Lecture: 5 and 6

Assignment
 Lecture: 5

Problem: 3
Wave Equation and initial conditions

D’ Alembert’s Solution for the Wave Equation

The solution to the wave equation can be expressed as:

Where are the odd extensions of

Verification using fourier series:

For the initial velocity condition we consider the fourier sine series:

Series Expansion and trigonometric identity:

Verification using Fourier series

For the initial velocity condition g(x), we consider the fourier sine series:

Series Expansion and trigonometric identity:

The series expansion involving the sine and cosine functions can be used:

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Using the given relation:

Proof

Using the trigonometric identity in the context of the wave equation, we can show that:

For the second part of the problem, involving the series:

Using the given relation g(x) and expanding it using the fourier series completes the proof.

Conclusion:

We've shown that the result to the surge equation with the given original conditions can be
expressed in the specified form, and we've used the Fourier series to corroborate the
expressions involved. This concludes the result and evidence for the problem.

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Problem: 4

Damped wave equation

a) Separation of variables
Given the damped wave equation:

We use the separation of variables technique by assuming

Substituting this into the PDE, we get:

This can be separated into two equations:

b) Solving the Eigenvalue Problem for

For the spatial function

Where

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Boundary Conditions:

The general solution is:

Applying

Thus,

Aplying

For a non-tivial solution (

Thus;

So,

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Solving for U(t)

The time function U(t) satisfies:

This is a second order linear differential equation with constant coefficients. The characteristic
equation is :

The roots are:

Let

The general solution for

c) Initial Conditions
Given:

We match the initial condition for

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 For

So;

Using

Using

Thus:

So the solution is:

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MATLAB Code:

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 Lecture: 6
Problem: 1

a) Eigenvalue problem:

1. The general solution to the differential equation

Applying the boundary conditions:

Thus, the solution simplifies to:

At x=1:

Since

This implies:

Thus, the eigenvalues are:

And the eigenfunctions are:

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 2. Series representation of
Represent as a series in terms of eigenfunctions

Where

Put

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Problem: 2

a) Energy Method for positive Eigenvalues:

Consider the eigenvalue problem:

To show eigenvalues are positive using the energy method:

1. Multiply the differential equation by integrate from 0 to 1:

2. Integrate the left hand side by parts:

3. Using the boundary conditions

4. Since

5. Therefore:

Since

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b) MATLAB Code:

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c) First Eigenfunction:
The eigenfunctions corresponding to the eigenvalues are the solutions to the boundary
value problem.
The eigenvalues are;

d) Approximation

e) Heat problem solution

For the heat problem:

We use separation of variables

The general solution of

Given the boundary conditions and initial conditions, the solution can be written as:

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Problem: 3

a) Consider the following heat equation:

1. Separation of variables:
We use separation of variables,
The PDE becomes:

2. Solving for
The general solution for

Applying boundary conditions:

1.

Thus,
2.

For first few eigenvalues we approximate:

Eigenfunctions:

3. Solving for

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 The ODE for

4. Initial Condition
Given we expand this in terms of eigenfunctions:

First five terms of series solution:

Part b

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