SHS

General Chemistry 2
Quarter 2: Week 5 - Module 5
Nonelectrolyte and Electrolyte
Solutions
STEM – General Chemistry 2
Grade 11/12 Quarter 3: Week 5 - Module 5: Nonelectrolyte and Electrolyte
Solutions
First Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Femy B. Nuesca, MT- II

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph.D

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, Ph.D, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed.D, EPS in Charge of Science

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II
 General Chemistry 2
Quarter 3: Week 5 - Module 5
NONELECTROLYTE AND
ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS
 TARGET

The properties of a solution depend on the relative amounts of the

components of a solution, the solute and the solvent. Solution properties like the
colligative properties are properties which depend on the amount or concentration
of the solute and are determined by the number of solute particles dissolved in a
fixed quantity of solvent. Note that colligative properties depend on the total
concentration of solute and is not depended unto the nature or identity of the
solute particles.
This module will give concrete evidence why adding salt into the boiling
water will increase its temperature and give justice why putting salts affect how
water freezes and effectively lowers the freezing/melting point of water, and why the
ice vendor adds salts to the ice where the containers of the ice cream are placed
and suddenly lowers its melting point. (Note: Melting point=Freezing point)
This module involves problem solving related with boiling point elevation and
freezing point depression. It also involves calculations of molar mass from the
colligative properties of boiling point elevation and freezing point
Thereby, after going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutions and
electrolyte solutions
2. Calculate the boiling point elevation and freezing point depression from the
concentration of a solute in a solution
3. Calculate the molar mass from the colligative property data.

Jumpstart

Knowledge Checkpoint!!!

Arrange the following according to increasing boiling point and freezing

point.

1m AlCl3, 1m CaCl2, 1m NaCl, 1m C6H12O6

Increasing Boiling Point

________________________________________________________________

Increasing Freezing Point

 DISCOVER

Electrolyte vs. Non-electrolyte

From the previous lesson, you were task to describe the effect of the
concentration on the colligative properties of solution. In this module, you are
expected to differentiate the colligative properties between the effects that an
electrolyte and that of a non-electrolyte solution.

In a better journey in solving problems related with colligative properties, let

as again define its meaning.

Colligative properties are properties of a solution that depend only on the

colligative effect of the concentration of solute particles present, that is into the
number of the solute .Colligative properties has a direct relationship to the number
of solute particles. The colligative properties are very useful for characterizing the
nature of a solute after it is dissolved in a solvent and for determining the molar
mass of a substance.

The concentration of a solute that does not have a vapor pressure of its
own. The solution has an effect on the colligative properties of solution, the effect
would depend on the ratio of the number of particles of solute in the solution and
not on the identity of the solute. However, it is necessary to consider whether the
solute is an electrolyte or non-electrolyte.

Ionic compounds like sodium chloride (NaCl), are strong electrolytes that
dissociate into ions . Dissociation means the addition of a solvent or of energy in
the form of heat causes molecules or crystals of the substance to break up into
ions (electrically charged particles. Thus, when a ionic compound is dissolved in a
solution results in a larger number of dissolved particles.

But other compounds like molecular compounds sucrose does not dissociate
into ions.

Let us take a look to the equation below.

NaCl(s) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

1 = Na ion and 1 = Cl ion (2 dissolved particles)

C12H22O12(s) → C12H22O12(aq)
1 dissolved particle
Ca + Cl2 → CaCl2
1 Ca and 2 Cl ions (3 dissolved particles)
( look at the arrow for the number of ions or particles )
 Sodium chloride (NaCl) dissociates into two particles and CaCl 2 dissociates
into 3 particles, while sucrose (C12H22O12) does not dissociate. Thus, equal
concentrations of each solution will result in twice as many dissolved particles as
in the case of Sodium chloride (NaCl) as compared to the sucrose (C12H22O12).

Refer to the following table showing the difference between an electrolyte and non-
electrolyte.

Table 1: Electrolytes vs. Non-electrolytes

Colligative Properties
Electrolytes Non-electrolytes
Colligative properties of electrolytes are Colligative properties of non-electrolytes
the physical properties of electrolytic are the physical properties of non-
solutions that depend on the amount of electrolytic solutions that depend on the
solutes regardless the nature of solutes amount of solutes regardless the nature
of solutes
Solutes
Electrolytes provide more solutes to the Non-electrolytes provide low solutes to
solution via dissociation; hence, the the solution since there is no
colligative properties are considerably dissociation; hence, the colligative
changed. properties are not considerably changed.
Effect on Colligative Properties
The effect of electrolytes on colligative The effect of non-electrolytes on
properties is very high compared to non- colligative properties is very low
electrolytes. compared to electrolytes.

