C I V I L I S AT I O N

C O N GO L AN D
A S T O RY OF

I N T E RN A T I O N A L W RO N G -D O I N G .

3 , BY

H . B O URNE,
A UT H O R OF
‘
A MEM OI R OF S I R PH I L I P ’
S I D N EY ,
‘
THE LI FE
J O H N LO C KE, T H E OT H ER S I D E OF
’ ‘
OF TH E

EM I N PA S H A E! PED I T IO N , & c ,& c

’
. .

WI T H A PR EF A T O RY N OT E BY

THE RI GHT HON S I R . C H ARLES W . DILK E,B ART MP

. .

a utu mn

P 5 K I NG S O N,
“

. .

O RC H ARD HO US E, WES T M I NS T ER .
 PREFATORY NOTE .

H E Congo S tat e ,mi snamed ”

T F r ee i n me mor y
“

of
i ts p romi s e , a cce p te d by Eu rop e ,as t o t he
elevat i on of t he n a tiv e an d t he e n c o u rag e m en t o f
th e fo r e ig n e r, t h o u g h fo u n d e d in t he na me of

Al mig h t y G od for i n te rnat i onal p u rp os e s , has b e e n

an d i s t he h o m e o f a
pp all i ng mi s gove rnm e n t a n d
O
ppr es s i on Man y o f us who w e re c on c e rne d i n
.

a rran i n wi t h P r t u a l — ou t he b as i s o f fre e d o m
g g o
g
o f gat i on ,t rad e , an d m iss i on a ry e nt e rpris e ,an d
n avi

m eas u res d i re c t e d aga ins t s l av e ry —a t reat y t he

ex e c u t i o n of w h i ch we s h o ul d h ave b e en a ll ow e d
to wa t ch , can n ow u n it e wi t h t h os e w ho , w h en
t he t r ea t y was ul t i m at e l y s ign e d i n F e b r u ar y ,1 8 8 4 ,
den o u n c e d i t on t he g ro u n d tha t P o r t u ga l , even
u n d e r t he s t ri c t es t g u ara n te es , c o ul d n ev e r b e as
s a t i s fa t o
c ry an o cc upan t of t he L o w e r C o ng o as

w o ul d be t he so - a c ll e d I n t e rnat i on al C omm i t t ee
w h i ch b e c a m e t he Con g o S tat e . T he Ab o ri g i n es Pro
t ec t i o n S o c i et y an d t he m e r ch an ts of L i v e rp ool an d
Man ch es t e r a re n ow a bl e to join t oget h e r in a fi nal
c on de m n at i on of the C o ng o les e a u t h o ri t i e s . I t wi l l
n o t n ow be den i ed o u ts i d e of B e l gi u m t h at Eu rop e
s et up i n t he vas t C o ng o d i s t r i c t a S ta te fa r w o rs e
t h an t h e Port u g ue s e , e ven as t he P o r t u g u ese t he n
w e r e,w i t h ou t ll o wa n c e for the im p rove men ts w h i c h
a

w o ul d h ave bee n i n t r o d uced un de r t he t re a ty .

T he fi e n d i s h cr ue l t y t o war d s t he nat ive s w h i ch

VI CIV ILISATI O N IN CONGOLAND .

has at t i m es b een ex e rci s e d by so me of t h os e

e mploy ed by t he C ongo S t at e i s no t n ow de n i ed
even by t he admi n i s t ra t o rs o f t he S ta t e i ts el f, an d
has b ee n fi c iall y rec ogn is e d by o ur own G ove rn
of

m en t . I t i s , h oweve r, d e cl a re d t h at t h i ngs a re
bet t e r n ow but o f t h is t h e r e i s l i tt le o r n o evi de n c e .

Mu ch o f t he s tor y as t o l d by Mr Fox B ou rn e i s ,
.

o f c o u rs e ,n o t new t o t h o s e w h o h av e fo ll o w e d t he

C o ng o l es e l i te ra t u r e o f B el g i u m ,b u t t he facts ca n n o t
b e i n the m i n d s of th e Eu rop ean p u bl i c g en e rally,
o r t he e x i s t i ng t o le ra t i on o f d e fi ance o f p ro m i s es

ma de t o Europ e cou l d n o t c on t i n u e .

I t i s n o t on l y by the s tan d a rd of t he Ab origi n es

P rot e c t i on S o c i e t y or of t he m e r c h ants t h at t he
C ongo S t at e m u s t be j ud g e d i n o rd e r t o be co n
de m med . I f t he r e are an y w ho are t e mpt e d t o t h i nk
t ha t u p on o ur p ri nci p le s Afr i c a w o ul d n eve r h av e

b e en d evel op ed ,i t m ay be a ns w e r e d t h at t he Afri can

ex plo r e rs of our own n at i on a n d o f t he F ren c h are
o e n -m o u t he d i n t h e i r c o n d e m nat i on of C o n o l es e
p g
m et h o d s . O ne o f t he g reat es t di ffi cul t i es o f o ur
s el ve s an d o f t he F re n ch i n A fri ca has b ee n t he
e x t e ns i on,o u t si de of C ong o b o u n d ari e s,o f t he e ffe c t
pro d uced by the c r u e l t i es and c ons e q ue n t i n s u rre c
t i o n s w h i ch h ave p r e va i l e d w i t h i n t he C on o va lle y
g .

O ur r esp on s i b i l i ty i s s u c h t h a t i f, kn owi n g w h at
w e d o ,we fai l t o d e n o u n c e t he c ri m e ,w e b e com e

par ti c i pators i n i t .

C H ARL ES W D ru m. .
 THE AUTHOR S E! PLANATI ON ’
.

A L T H O U G H t he Ab o ri i n e s P ro tec t io n S oci e t y ,
g
of wh i ch i t i s m y pri v i l ege t o b e s ec re t a r y , i s
n ot r esp on s ib le for t he s t ate m en t s m ade an d t he
vi e ws e x res s e d i n t h i s vo l u m e ,t he a im o f t he b ook
p
i s t o d i re c t at t en t i on t o s can d als and offe n c es agai ns t
w h i ch t he S o c i e t y has l o n been ro t e s t i n ,an d t he
g p g
re m oval o f w h i ch i t earn es t l y des i res .

I n co mm on w i t h m o st o f t h os e i n t e re s t ed i n
Afri c an a ffai rs ,t he S o c ie t y w elc om e d t he d ecis i on s o f
t he I n te r na t i o na l C on fe re n ce t h at m et i n B e r l i n i n

1 8 8 4 ,an d i t s re c o n i t i o n o f t he l at e ly fo u n ded C on o
g g
Sta t e on t he e x p l i c i t pled ge t h a t t h at S t a t e ,t h ro ug h
o u t t he area ass i n e d t o i t , w o ul d con fo rm t o an d
g
ca rr y ou t t he p roposa l s o f t he Con fe r e n c e D u ri n g .

t he d e l i be ra t i o n s o f t he s u bs e q ue n t Co n fe r en ce hel d

i n B r u ss el s i n 1 8 8 9 —1 8 9 0 t he Soci e ty u s e d s u ch
i n fluen c e as i t co ul d e xe r t i n fo rwar d i ng t he avow e d

p ol i cy of Ki ng Le op o l d ,w ho w as at t h at t im e an

h ono rar y m e mb e r o f t he So c i e t y . I t i s ,t h e r e fo r e,all

t he m o r e i n c um b e n t on i t t o do w h at i t can t o war d s

co rrect i ng t he e rro r t hat has b een c o m m i t t ed .

I t w as no t t i ll 1 8 9 0 ,w he n S i r H M S tan ley . . an d

hi s ass oc i a t es i n t he Em i n P as h a Rel i e f Exp ed i t i on

d i s cl os ed t he t rea tm e n t t o w h i ch t hey an d o t he rs

had s u bj e c t e d C ong o i e
n a t v s, t h at the S o ci e t y had
 v11 1 CIVILISATIO N IN CONGOLAN D .

g n is an ce o f g rav e evils
co calli ng for r ed r es s i n t h is

par t o f Afr i ca ; an d ev e n t h e n,an d for l ong a ft e r

wa r d s ,i t decl i n e d t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e S ove r e i g n of t he

C ongo S t at e an d his a d vi s e rs i n B r uss el s we r e to

blam e fo r m o re t h an i gn o ran ce or apat hy as rega rds

occ u rren ces t h at i t w as t h e i r d u t y to p u t a s to
p to .

I t was on ly e r s ix y ea rs had been was t e d i n co m

a ft

m un i cat i on s wi t h t he B r u s se l s a ut h o ri t i es ,p r o d uc i n g
not h i n g b ut e vas i o n s a n d em
pt y r
a ss u a nc s ,t e ha t t he

S o c i e t y fel t i t n e ce ssa ry t o w i de n i ts ac t i o n .

I n Sep t e m b e r, 1 8 9 6 , i t ap pe aled to t he B ri t i s h
G ove rn men t i n favo u r of s teps b e i ng t a ke n t o s u pp l e

m en t t he B e rli n an d B r u s s el s Con fe re nc es , w h os e
r eq u i re men ts an d s t i p ul a t i on s had bee n di s r egard ed
an d d e fi ed , b y a n o t h e r Eu ropean Con fe re n c e, “ at
w h i c h m e as u res m ig h t be co n ce r t ed a l ik e b en e fi c i al
t o t he n a t i ve races i n Afri c a a n d t o the ci v i l i s ed
”
na t i o n s c l a i mi n
g a u t h o r i t y o v e r t h e m As i n rep ly
.

t o t h i s app e al t he M a rq u i s of S alis bu r y m e rely

p r o m i s e d t h at
“
i ts r ep r e s en ta t i ons s h o u l d be b o rn e
”
i n mi n d , a m u ch m o re d e t ai l e d s ta t e m e n t o f t he
ab us e s co m pl a i n e d o f,i n s o fa r as t he Con o G o v e r n
g
m e nt w as re s pon s i b le , w as s u bm i tt e d t h r e e m on t h s
l at e r, n o t o n l y t o L ord S a l i s bu r y , b ut als o t o t he
C ongo G ov e rn m e n t , and t he d o cu m e nt was e x te n
s i ve ly c i rc ula t e d an d c o m m e n t e d u pon i n Eng l is h
an d fo r e ign j o u rn a l s I t s d e m an d s w e r e s u r t e d
pp o
.

an d s t r e n g t he n e d,m o r e o ve r,i n a d e b at e i n i t i a t ed b
y
S i r C h arl es D i l k e i n the H ous e o f C o m m on s on
 THE AUT HOR S E! PLANATI O N ’
. ix

and April, 1 8 9 7 , and publ i c mee t i n g hel d on

at a

the fol l owi n g 7 th Apri l , un d e r t he ch ai rm ans h i p

o f Mr L e o na rd Co u r t n ey , w i t h Mr J o h n Morle y
. .

as w ell as Si r C h arles D i l ke a m o ng t he s
p e ak e r s .

S i n ce t he n t heS oci e t y has p e rs ev e r e d i n i ts as y e t

u ns ucce ss ful e ffo r t s t o s e c u re u s t i ce for t he n a t i ves Of
j
Congolan d .

I n t he ea r l y pa r t of 1 9 0 1 t he B el gi an P a rl ia me n t
had,os t ens i bl y ,t he pt i on o f t aki ng ove r the C o ngo
O

S ta t e ,h i t he rt o the p ri vat e pro pe r t y o f Ki ng L e op ol d,

an d o f co n v e rt i n g i t i n t o a co on a l i l p os s es s i on o f
B el g i u m . Ac cordi n gly t he S o c i e t y , w i t h t he c o
Op e ra t i on o f s om e m e m be rs o f t he L e g i s l at u r e i n
B russ el s,ma de d i re ct pp eal t o t h a t b o d y i n t e r ms
a

b rie fl y s et fo r t h i n t he fo ll owi ng pages , w he re

also w i ll be fo u n d a s u ffi c i e n t a cc o un t o f the wa y i n

w h i ch t he B el gi an P a rl i a m en t was co e rce d i n to
ab an d on i n g i ts rt u n i t y
O
ppo As t he Congo St at e.

’
re mai ns i n i t s foun d e r s h an d s ,an d i s no w admi n is
t ere d w i t h ,at an y ra t e ,no les s c r uel t y t h an he re t o
—
fore as , m o re ove r , t he pe rn i ci o u s m e t h o d s t h e re
e m p l oy ed are be i ng t o s om e ex t en t im i tat ed elsew he re ,
e s p ec ia ll y i n F re n ch C ongo lan d t h e re i s great e r —
n eed t h an ev e r for s u ch i n t e rve n t i on a s t he S o c i e ty

s ee ks t o b r i n g a b o u t T o t h is e n d a fre s h an d
.

l e ngt h y s t at e m e nt as t o t he t re at m e n t o f n a t i ves i n
t he C o ng o w a s s u bm i t t e d t o t he B r i ti s h G ove rn m e n t

o n 2 7 t h Ma r ch ,1 9 0 2 ,an d a n i n fl ue n t i a l m ee t i ng i n

fu r t he rance o f i ts o bj ec t w as , by p e rmi ss i on o f t he
 CI V ILISATI O N IN CONGOLAND .

L o rd Mayor , held at t he Mans i on H o us e on

1 st h Ma I t i w i t h t h s am e u r os e t h at t he
y . s e p p
p res e nt vo l um e i s i ssu e d .

I n p u tt i ng t og e t he r an a cc o un t o f t he e ve n t s o f t he
as t u a r t e r o f a ce n t u ry o r s o i n C on g o la n d I h a v e
p q
u o t ed v e r y fr eel fr o m m y a u t h o r i t i e s , a t t he r i s k
q y
o f s om e c l ums i n ess i n c o n s t r u ct i on an d s o m e r e p e t i

t i on or a ppa re n t r e d u n d ancy i n t he s t a t e m en t o f

facts . As th e so el de s ign of t he b ook i s t o pl a ce i n

c lea r and t ru t hf u l l ig h t t he i n i t ia l an d fun dam e n ta l
fau l ts i n the r ule i n C ongo lan d, as w el l
m e t hods of

a s t he m on s t ro u s ab us e s w h i c h are t he n a t u ra l an d

i n evi t ab l e o utcom e o f t h os e fau l ts ,I h av e p re fe rred ,

w he rev e r t h e y co u l d add w e i g h t t o m y s ta t e m e n t,
to ci t e t he act u a l w o r d s o f offi ci al d ocum e n t s , l i k e

t he r ep o r ts O f t he B e r l i n a n d B russ el s Con fe r e nc es

B ulle t i n of the C ongo Sta t e ; of o uts i de

’
an d t he .

an d fri en d ly e xp on e n ts an d cr i t i cs , lik e P ro fes s o r

Cat t i e r ; of the C ongo S tat e s

’
ow n a
pp r o ve d a e n t s ,
g
like S i r H . M S t an ley , Maj o r
. von Wi ss man n,and
B aron D h an is ; an d of e ye-wi t n e ss es w h os e ve raci t y
ca n s ca rc el y be i mpug n e d ,l ik e t he l at e M r G l av e , .

Mr Sj d blom ,an d Mr Mo rri son I t w i ll be no t i ced

'

. . .

t h at s ca rc ely an y us e has been m a de Of t he a d ve rs e

t es t i m on y o f d i s ch arg ed s e rva n ts , w h om t he C on o
g
G ove rn m en t r egar d s as d i s c red i ted b et ray e rs o f t he
s e cre c y i m os e d u pon t he m I t w i l l be n o t i c e d
p .

al s o t h a t , a ppalli ng as are t he re velat i ons of

a t roci t i es w h i c h are n o l onge r deni ed , bu t w h ic h
 THE AUTHO R S E ! PLANATI O N
’
. III

are m ad e li g h t of on the ple a t h at t he y are ex cep

ti onal o ccu rr e n ce s ,con d e m n e d an d as far as

p oss i b le
obvi a te d b y t he a u t h or i t i es ,grea t e r i mpor tan c e has
b ee n at ta ched t o t he i n he ren t d e fe c t s o f t he m a c h i ne ry
of
g ov e rnm e n t t h an t o e vi d e n ce as to d e fe c t s i n i ts
w ork i n g . G ood l aw s m ay be b roke n,and no s
ys te m
is so p e rfe c t t hat it c an n o t be ab u s ed . B u t if t he
laws th e m s elve s a re b ad, an d t he s
ys t e m i ts el f i s
vi c i ous ,t he y a re i n e x cusable an d i n t o le ra ble .

