lOMoARcPSD|43251209

Physics investigatory by sumit

Computer Science (K.V. Ranga Reddy Law College)

Scan to open on Studocu

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by CST Brand (cstbrand988@gmail.com)
 lOMoARcPSD|43251209

SESSION : 2022-2023

Topic:
Photoelectric Effect

SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY :
MRS RAKHI GANGWAL SUMIT KUMAR MEENA
(PGT Physics) (SCIENCE XII B)

Downloaded by CST Brand (cstbrand988@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|43251209

This is to certify that the project on “Photoelectric Effect”

Submitted by “Sumit Kumar Meena” of class 12th Science under the guidance of
Mrs. Rakhi Gangwal during the session 2022-23 in the partial fulfilment of the physics
Practical examination conducted by the CBSE.

__________________________________ __________________________________
SIGN OF EXTERNAL SIGN OF TEACHER
EXAMINAR

Downloaded by CST Brand (cstbrand988@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|43251209

Acknowledgement

I would like to thank my Physics teacher Mrs. Rakhi Gangwal for

her constant guidance, motivation, moral encouragement and
sympathetic attitude towards the success of this project. I also
want to thank the principal and the School for providing the
necessary materials. I would also like to extend my gratitude
towards the lab attendant, my parents and everyone who has
helped me in completing the project successfully.

Downloaded by CST Brand (cstbrand988@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|43251209

PHotoelectRIc eFFect

Photoelectric effect is the process of

emitting the electrons from the metal
surface when the
metal surface is exposed to an
electromagnetic radiation of
sufficiently high frequency. For
example, ultraviolet light is required
in the case of ejection of electrons
from an alkali metal

Downloaded by CST Brand (cstbrand988@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|43251209

Schematic Diagram of
Photoelectric
Effect Set Up

Downloaded by CST Brand (cstbrand988@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|43251209

APPARAtus descRIPtIon
• An evacuated tube has two
electrodes connected to an
external circuit.
• The metal plate whose surface is
to be irradiated acts as the anode.
• Some of the photoelectrons that
emerge from the radiated surface
have sufficient energy to reach the
cathode despite its negative
polarity and they constitute the
current.
• As the retarding potential is
increased fewer and fewer
electrons are able to reach the
cathode and the current drops.
When V exceeds a certain value V0
no further electrons are able to
strike the cathode and the current
drops to zero.

Downloaded by CST Brand (cstbrand988@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|43251209

lAws oF PHotoelectRIc emIssIon

• There is no time lag between

the irradiation of the surface
and the ejection of the
electrons.
• At a particular fixed frequency
of incident radiation the rate of
the emission of photo
electrons i.e. the photocurrent
increases with increase in the
intensity of the incident light.
• Photo electric effect does not
occur at frequency less than
threshold frequency.
• At the frequency above the
threshold frequency, the kinetic
energy of the ejected electrons
depends only on the frequency
of the exposed radiation and
not on its intensity.

Downloaded by CST Brand (cstbrand988@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|43251209

exPlAnAtIon oF PHotoelectRIc
eFFect
i. The photoelectric effect cannot be
explained on the basis of
electromagnetic theory.
ii. In 1905 Einstein proposed that the
photoelectric effect could be
understood through the idea
proposed by the German
theoretical physicist Max Planck in
2000.
iii. Planck was seeking to explain the
characteristics of the radiation
emitted by hot bodies.
iv. Plank assumed that while the
radiation is emitted continuously as
little bursts of energy called quanta
but propagated continuously in
space as electromagnetic waves.
v. Einstein proposed that light not only
was emitted as quanta at a time but
also propagated as individual
quanta, sufficiently small to be
absorbed by the electron.

Downloaded by CST Brand (cstbrand988@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|43251209

VII. Planck found that the quantity

associated with a particular
frequency ν of light all had the
same energy and that this
energy was proportional to ν that
is
E=hν
VII. Photoelectric effect can be
explained by the following
equation
E(=hν) = hν0 + Tmax
Here E is the total energy of the
Photon incident on the metallic
surface,
 ν is the frequency of
the incident radiation,
 ν0 is the threshold frequency
of the metal and
 Tmax is the maximum kinetic
m \
Energy with which the electron
moves after ejection from the
surface

Downloaded by CST Brand (cstbrand988@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|43251209

In wave mechanics the intensity of radiation

is defined as the total continuous energy
falling normal to a surface per second per unit
area. In quantum mechanics intensity should
be considered to be related to the number of
photons falling per second per unit area. In
this way, increase in intensity implies
increasing the number of photons leading to
increase in number of collisions with the
electrons and their subsequent ejection from
the surface. This then should increase the
photocurrent. Thus increase in intensity
should increase the photocurrent.

When frequency is increased the energy of

individual photons increases. The work
function is fixed. Hence, the any increase in
the energy of individual photons results in
increase in maximum kinetic energy of the
ejected electrons.

Downloaded by CST Brand (cstbrand988@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|43251209

Even when V is zero there

is some current. This is due
to some of the
electrons coming out have
sufficient energy to reach the
cathode all by themselves.
When V is increased the
electrons not having sufficient
KE are also pulled by the
cathode and hence Current
increases. For a given intensity
when all the ejected electrons
are pulled by the cathode
there are no more electrons
left to reach the cathode.
After this even if V is
increased the current does
not increase. This is the
saturation current. When V is
made negative and increased
the electrons are repelled.
However, some electrons
having sufficient energy are
still able to reach the cathode
and constitute the current.
The value of V when even the
most energetic electron is not
allowed to reach the cathode
is known as stopping
potential and the current
now becomes zero.

Downloaded by CST Brand (cstbrand988@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|43251209

If the frequency of
the incident
radiation is fixed
Tmax will not change.
Hence, the stopping
potential will remain
the same even if the intensity is increased
or decreased.
If the intensity of radiation is increased,
keeping the frequency fixed, the
number of photons per second will
increase leading to more collisions per
second and transfer of photon energy
to more electrons. Thus the number of
electrons coming out per second will
increase leading to increase in
photocurrent.

Downloaded by CST Brand (cstbrand988@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|43251209

tHe lIneAR equAtIon

The photoelectric
equation may be
written as follows
hν = hν0 + Tmax
hν = hν0 + eV
V= (h/e)ν –(h/e)ν0

Compare this to the standard

linear equation
y= mx + c
The intercept on the X-axiswill
give the threshold frequency. The
slope of the curve will give h/e.

eInsteIn equAtIon
E = hν …(1)
K.E. = hν – Φ … (2)
hν0 – Φ = 0 or hν0 = Φ ….(3)

eV0 = h(ν – ν0) ……(4)

Downloaded by CST Brand (cstbrand988@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|43251209

Uses and Effects

1. PHOTOMULTIPLIERS:

…..

2 . IMAGE SENSOR

3. GOLD-LEAF ELECTROSCOPE:

Downloaded by CST Brand (cstbrand988@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|43251209

4. PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY:
The photoelectric effect is self-
limiting, because a higher charged
object doesn't give up its electrons as
easily as a lower charged object
does.
5. MOON DUST:

6. NIGHT VISION DE

Downloaded by CST Brand (cstbrand988@gmail.com)