Boiling Point Elevation

What are non-volatile solutes again? Yes, you are correct! These are solutes
that does not have a vapor pressure on its own.

The addition of non-volatile solute like NaCl lowers the vapor pressure of the
solution. Thus, increases the boiling point. The boiling point is defined as the
temperature at which the saturated vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the
surrounding atmospheric pressure. As far as boiling water is concerned, the vapor
pressure is directly related to boiling point. By definition, water boils at the
temperature where the atmospheric pressure equals the vapor pressure.

Furthermore, when the only volatile component of a solution is the solvent,

then the vapor pressure of the solution is less than the vapor pressure that the
solvent has at any given temperature. At the temperature at which the pure solvent
normally boils, the vapor pressure of the solution is still not equal to the
atmospheric pressure. So to make the vapor pressure of the solution come up to
atmospheric pressure, we have to increase the temperature of the solution further.
The presence of a non-volatile solute thus elevates the boiling point of the solution.

The most common application of this property of solutions occurs in the use
of permanent-type anti-freezers. These protect the liquid in a vehicle’s cooling
system not just from freezing but also from boiling over. These products are based
on either propylene glycol or ethylene glycol, which are high-boiling, nearly non-
volatile, water soluble liquids, as they elevate the boiling point as well as lower the
freezing point when dissolved in water.

For dilute solution, the elevation of the boiling point is directly proportional
to the molal concentration of the solute.

ΔB = KB m

ΔB = KB moles of solute
kg of solution

where,
ΔB= boiling point elevation (K)
KB = molal point boiling point elevation
constant
m = molality of solute

The molal boiling point elevation constant (K mol -1kg). KB has a specific value
depending on the identity of the solvent.

Sample Problem 1:

Calculate the boiling point of a solution containing 5g sucrose C12H22O11 (molar

mass = 342.3 g) dissolved in 180 g of water H 2O. The mass of solute (5g ) is given
which is dissolved in 180 g of solvent, water H2O. (0.512 – Kb of H2O)

Given: 5g - grams of sucrose (C12H22O11)

342.3 g – molar mass of sucrose (C12H22O11)
180g – grams of water (H2O)
0.512 – Kb of H2O

Step 1: Solve for the molality of the solution, the unit of which I mole
solute/kilogram solvent. Using the dimensional analysis, the first factor converts
mass to mole, then divide with the mass of solvent, and the last factor converts the
mass in grams to kilograms.

Molality (m) = mole solute

kg solvent

Molality (m) = 5 g C12H22O11 x 1 mole______ x 1____ x 1000 g

342.3 g C12H22O11 180 g H2O 1 kg
= 5 x 1 mole x 1 x 1000
342.3 x 180 x 1 kg
= 5000 mole
61614 kg
= 0.081 mole/kg
Step 2: Solve for boiling point elevation

ΔTb = Kb x m
= 0.512OC x 0.081 m
1m
= 0.041OC

Step 3: Solve for boiling point of the solution

Boiling point of solution = boiling point of solvent + ΔTb

100OC + 0.041OC = 100.041OC

ANSWER: 100.041OC

This elevates its boiling point temperature by 0.041 OC from

100OC to 100.041OC.

Sample Problem 2: What is the new boiling point of a solution prepared by

adding 85.0 g of Sodium acetate to 356 mL of water? The boiling point
constant for water is 0.52 °C/m.

Step 1: Determine the molality of the NaCl solution.

Molality of NaCl = 85.0 g / 58.443 g/mol

0.356 kg
= 4.0854 m
Step 2: Solve for boiling point elevation
Δt = Kb m

x = (0.52 °C kg mol¯1) (4.0854mol/kg)

x = 2.124°C

Step 3: Solve for boiling point of the solution

Boiling point of solution = boiling point of solvent + ΔTb

100OC + 2.2124OC = 102.2124OC

ANSWER: 102.2124OC

This elevates its boiling point temperature by 2.2124OC from 100OC to

102.2124OC.
Freezing Point Elevation

The addition of non-volatile solute into pure solvent lowers the vapor
pressure of the solvent resulting into lowering the freezing point of the solution s
compared with the pure solvent.

The freezing point depression is the difference in temperature between the

freezing point of a pure solvent and that of a solution, a pure solvent and with the
added non-volatile solute.

At a given temperature, if a substance is added to a solvent like water, the

solute-solvent interactions prevent the solvent from going into solid phase,
requiring the temperature to decrease further before the solution will solidify.

The magnitude of the freezing point depression is directly proportional to the

molality of the solution.