H . R . F ox B O URNE .

Broa dway Cha mb e rs ,Wes t m i n s te r ,

2 2 n d D e ce mb e r ,1 9 02 .
 C O N T EN T S .

C H APT E R 1 .

P R EL I M I NA RY .

PAGE

Th e Li mi ts of C on g ol an d—T h e Earl i es t C o n g oles e- H ami ti c

an d S emi t i c I n tru s i on s —Th e B ak on g o — Th e B a l un da,

B al olo ,an d B alub a— Th e Ad v en t of th e Por tugue s e—F ren ch

an d o th er Ri v a l ri e s— T h e S la v e T ra d e—Por tug ues e S la v e
T ra d i n g — Ar ab S la v e T ra di n g — Th e Ri v er C on g o —M r
-

S tan l ey s Exp lo ra ti on s — T i pu T i p u s S lav e Rai di n g — M r

.

’ ' - ’ -
.

S tan ley o n th e Con g o Euro p ean s i n t h e Lo wer C on go

Eur op ean s an d N at i v es in 1 8 77 —Portug uese Prop o sals for
w “

Reform

C H AP T E R II .

KI N G L E O P O L D ’ S P ROJ ECT [ 1 8 7 6-I SS4! .

Th e C o nferen ce at B e rli n i n 1 8 7 6 — Th e I n ter na t i o n al Afri can

As s oc iat ion I t s I n t en t i on s an d Propo sa l s I t s Ea rly
O p erat i on s —Th e
,

Co m i té d ’ Etud es d u H aut -C on g o Mr —
— —
.

S tan ley’ s U n dert ak n g

i M r S tan ley s Ac h ie em en t s D e
’
. v
B razza ’
s Ri v al ry T h e Plan ti n g of L eopol d i lle v Th e
De v elop m ent of Ki n g L eop old ’ s Plan s — Mr S tan ley’ s
—
.

S econ d Co n go Exp edi ti on S tan ley F alls a n d th e Arab

S la e-Rai der s — M r S t an l ey ’ s F i n al Arran g em en t s — H i s

v
—
.

I n d i sp utab le T rea t ie s F ren ch an d Po rtugues e C o m p e

t i t i on —T h e Ang lo - Portugues e T reaty of 1 8 8 4 —U n i ted
S tates I n terven tio n

C H A P T ER I I I .

T H E B E RL I N C O N F EREN C E [ 1 8 8 4
Fran ce an d the Co ng o Assoc iation German Opp o si ti on to—
—
Port uguese Prop o sa l s German y an d th e C on g o As s oc i ation
— Th e B erli n C on feren ce —
T h e B erli n Gen era l Ac t I ts —
F ree T rade Pro i s i on s—I t s Proh ib i t i on s of Mon op ol i es
v
I ts Pr escri p t o
i n s a s N —
regards ati es Prince B i s m ar s
c k v
’

Conclus ion s—T h e Es tab li sh m en t of th e C ong o S tate I ts —

Con v en tions wi th Europ ean Powers—I t s Arrangem en ts wi th
B elgium 00 .
 x1 v CIV ILISATI O N IN CONGOLAND .

C H AP T E R IV .

THE C O N GO S TAT E’ S C O MMENC EM EN T [ 1 88 5 PA G E

T he Mach i n ery of Go v ern men t—D esp otis m an d i t s D a n g ers
Exten s i on of th e S t a t e s
’ —
Auth ori ty Lan dh old i n g un d er th e
—
S tate En croach m en t s on Na ti v es ’ Lan d Ri g h ts En c roa ch —
men ts o n N ati v es ’ L ib er tie s N ew F orm s of S la v ery
Con trac t Lab our an d F orced L ab our Th e F or ce P u bl zg ue— '

C HAP T ER V .

EA RL Y E! PL OR AT I O NS AN D EN T E RP R I SES [ 1885
M i ss ionary an d r
Exp lorers
oth e Wi ssman n in the Kas ai
D i s tri c t—C on ques t of th e B al ub a Co un tr y Wi s s m an n ’s —
—
Exp ed i ti on to N y ang we T h e S tanl ey F al l s D i sas ter—The
Emi n Pash a Rel i ef Expedi tio n—M r S tan l ey an d T ip u-T ip u
— —
.

Mr S tan ley’s Rel i e v i ng F orce H is Mar ch to Leop ol d

— —
.

v i lle M i s rul e at L eopol d v i lle Mr S tan ley’s Voyage to

— —
.

Yamb uya T i pu-T ipu and hi s F ollowers T h e Cap ture Of

Yambuya —M r S t an ley’s Rear C olumn Excurs i on to —H i s
—
.

Lake Alb ert N yan z a Res ul ts of th e Em i n Rel i ef Exp e d i t i o n

- T i u-T i u at S t an ley F all s
p p Th e Man e m— Sla v e-Rai d ers

— y a

Mr S t an ley on th e Afr ican I v ory Trade Oth er Ea rly

.
—
Exp edi t i on s Commerc ial En terpr is es Ki n g Leop ol d’s
Wi ll of 1 8 8 9

C H A P T ER V I .

T H E B RU SSE LS C O N F E REN C E [ 1 8 8 9
C ardi n al La vigeri e’s Work —Th e B russel s C onferenc e I ts
—
Ant i -S la v e ry Prov i s i on s I ts S up pl emen ta ry D ecl arat i on
—
T h e Con g o S tate’s Emb arrass men t s Th e C on go -B elg ian
Conven tion of 1 8 9 0

C H AP T E R VI I .

C O MMERC I A L D E VE L O PMENT S [ 1 8 9 0
—
Prep ari ng for Exp loi ta ti on s Th e E a rl i er Trad i n g C om p an i es
— —
Th e Pro pos ed Ra i l way T h e Rai l way F or ce P ubl z ue
q
'

T h e C om p a gn i e du C o n g o- T h e Comp ag n i e du Katan a
— g
T he Ap prop ri at io n of Katang a T ro ub l es i n th e Arab Z o n e
—T h e C om mer ci al Revolu tion —Th e S tat e as Mon op ol i s t
T rad er —T he D oma i ne Pn wf —T h e S o c i é té Anvers o i se
'

The Abi r— Legali sation of the D oma i n: P r i z/é '

 C O NTENTS . ! V

C H AP T ER VI I I .

AN T I -S LA VE RY C RU S A D I N G [ 1 8 9 0 PAGE
T he C ong o S tate an d Arab s—T h e S o c i été An ti -Es clav a
th e

g i s —
t e Th e W el l e an d Ar u w i m i Exp ed i t i o ns —Extens ions i n
—
North ern C on g olan d Va n K e r ckho ven ’s U b ang i Expedi
i — B aron D han i s s Arab Z on e E xp e d i ti o n C on go L utete
’
—
—
t no

an d th e B atetela —D h an i s ’ s Ad v a n ce o n t h e Arab s The

Cap ture of N yan g we - Th e C ap ture of Kas o ngo T he —
—
Re-ens la v ement of th e M a n y em a Th e B etra yal of C ong o
—T h e D ownfal l Of Arab Power

C H A P TER I! .

I N T E R N ATI O NAL C O M PL ICAT I O NS

German Complai n ts —
F ren c h an d B ri t i s h C om pl ain ts The —
Anglo -C on g olese C on v en t i on of 1 8 9 4—Th e F ran co-C on go
—
les e C o n v en t i o n of 1 8 9 4 T h e C o n g o S ta te’s I n s ol v en cy
H elp from t he B elg ian Go v ern m en t—Arran g e men ts wi th
th e F ren ch

C H AP T ER ! .

AD M I N I S T R A T I VE A BU S ES [ 1 894
The Cong o S tate and i t s S e r a n t s v —Chefin e
r an d Pr es ta tzons
' ’

—T h e F or ce P u bl zgu e—Th e S ta te’ s C ulp ab i li ty for Con go

’

—
C ruelt i es C on s ul Pi c kers g i ll’ s T es t i m on y F orced Labo ur —
—S ta t e S la ery i n t h e Arab Z on e—An ti -S la ery S la e
v v v
— —
.

Rai di n g T he Kab a m b ar e S ch ool for S oldiers T h e N ew

S la v ery i n Op erat ion —C a p t ai n L oth aire an d h i s S old i ers
B elg ian S ucces s or s o f Arab s —H an g i n g s an d F Io gg ing s I n —
th e Aruwi m i D i s t ri c t—Reb el l i o n i n th e Eq uateur D i s tr i ct
Rui n i n th e M i d dl e C on g O E v ery wh ere th e S am e N ews
— T h e S tok es Affa i r—T h e N a t i v e s Pro tec t i on C om mi ss i on
— O th er Refo rm Prop o sa ls —E vi d en ce a s t o Ab uses M r —
—
.

Murp hy’ s T es ti m on y M r Sj Ob lom’ s T es ti m on y

. Th e
Gov ern or-Gen eral’ s Ac t i on —T he V alue Of th e N ati v es Pro
t ect i on C ommi ss io n —
Eng l i s h Prot est s an d Offici al Con tra
i —
d cti ons M r Sj . O b Io m ’
s J u s ti fica t i o n

C H AP TE R ! I .

RAI D s R EB ELL I O N S [ 1 8 9 5
AN D

Th e Dhan i s an d Cha lt i n Exp e d i t i on —T h e Well e Campai g n

T h e N i a m -N i am M ut i n y—C a p ta i n C h a l t i n s Op erat ion s
’

- T h e B a t et ela M ut i n — I t s O rig i n
The Lado O i
—
y
—
cc up a t on

It D v l o m en t I t s S equel s— Th e C o n s equent
s e e
p
"
xVI CIV ILISATI O N IN CONGOLAND .

C H AP T E R ! I I .

MO N O P O LI S T
P ERSECU T I O NS [ 1 8 9 7 PAGB

Commerci al D ev elopm en t s —N ew an d Rec on s t ru cted Com

i -T h e Lo wer C on o Ra il wa —I n c i de n t s of i t s Con
p an c s g y
s tructi on— Lo wer C on g o D esol at i on —
I t s C a u ses an d th ei r
Workin g —S tate B udg ets a n d C om pa n y Profits —Maj or
Loth ai re s N ew U n de rt ak i n g —M M oray s R ev el ati on s
Th e B udj a Ri s i ng —T ro ub l e s i n th e I n t e ri or —
’ ’
.

Cap ta i n
B ell s F ate—
’
Mr Grog an s Rep ort—T h e Kas ai Massacres
Th e General RevoIt—
’

Katang a Exp ed i ti on s —Th e Rab i nek

.

Afi
'

ai r

C H A P TE R ! II I .

B E LG I U M’ S I N H ER IT AN CE [ 1 9 0 1
—B Mi n i s
—K
Ki ng Leop old’s B arg ai n e l g i um s
’
Res p on s ib ili ty
—M ve
—
t er ial Prop osal s B eern aert’ s Al t e rn a ti
i n g Leo
—
.

p ol d ’
s U l t i m at um T h e C o n g o S t a t e
’
s New Lease The
—
I nt ernational I ssues T h e La te s t D e v elo p m en t s

C H A P T ER ! IV .

THE C O NGO S TAT E’S N E I GH B U RS O .

B r iti sh C ongolan d —G rm e an —
C o n g olan d Portuguese Congo
lan d —F r en ch C on g ol an d — T h e Co n c es s i on n ai re S ys tem

C HAPTER ! V .

T H E O U TL OO K .

The N ati ve ! ues t i o n —Th e F ree T ra de ! ue s t i on —T h e N eces

s i ty for I nternati onal Ac t i on

I ND Ex

MAP OF CON GOLAN D a t en d qf the vol u me .

 C H APTE R I .

P REL I M I NARY .

WHI T E m en s ’
cqu ai n t an c e wi t h C o n g ol an d was s m a ll
a

u n t i l a fe w y ea rs b e fo re 1 8 8 5, wh e n i t s c i v i l i s at i o n w as
so l e m n ly r es o lve d on by r e pr es en t at i v es o f t h e E uro p ean

n a t i o n s ass e mbl e d i n c on fe r en c e at B e rl i n B ut t h e .

a cqu a i n t a n c e b egan fo ur c en t ur i e s ea rl i er , an d D i o g o
C a m , t he Po r t u g u es e v oyag e r wh o i n 1 4 8 2 d i s c o ve r ed
t he m o ut h o f t h e r i v e r fro m wh i ch t he r e g i o n t a k es i t s
n a m e , fo u n d i t o ccup i e d by a p e o pl e wh o h a d a cq u i re d
,
s uch a s i t was , a c i vi l i s a t i o n o f t h e i r o w n t h e o u t c o m e o f
,
m o v e m en t s an d d eve l o pm en t s t hr o ug h m an y e arl i e r c en
t u r i es .

C on go la n d ,or t he C on ven t i o n a l B as i n o f t h e C ong o,as

d e fi ned by t he B erl i n I n t e rn a t i on al
Th e Li m i t s o f
C on fe re n c e , c o mpri s es t he vas t a re a
Con g o l an d .

in Equ ato ri a l Afr i c a wh i ch i s

w at e red by t h e m i gh t y r i v er a n d i t s a fflu en t s, at l e as t
s qu a r e m i l es i n e x t en t , wi t h a fro n t age o f
a b o u t 4 00 m i l es o n t h e A t l an t i c s i d e, an d bro ad en i ng
o u t i n t o a r o u g h qu a dr an gl e , m o r e t h a n t hr i c e a s l o n g

a n d n e a rly t h r i c e as w i d e , w i t h i t s z i gz ag b a se i n t h e
lo w l ev e l fo rm ed by th e T an g an y i k a a n d a dj a c en t l a k es * .

Th e l a rg er p a r t o f t h i s r eg i o n mu s t o n c e h av e be e n c o ve r e d
wi t h fo res t s , m o re o r l es s d en s e ,t h e r e m ai n s o f wh i ch ar e
s t i ll d e n ses t i n i t s n o rt h -e a s t e r n qu a r t e r Th ere a l s o a re .

t o b e fo u n d t h e d es c e n d an t s o f, pr o b a bly , t h e e a rl i es t

Th e foll o wing i s t h e wo rdi n g Act ,accord i n g t o th e o fli ci al tran s la

of th e
ti on Thi s basi n i s b oun d ed b y th e w a t e r sh e d s (o r m oun ta i n ri dges ) of th e
j
a d a cen t basi ns , na m ely , i n par ti cul ar, th ose o f th e N ia r i , th e Ogowe , th e
S ha r i , an d th e Ni l e on th e n or th ; by t h e eas te n r wa te rsh ed li n e of

th e a ffl uen ts of L ak e T a n gan y ika on th e east ; an d by t h e wa t ers hed s of th e

b as i n s of t he Z a mb ez i an d th e L og e on th e s o uth . I t th erefore co m p r i ses

a ll watered by th e C ongo
t he r egi ons an d i ts a fll uen t s ,i ncludi ng L ak e T an
”
gan yi ka,wi th i ts eas tern tr i b u tar i es .
 2 CIVIL I SATI O N IN CONGOLAND .

i n h ab it an t s of Afr i c a, s ub s i s t i n g who lly o n s uch root s o r

fru i t s as t h ey can g at he r wi t h o u t cul t i v at i n g t h e 5 0 11 an d
on s uch an i m a l s as t h ey ca n c a t ch a n d k i ll .

