Thermodynamics I

Lecture 3: The First Law Of Thermodynamics

 THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
• The first law of thermodynamics (the conservation of energy principle)
• The first law states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed during a
process; it can only change forms.
• The First Law
Energy Balance
Energy Change of a System, Esystem
Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout
ENERGY CONVERSION EFFICIENCIES
• Efficiency

• Efficiency of a water heater: The ratio of the energy delivered to the

house by hot water to the energy supplied to the water heater.
• Heating value of the fuel

• Lower heating value (LHV)

• Higher heating value (HHV)

• Generator

• Generator efficiency

• Thermal efficiency of a power plant

• The combustion of fuel
produces
• carbon dioxide, causes global warming
• nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons,
cause smog
• carbon monoxide, toxic
• sulfur dioxide, causes acid rain.
Efficiencies of Mechanical and Electrical Devices
• Pump efficiency
• Turbine efficiency
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
• Pollutants emitted during the
combustion of fossil fuels are
responsible for smog, acid
rain, and global warming.
Ozone and Smog
• Smog

• Hydrocarbons and
nitrogen oxides

• Ozone

• Carbon monoxide

• Particulate matter
Acid Rain
The Greenhouse Effect: Global
Warming
• Greenhouse effect

• Global warming

• Greenhouse gases
• Severe changes in weather patterns

• Improved energy efficiency, energy conservation, and using renewable energy

sources help minimize global warming.
Example - 1
Example - 2
Example - 3
Example - 4
Example - 5
Example - 6
Example-7
Example-8
Example-9
Example-10