ΔTf = Kf m

where;
ΔTf = freezing point depression
m = molality of solute
Kf = molal freezing point depression constant
That is equal to the change in freezing point
for a one (1) molal solution of a non-volatile
molecular solute.

Sample Problem 1:
Determine the freezing point of a solution of 10.0g Urea, CO(NH2)2, in
2.50 x 102 g of water.

Given: 10.0 CO(NH2)2

2.50 x 102 g of water.

STEPS:

Step 1: Find for mol CO(NH2)2

g CO(NH2)2 → mol CO(NH2)2

1 mol CO(NH2)2 = 60.06 g CO(NH2)2

Construct the setup and calculate the final answer.

10 g CO(NH2)2 x 1 mol CO(NH2)2 = 0.167 mol CO(NH2)2

60.06 g CO(NH2)2
Step 2: Now calculate the molality of the solution by using its defining
equation.

m≡ mol solute = 0.167 mol CO(NH2)2 x 1000 g H2O = 0.067 m CO(NH2)2

kg solvent 25.0 x 102 g H2O 1 kg H2O

Step 3: Find the freezing point depression by substitution into the equation
ΔTf = Kf m. Kf for water is 1.86O C/m.

ΔTf = Kf m = 1.86O C x 0.067 m = 0.125O C

m
Step 4: The freezing point depression is 1.49O C. The normal freezing point
of water is 0O C. State the freezing point of the solution.

0O C – 0.125O C = -0.125O C

ANSWER: -0.125O C
This decreases by 0.125OC from 0OC to -0.125OC.

Sample Problem 2:
What is the freezing point depression when 62.5 g of toluene (C 7H8) is
dissolved in 477 g of Naphthalene? The freezing point constant for naphthalene is
7.00 °C/m.

Step 1: Find for mol C7H8

g C7H8→ mol C7H8

1 mol C7H8= 92.1402 g/mol C7H8

Construct the setup and calculate the final answer.

62.5 g C7H8 x 1 mol CO(NH2)2 = 0.678 mol C7H8

92.1402 g C7H8

Step 2: Now calculate the molality of the solution by using its defining
equation.

m≡ mol solute = 0.678 mol C7H8 = 1.421 m

kg solvent 0.477 kg C10H8

Step 3: Find the freezing point depression by substitution into the equation
ΔTf = Kf m. Kf for water is 1.86O C/m.

ΔTf = Kf m = 7.00O C x 1.421 m = 9.95O C

M
ANSWER: 9.95O C

9.95O C is the amount the freezing point is depressed.

How to Calculate the Molar Mass of a Solute from Freezing Point
Depression or Boiling Point Elevation Data

Step 1: Calculate molality from m= ΔTf/Kf or m = ΔTb/Kb. Express as mol

solute/kg solvent.
Step 2: Using molality as a conversion factor between moles of solute and
kilograms of solvent, find the number of moles of solute.
Step 3: Use the defining equation for molar mass, MM ≡ g/mol, to calculate
the molar mass of the solute.

Sample Problem 1: What is the molecular mass of an organic compound if

15.0 g of the compound is dissolved in 220.0 g of carbon tetrachloride
raising the boiling point of 84.36OC? Boiling point of carbon tetrachloride is
76.72OC, Kb for CCl4 = 5.02OC/m.

Given: 15.0 g - g of the compound

220.0 g CCl4 – mass of CCl4
84.36OC – raised boiling point of CCl4
76.72OC – normal boiling point of CCl4
5.02OC/m - Kb for CCl4

Step 1: Solve for ΔTb

BP solution = BP solvent + ΔTb
ΔTb = 84.36 – 76.72 = 7.64OC

Step 2: Solve for the molality of the solution

ΔTb = Kb x m
7.64OC = 5.02OC x m
1m
Molality = 7.64OC x 1m___ = 1.522 m or 1.522 mole solute/kg water
5.02OC

Step 3: Solve for the number of moles of the unknown from the molality
Molality ( m ) = no. of moles
Kg solvent
No. of moles = 1.522 mole/kg x 220g x 1kg__ = 0.3348 mole
1 1000g

Step 4: Solve for the molar mass ( MM )

Molar mass = mass solute = 15.00g___ = 44.80g/mol

No. of moles 0.3348 moles
ANSWER: 44.80g/mol

NOTE : Don’t get confused with molality ( m ) and Molar Mass ( MM)
Sample Problem 2: How many grams of Pyrazine (C4H4N2) would have to be
dissolved in 2 kg of carbon tetrachloride to lower the freezing point by 5.6
°C? The freezing point constant for carbon tetrachloride is 30.0°C/m.