Th e s o -c all ed Pygm i es o f t h e C o n g o fo r es t s ,r a re ly a b o v e
fo ur a n d a h a lf fee t i n h e i ght , an d
gg
Ear l i es
o s s i bly s t u nt ed by t h e h a rd s h i p s
zn gOl es e Pc o n s e qu en t o n e n croa chm en t s o r
s t ro n ger r ac es , s h o rt l egg ed a n d l o n g-a rm e d , w i t h p ro
-

t r a d i n g j aw s an d r e c e d i n g fo r e h ead s , h a i ry b o d i es a n d
yell o w i s h s k i n s , a re s upp o s ed t o h a ve re m o t e k i ns h i p
wi t h t he a l m o s t e x t i n c t c o mmu n i t i es o f s m a ll p eo pl e
o n c e pl e n t i ful i n Eur o p e a s w e ll a s i n A s i a ,an d t o h ave

h ad t h e i r o r i g i n i n S o u t he r n A s i a,t he s o urc e o f s o m an y
l at e r m i g r at i o n s t o Afr i c a .
“
Fro m s o m e s uch s t o ck
as t h i s , wh i ch i s t h e u n d e rlyi n g s t r at um o f a l l N egr o
r a c es , wr i t es S i r H a rry J o h n s t on , m ay h ave ar i s en , i n
” “

S o m a l i l an d p erh a p s , t h e an c es t o r s o f t h e B u s hm an -H o t
t en t o t g ro up ,wh i ch fo u n d i t s w ay d o w n t hr o ugh E as t e r n
Afri c a t o Afr i c a s o u t h o f t he Z a mb e z i ,i n t he w es t e rn p a r ts
o f wh i ch B u s hm e n an d H o t t en t ot s s t i ll l i n ge r . Th es e
d eve l o p e d t h e h i gh -ch ee k -b o n e d ,t all ,t h i n -l i pp e d N egro o f
t he Sud an ,an d t he blubb e r -l i pp e d , c o a r s e -fe a t ur ed ,bl a ck
s k i n ne d N egr o o f t h e W es t Afr i c an c o as t l an d s ,an d l at e r

t h e B an t u t yp e,wh i c h i s l i t t l e el s e t h an t he W es t Afr i c an
N egr o t i n g e d i n va ry i n g d e g ree s wi t h t he r es ul t s o f H a m i t i c
i n t e rm i x t ur e t h e H a m i t es b e i n g e i t h e r a h a lf way s t age i n
-

t h e e v o lu t i on o f a wh i t e m an fr o m t h e N egro or a n i h
vas i o n fr o m A s i a o f a C a uc as i a n p eo pl e wh i ch ag e s a o
g
m i x ed c o n s i d e r ably w i t h N eg r o es t i ll i t had a cqu i r e d v ery
m a rk e d n eg ro i d c h a r ac t e r i s t i c s “.

H a m i t i c m i gr at i on s fr o m A s i a , p erh ap s by way O f t he
M e d i te rr an ean , b eg an i n far d i s t an t
Ha m i t i c a n d S e m i t i c
t i m es
. Fr om th em r e s ul t ed t h e
l n t r us i o n s
.

E gyp t i a n ,E t h i o p i a n , B e rb e r ,Tu ar eg ,
an d o t h e r Afr i c an c o mmu n i t i e s o f e a rl i e r o r i g i n t h an
t h e i r S e m i t i c r i v a l s , t h e Ar a b s an d Ph oen i c i a n s
, wh o
T he Uganda Pro tectorate p p 4 7 3 ,4 74
» ~
4 CIVILISATI O N IN CONGOLAND .

i n t he sa v ag e M a mbu t u ,N i a m N i a m ,an d o t he rs b et we en
-

t he M i ddl e C o n go a n d i t s gre at t r i bu t a ry t h e Ub an g i ,an d

i n t he F an s ,wh o ar e s upp os e d t o h ave m i gr at e d i n c o m
t i v l r c t t i m fr m t h r g i f t h e Upp e r N i l e
p a r a e y e e n e s o e e o n o

t o t h e n o r t h e r n s i d e o f t h e O go we, wh e r e t he y pr o v e d
t h e m s e lv es s t ro n g e r t h an t h e Mp o n gwe a n d o t he r B a n t u
s e t t l e rs o f e a rl i e r d at e . O t h e r N e g ro e s ,a k i n t o t h o s e o f
t h e Upp e r N i l e v a ll e y , a re as s o c i a t e d , i n d et e r i o ra t e d
fo rm s , wi t h t he Py g m i es i n t h e C o n g o F o re s t O t h e rs .

a g a i n , w i t h m o r e o r l es s m i x t ur e o f B an t u bl oo d , h a v e

a cqu i r e d firm fo o t h o ld a n d e v i l r e pu t a t i o n as M an y e m a ,

o n t h e wes t e r n s ide o f L a k e T an g an y i k a, as B a ku mu ,
fur t he r n o r t h ,an d as B a t e t el a,fur t h e r we s t All o r m os t o f
.

t h es e N e g r o C o n g o l es e a r e c a n n i b a l s ,m o r e b a rb ar o u s t h a n
t h e B an t u s ,w ho a b o u n d e s p e c i a lly i n t h e c en t r a l ,s o u t h e r n ,
an d w es t e r n d i s t r i c t s o f Con go lan d , a n d m ak e up t h e
l a rge r p ar t o f i t s p o pul at i o n .

I n t he B ak o n go o r B afi o t gr o up ,o ccupy i n g t h e A t l an t i c

c oast l an d s on b ot h s i d es o f t he C o n g o
es t u a ry—p a r t s o f Fre n ch Ga b o o n a n d
T h e B ak o n g o .

o f Po r t ugu e s e K a b i n d a a n d A n g o l a , as w e ll a s t h e i n t e r

m e d i at e t e rr i t o ry no w h eld by t h e C on go Fr ee S t at e — w e
m ay s ee wh at i s pr o b a bly t h e s t r o n g es t s urv i v i n g e l e m en t
of a wi d e s pre ad e mp i r e wh i ch , b e fo r e i t was i n t e rfe red
w i t h by t h e Po r t u g u es e fo ur c e n t ur i es ago , m ay h av e
i n clud e d t h e Mp o n gwe o n t h e no r t h , a br an ch o f t h e
B a n g al a on t he s o u t h , a n d t he B a lu n d a , M a bu n d a , a n d
o t h e r gro up s m o re

Al t h o ugh c on s i d e r a bly i n flu e n c e d ,an d i n m an y r es p e c t s

i n jur ed ,by t h e i n t e rc o ur s e w i t h E ur o p e a n s wh i ch h as b een
As thi s v o l um em ak es n o a t t em p t at: e t hn ol ogi cal th oroughness ,I ha e v
v v
gen era ll y ,t o a oi d con fusi on ,fo l l o we d th e m os t u s ual spe ll i ng of na ti e na m es
v v
o f p l aces a nd peo pl e , gi i n g p re feren ce , wh e r e c on en i en t , t o a tt em ts a t
p
p h on et i c ac cura cy I t m ay b e e xp l ai n ed th a t B a ,M a ,an d Wa a re re fi x es
p
.

i m pl y i n g mul ti tud e T h e B ak o n g o,M an y em a ,M po n gwe ,a n d Wa n am wez i ,

y
.

fo r i nst an ce ,a r e th e p eo p l e of K ongo or C o n go ,o f Ny em a ,of Po n we ,a n d of

g
N y an wez i . M a n y o f th es e t rib al d esi gn a ti on s a re i n th e n ature of n i ck n am es
.

T hu s th e cann i b al p ro pensi ti es of the M an yem a ,as well as of th e Ni am -Ni am ,

i
are nd i c a ted b y t h e oo tr-wor d m a m
'

, h u m an fl. esh ”
 P RELIMINA RY .
5

far m o r e e x t en s i ve and l as t i n g i n t h ei r c as e t ha n i n t h at
o f o t h e r s , t h e B a k on g o h a v e s ub s t an t i ally r et a i n e d t h e i r

pr i m i t i v e i ns t i t u t i ons Th es e ag ree,i n es s en t i a l s ,w i t h t he
.

i n s t i t u t i ons o f t h e B an t u c o mmu n i t i es i n S o u t h Afr i c a,a n d

m ay b e r eg ard e d as i n d i c at i ve o f B an t u cul t ure i n g e n e r al
,
.

W i th b u t vagu e n o t i o n s as t o a Supr e m e Po w e r , t h e
B a k on g o are l e s s d egr ad ed t h an are t he N egr oes o f m o r e
no rt h e r n l at i t ud es by t h e fet i s h s up e r s t i t i o n s t h a t a t t r i bu t e

s up e r n at ur a l fu n c t i o n s t o t he s uppo s ed e mb o d i m en t s o r
m an i fes t a t i o n s o f d e i t y i n vi s i bl e o bj ec t s an d t h e o p p re s
s i o n o r m i s g u i d a n c e o f w i t ch -d o c t o rs i s pro p o r t i o n at e ly
l es s T he k i n g o r ch i e f,d e r i v i ng h e re d i t a ry r an k t hro u g h
.

h i s m ot h e r ,i s s upp o se d t o h o ld t h e c o u n t ry o v er wh i ch h i s
c on t ro l e x t en d s as t ru s t ee fo r t h e p eo pl e i n h a b i t i n g i t ,an d
s ub o rd i nat e t o hi m a r e t h e pri n c es o r s u b -ch i e fs o f e a ch

pro vi n c e or d i s t r i c t ,u n d e r who m ag a i n are t h e h e ad s o f

fa m i l i es o r v i ll ag es The re i s n o pr i v at e pro pe r ty i n l an d ,
.

b ut i n d i vi du a l cul t i v a t o r s o r c o ll e c t o r s o f i t s pr o duc e h a ve
a r i gh t t o t h e fru i t s O f t h e i r l a b o ur ,s ubj e c t t o t h e c o n t r i b u

t i on s cl a i m e d fro m t h e m t o w ard s t h e m a i n t e na n c e o f t he
i n t e re s t s o f t he c o m mu n i t y Al t h o ugh po lyg a my i s u s u a l ,
.

t he firs t w i fe h o ld s h i gh e r p o s i t i on t h an t h e o t h e rs , a n d
e ach m o t h e r i s t h e gu ard i an o f h e r o w n ch i ldre n an d o f

a n y pr o p e rt y t h a t t h e y m a
y i n he r i t A s r eg a rd s t h e
.

”
du t i e s o f m a rri e d p e r so n s , we are t o ld , t h e wo m an pl an t s ,
coo k s ,c a rr i es wo od ,an d dr aws wa t e r ; t he m an l oo k s a ft e r
the re l i g i o u s a n d fe t i s h r i gh t s o f t h e fa m i ly , wh i ch ar e
cl o se ly all i e d t o t he t re a t m e n t o f h i s S i ck r e l at i ves an d t h ei r
buri al ,fi n d s hi s wi fe i n dre s s ,fis h ,r es ul t s o f th e C h as e,pa lm
n u ts ,& c ,bu i ld s h e r h o u s e, an d cu t s t h e bu s h wh e r e s h e
.

m ay h a v e s e l e c t e d t o
T he B alu n d a an d ot h e r n a t i ons , Th e B a l u n d a,B a l o l o ,
a n d B a l ub a
bro k e n up i n t o n um e ro u s fr a g m e n t s , .

wh o ch i e fly o ccupy t h e s o u t h er n p o r t i o n o f t he C on g o B as i n

S ee an i n teres ti ng a ccoun t of La ws an d Cus t om s of th e F ort or B a

j vi l i
F amily ,Kin gd om L oang o, b y M r R E D ennett ,i n th e ou rn al of th e
’
of . . .
j
Afri can S oci ety ,No .
3 pp 59 7
, 2 -8
.
6 CIVILISATIO N IN CONGOLAND .

are r e port ed t o b e o f m ore s av ag e d i s p osi t i o n t h an t he

B ak on go ,a pp a ren t ly by r eas on o f t he fr e qu en t e n cr oa ch
m e n t s upo n t h e m d o wn t o c o mpa ra t i v e ly r e c e n t t i m es
o f m a r a ud i n g h o rd es fr o m t h e eas t . B u t v e ry fa vo ur a bl e
acc o u n t s are g i v en o f t h e B a l o l o o r M o n g o ,t h e pr i n c i p a l

o ccup a nt s of t h e h o r ses h oe fo rm e d by t h e M i ddl e

C on go ,an d o f s o m e o f t he B a lub a ,t o t h e s o u t h ,o n b o t h
s i d es o f t h e K as a i . T he B al o l o h av e a r i gh t t o t h ei r
n a m e , wh i c h m ean s m en o f i r o n . Al i k e a s fo rge r s o f
m e t al i mpl e m e n t s a n d as w a rr i o rs , t h ey s urpas s m os t o f
t h e o t h e r B a n t u c o mmu n i t i es an d t h e i r s ucc es s i n cl ea r i n g

an d cul t i v at i n g t he fo r es t l an d t o wh i ch t h ey m i gr at e d
fr o m t he n o r t h -e as t l o n g ag o ,an d i n o r g an i s i n g t he m s e lve s
as s m i t h s , c a rp en t e rs , w ea v e rs , an d cr a ft s m en i n ot her
way s ,as we ll as farm e rs ,i s all t h e m o r e r e m a rk abl e b e c a u s e
t h ey k ee p up t h ei r o ld t r i b a l i n s t i t u t i o ns w i t h o u t an y
a t t e mp t a t p o l i t i c a l c o h es i on
. Ak i n t o t h e m are t h e B a lub a,
wh o m M aj o r von W i s s m an n ,o n hi s firs t v i s i t t o t h e m i n
”
1 8 8 1 ,d es cr i b e d as a na t i on o f t h i n k er s , n o l es s i n du s t r i o u s
“

t h a n i n t ell i g en t , b u t i n 1 8 8 6 c on d e m ne d fo r t h e i r rud e
wo rkm an s h i p an d “
C h i ld i s h Mr L at ro b e
.

B at e m an s a i d o f t h e i r B a s h i l an ge br a n ch ,as t h e r es ul t o f
m o r e fr i en dly re s i d en c e a m o n g t h em , Th ey are t h o r o ughly
an d u ni mp ea ch a bly h ones t , brav e t o fo o lh a rd i n es s , an d
fai t hful t o e ach ot h e r an d t o t h e i r s up er i o r s , i n wh o m ,
e s p e c i a lly i f Eur o p e an s , t h ey pl a c e t h e m os t c o mpl e t e ,

a b s o lu t e ly u n qu es t i on i n g re l i an c e . Th ey are pr ej ud i c e d
i n fa v o ur o f fo r e i g n cu s t o m s r at h er t h an o t h e rw i s e , an d
s p o n t ane o u s ly c o py t h e u s a g e s o f c i v i l i s at i o n . Th e y a r e
w a rm h ea r te d an d a ffe c t i o n a te t o w a rd s t hei r fr i en d s , a n d
-

e s p e c i a lly t h e i r k i n s fo lk , an d are t h e o n ly A fr i c a n t r i b e

a m o n g s t wh o m , i n t h e i r pr i m i t i ve s t a t e , I h a v e o b s e rved

a n y t h i n g l i k e a b e c o m i n g c o n j ug a l a ffe c t i on an d r eg a rd .

