of them touch a gun, for fear they should hurt themselves. He
had got by heart all the stories that ever his nurse had told him,
about the accidents which happen at rough play, or in handling
firelocks, and would repeat them sometimes, till his wife and his
mother were quite ashamed of him.
It would require the pen of a great historian to tell how this great
change was brought about. Some people said, that John was old
and began to doat; others said, that it was all owing to an old nurse
who lived about the house; but alas, they do not tell us how John
came to be directed by old women, or what was the reason that
some of John’s neighbours were grown worse than even he was at
this time. Lewis Baboon was grown from a spruce forward gallant, a
mere priest-ridden, whore-ridden, flimsey periwig-making old fool.
Lord Strutt could never be got out of his bed before eleven o’clock in
the morning; and Nicholas Frog would rather have taken ready
money for a farthing-candle, than see his best friend return from the
grave. One stout man could have chaced a hundred of them into the
sea, and yet these damned fellows contrived to be very troublesome
for all that, by means of a device of which the devil himself was
certainly the author. In their younger days they were all ready
enough at a blow, yet as they and every body about them, had some
other business besides fighting, they could not well quarrel when
they were otherways engaged; but they came at last to keep people
on purpose to fight, and as nobody cared what became of these
fellows, they would send them out for the turn of a straw, to play the
devil in all the neighbourhood; and the rest of the people at home
trusting to them, became mere milk-sops and old women.
An historian of great credit affirms, that this practice was grafted
on that of keeping a game-keeper; and for this reason it is, that
although there be many more of them in every house than are
necessary to keep the game, they are nevertheless known under the
title of game-keepers even unto this day. In former times, continues
he, every father of a family and his children, were sportmen more or
less. It mattered not who started the game, they could all shoot
without distinction; and it mattered as little what part of the house a
thief attempted to break in upon, the first man he met thought himself
obliged to defend the premises. But when they grew lazy, spiritless,
and purse-proud, they must needs keep their game-keepers like
lords, and each according to his estate, got as many as he could well
maintain, and those he employed not only to knock down a hare, or
a partridge, now and then, for the master’s table, but to them he
entrusted the whole defence of his estate inclosed and common,
barn-yards, orchards, and kitchin-grounds, and it was thought
presumption in any body else to do any thing besides running away
when any body attempted to disturb the house. Lewis Baboon would
have kept you forty or fifty at a time, and this when nobody was
meddling with him, as he said, to guard his poultry, and attend him to
church.
These fellows did nothing from morning to night, but first turn upon
one heel, and then upon another, put a gun sometimes to their hip,
sometimes to their nose, sometimes to their shoulder; and, in short,
played so many antic tricks with a musket, that few or none of them
could remember or distinguish its real use. But they bilked their
landlords, cursed, swore, and bullied, wherever they went, and in
many houses where such fellows were kept, nobody durst say his
life was his own for them.
It may be hard enough to tell how any matter of a family came to
keep such people about him; but the most amazing thing of all is,
how John Bull, so kind a father, and so good a master, should ever
think of entertaining so many of them, and trust more to their
affection, than to that of his own children.
It is true, that John’s heart has always misgiven him in this project;
he generally keeps a dozen or so, but nobody could ever prevail on
him, or Mrs. Bull, to tell how long they were to keep them; and every
Saturday night when he pays off his workmen, he always says,
Gentlemen, whereas it goes against my conscience, to keep some
damned rascals perpetually about my house, you are to remain only
for next week, and no longer; but still he keeps them on in this
manner from one week to another, for which he has many salvo’s. In
the first place, says John, I don’t take any body but my own tenants
sons, or now and then an idle fellow from my own farm, and I have
always some of my own boys who keep them company; so that they
always behave very respectfully to me, and have often taken my
part, when such fellows as Nicholas Frog keeps would have cut my
throat. Secondly, says John, I only keep them as long as Squire
Geoffrey and his abettors are like to be troublesome, which I hope
will not be long. But many of John’s enemies said, that there was a
better reason than all these put together, viz. that he was afraid to
fire a gun himself, and was frightened out of his senses when he had
not some of his bullies by him.
Whether this was the cause, or the effect of his keeping those
fellows, it must be owned that John Bull, who used to be a bold
hearty fellow, always master in his own house, and afraid of nothing,
began to sneak about the doors, and would start at his own shadow;
and when there was any noise in the orchard, or poultry-yard, he
would scour up to the garret, and leave the game-keepers and the
thieves to do what they pleased with his effects, shutting his eyes,
and stopping his ears, that he might not see or hear any shooting of
guns, of which in truth he was become marvelously afraid. Lewis
Baboon had no more ado, but to give out that he was going to pay a
civil visit to John, in order to put the whole house in a pannic: and
this word pannic was grown so familiar with John, that he had it
always ready as an excuse for running away upon the slightest
occasion.

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23. SELF-EFFICACY is to BEHAVIOR as LOCUS OF CONTROL is to

24. LOCUS OF CONTROL is to ATTITUDE as SELF-EFFICACY is to

41. How is socioeconomic status related to health and life expectancy?

58. What are psychosomatic diseases?

59. How do chronic diseases differ from acute diseases?

63. HEART DISEASE is to CHRONIC DISEASE as ________________ is to ACUTE DISEASE.

68. What does a pedometer measure?

78. What does the acronym MET mean?

79. Moderate-intensity exercise has a MET of?

80. Vigorous-intensity exercise has a MET of?

82. Which of the following activities best illustrate a vigorous-intensity activity?

83. What approach to lifestyle change is recommended in the text?

91. During which stage of behavior change should a plan-of-action be developed?

95. Behaviors that are detrimental to health are called

96. The term "recidivism" refers to the tendency to

100. The acronym S.M.A.R.T refers to the

108. The number of components in the Wellness Model is 7.

127. The term "morbidity" refers to death rates.

128. The terms "morbidity" and "mortality" are synonymous.

137. The leading cause of death among Americans ages 25 to 34 is accidents.

140. Two examples of an acute disease are pneumonia and appendicitis.

148. Moderate-intensity physical activities start with a MET value of 3.0.

1. Willingness to develop good health habits Social ____

1. Denies the existence of a problem Action stage ____

Third highest risk

1. Third stage C. Contemplation D. Precontemplation

1. Sixth stage C. Preparation D. Contemplation E.

1. Victim may find meaning in his/her suffering E.

1. Riding a bike under 10 miles per hour A. Light Moderate

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24. (p. 7) LOCUS OF CONTROL is to ATTITUDE as SELF-EFFICACY is to

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