iGDP2017 Technical Training -

Structural Analysis and Design Using Software

Harikrishnan Panikkaveettil

Atkins Bangalore
Harikrishnan.P@atkinsglobal.com

August 21, 2017

iGDP - Technical Training Series

This series aims at giving a brief exposure to various aspects of structural

design and enabling graduates to think and function as part of a
multi-disciplinary project team.

This series is only complementary to the university education and in no

way a substitute for sound understanding of basic concepts.

This session focuses on the Structural Analysis and Design using software,
best practices and pitfalls

Graduates will be given an assignment to develop a sample Analysis Model

at the end of this session.

Harikrishnan Panikkaveettil Analysis & design using software

About Speaker

Structural Engineer with Master’s Degree and about 5 years of experience.

M.Tech. (Structures - 2012 - IITK)

Joined Atkins as Graduate Engineer
IStructE Grad. Member since 2012
IStructE Grad. rep. (2015-17)
Awaiting CM Exam results
Key projects are
Essex Waste Treatment Facility
Harikrishnan Panikkaveettil Riyadh Metro - Since 2013 Nov
Structural Engineer,
Major Projects Business,
Atkins (Bangalore)

Harikrishnan Panikkaveettil Analysis & design using software

Outline

1 Introduction

2 Frame Analysis

3 Modelling Members

4 Connections

5 I/O Checks

6 Conclusions

Harikrishnan Panikkaveettil Analysis & design using software

 Introduction
Analysis and Design
Introduction
Steps in design

Frame Analysis

Modelling Members
The process of structural design involves three stages:
Connections
Synthesis (conceptualisation)
I/O Checks
Analysis
Conclusions
Design (selection and checking of member sizes)

Harikrishnan Panikkaveettil Analysis & design using software August 21, 2017
 Introduction
Role of software
Introduction
Steps in design

Frame Analysis

Modelling Members
Software contributes mainly in Analysis & Design only.
Connections

I/O Checks Caution: Software are:

Conclusions Junk in; junk out!
Acccurate analysis does not imply accurate answer!

Harikrishnan Panikkaveettil Analysis & design using software August 21, 2017
 Introduction
Optimisation
Introduction
Steps in design

Frame Analysis

Modelling Members

Connections

I/O Checks

Conclusions

6
Lightest =⇒ optimum
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Harikrishnan Panikkaveettil Analysis & design using software August 21, 2017
 Frame
Geometric non-linearity
Introduction

Frame Analysis
Geometric linearity
Material non-linearity
First-order Analysis: Geometric linearity
Analysis Types Assumption - Stiffness independent changes in geometry
Decomposition
Principle of superposition applicable
Modelling Members
Most common approach in Industry
Connections
Second-order analysis Geometric non-linearity
I/O Checks
Cables, sway frames etc.
Conclusions
P − ∆, P − δ etc.

Harikrishnan Panikkaveettil Analysis & design using software August 21, 2017
 Frame Analysis
Material non-linearity
Introduction

Frame Analysis Elastic Analysis

Geometric linearity Most widely used
Material non-linearity
Analysis Types Yielding, buckling etc. are ignored
Decomposition
Rigid-plastic material
Modelling Members
Zero deformation till Plastic resistance followed by plastic collapse
Connections
Model → PlasticHinges → CollapseLoad
I/O Checks
Elastic-plastic material
Conclusions
Elastic behaviour till plastic hinge, followed by plastic collapse
Gives insight into Collapse mechanism + deformation estimates
Model → PlasticHinges → CollapseLoad
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Harikrishnan Panikkaveettil Analysis & design using software August 21, 2017
 Frame Analysis
Analysis types
Introduction

Frame Analysis
Geometric linearity
Material non-linearity
Analysis Types
Decomposition

Modelling Members

Connections

I/O Checks

Conclusions

10

Harikrishnan Panikkaveettil Analysis & design using software August 21, 2017
 Frame Analysis
Decomposition to two-dimensional frames
Introduction

Frame Analysis
Geometric linearity
Material non-linearity
Analysis Types
Decomposition

Modelling Members

Connections

I/O Checks

Conclusions

11

Harikrishnan Panikkaveettil Analysis & design using software August 21, 2017
 Modelling Members
Standard Sections
Introduction

Frame Analysis

Modelling Members
Usually straight, uniform section elements
Standard Sections General - understand and watch for
Non-Standard Sections
Local axes & sign convention
Connections Units
Where is the load applied? CG? What happens to angles?
I/O Checks
Section orientation
Conclusions Releases
One or more straight elements
Cracked section properties for concrete

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Harikrishnan Panikkaveettil Analysis & design using software August 21, 2017
 Modelling Members
Non-Standard Sections1
Introduction

Frame Analysis Curved Elements

Modelling Members Model as series of straight elements
Standard Sections Usually 150 arc lengths are reasonable
Non-Standard Sections
Tapered Elements
Connections Model as short elements of different depth
I/O Checks Usually 2-5 pieces are enough
Conclusions Castellated and Cellular beams
Standard libraries may be available
Deflections are underestimated
Castellated beams - 25% more
Multiple long openings - 35%

13
1
Some software may offer better ways of capturing non-standard cases
Harikrishnan Panikkaveettil Analysis & design using software August 21, 2017
 Modelling Connections
Connection Rigidity
Introduction

Frame Analysis
Rigid, Semi-Rigid & Pinned
Modelling Members
Connection stiffness can be assessed
but not common
Connections
Connection Rigidity
Standard connections have been
Beam Connections classified
Brace Connections
Base Fixity

I/O Checks

Conclusions

Stiffness Limits
Source: EC3

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Harikrishnan Panikkaveettil Analysis & design using software August 21, 2017
 Modelling Connections
Beam Connections
Introduction

Frame Analysis

Modelling Members

Connections
Connection Rigidity
Beam Connections
Brace Connections
Base Fixity

I/O Checks

Conclusions

15

Harikrishnan Panikkaveettil Analysis & design using software August 21, 2017
 Modelling Connections
Brace Connections
Introduction

Frame Analysis

Modelling Members

Connections
Connection Rigidity
Beam Connections
Brace Connections
Base Fixity

I/O Checks

Conclusions

16

Harikrishnan Panikkaveettil Analysis & design using software August 21, 2017
 Modelling Connections
Base Fixity
Introduction

Frame Analysis

Modelling Members

Connections
Connection Rigidity Nominally Pinned Bases
Beam Connections
Brace Connections Nominally Rigid Bases
Base Fixity
Semi-fixed Bases
I/O Checks

Conclusions

17

Harikrishnan Panikkaveettil Analysis & design using software August 21, 2017
 Input - Output Checks
Watch Points
Introduction

Frame Analysis

Modelling Members

Connections Program Defaults - Are these appropriate?

I/O Checks Loading - View graphically
Watch Points Deflected Form
Conclusions Bending Moment Diagram
Reactions = applied loads

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Harikrishnan Panikkaveettil Analysis & design using software August 21, 2017
 Conclusions
Introduction

Frame Analysis

Modelling Members

Connections
Basic concepts about Modelling refreshed
I/O Checks How to simplify the model
Conclusions Capturing important aspects
Importance of checking input and output

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Harikrishnan Panikkaveettil Analysis & design using software August 21, 2017
Introduction

Frame Analysis

Modelling Members

Connections
Thank you.
I/O Checks

Conclusions

Any questions?

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Harikrishnan Panikkaveettil Analysis & design using software August 21, 2017