T o s ay no t h i n g o f s uch re c o mm en d a t i on s a s t h ei r e m a n c i
p at i on fro m fet i s h i s m , t he i r an c i en t ab an d o n m en t o f
‘
T hrough Equatori al Afr i ca from the Co n o to th e
g Zamb ezi
’

1 2 1 ,1 2 2 .
pp .
 PRELIMINARY .
7

c ann i b al i s m , th e i r h ere t o fo re m o s t happy e xp er i en c e of

Euro pean s ,a n d t h e i r n a t i o n al u n i ty u n d e r t he s way o f a
re ally pr i n c e ly pr i n c e ( K a l a mb a) , I b el ie ve t h e m t o b e t he
m os t O pe n t o t he b es t i n flu e n c e s o f C iv i l i s a t i o n o f an y
Afr c i a n t r b e wh at s o e v e r
i .
“
I t w o uld s ee m t h at t he
B a lub a,s c a t t e r ed o ve r a l a r g e e x t e n t o f c o u n t ry ,w i t h much
m o re b arb a r o u s c o m mu n i t ie s adj a c en t t o t h e m o r i n t e r
‘

s p e r s e d a m o n g t h e m , a n d w i t h t o o much r e a d i n e s s t o

ad a p t t h e m se lv es t o t h e i r i mm e d i at e ne c es s i t i es an d
s urro u n d i n g s ,h a d i n s o m e p a r t s s uccumb e d t o t h e i n j ur i o u s

i n fl ue n c e s o f n at i ve i n t rud e r s , l i k e t h e B a kub a fr o m t he
no r t h an d t h e B alu n d a fr o m t h e s o u t h -ea s t , l o n g b e fo r e

a dd i t i o n a l m i s fo r t u n es c a m e t o t h e m t hro u g h t h e c o n t a c t

wi t h wh i t e m en wh i ch d ate s fro m t he l a t er y ea r s o f t he
fift ee nt h c en t ury , an d t he b ear i n gs o f wh i ch m ay n ow b e
-

bri e fly rev i ewe d .

El ev en ye ar s b e fo re t he m e m o r abl e voy ag e o f D i og o
C a m i n 1 4 8 2 ,Po r t ugu es e e x pl o r at i o n
Th e Ad ve n t of t h e
o f t h e W es t Afr i c an c o as t h a d r each ed
Port ug u es e .

t h e m o u t h o f t h e O go w e,t h e n o r t h e r n
b o u n d ary o f C o n go l an d B u t n o t h i n g m o r e was d one u n t i l
.

D i o go C am ,w i t h t he Ge rm an g eog r a ph e r M art i n o f B o he m i a
as h i s c o mp an i on ,fo ll o w e d t h e c o a s t fo r s o m e 2 0 0 m i l es

fu rt he r s ou t h, a n d e n t e re d t h e much l a rge r s t rea m , five

or s ix m i l es w i d e at i t s o u t l e t , wh i ch was k n own t o
t h e i n h ab i t a n t s as N z id i , t h e G r ea t Ri v er , an d t o
“

”
wh i ch he gave t h e n a m e o f Po n d er os o , th e M ig h t y “
.

H av i n g a s c en d ed i ts ch an n e l fo r so m e d i s t a n c e ,he c o n
t i n ued h i s i n ves t i g at i o ns as fa r s o u t h as , a t an y r a t e ,
B en gu e l a ,an d i n 1 48 5 h e r et ur n e d t o L i s b o n ,t a k i n g w i t h
hi m a fe w n at i v es t o s ub s t an t i at e h i s r e p o r t c o n c e r n i n g t he
k i n gd o m o f C o n go wh i ch h e had d i s c o v er ed .

F i v e ye a r s l at e r a l a rge r e xpe d i t i o n w as s en t o ut .

Acc o mp an ie d n o t on ly by t he b o rr o w ed n at i v es ,who i n
th e i n t e rv a l h a d b een c o n v e r t ed t o Chr i s t i a n i t y a n d i n
s t ruc t e d i n i ts d o c t r i n es ,b u t al so by a n umb e r o f wh i t e

The Fi rst As cen t of the Kassai p . 20 .

8 C I VILISATI O N IN CONGOLAND .

m i s s i on a r i e s ,D i o go Cam l an d ed i n M a rch ,1 49 1 , n e ar t he
s o ut h e r n t f t h e m i h t y r i v e r, n o w k n o w n as S an
g a e o g
A n t o n i o H e an d hi s fo ll o we rs w e r e w elc o m e d by t h e
.

C h i e f o f t h e d i s t r i c t , wh o e s c o r t e d t h e m t o N b an z a o r

A mb as i ,t h e c ap i t a l o f t he C o n g o k i n gd o m ,whe r e a n e ven
h ear t i er we lc o m e a wai t e d t h e m N o t o n ly w a s t h e k i n g
.

h i m sel f at o n ce c o n ve r t ed ,a cc e p t i n g t he b a p t i s m a l n a m e
o f J o h n an d a l t e r i n g t h e n a m e o f h i s c i t y t o S a n S a lv a d o r ,

b ut ,as w e are a s s ure d by t h e o ld chro n i cl e r s ,a l l hi s pr i n

c i p a l o ffic e r s an d o f h i s s ubj e c t s b e c a m e Chr i s t i an s

i n a t ri c e N o at t e mp t a pp e ar s t o h a ve b een m a d e by
“ ”
.

t he n ew -c o m e r s t hr o u g h t h e fir s t h a lf c en t u ry o r m o re t o
es t a bl i s h a n y p o l i t i c a l c o n t ro l o ve r t he pe o pl e , b ut t h e
r e l i g i o u s a n d s o c i a l ch an g e s t hey br o ugh t ab o u t ,h o w ev e r
s up e rfic i a l ,w e re c o n s i d e r a bl e ,e s p e c i a lly a ft e r a m e mb e r o f

t h e i r r o y a l fa m i ly ,e duc a t e d i n L i s b o n ,h a d b een i n s t a ll ed
as b i s h o p o f t h e d i o c es e .

T he k i n gd o m o f C o n g o w as pr o b ably i n i ts d e c a d en c e
“

e v en wh e n t h e Po r t ugu es e fir s t v i s i t ed i t . T h e r e ad i ness
wi t h wh i ch i t s pe o pl e y i e ld e d t o Po r t ugues e i n flu en c e an d
t hre w t h e m s e lv e s o n Po r t ugu e s e s upp o r t b e t o k en e d an
un fi t n e s s t o h o ld t h ei r gr o u n d ag a i n s t i n t rud e r s. B e fo re
1 56 0 t h ey we re a t t a ck e d by a c an n i b a l h o rd e k n o w n a s

t h e Y a k a o r J a g a , a pp a re n t ly c o m i n g w es t w ard fr o m t h e
n e i g hb o urh o o d o f L a k e T an g an y i k a ,an d t h e i r k i n g an d

h i s c o ur t h ad t o see k s h e l t e r on an i s l an d n e a r B o m a,i n
t h e C o n g o ,t h e n u s u a lly c a ll e d t he Z a i r e , as a v a ri a t i o n
fr o m t he n a t i ve wo rd N z i d i A n a ppea l t o Po r t uga l fo r
.

h elp l ed t o t h e s en d i n g o ut o f a fo rm i d abl e a rmy ,u n d e r

Fr an c i s c o d e G o v a ,wh i ch dr o v e b ack th e Y a k a i n v ad e rs
b u t fre s h t r o ubl e s we re pr o v o k ed t h e re by . Th e r eg i o n
b e t w een S a n S alv ad o r an d t he s ea ,w i t h t h e L o we r C o n g o
a s i t s n o r t h e r n l i m i t , h a vi n
g b een c ed e d by t h e r es cu e d
k i n g t o t he Po r t ugu es e as r ec o mp en se fo r t he i r as s i s t a n c e ,
t he a rra n g e m e n t w as r es en t e d by t he a c t u a l ch i e f o f t h e
d i s t r i c t ,an d t h i s ch ie f was s t r o n g e no ugh t o e xclud e t he
al i ens fr o m h i s te rri t o ry The p a t r i oti c feel i n g t hu s
.
 P RELIMINARY .
9

a or u s ed ,m o reo ver,was qu i ck en ed by t he e ffo r ts o f o r t h od o x

C a th o l i cs t o r e fo rm abu s e s t h a t ha d gr o w n up i n t h e n a t i ve
c h urch es a nd o f m o r e wo rldly -m i n d ed s che m e rs t o o b t a i n
a cc es s t o m i n es o f pre c i o u s m e t a l s s upp os ed t o b e i n t he

i n t er io r . A s a c o n s e qu e n c e , t he as s um e d Po r t u g u es e
s upr e m a cy was c as t o ff by t h e en d o f t he s i x t een t h c en

t u ry , al t h o ugh t he r e l i g i o us a n d o t h e r i n flu e n c es o f t he
two o r t hr ee pre v i o u s gene r a t i on s w e re by n o m e an s r o o t ed
o ut . T h e fru i t s an d w eed s r e s ul t i n g fro m t h e m c o n t i n u e
to t h i s d ay ,an d ,t h o ugh Eur o p ean o w n e r s h i p o f a n y t h i n g
m o re t h an t h e few fo r ts an d po rt s es t abl i s h ed o n t h e c o as t
o n ly b eg an t o b e r ea l w i t h i n t h e p as t h a lf c en t ury , t he

wo rk o f c i v i l i s at i on has e ve r s i n ce b een fit ful ly c a rr i e d o n

“ ”

fro m t hos e fo r t s an d p o r t s ,o f wh i ch th e pr i n c i pa l was S an

Pao l o d e L oan d a,fo u n d e d i n 1 57 8 .

Pa o l o D i a z ,who h ad v i s i t e d t he m o u t h o f t h e Kw an z a i n
1 560,an d h a d b een d et ai n e d t h e r e as a gu e s t o r a pr i son er

for s e ve r a l ye ar s by t he ch i e f o f t h e c o u n t ry , k n o w n as
k i n g o f A n go l a ,an d a t ri bu t a ry t o t he k i n g o f C o n g o ,was
at l e n g t h r e l e as e d an d s en t b a ck t o L i s b o n w i t h a r e qu e s t

for Po rt u g u es e a i d i n pu t t i n g d o w n a l o c al r e b ell i o n. D i az
a cc o rd i n gly ret ur n e d i n 1 57 4 ,w i t h 7 00 m e n i n s e ve n s h i p s ,

and th e t i t l e o f c on qu e ro r, c o l o ni s er, an d go ve rno r o f

”
An g o l a . Fi rs t t a k i n g p os s es s i o n of an i s l an d i n B an go
B ay ,fro m wh i ch b e ren d e r e d t h e a ss i s t an c e as k e d fo r,h e
pl an t ed t h e c i t y o f S an Pao l o o n t he m ai n l an d fo ur ye a rs
l at er T wo ot her y ea rs p as s e d b e fore t he A n g o l a k i n g
.

d i s co ve re d t h at h i s au t h o r i t y was b e i n g u n d e rm i n e d by t he
n ew -c o m e r s . Th er e up on h e c o n t r i v e d t h e m as s a cr e o f
m os t o f t he m ,and m any y ea rs o f fight i n g ens u e d b e fo r e
p ea ce o f a s or t was est abl i s he d o n t h e u n d erst an d i n g t h at
t he Po rt ugu es e, a b s t a i n i n g fro m c o n qu es t o f t h e i n t e r i o r,
but t r ad i n g wi t h an d g i v i n g o cc as i o n a l m i l i tary h e lp t o i t s
o ccup an ts , s h o uld h a v e t h e m as t e ry o f t he c o as t . Th at
m as t e ry was gradu ally e x te n d ed n ot on ly t o B engu el a an d
ul t i m ate ly t o M os s am ed es an d o t h e r s t at i on s i n t h e so u t h ,
but al so to Kabi nd a an d fur t h er no rt h of t he C on go .
 PRELIMINARY .

3 in cl o t h or ot h e r g o o d s , an d as lo w as 55 for
. a l i tt l e
”
n i gge r .

B i h e ,ab o u t 400 m i l e s t o t he eas t o f B e n gu el a,an d o n t he

h i ghway t r ave r s ed by c a r a va n s b ot h
Po rt ug ues e
fro m t he n ei g hb o urh o o d o f L ak e
S Ia ve -Tr ad i n g .

T a n gan yi k a a n d t he s o urc e o f t he
C on go i n t h e fa r wes t an d fr o m t h e c en t re o f t he C o n g o
B as i n i n t h e n o r t h , h as t hr o ugh c en t ur i e s b e en a great
i n l a n d m a rk e t , o ffe r i n g m an y a dv an t ag es fo r t he s prea d
”
o f s uch c i v i l i s a t i o n as Euro p ea n s h av e pr o v i d ed The
“
.

cl o t hs an d t oo l s , t h e fir e a rm s a n d fire wa t e r bro u g h t “
-

t o i t by n a t i v e t r a d er s , o f wh o m t he m os t e n t e rpr i s i n g
gen e r a lly cl a i m e d t o b e Po r t ugu es e o n t h e s t ren gt h
of t h e i r m i x ed p a re n t a g e , c o uld t h e re b e e xch an g e d
fo r Afr i c a n c o m m o d i t ie s , i n clud i n g t he s l a ve s pr o cured
i n a bu n d a n c e by o t h e r t r a d er s , w h o a l s o fr e qu e n t ly
h a d m o re o r l e s s Po r t u g u es e bl o o d i n t he i r ve i n s .

T he O v i m -Bu n d u , a br a n ch o f t h e M a bu n d a fa m i ly
t hat s h ar es w i t h t h e B a k o n g o m os t o f t h e c o u n t ry
on t h e w e s t e r n s i d e o f C o n g o l an d , a pp ea r t o h av e b ee n

m o r e i n fl u en c e d by t he Po rt ti gues e i n t as t es an d h ab i t s ,i t
n o t a l so i n bl oo d ,t h an a n y o f t h e n e i ghb o ur i n g t r i b es ,a n d

l o n g ag o t o h ave fo u n d pr o fi t i n c at e ri n g fo r t h e n e w-c o m e rs .

M a ny o f t he m t oo k Euro p ean n a m es an d m a d e pre t en c e

o f b e i n g Eur o p ean s .

Such an o n e w as a t r a d e r c a ll i n g h i m s elf J o s e A n to n i o
Alve z,who m C o mm an d e r C a m e r o n m et i n 1 8 7 4 a t K i l a mb a,
a b o u t 3 00 m i l es t o t h e w e s t o f L ak e T a n g a n y i k a ,an d m o r e

t h a n t w i c e t h at d i s t a n c e fr o m B i h e D o n d o ,o n t he r i ve r
.

Kwan z a , i n t he pro v i n c e o f A n g o l a , C a m e r o n r epo r t ed ,

w a s h i s n at i v e pl a c e .H e h ad l eft t h e re m o r e t h an
t wen t y ye a r s b e fo re an d h a d s p en t t he gr ea t e r p o r t i on o f
t he p e r i o d i n t r a v e ll i n g an d t r a d i n g i n t he i n t e r i o r ,fo rm e rly
as ag en t fo r wh i t e m e rch an t s , b u t l a t t e rly o n h i s o wn

a cc o u n t . H e c a m e i n s t at e ,b e i n g c a rr i ed i n a h a mm o ck
wi t h a n a w n i ng by t wo b eare r s w i t h b el t s c o ve r e d wi t h
Angola an d th e Ri ver C ongo ,Vol
’
. I .
p 67
. Vol I I ,pp
. . . 1 8 1 ,1 8 2 .
 PRELIMINARY .

The pro cur i n g o f s l aves for s h i pm en t t o t he W es t I n d i es

an d e l s e wh e r e was t h e m a i n purp o s e o f a l l appr o pr i at i o n s

of W es t Afr i c a n t e rr i t o ry an d i n t e rc o ur s e w i t h i t s p eo pl e i n

t h e C on g o r eg i on as we ll as o n t he G u i nea c oas t , an d
t h o ugh t h e B r i t i s h ,Fr en ch ,Du t ch ,an d o t h e r a dv e n t ur e r s
i n t h i s t r afli c o ccup i ed t h e m s e lv es ch i e fly on t he n o r t h o f
t h e Equ at o r ,t h ey w e re n o t w i ll i n g t h at Po r t ug a l , wh i ch
h ad t a k en p os s es s i o n o f t h e I lh a d o Pr i n c i p e ,o r Pr i n c e s
’

I s l an d ,a n d o f t h e I s l a n d of S an Th o m e,o r S ai n t Tho m as ,
b efo re t he cl os e o f t he fift een t h c en t ury, s h o uld h ave a
m o n o p o ly i n t h e s o u t h.