Solution: Δt = Kf m
5.6 °C = (30.0 °C kg mol¯1) x___
2kg

5.6 °C = (15. °C mol¯1) (x)

x = 0.37 mol

mass in g= 0.37 x 80.0896 g/mol

= 29.633 g

ANSWERS: 29.633 g

EXPLORE

The following activities will determine whether you understand

the concepts discussed. Have fun!

Activity 1: Solve the following problems: Show your any

pertinent solutions.

1) What is the normal boiling point of a 3.45 mol solution of KBr that
has a density of 1.80 g/ml? (KB for H2O is 0.512OC kg/mole)

2) Eugenol is the active ingredient in the oil of cloves used to relieve

toothache. Calculate the boiling point of a solution in which 0.20
grams of eugenol, (C10H12, O2) is dissolved in 12.0 grams of benzene.
(Kb benzene= 2.53OC/m; Tb(solvent) = 80.100C)
 DEEPEN

Let us further deepen our understanding by solving the following

problems:
The answer for the first is given to you which serves as your guide.
Good luck !
No correct solution no credit !!!

Activity 2:
1) Calculate the boiling point of a solution containing 12g glucose
C6H12O6 dissolved in 200g of water H2O. (0.5120C – Kb of H2O)
Answer: 100.1710C

2) Calculate the normal freezing point of a 0.7439 mol aqueous solution

of C12H22O11 that has a density of 1.35 g/ml. (C12H22O11 is a non-
volatile non-dissociating solute.) The molal freezing point depression
constant of water is 1.86OC kg/mole.

3) When 0.279 g of a molecular compound, benzoic acid, was dissolved

in 43.0 g of benzene, the freezing point of the solution was lowered to
5.15 °C. What is the molecular weight of the benzoic acid? (Note: Kf for
benzene = 5.120C/m; Freezing point of benzene= 5.50C)
 GAUGE

CONGRATULATIONS! You are now ready to proceed to assess your

grasped concepts.

Direction: Solve what is asked in each given question. Enclose

your answers in a box
15 points per problem ( 3 pts given; 2 points unknown ; 10 points correct
solution)

1) When 2.25 grams of an unknown non-electrolyte dissolves in 12.0

grams of water, the solution freezes at −3.16 °C. What is the molecular
weight of the unknown compound? Kf for water = 1.86 °C/ m.

2) What is the boiling point elevation when 165 g of lactic acid (C6H10O5)
is dissolved in 668 g of cyclohexane (C6H12)? The boiling point
constant for cyclohexane is 2.79 °C/m.

3) What is the freezing point of a solution prepared by adding 150. g

trichothecin (C19H24O5) to 0.867 kg of benzene? The freezing point of
pure benzene is 5.5 °C. The freezing point constant for benzene is 5.12
°C/m.

4) A solution was prepared by dissolving some acetamide, CH2CONH2, in

65.0 g of pure water. The boiling point of the solution at 1 atm was
100.208 °C. How much acetamide, in grams, was dissolved to yield
the solution. (0.5120C – Kb of H2O)
Jumpstart:
Increasing Boiling Point
1m C6H12O6, 1m NaCl, 1m CaCl2, 1m AlCl3
Increasing Freezing Point
1m AlCl3, 1m CaCl2, 1m NaCl, 1m C6H12O6
Explore:
1) 102.540C
2) 80.3530C
Deepen:
1) 100.1710C
2) -1.27410C
3) 94.9 g/mol
Gauge:
1) 110.29 g/mol
2) 4.250C
3) 2.830C
4) 1.5312g
Key Answers
References:

A. Printed Materials

Ayson, Marissa F., De Borja, Rebecca S.(2016). General Chemistry 2

. Textbook. Araneta Ave. Quezon City, Philippines: Vibal
. Publishing House, Inc.

Moore, John W. (2019). K-12 General Chemistry 2. Manila,

Philippines: . Rex Bookstore, Inc.

B. Online and Electronic Source

Dissociation in Chemistry. (n.d) Retrieved January 07, 2021 from

. https://www.britannica.com/science/dissociation

Boiling Points for common Liquids and Gases. (n.d) Retrieved January
. 07, 2021 from www.engineeringtoolbox.com/boiling-points-
. fluids-gases-d_155.html
Difference Between Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point. (n.d) Retrieved
. January 07, 2021 from https://pediaa.com/difference-between-
. vapor-pressure-and-boiling-point/#:~:text=The%20boiling%20
. point%20is%20the%20temperature%20at%20which,whereas
. %20boiling%20point%20is%20a%20measurement%20of%20
. temperature.
Freezing Science: The Role of Salt in Making Ice Cream. (n.d) Retrieved
. January 07, 2021 from www.thekitchn.com/freezing-science-
. the-role-of-s-124357