On th i s a cc o u n t Po r t ug al s as s ump t i o n o f a r i g h t t o an y
’

t e rr i t o ry on t h e m a i n l an d a b o v e L o an d a was p e r s i s t en t ly
d i s pu t ed Wh e n , fo r i n s t a n c e, an e xp ed i t i o n fro m t h at
.

t o w n s e i z e d K a b i n d a i n 1 7 8 3 , a n d pr o c e e d e d t o es t abl i s h
a p o r t t h e re ,a Fr e n ch s qu a dr o n w as pr o mp t ly se n t , i t i s

re c o rd ed , t o d e m o l i s h an y fo r ti fic at i o n s t h at m i g h t
“

i mp e d e t h e fr ee c o mm e rc e o f a ll n a t i on s on t he c oa s t o f
L oan g o , a n d t he r i gh t o f t he Po r t ugu ese t o K ab i n d a ,
“

t h o ugh i t w as s oo n r e c o ve re d by t h e m , w as n o t fully
a ck no wl e dg e d t i ll 1 8 8 4, a n d w a s m o s t s tead i ly d en i e d
by t he E n gl i s h ,w ho a t o n e t i m e h el d a fo r t t h ere Th e .

Fr en ch i n t h e m ea n wh i l e had s e cur ed a fo o t i n g on t h e
G ab oo n i n 1 8 3 9 ,t a k e n fo rm a l p o s s es s i o n o f i t i n 1 8 44 ,an d
pl a n t ed L i bre v i ll e ,t he pr es en t c a p i t al o f Fren ch C o n g o ,as
a n a s yl u m fo r fr e e d s l a v es i n 1 8 4 8. Fr en ch r i v alry fo r t h e
p o s s es s i o n o f a s h are i n t he C o n g o B as i n ,o n i t s n o rt h e r n
s i d e ,w as a c t i v e fro m t h a t d at e. B ut m o r e pr o gr e s s w as a t
firs t m a d e by Po r t ug al , t h o ugh ch ie fly i n t h e e x t re m e
s o u t h ,a n d w i t h t h e o bj e c t o f dr aw i n g t o L o an d a,B en g u e l a ,

an d o t h e r p o r t s ,n o t t h e m s e lv es w i t h i n t h e B as i n ,s o m e o f

t h e t r a d e w i t h i t s i n l a n d r es i d en t s wh i ch w a s i n creas i n g
e ve ry y e a r.

U n fo r t u n at ely t h e t r ad e was s t i ll l argely i n s l av es— as i t

i s , i n d eed , ev en at t h e pres en t t i m e , i n a m o d i fi ed fo rm .

D es p i t e t he t h eo r i es an d d e cl a m at i o n of s en s i t i ve m i n d s ,
“

’
Angola an d the Ri ver C g , Vol L ,p
on o . . 1 6.
 CIVILISATI O N IN CONGOLAND .

l ed a way by fal se n o t i ons of the qu est i o n ,

s t at e of t he
F e o C a rd o z o wr ot e i n 1 8 2 5, as l o n g
“

Th e S l a ve T r a d e
as t h e b a rb a r i t y a n d i g n o r a n c e o f t h e
.

Afri c an n a t i ve s s h a ll e x i s t ,t h e b a rt e r o f s l a v es w i ll a lw ay s
b e c o n s i d e r ed by e n l i g h t e n e d p hi l an t hr o p i s t s a s t h e o n ly
p a ll i at i on t o t h e fe r o c i t y o f t h e ,1aws t h at go v er n t h os e
'

n a t i ve s T h e s a m e v i e w h as e v e r s i n c e b ee n fr ee ly h e ld
le ”a
.

an d v i g o r o u s ly a c t e d o n i n s p i t e o f t h e pr o h i b i t i o n o f t h e

s l a v e t r a d e wh i ch w as d e cr e e d by G r e a t B r i t a i n i n 1 8 0 7 ,by

Fr an c e i n 1 8 1 5,a n d by Po r t ug a l i n 1 8 3 0— i n s p i t e,t o o ,o f
t h e s u bs e qu e n t a b o l i t i on o f t h e l e g a l s t at u s o f s l a ve ry
t hro u g h o u t a ll t h ei r d o m i n i o n s wh i ch was e n a c t e d by Gre at
B r i t a i n i n 1 8 3 3 , by Fr an c e i n 1 8 40, an d by Po r t ug a l i n
1 878;
I n the y ea rs pr i o r t o 1 8 7 5, a cc o rd i n g t o M r J o ach i m .

J o hn M o n t ei r o, who t he n s u mm e d up h i s e xpe r i en c es o r
l o ng res i d en c e i n t h e c o u n t ry, t h e n u mb e r of s l ave s
“

s h i pp e d in A n g o l a , fro m t h e C o n go t o B en gu e l a
i n clu s i ve ly , c o uld n o t h a v e b een far s h o r t o f

p er an n um . I w as t o ld by s o m e o f t he o ld i n h a b i
“

”
t an t s , h e r e p o r t e d , t h a t t o s ee as m an y a s t en t o
“

t we lv e ves s e l s l o a d i n g a t a t i m e at L oan d a an d
B en gu e l a w a s a c o mm on o ccurr en c e At t h e t i m e o f
.

t h e l as t s h i pm en t s fro m B e n g u e l a , a b o u t t en y ea r s ag o ,
I h av e s e e n as m an y as s l av es a rr i v e i n o ne
”
c ar a v an fr o m t he i n t e ri o r,pr i n c i p ally fro m B i he Duri n g .

t h e t i m e o f t h e s l a v e t r ad e — t h a t i s , w i t h A m e r i c a
h e a l s o wr o t e , B e n g u e l a w a s one o f t h e pr i n c i p a l s h i p
“

p i n g p o r t s o f A n g o l a, m an y t h o u s an d s o f s l a ve s b e i n g
s en t o ff fr o m i t t o t h e B r a z i l s a n d Cub a T he l ast .

t w o or t hr ee s h i pm en t s t oo k pl ac e wh i l s t I w as
wo rk i n g t h e c o ppe r d e po s i t s n e a r B e n g u el a The y .

we r e pr i n c i p ally bro ug h t fo r s a l e by t h e n a t i ves o f

B i h e , an d I o n c e s aw a c a r a v a n o f n ea rly bl a ck s
a rr i v e ,o f wh o m w er e s l av es fo r s a l e T he av e rag e .

pr i c e o f a full -gr o wn h eal t hy m an o r w o m an was a b o u t

Angola and the Ri ve
r
’
Congo, Vol ,I .
p . 2 0.
 P RELIMINARY .

£ 3 i n cl o t h or ot h e r g oo d s , an d as lo w as 55 fo r
. a l ittl e
”
ni gge r .

B i h e ,ab o u t 400 m i l es t o t he eas t o f B en gu e l a ,an d on t he

h i ghw ay t rave r s ed by c a r avans b ot h
Po r t u g ues e
fro m t he n e i g hb o urh ood o f L ak e
S l a ve - T r ad i n g .

T an ga n yi k a an d t h e s o urc e o f t he
C on g o i n t h e far wes t an d fr o m t he c e n t re o f the C o n go
B as i n i n t he n o r t h , h as t hr o ugh c e n t ur i es b een a gr eat
i n l an d m a rk et , o ffe r i n g m an y a dv an t ag es fo r t he s pr ead
o f s uch c i v i l i s a t i o n as Euro p ea n s h av e pr o v i d ed The .

cl o t h s a n d t o o l s , t h e fire a rm s a n d fire -wa t er bro u g h t

“

t o i t by n at i ve t r a de rs , o f wh o m t he m o s t en t e rpr i s i n g

g en e r a lly cl ai m e d t o b e Po r t ugu es e o n t h e s t r en g t h
of th e i r m i x e d p a r en t a ge , c o uld t h e r e b e e xch a n g ed
for Afr i c an c o mm o d i t i es , i n clud i n g t h e s l av es pro cure d
i n a bu n d an c e by o t h e r t r a d ers , wh o a l s o fr e qu e n t ly
h ad m o r e o r l e s s Po r t ugu es e bl o o d i n t he i r vei n s .

T he O v i m -B u n du , a br an ch o f t he M a bu n d a fa m i ly
t h a t s h a re s w i t h t h e B a k o n g o m os t o f t he c o u n t ry
o n t h e w es t e rn s i d e o f C o n g o l a n d , a pp ea r t o h av e b e e n

m o re i n flu e n c e d by t he Po rt ugu es e i n t as t e s an d h ab i t s ,i f
n o t a l s o i n bl o o d ,t h an any o f t h e ne i ghb o ur i n g t r i b es ,a n d

l o n g ag o t o h ave fo u n d pr o fi t i n c at e r i n g fo r t he new c o m e rs -
.

M a n y o f t he m t o o k Euro p ea n n a m es an d m ad e pre t en ce
o f b e i n g Eur o p e a n s .

Such a n o n e w as a t r ad e r c a ll i n g h i m s e lf J os e A n t o n i o
Alve z,wh o m C o m m a n d e r C a m e ro n m et i n 1 8 7 4 at K i l a mb a ,
a b o u t 3 00 m i l e s t o t h e w e s t o f L a k e T an g an y i k a ,an d m o r e

t h a n t w i c e t h a t d i s t an c e fro m B i h e .D o n d o ,on t h e r i ve r
Kwan z a , i n t h e pro v i n ce o f A n g o l a, C a m e ro n r epo r t ed ,
“
w a s h i s n a t i v e pl a c e H e h ad l e ft t he r e m o r e t h an
.

t w en t y ye a r s b e fo r e a n d h a d s p en t t he gre a t e r p o r t i o n o f
t h e p e r i o d i n t r a v ell i n g an d t r a d i n g i n t h e i n t e r i o r ,fo rm e rly
as a ge n t fo r wh i t e m e rch an t s , b u t l a tt e rly o n hi s o w n

a cc o u n t . H e c a m e i n s t a t e ,b e i n g c a rr i e d i n a h a mm o ck
wi t h a n a w n i n g by t w o b e ar er s w i t h b e l ts c o v e re d wi t h
‘
Angola an d th e Ri v er Cong o , Vol L ,p 67
’
. . Vol IL ,pp
. . 1 8 1 ,1 8 2 .
 CIVILISATI O N IN CONGOLAND .

bras s b all s r o u n d t h e i r wa i s t s I h ad a lm os t t a k en i t fo r
.

r t d fr m t h m e r i n wh i ch h e c a m e t h at h e was a
g a n e o e a n n

w h i te m an G rea t was my d i s app o i n t m e n t ,h o we ve r,wh en

.

an o ld a n d ugly N e gr o t ur ned o u t o f t h e h a m m o ck C er .

t a i n ly h e was dr es s ed i n Eur o p e an fa s h i o n a n d s p o k e
Po r t ugu es e, b u t n o fur t h er c i v i l i s a t i on c o uld he b o as t o f,
n o t w i t h s t a n d i ng h i s re p eat e d as s ev e r at i ons t h at he was
t h o r o ughly c i v i l i s e d an d t he s a m e a s an E n g l i s hm a n o r
any o t h e r wh i t e m an . A no t h e r o f t h e h o rd e o f ru fli an s
“

who m C am e ro n h ad d e a l i n gs wi t h ,a n d t o wh o m ,he s ai d ,
mu s t be awa rd e d t he p a lm fo r h av i n g r e ach ed t h e h i gh e s t
gra d e i n r uffian i s m a m o n g s t t h em a ll, was L o uren co “

d a S o uz a C o i mbr a, a s on o f M aj o r C o i mbr a, o f B i h e
"
.

C o i mbr a an d Alve z we r e p a r t n ers o r a ll i es o f t he Rua

_

ch i ef K as on go i n hi s plu n d er i n g r a i d s , and C a m eron

wi t n es s ed t he i s s u e o f one o f t he r a i d s . C o i mbr a
“

a rr i ved , h e wr o t e i n July , 1 8 7 5, w i t h a g an g o f fi
”
fty
t wo w o m en t i e d t o g et h e r i n l ots of s ev en t een or

e i gh t ee n . S o m e h ad ch i ldren i n arm s , oth ers w er e far

ad van c ed i n pr eg n an cy , an d a ll w e re l ad en w i t h huge
bu n dl es o f gras s -cl o t h and o t h e r plu n d er . Thes e poo r ,
weary an d foot s o re cr eat ures w er e c o v ered w i t h w eal s
an d s c a r s , s ho w i n g ho w u n m erc i fully cru e l had b een
t he t r eat m e n t re c e i v ed a t t he h an d s o f t he s av ag e who
c all ed h i m s e lf t h ei r o w n er . T o o b t a i n t h es e fi ft y -t wo
w o m en at l e as t t e n v i ll ag es had b een d es t r oy e d , ea ch
h av i ng a p o pul at i on o f fr o m o n e t o t wo hu n dr ed ,o r ab o u t
i n a ll . S o m e m ay ,p e rch an c e,h av e es c a ped t o n e igh
b ou ri n g v i ll ag es ,b u t t he grea t e r p o r t i o n w er e u n d o ub t edly
bur n t wh e n t h e i r v i ll ag es we re s urpr i s ed ,an d s h ot wh i l s t
at t e mp t i n g t o s a v e t h e i r w i v es an d fa m i l i es ,o r d oo m e d t o

d i e o f s t arv a t i o n i n t he j u n gl e u n l es s s o m e w i ld b eas t p ut
a m o re s p eedy en d t o t h e i r m i s er i es .
”
T h e cru e l t i es
“

p erp et ra t e d i n t he h e a r t o f Afri c a by m en c all i n g t h e m

s e lv es C h r i s t i ans an d c a rry i n g t h e Po r t u g u e s e fl a , C a m e r o n
"

g
a v e rr e d , c an s c a rc e ly b e cre d i t ed by t h os e l i v i ng i n a

c iv i l is ed l and ,and t he Gov er n m ent o f Por t ug al c an not but

 PRELIMINARY .

be c o g n i z an t o f th e a t ro c i t ie s c o mm i tt ed by men cl ai m i n g
t o b e he r s ubj e c t s I h a ve no h es i t a ti o n i n as s ert i n g t h a t
.

t h e w o r s t o f t he A r a b s are i n t h i s r es p ec t an g el s o f l i gh t i n
c o mpari s on w i th th e Po r t ugu es e and t hos e who t ra v el w i t h
t he m
“
.

T he s o -c a ll e d Ar ab s h ere c o mpa r ed w i t h th e s o -c all e d

Po r t ugu es e n e i th e r o f w h o m h ad
.

A ra b
m o re t h an a v e ry s m a ll ad m i x t ure o f
S l ave - Tr ad i n g .

Ara b o r Po r t ugu es e bl o o d t o t h e i r
B an t u s t o ck ,th o ugh t h e re was d o ub t l es s much m o re re al i ty
i n t he M o h a mm ed an pr o fes s i o n s o f t he fo rm e r t h an i n t he
Chr i s ti an pro fe s s i ons o f th e l att e r , h ad r ecen t ly b een
i m i t a t i n g i n t h e eas t e r n p a r t s o f C on go l an d th e v i c i o u s
s l av e — raid i n g en c o uraged by Euro p ean s i n t he s o u th and
wes t Th ei r m o s t fa m o u s an d p o w e rful l ead e r ,t ho ugh n o t
.

qu i t e t he earl i es t , wa s H a m ed - b i n - M o h a m m ed , b e t t e r
k no w n by hi s n i ck n a m e o f T i pu -T i pu , th e ga t h e r er 0 1
g r e a t w e a l t h , w h os e i v o ry -c o ll ec t i n g an d s l a v e - r ai d i n g

fo r t he Z an z i b a r m ar k et w e re l i m i t e d t o t he s o u t h e r n
bo rd e rs o f L ak e T an gan yi k a wh en Dr L i v i n gs t on e m ad e.

hi s a cqu a i n t an c e , b ut wh o was s oon en c o ur ag e d by Eur o

pean e x a mpl e t o ai m at much m o re e x ten s i ve d o m i n i o n .

Al tho ugh B u rt o n ,Spe k e ,Gran t ,a nd m an y o t h e r Euro pean

e xpl ore r s h ad s ee n much o f t he p eo pl e
T h e Ri ve r Co n g o .

a n d pl a c es i n t h e e x t re m e eas t o f

Co ng o l an d , o n al l s id es a nd bo t h no rt h an d s o u th o f
La k e T an g a ny i k a , t he i r res ea rch es had n o i mm e d i a te
be a r i n gs o n th e c o n d i t i o n o f i t s i n h a b i t ant s ,a nd th ey wer e
no t a w a re o f t h e c on ne c t i o n o f i t s w at e r s w i t h t he g re a t

ri v e r fl o w i n g i n t o t h e A t l a n t i c L i v i n gs t o n e , i t i s t ru e ,
.

t r a ve ll i n g fro m L o a n d a t o t he Z a mb e z i as far b ack as 1 8 55,

and p as s i n g th e K a s a i a n d o t h e r r i v e rs o n h i s j o ur n e y ,
“
be an , as he re po r ted , t o p e rc e i ve t h at al l t he w es t e r n
g
"

fe ed e r s o f t h e K a s a i e xc e p t th e K w a n g o , fl o w fir s t fr o m
.

t h e wes t e r n s i d e t o w a rd s t h e c e n t re o f t h e c o u n t rv t h en .

gr ad u al ly t urn ,wi t h t he K as ai i t s e lf,t o t h e n o r t h ,a n d t ha t

Am Afr i c a
’
‘
Vol I L ,pp 57 ,58 ,94 ,1 06 ,1 3 6 ,1 3 7
. . .
 CIV ILISATI O N IN CONGOLAND .

a fte r t he c on flu en c e o f t h e K as ai wi t h t h e Kwan go , an
i mm en s e b o dy o f wat e r ,c o ll e c t ed fr o m a ll t h es e br a n ch es ,
fi n d s i t s way o u t o f t he c o u n t ry by m e an s o f t h e r i ve r
C on go o r Z a i r e o n t he wes t Th i s was t h e fir s t
c o rr ect i n d i c at i o n o f t he ge o g r aphy o f t h e C o n g o B as i n ,
a n d a great adv an c e on t h e i n fo rm a t i o n o f C a p t a i n J a m es

K i n gs t on Tuck ey ,wh o was sen t o u t by t he B r i t i s h Go ve rn

m en t i n 1 8 1 6 t o as c e r t ai n wh et he r t h e Z a i r e,a s i t wa s s t i ll
c all e d ,was i d en t i ca l w i t h t h e N i g e r,an d w ho ,a m i d m an y
d i s as t ers ,was o n ly a bl e t o c o ll e c t t ru s t wo r t hy d et ai l s as t o
t h e s t re a m a n d i t s b o rd e rs u p t o t h e l o w es t o f i t s c at a r a c t s ,
ab o u t 1 7 0 m i l es i n l an d . B u t t h o u g h i n h i s t w en t y -fi ve

yea rs o f w a n d er i n g Li vi n g s t one t hrew much v a lu a bl e l i g h t

o n t his a n d o t h e r qu e s t i o n s , h e t h o ugh t t h at t h e r i v e r ,
k no wn t o t h e n at i ve s at s ucces s i v e s t ages o f i t s c o urs e as
t h e Ch a mb e z i , t h e Lu a pul a , a n d t h e Lu a l a b a , wh i ch h e
d i s co ve red i n t he w a t e rs h e d b et ween L a k es Ny as a an d
T an g an y i k a, an d wh i ch h e t ra ck e d as far as Ny an gwe
b efo re 1 8 7 1 ,w as t he he ad o f t he N i l e C a m er o n g u es s ed
.

t he t ru t h wh en he v i s i t e d Ny an gw e i n Augu s t ,1 8 7 4 ,an d
wr o t e , Th i s gre at s t rea m mu s t b e o n e o f t h e h e a d wa t er s
“

o f t h e C o n g o,fo r wh e r e e l s e c o uld t h a t g i an t a m o n g r i v e r s ,

s e c on d o n ly t o t he Am a z on i n i t s v o lum e,o b t a i n t h e t wo

m i ll i o n cub i c feet o f wat e r whi ch i t u n c eas in gly p o urs ea ch

”
s e c on d i n t o t h e A t l an t i c ? T I n s t ead o f v e ri fy i n g h i s s u r
m i s e,h o we ve r,C a m e ron t rav ell ed s o u t hw a rd s i n t o K at an ga ,
an d so m a d e h i s w ay t o B en g u e l a ,l e av i n g t o Mr H e n ry M. .

S t an l ey, wh o r ea ch ed t h e Lu a l ab a t wo y ea r s l at e r, t he
cre d i t o f a c t u al d i s co v e ry .

H avi n g v i s i t ed L i v i n g s t o n e at Uj ij i , on t he wes t er n
s i d e o f L a k e T a n an y i k a i n N o ve m
M r S t an l e y s
.
’ g ,
b e r, 1 8 7 1 , a n d a cc o mp a n i e d hi m on
Exp l o r a t i o n s
.

s o m e o f h i s l a t e r i n v es t i at i o n s
g , Mr .

S ta n l ey re tu r ned t o A fr i c a i n S e p t e mb e i , 1 8 7 4 , an d
o ccup i e d n ea rly t hr ee y e a r s o n h i s fa m o u s e xp e d it i o n
Mi ss i onary Travels an d Res earch es i n S outh Afri ca,
’
chap . xxu .

1 Across Afri ca,’ Vol I I ,p 1 0

. . . .
 P RE LI MINARY .

t hro ugh t he D ark C on t i n en t. H e was at Ny an gwe

in O c t o b e r , 1 8 7 6 , wh en T i pu - T i pu , wh o m C a m er on
h ad m et t h e re on ly as a v i s i t o r, was i n p os s es s i o n o f
t h e t o w n an d i t s s urr o u n d i n g s , an d fro m T i pu he
o b t ai n ed t h e c an o es a n d o t h e r a s s i s t an c e re qu i r ed fo r
e xpl o r i n g t h e Lu al ab a , wh i ch C a m e r o n h ad fa i l ed t o
pro cur e M r S t an l ey s p er i l o u s an d even t ful vo y ag e ,c o ve r
. .
’

i n g w i t h i n t e rrup t i o n s n ea rly t en m o n t h s ,h ad m o m en t o u s
c on s equ en ces ,an d fo r t he fir s t t i m e s uppl i e d t he c i v i l i s e d
wo rld wi t h i n fo rm a t ion m o r e o r l es s pr ec i s e a n d t ru s t
wo r thy a b o u t t he v as t e x t en t o f c o u n t ry t r av e rs e d by h i m
an d t he n um e r o u s a n d d i v e r s e c o mmu n i t i es o f s av ag es
wi t h wh o m i n s o m e c as es b e e xch an g ed fr i en dly gr ee t i n gs
an d i n o t h e rs h a d fi e rc e e n c o u n t e r s . H i s n arr at i ve i s v e ry
i n s t r uc t i ve,i f m i s l e a d i n g i n s o m e p a r t i cul a r s ,an d h i s v i e w s ,
co n s i d e ri n g t h e i r i n flu en c e o n E uro pean o p i n i o n an d a c t i o n ,
a re a ll t h e m o r e n o t e wo r t hy wh e r e t h ey a re m o s t O p en t o

cr i t i c i s m F o r t h e pres e n t purp o s e o n ly a fe w c i t at i o n s
.

are n e c es sa ry .

O f T i pu -T i pu , wh e n t h ey m e t an d h ad d eal i n gs at
at Ny an g we , Mr S t an l ey t h o ugh t
Ti p u -
.

Ti p u s
’

favo ur a bly ,a n d h e fo u n d e xcu s e , if

S l a ve -Ra i d i n g .

n ot j u s t i fic a t i on , for t he Ar a b e u
c roac h m e n t s i n qu e s t o f i v o ry a n d s l a v e s i n t h e d i s t r i c t

b et wee n L a k e T a n g an y i k a an d N y an g we ,a n d fur t h er wes t ,

wh i ch was te n a n t e d by t he c a nn i b a l M an y e m a . O ne mu s t
n o t r as hly i mpu t e a ll t h e bl a m e t o t h e Ara b s an d Wa -s w ah i l i
”
o f t h e Z an z i b a r c o as t fo r t he i r e xc e ss es , h e wr o t e , fo r t h e

n at i ves a r e a ls o i n a w ay t o bl a m e . J u s t as t h e S a x o n s ,
D an es , an d J u t es , i n v i t e d by t he B r i to n s , b e c a m e t h e i r
m a s te rs ,s o t h e Ar a b s ,i n v i t ed by t he M an ye m a t o ass i s t
t h e m ag a i n s t o n e an o t h e r , h a ve b e c o m e t h e i r t yr an t s .

B r i be s we re o ffe re d t o us t hr ee t i m e s by t h e M a n ye m a t o
a s s i s t t h e m i n d es t r oy i n g t h e i r n e i g hb o ur s ,t o wh o m t h e y

a re o f n e a r k i n ,an d w i t h wh o m t h e y h a v e a l m o s t d ai ly

rel a t i ons O u r re fu s a l of i vo ry an d s l ave s a ppe a red t o

.

s urpr i s e t he ch i e fs ,an d t h ey e xpres s ed t he o p i n i o n t h a t we

C
 PRELIMINARY .

en dur ed per s i s ten t at t ack s n igh t an d d ay wh i l e st r aggl i n g

t hro ugh t h e m ,h a d res o rt e d t o all m o d es o f d e fen c e ,a n d

y et a t eve ry curve o f t h i s fe a rful r i v er t he y e ll s o f t he

s a v ages br o k e l o ud o n o u r ea r s , t h e s n ak e -l i k e c ano es

d a rt ed fo rw ard i mpe t u o u s ly t o t h e att ack ,wh i l e t he drum s

an d h o r n s an d s h o u t s r a i s e d fi e rc e an d d e afe n i n g upr o a r .

We we re b e c o m i n g e xh au s te d We wer e al s o bei n g
.

we ed ed o ut by u n i t s an d t wo s and t hrees Th e re w er e .

n o t t h i r ty i n t h e e n t i r e e xp e d i t i o n -wh i ch n umb e r e d 2 2
4
h i re d s l av es when i t s t a r t ed fr o m Z an z i b ar , a n d t o wh i ch
1 3 2 o t h e r fo ll o we rs h a d b ee n a dd ed t h at h ad n o t r e c e i v ed
a Th o u g h M r S t an l ey w as t he i n t rud e r,an d t h e
.

fri gh t en ed n at i ves ,dr i v e n t o d es pe r at i o n by r e po r t s o f t he

t re a t m en t a lr e a dy a cc o rd e d t o o t h er s o f t h e i r r a c e , b o r e
m o re res e mbl an c e t o h ard — pres se d s t a g s t h an th os e wh o
fo rc ed t h ei r pr es en ce up on t h e m , h i s c o ur ag e an d p e r
se ve r an c e w e re r e m a rk abl e , an d wh e n h e h a d p as s e d t h e

c on flu en ce o f t h e Ub an g i an d t h e C o n g o , an d was a p
p roachi n g t he br oad w a t er s n o w k n o w n as S t a n l ey Po o l ,
’

he fo u n d , as h e r e p o r t ed , t hat h e n ee d no l on g e r s n e a k

a m on gs t r e e dy i s l e t s o r w an d e r i n s e cr et a m on g s t w i ld e r

n esse s o f w a t e r , t h a t t h e n at i v e,as w e as c er t a i n e d o pp o
“

s i t e B o l o b o ,wa s n o t t h e d e s t ruc t i v e i n fur i a t e o f I r e bu o r

Mo m p ura n g i,o r t h e fra n t i c bru t e o f M o n g al a an d M ar unj a, ”

b ut t h at he a pp ea r ed t o b e t o n i n g d o w n i n t o a m an an d t o
“

u n d e r s t an d t h at o t he r s o f hi s s pe c i es i n h ab i t e d t h i s gl o b e T .

B e fr i en d e d by t h es e B a t e k e an d B aya n z i an d by o t h e r s ,
he p as s ed o n t o B o m a ,an d r each e d t h e A t l an t i c i n Au g u s t ,
1 877 .

At B o m a he an d 1 1 5 urv i vo r s o f t he 3 56 fo ll ow e rs
s

h e h ad t a k en w i t h hi m w ere ag ai n
Eu ro p e a n s i n
i n t o uch w i t h c i v i l i s a t i o n Th er e
“

Lo w e r C o n g o
.

a re , h e r e p o r t e d , s o m e h a lf d o z en
“
-

fac t o r i es a t B o m a, en g ag i n g t h e a t t e n t i on o f a b o u t
e i gh t ee n wh i t es . The h o u s es are a ll c o n s t ruc te d o f
’
T hr ough th e Dark C on ti nen t ( 1 8 8 0 edi ti on ) ,p 502
. .

1 I owa,p 52 7 . .
 CIV ILISATIO N IN CONGOLAND .

woo d en bo ard s wi t h , as a rul e , c orrugat ed z i n c ro o fs .

T h e r es i d en c es l i n e t he fro n t ; t h e D u t ch , Fre n ch, an d

Po r tugu ese fa c t o r i es b e i n g wes t o f a n i s o l at ed ,h i gh ,
s qu a r e -br o we d h i ll , an d t h e E n g l i s h fa c t o ry b ei n g a f
ew

h u n dre d y ard s a b ove i t . E a ch fa c t ory r equ i res an

a mpl e c o urt y a rd fo r i t s bu s i n e s s , wh i ch c o ns i s t s i n t he
b a r ter o f c ott on fabri c s , gl a s s -w ar e, cr o ck ery, i r on ware ,
f i l -n t s
g i n ,rum ,gu n s ,a n d gu n p o wd e r p lm , gr u d u ,
o r a - o o n

an d i v o ry . Th o ugh B o m a i s co mp a rat i vely an ci ent , an d

E u r o p ean s h ave h ad c o mm e rc i a l c o n ne c t i o n s wi t h t h i s
d i s t r i ct a nd t he p eopl e for o v er a c en t ury, y et C ap t ai n
T u c key s d es cr i p t i o n o f t h e p eo pl e, wr i t t en i n 1 8 1 6
’

—t h ei r c ere m on i es an d m o d e s o f l i fe, t h ei r s u s pi c i on
of s t ran ge r s an d i n t o l e r a n c e , t h e i r gre ed for rum an d

i n d o l en c e, t h e s c a rc i t y o f foo d —i s a s c o rre c t as t ho ugh

wri t t en t o
O f t h e c o n d i t i o n o f a ffa i r s , n o t o n ly at B o m a,wh i ch i s
ab o u t s i x t y m i l es fr o m t h e c o as t ,b ut al s o at B an ana,t h e

n o r t h e r n g ate o f th e C o n g o ,an d a t Pont a d a L en h a,m i d

w ay b e tween t h e two ,as w e ll a s i n t h e wh ol e d i s t r i c t , an

a cc o u n t was g i ve n by t h e B r i t i s h r epresen t at i v e at L o an d a

i n a d es p at ch t o th e Br i t i s h Go ve r n m en t a few w ee k s b efo r e
”
M r S t an l ey s a rr i va l o n t he s c en e
.
’
.
“
Tr ad i ng fac to ri es,
wrot e C o ns ul H o pk i ns on 2 8 t h Apr i l , 1 8 7 7 , are est ab
li s he d at B an a na,Po n t a d a L e n h a ,an d B o m a ; a t B an an a,
Dut ch,French,an d Po rt ugu ese ; at Pon ta d a Len h a,Dut ch
Fl e m i s h ,E ngl i s h ,an d Po rt u g u ese ; and t he s a m e at B o m a .

All t hes e fac t o ri es ,wi t h th e e xce p t i o n o f t he E n gl i s h,as far

a s I can l ea rn , a re m o re o r l es s w o rk e d by s l a v e l a b o ur .

T he Du t ch ,I w i ll i ngly b e a r t es t i m on y t o ,fo u n d m at t e r s as
t h ey are wh en t h ey c o mm e n c ed t h ei r t r a d e o p e r at i o n s on
t h i s c oa s t
. Th ey h o ld a b o u t 1 50 s l a ves ; b ut t h es e p eo pl e
a re s o w ell t r eat e d t h a t , t o a l l i n ten t s an d pu rp o s es ,
t h ey a r e free , an d t h e y a re ne v e r s o ld or e xch an ge d ;
i n fac t , i t i s t h ei r b o as t t h at t h ey are ch i ldren o f
t h e Du t ch h o u se . T h e n e x t h o ld er s o f s l aves , an d t h ey
T hrough th e D k Conti nent ( 1 8 8 0 ed i ti on ) ,p 6 1 9
’
ar . .
 PRELI MINARY .

s h o uld t ak e ran k first , are t he Po rt ugu ese and Sp an i s h

”
t ra d e r s .

Th at s t ate m en t was i n t ro duc t o ry t o t he c o ns ul s rep o rt ’

of c e r t ai n h o rr ibl e proc e ed i n gs t hat ,

“

Eur o p ean s an d
he averr ed , h ave l ate ly t a k e n pl a c e
“

” Na t i ves i n 1 8 7 7
.

i n t he C on g o r i ver , an d c o n s t i t u t e d
a cr i m e s o b arb a r ou s an d fi e n d i s h t h at i t can h ardly h av e
“

e v e r b een s urp assed for cru e l t y i n t h e an n al s o f t h e s l av e

trade F or an all eg ed atte mp t at Pon t a da L en h a t o

burn d own a fac to ry r en t e d by t h e Po r t ugu ese own e r
”
o f a l a rg e n u mb e r o f s l a ves , n o t o r i o u s as a ve ry o ld s l a ve
”
d ea l er on t he c o as t , one o f hi s s l a ve b oy s was a rres te d an d
t o rt ur e d u n t i l
“
u n d e r t h e i n fluen ce o f t he grea t ago n y he
was s u fferi n g , h e a ccu s e d fir s t o n e o f hi s fe ll o w -s l aves
an d a ft erw a rd s sev er a l o t he r s o f p a r t i c i p at i on i n t he
o ff en c e . T he firs t vi c t i m , wh o at t he t i m e o f th e
o ccurr en c e was m an y m i l es away , was c ap t ure d
an d ,
“
wi t ho u t b ei ng i n t err og at ed at all, was b o u n d
h an d an d foot ,t ak en o u t i n a c a n oe i n t o t he m i ddl e
”
o f th e s t r ea m , an d dro wne d T he r es t s h ar ed t h e
s a m e fat e,t welve b ei n g t a k en t o B o m a by J oh n Sco t t,
“

a m erch an t t r ad i n g t h e re an d a Bri ti s h s ubj ec t, who

c au s ed el ev en o f t he m , m en, wo m en , an d ch i ldr en ,
t o be all att a ch ed t o a n i r on ch ai n an d dro w ne d i n
”
the r i ve r i n fro n t o f hi s h o u s e . I n all , t he c ons ul
re po rt ed , I a m as s ure d t h at a b o u t t h i r ty -t wo un for
“

t un ate,helpl ess b e i n g s we re murd e r e d an d h e add e d ,

“
I am al s o i n fo rm e d t h at t he murd er o f o ne o r m o re
s l av es by wh i t e men i n t h e C on g o i s a lm o s t a d a i ly
o ccurren c e, an d t h at t h e t o r t ure o f t h e t humb -s cr e w
was appl i ed to m an y m o r e b es i d e s t he boy fir s t allud ed
t o , an d i n so m e i n s t an c es i t w as s o s eve r e t h at t he
b ones o f t he fi ngers o f t h ese m o s t u n fo r t u n at e p eo pl e
wer e c ompl etely cru sh ed b e fo r e t hey wo uld i mpl i c at e
o t h e rs , an d b ey on d a d o ub t , u n d er th ei r e x cr u
c i at i n g ag on y , t he y a ccu sed m an y i nnoc ent peo pl e ,
Parliamentar y Papers, Afri ca ,No p 80
’
. 2 . .
 CIV ILISATIO N IN CONGOLAND .

for chi ldren of t en d e r yea rs we re i n clud ed an d n ot

Th ese o u t rages ,for wh i ch n o pu n i s hm en t a ppears t o h ave

b een fou n d p o s s i bl e, h elpe d— b efo re o ther i nt eres ts w e re
’
qu i ck en ed by the publ i c at i on o f M r S t an l ey s e xp e ri en c es .

i n d i re c t i n g a t ten t i on t o t he n ec ess i ty for so m e at t e mp t at

check i n g abu ses t hat had l o n g b e e n growi n g Th ough t he .

Fren ch h ad as y et m ad e l i tt l e u se of t he Gab oon d i st r i c t

o ccup i ed by t h e m i n 1 8 44 ,o u t s i d e O f Co n g o l and ,an d s t i l l

l es s of L oan go an d t he ot he r s t at i ons wh i ch t h ey had

s ub s equ en t ly pl an t e d t o t h e s o u t h o f t he Ogo we, a n d

a l t h o ugh t he Po r t ugu es e cl a i m t o o w n e r s h i p o f any t e rr i t o ry

n o r t h o f Ambri z h ad b een d i s pu t e d by t h e o t h e r Euro p ea n

Po we rs ,a n d m os t p e r s i s t en t ly by Gr eat Bri tai n ,t he wh o l e

i n t e rm ed i ate c o as t l i ne o f a b o u t 3 00 m i l es, an d es p ec i ally
t he fron t age o f K a bi n d a, wh i ch w as ch i e fly p osses s e d by
Po r t ugu es e a dven t ur er s,h ad c o m e t o be a much -frequ en t ed
’ ’
no -m an s -l an d ,o r ev e ry-m a n s -l an d ,i n wh i ch m o r e or l ess

pro fi t abl e t r ad e was c a rri e d o n by u n s crupul o u s adven t urers ,

as w ell as by r es p e c t abl e m e rch an t s an d t h ei r agent s ,o f

v ar i o u s n at i onal i t i es .

“
T o E n gl an d an d t o Po r t ug al , t he Gov er n m en t i n
L i s b on h ad po mp o u s ly and s p ec i o u s ly
Port ug uese Prop os al s
wr i tt en i n D e c e mb er , 1 8 7 5, for t he
f or Ref o r m .

i n fo rm at i on o f t he Br i t i s h Go ve r n
m e nt , Prov i d en ce s ee m s t o ha ve ass i g n ed t he gl o ri o u s
m i s s i on o f c i vi l i s i n g t he vast reg io n s o f S o u t h e rn Afri c a .

I n fac t , n o o t he r n at i on o ccup i es t e rr i to ry wh i ch i n i m
p o rt an ce o r e xt ent c an b e c o mp a r ed wi t h t h ose wh i ch ,by
P li mentary Papers , Af i c , N o 2
‘ ’
ar a r
pp 8 1 , 8 2 , The Rev
a . . .

W H ol man B entley,the B aptist m i ssi o y,who rri v ed i n the di stri ct two

. n ar a

y e s l t r ,makes l ight of th e a f i ,al th ugh h e repo rts th e murder of

ar a e a r o some
forty .
”
J ohn Scott,he says , was
h al f-cas te fr om S t H el en a,and fi u red
a
g .

as a n En gl i sh man H e had traded l on g on t he coast an d had mad e and

.

v
l os t se eral fortun es Mr B en tl ey add s , When we commenced our work
. .

,
he showed us al ways the k i nd est h ospi tali ty ”
H e was an g y ,h owe e wh en
,
. r vr
h i s coll eague,the Rev Tho m as Co mb es ,wa s a sked t o a t wi ce o e a deb t
.
p y vr
o f £40 t o S cott , wh o had b een a c tin
“
g as o ur a en t
”
Pionee i n i n th g . r g e
’
Con go Vol I ,pp 47 ,48 ,1 07
. . . .
 PRELIMINARY .

ri ght , bel on g t o t he Cro wn s o f t h es e t wo nat i ons Th at .

s i m i l a ri t y of o pi n i ons an d i n t e r es t s wh i ch u n i t es i n t h e

s t r i c t es t a ll i an c e t h e t wo n at i ons i n Euro p e,h i s M aj es t y s

’

Go v er n m en t t h i n k s , mu s t an d s h o uld pr oduc e e qu a lly

fav o ur abl e r es ul t s wh en t hey are ,w i t h s i n c eri ty,u n it ed o n
”
t h e i r Afri c an c o l on i es . I t w as a cc o rd i n gly urg ed t h at
“
i mm ed i ate ac t i on s h o uld b e c o nj o i n t ly t ak en by t h e

t wo Po we rs t o p ut a s t o p t o ac t s o f h os t i l i t y o n t he p ar t

of t he i n d i g eno u s p opul at i on a g a i n s t t h e p er s ons an d

pr o perty o f m erch ant s es t abl i s he d i n t hose p ar t s o f th e
coast o f Afri c a wh ere g a rr i s o n s h ad n ot as y et b e en
a pp o i nt ed .
“
I t i s n e c es s a ry t o prev ent the r ep et i t i o n
”
o f s uch a c t s o f v i o l en ce , i t i s urge d , and th e qu i ck es t

way o f d o i n g so w o uld b e an e ffe c t i v e o ccup at i on ,wh i ch ,

wi th o u t e mb arr as s i ng wi t h u s e l es s t ra mm e l s t he t rans ac t i on s
‘
o f l e g i t i m at e c o mm e rc e, wo uld e i cac i o u s ly pro t e c t t h e
fl
s ame fro m t h e d e pred at i on s a n d i n s ul t s o f t he nat i ves .

O f t he n at i ons wh i ch s uch an o ccup at i o n w o uld m os t

i mm ed i at ely i n t er es t Po r t ug al i s n at ur ally t h e on e m os t
”
fi tted t o c arry i t out .

Th ough i t was favo ura bly en t e r t ai n ed for a t i m e by t he

B r i t i s h Go vern m en t ,n o t h i n g c a m e o f th i s pro p os al , an d
t h ere was much gr e a t er n ee d fo r th e d e fen c e o f n a t i v e
i n t er es ts ag ai ns t wh i t e o ppr es s o r s t h an fo r the pro te c t i o n
o f Eur o peans fr o m bl a ck m a lc o n t e n t s . Ye t t he Po rt ugu ese
Go vern m en t,wh en as k e d t o pu n i s h i ts s ubj e ct s for s uch
m a lprac t i c es as we re bro ug h t to l i gh t i n 1 8 7 7 ,h ad so m e
gro u n d for r eply i n g t h at t h e re ce nt o u t rages are b ut t he
nat ur al r es ul ts o f t he d e pl o r abl e c on d i t i on o f a ffai rs on t h e

C o n go .
“
T h e n umb e r o f Euro p ean s o f v ar i o u s n at i o n
a l i t i es , i t was e xpl ai n e d , wh o fo r t he purp os es o f t r ad e
” “

h av e es t abl i s h ed fac t o r i es on t he b an k s of t he r i ver has

rap i dly i n cr eased o f l ate Th es e i n d i v i du al s ob t ai n s er
.

van ts fro m t he nei ghb o ur i n g ch i e fs i n exch an g e for g ood s ,

s o t h at ,i n p oi n t o f fa c t ,t h es e se rv an t s a re l i t t l e r e m o v ed

fro m s l aves Owi n g t o t h e l awl es s s t ate o f th e c ou n t ry ,

.

Parliamen tary Papers ,Afri ca,No

’
. 2 p 71
. .
 CIVILISATI O N IN CONGOLAND .

t he m as te rs are in c on s t an t dre ad o f t he i r s ervan t s or

s l aves ,a n d t h e re fo re d o t h e i r b es t t o r e c o n c i l e t h e m t o t h e

s t a t e o f b on d a g e i n wh i c h t h ey a r e k e p t .
N e ve r t h e l es s ,
t h e re a re a m o n g t h e s e N eg r o e s m a n y b ad a n d t urbul e n t
char ac te rs wh o are c o n t i n u a lly m i s b eh av i n g an d at t e mp t
i n g t o d es e r t ,an d who h a ve t h e r e fo r e t o b e k e p t d o wn w i t h
a s t ron g h an d I n fee bl e a p o l og y for t h e murd e r s at
”
.

Po n t a d a L en h a i t wa s urged : The e mpl o y e r o f t h es e

“

men h ad s u ffe red t e rr i bl e l os s es at t h ei r h an d s His

.

fac t o ry an d s to re s ,wi t h all t hey c o n t ai n ed ,h ad b een t w i c e

i f n o t t hr ee t i m es s et o n fi re a n d u tt e rly d es t ro ye d by

t h em . T he c onse qu e n c e w as t h a t, for t h e pr o t e c t i o n o f
t h e i r pro p e r ty , a n d e v en o f t h e i r l i ve s , wh i ch we re i n
i mm i nen t j eo p a rdy ,t h e o w n e r s o f fa c t o r i es i n t h at n ei gh
b o u rh ood c o mb i n e d t og et h e r,an d h av i n g ,w i t h t he as s i s t
an c e o f s o m e fr i en dly nat i v e ch i e fs ,s ucc ee d e d i n c a t ch i n g

t h e i n cri m i n a t e d N egroes fo rm e d a s o r t o f drumh e ad

c o u rt -m ar t i a l for t h ei r t ri a l , a n d c o n d e m ne d t o d eat h a
c er tai n n u mb e r o f t he wo r s t ch ar ac t e r s a m o n gs t t he m as
a n e x a mpl e t o t h e r es t . Th es e e x t e mp o r i se d j udges t oo k
upo n t h e m s elv es t he p art o f e x e cu t i one rs, an d , i n o rd er
t h at t h e t e rr i bl e s en t en c e t h ey h a d p ass e d s h o uld pr o duc e
t h e e ff e c t t h ey d es i r ed on t h e wh o l e o f t h e s urr o u n d i n g
t r i b es , t h ey d i vi d e d t h e c on d e m n e d m en i n t o s ev e r a l
b a t ch es an d dr o wn ed t h e m a t d i ffe ren t p o i n ts o n t h e r i ve r .

T h e l i ves a n d pr o p er ty o f t he u n fo r t u n a t e i n d i v i du a l s wh o
we re dr i ven t o t a k e s uch d es p er at e re m e d i es a re c o mpl et ely
a t t h e m e rcy o f s a v ag es wh o m fea r a l one w i ll e ffe c t u a lly

re s t rai n fr o m d eed s o f vi o l e n ce an d rap i n e I n t h es e t e rri

.

t o r i es t h e re i s n o one t o wh o m t h ey c an app ea l fo r t h at ai d
an d pr o t e c t i o n wh i ch t h ey s o urg e n t ly r e qu i r e .S i n c e t h e re
w a s n o l aw,a n d ,even if t h er e h ad b e en an y ,n o on e t o p ut
i t i n fo rc e ,wh at o t h e r c o ur s e w as o p e n t o t h e m ,u n l es s t h ey
h ad b ee n pr ep a re d to a b an d o n a l t o g et h e r t h e fi e ld o f t h ei r
c o mm e rc i al o p er at i on s ,b ut t he a d o p t i on o f t h e firs t o f all
”
l aws ,t hat o f s e lf pres e rv a t i on P
- *

Parli amen tary Papers , Afri ca,No

’
. 2
p 85. .
 PRELIMINARY .

Thu s reason s o r e xcu s es we r e pro v i d e d l arger

proj e c ts fo r th e s pread o f c i v i l i s at i on i n Co n g o l an d wh i ch
we re pres en t ly t o b e e n t e re d up on ,an d o f wh i ch t he m o s t
i mp o r ta n t i n c i d e n ts t h e i r b e a r i n g s w i ll b e s e t fo r t h i n
t he fo ll o w i n g p a ge s
.
 K ING LE O PO LD S PROJECT
’
.

d evot ed t h ei r en e rg i es t o i n d ep en d ent an d m o re or l es s
r i va l res earch es , t he fo rm e r i n an d b ey o n d t he Gab o o n
d i s t r i ct , t h e l a t t e r i n t h e Abys s i n i a n an d S h oan r eg i ons .

Ot h e r n a t i o n s b e i n g i n a c t i ve ,Ge rm an y al o ne co -o p e r a t e d
w i t h t he B elg i an N at i ona l C o mm i tt ee ,o r pro fes s ed t o d o s o .

T he Ge rm an Afr i c an S o c i et y , t h o u g h s t ar t e d w i t h t h at
o bj ec t , s o o n fo u n d i t s e lf i n o p en c o n fl i c t w i t h i t s n o m i n al

a lly . N early a l l t h e fu n d s o f th e I n t e r n at i o n al A s s o c i at i on ,
m o r eo ve r , we r e s uppl i e d by t h e B e lg i an C o mm i tt ee, an d
es p e c i ally by t h e Ro y al Pr e s i d en t o f b o t h ,a n d t h ei r a vo w e d

o r u n avo w ed purp os es s oon c a m e t o b e c arr i e d o ut u n d e r

th e s o l e d i r ec t i o n o f K i n g L eo p o ld an d wh o lly by B e lg i an
m e mb e rs ,e xcep t t h at a few o u t s i d e rs , i n clud i ng Gener a l
H S S an fo rd ,a fo rm e r U n i t e d S t at es M i n i s t er , a nd Dr
. . .

N a ch t i gal , t he Ge rm an t r av ell er , were o cc as i on ally m ad e

*
u s e o f as adv i s o r s o r ag en t s .

Gene r o u s e xpr es s i on o f t he h o p es r ai s ed at t he t i m e by
t h e pr oj e c t ,as i t w as t h en u n d e r s t oo d ,
I ts I n t e n t i o n s an d
was g i ven by C o m m an d e r C a m e r o n .

Pr op o s a l s
.
“
T he ph i l a n t hr o p i c a l e ffo r t s o f H i s
”
M aj es ty t he K in g o f t he B elg i an s , h e wro t e, if t h ey m eet “

wi t h t he s upp o r t t h ey d e s erv e,a l t h o ug h n ot e i t h e r o f a m i s

s i on ary or o f a c o mm e rc i a l ch a r a c t e r ,mu s t m at e r i a lly a s s i s t

i n o p en i n g up t h e c o u n t ry . Th e es t abl i s hm en t o f d ep Ot s o r
s t at i ons o n a t ru n k -r o u t e a cr os s t h e c o n t i ne n t ,wh e re t h e

t i re d an d w e a ry e x pl o r e r m ay fi n d a r es t i n g -pl a c e an d

fres h s t o re s a n d m e n t o c a rry o n hi s t as k ,c an n ot fai l t o d o

much t o w a rd s s ys t e m at i s i n g t h e w o rk o f d i s co v e ry ,i n s t ea d
o f l ea v i n g e v e ry m an t o h u n t fo r h i s o w n n ee dl e i n h i s o wn

bu n dl e o f h ay T he es t a bl i s hm e n t o f t hes e s t at i o ns wo uld
.

n e c es s i t a t e t h e m a i n t en an c e o f r eg ul a r m ean s o f c o mmu n i

c at i on b et ween t h e m , a n d t h e re fo re e a ch n ew expl o r er
wo uld b e abl e t o t r a v el d i r e c t t o t he b as e o f hi s o pe r at i o n s ,
wit h o u t was t i n g t i m e , m o n ey ,or en e rgy i n g ett i n g i n t o a

J ‘ e, The Par ti t i on o f Af ri ca 4 ; H , M,
-1 2
K
’

.el t i S .
‘
pp . 1 1 9
S tanl ey, Th e Congo and the F oun d i n
g o f i t s F r S
ee tate
’
Vol I
. .

-8
PP 3 3 3
 K ING LE O P O LD S PROJECT
’
. 27

d evot ed t h ei r en erg i es t o i nd e p en d ent and m o re o r l ess

r i val r es ea rch es , t he fo rm e r i n an d b ey o nd t he Gab oo n
d is t r i c t , t he l at ter i n t he Abys s i n i an and S ho an r eg io ns .

Ot h er n at i o n s b ei n g i n a c t i ve ,Ge rm any al on e co-o p e r ate d

wi t h t he B elg i an N at i ona l C o mm i tt ee,o r pro fes s ed t o d o s o .

T he Ge rm an A fr i c an S o c i et y , t h o ugh s t a rt ed w i t h t h a t
obj ec t ,s oo n fo u n d i t se l f i n o p en c o n fl i c t w i t h i t s n o m i n a l

a lly . N early all t he fun d s o f th e I n t e r nat i o n al A s so c i ati o n ,

m o reo ve r , wer e s uppl i e d by t h e Belg i an C o mm i t t ee,an d
es p e c i ally by the Roy al Pr e s i d e n t o f b ot h ,an d t h e i r a vo w e d

o r u navo w ed purp o s es s oo n c a m e t o b e c arr i ed o u t u n d e r

t h e s o l e d i r ec t i o n o f K i ng L e o p o ld an d wh olly by B e lg i an
m e mb er s, excep t t hat a few o u t s i d e rs ,i n clud i n g Ge ne r al
H S S an fo rd ,a fo rm er U n i t e d S tat es M i n is t e r,a nd Dr
. . .

N a ch t i g a l , the Germ an t rav ell e r , were occ as i on ally m ad e

us e o f as a dv i s o rs o r ag en t s
‘
.

Ge ne ro u s e xpr ess i o n o f t he h o p es r ai sed at the t i m e by

t he pr oj e c t ,as i t was t h en u n d e r s t oo d ,
It s I n t e n t i o n s a n d
was g i ven by C o m m an d e r C a m e r o n .

Prop o s a l s.
“
The ph i l an t hr o p i c a l e ffo r t s o f H i s
”
M aj es ty t he K i ng o f t he B elg i a ns , he wrote, if t hey m ee t
wi t h t h e s upp ort t h ey d e s e rv e,a l t h o ugh not e it he r o f a m i s
s i ona ry or o f a c o mm e rc i a l ch a r a c t e r ,mu s t m at e r i a lly a s s i s t

i n o pen i n g up t h e c o u n t ry . T h e e s t abl i s hm en t o f d e p ot s o r
s t a t io ns o n a t ru n k -r o u t e acr o s s t h e c on t i nen t ,wh e re t h e

t i re d an d w ea ry e xpl o r e r m ay fi n d a re s t i n g -pl a c e an d

fr es h s to res an d m en t o c a rry on his t as k ,c an n ot fai l t o d o

much t o w a rd s sy s te m at i s i n g t h e wo rk of d i s c o ve ry ,i n s t e ad
o f l ea v i n g ev ery m a n to hu n t fo r h i s o wn n ee dl e i n h i s o wn

bu n dl e o f hay T he es t a bl is hm e n t o f t h ese s t at i o ns wo uld

.

ne c es s i t at e t h e m a i n t en an c e o f re gul a r m e ans o f c o m mu n i

c at io n b et we en t h e m , an d t he r e fo re each n ew expl o re r
wo uld b e abl e to t rav e l d i re c t t o t he b as e o f hi s o pe rat ion s ,
wit ho u t w as t i n g t i m e, m oney ,o r ene rgy i n g et t i n g i n t o a
A 4; H M
’

J S Kelti e,
. .Th e P ‘
ar t i t i on o f f ri ca pp 1 .1 9 -1 2
. .

’
S tanl ey, T he Congo and the F ound g f i s Fr S t
‘
i n o t ee ta e Vol I . .

-8
PP 33 3
28 C I VILI SATI O N IN CONGOLAND .

ne w c o u n try Th es e s t at i on s m i ght b e c o mm an d ed e it h e r
.

by Eur o p eans o r by m e n o f ch a r a c te r a m o n g s t the Ar ab

m e rch an t s,wh o m i g h t b e t ho r o u g hly re l i e d on t o d o t hei r
wo rk i n an upr i g h t an d h o n o ur abl e m an ne r B y c o m .

m en c i n g fr o m b o t h c o as t s , a ch ai n o f s t at i o n s s o m e 2 00
m i l e s a p a r t m i ght b e es t abl i s h e d i n a c o mp ar at i ve ly s h o r t
s p ac e o f t i m e . N ews of Mr S t a n l ey s v o ya ge d o w n t he
.
’

’
C o n g o h ad n o t y et r ea che d Euro p e ; b ut K i n g L eo p o ld s
o r i g i n al s ch e m e ,a s u n d e r s t oo d by C a m e r o n ,a n d s upp o s e d
”
by h i m t o b e n o t of a c o mm erc i a l ch a r ac te r , i n clud ed t he
“

”
u t i l i sat i o n of t h at an d ot h e r wat e rway s .
“
A st ea m er , h e
wro t e, s ho uld b e s t at i one d o n e ach s e c ti o n o f a ri v e r,
d ep ots s h o uld b e fo rm ed a t t h e r ap i d s w i t h pr o v i s i ons and
m e rch a n d i s e,an d t he go o d s s h o uld b e c a rr i e d pas t t h em by
m en s t at i on e d t h er e for t h e purp o se ,or by bull o ck -c a rt s o r
s m a ll l i n es o f t r a mw ay s . The a fll uen t s o f t he C on g o wo uld
en abl e o u r t r a d e r s a n d m i s s i o n a r i e s t o p enet r at e i n t o t he

g re at e r p o r t i o n o f t he a t pr es e n t u n k n o w n r eg i o n s o f Afr i c a .

T h e C o ng o ,at i t s m o u t h ,i s n o t u n d e r t h e d o m i n i o n o f an y
Euro p ean p o we r,an d the pri n c i pa l m e rch an t s t he re are t he
Du t c h They w o uld b e d el i g h t ed t o s ee t he t rad e O f t he
.

i n t er i o r i n t he h an d s o f Eur o p ean s , i ns t ead o f b e i n g de

p end en t on t h e c a pri c es o f s o m e o f t he m os t d e pr aved o f
t he W es t C oas t t r i b es ,wh o ,eve r s i n c e t h e C on go h as b een
d i s co ver ed , h a v e b ee n en g age d —i n c o mp an y wi t h Euro
pe an s e ven m o r e v i l e t h an t hey—i n s l ave t rad e an d p i r acy .
”

L et t ho s e i n t e r es t ed i n s c i en t i fic r e s ea rch , C a m e r on urged ,
c o m e fo rwa rd an d s uppo r t t he K i n g of t he B e l g i a n s i n hi s
n o bl e s ch e m e fo r u n i t e d a n d s y s t e m a t i c e xpl o ra t i o n . L et
t h o s e who d es i r e t o s t a mp o ut th e t ra ffic i n s l a v es ut t h ei r
p
s h o uld er s t o t he wh ee l i n e a r n es t ,a n d by t h e i r v o i c e m o n ey
, ,
a n d e n e rg y a i d t h o s e t o wh o m t h e t a s k m a b e en ru
t s te d ”
y .

Th e firs t e xp ed i t ion s en t o u t by t he B elg i an N at i o n a l

C o mm i t tee, i n a cc o rd an c e wi t h i t s
It s Ea r l y Op e r at i o n s.

o r i g i n al pr o p o s a l s ,s t a r t e d b e fo r e t he

cl ose 0 1 1 8 7 7 an d h ad for i t s o bj e ct t he pl an t i n g o f st at i ons

Across Afri ca,
’
Vol I I pp 3 3 0,3 3 3 ,3 3 7
. . . .
 K IN G LEOPOLD S ’
PROJECT . 29

on the wes t s i d e o f L ak e T an gany i k a,an d t he i mpro ve

m en t o f c o m mu n i c at i o n s b e t ween t he m an d Z an z i b a r ,w i t h
a v i e w t o pr o m o t i n g s c i en t i fic i n qu i r i es , b e fr i e n d i n g a ll

t r av e ll e rs ,a n d ,a s a n ul t e r i o r a i m , s uppres s i ng t he s l ave
”
t rad e by c i v i l i s i n g i n flu en ces I t m et w i t h m an y
“
.

d i s a s t e rs , h o we ve r , an d L i e u t en an t Ca m b i e r,on wh o m i t s
l ea d e rs h i p d evo lv e d a fte r t he d e at h o f h i s s up e r i o r o ffic e r,
on ly c o n t r i v e d t o e s t abl i s h o n e s t a t i o n ,an d t h at a t K a re m a
,
on t h e s o u t h -eas t o f t h e l a k e ,i n Augu s t ,1 8 7 9 .

M ean wh i l e t he a n n o u n c e m en t o f M r S t a n l ey s e xpl o ra .
’

t i o n s h ad bro ugh t a b o u t a r es h a p i n g o f s o much a s

re m ai n e d o f t he I n t e r n at i o n al Afr i c an A s s o c i a t i on On .

Mr S t an l ey s h a l t i n g a t M a rs ei ll es ,i n J an u ary , 1 8 7 8 , h e
.
’

was m e t by Ge n e r a l S a n fo rd an d t h e c hi e f s ecr et a ry o f
t he A ss o c i a t i o n , w h o i n fo rm e d hi m , o n b eh alf o f K i n g
Le op o ld , t h at h i s d i s c o ve r i es h ad g i ve n b i rt h t o a g ran d
proj e c t , fo r t h e re a l i s at i o n o f wh i ch h i s e xpe ri en ce an d
a c t i ve as s i s t an c e w e re A ye a r was o ccup i e d
wi t h e l ab o r a t e pr e p a r at i o n s an d c o mpl i c at ed n ego t i at i on s
b ut t he s e w e re s u ffic i en t ly a dv an c ed fo r va ri o u s pe rs on s
“

o f m o re o r l e s s n o t e i n t h e c o mm e rc i a l an d m o n et a ry
wo rld , fro m E n gl a n d , Ge rm an y, Fran ce , B e lg i um , an d
”
H o ll an d , t o be i n vi t e d t o a c o n fe r en c e wi t h K i n g L eo po ld
i n B r u s s el s i n N o ve mb e r T h e o bj e c t o f t he m e e t i n g ,
.

repo r t e d Mr S t an l e y , was t o c o n s i d e r t h e b e s t way o r

.
“

pro m ot i n g t h e ve ry m o d e s t e n t e rpr i s e o f s t udy i n g wh at

m i gh t b e m ad e o f t he C o n go r i v er an d i t s b as i n Th i s .

b ody o f gen t l e m e n d es i re d t o k n o w ho w much o f t h e

C on go r i ve r was a c t u a lly n avi g a bl e by l i g ht - dr a u g ht
ves s el s ? wh at pro te c t i o n c o uld fr ie ndly n at i ve ch i e fs g i v e
t o c o mm e rc i a l e n t e rpr i s e s ? w e re t h e t r i b e s a l o n g t he
C on go s u ffic i e n t ly i nt e ll i g e n t t o u n d e r s t a n d t h at i t
wo uld b e b e tt e r fo r t he i r i n t e r es t s t o m ai n t ai n a fr i e n dly
i n t e rc o urs e w i t h t h e wh i t es t h a n t o r e s t r i c t i t ? wh a t
t r i bu t es , t a x e s ,o r i mp o s t s ,i f a n y ,wo uld b e l e v i e d by t h e
n at i v e ch i e fs fo r r i gh t o f way t hr o ugh t h e i r c o u n t ry ?

J Wauters, Etat
’
I n dép endant du C
’
A . . L o ngo p
. 19 .
 30 C IVILISATIO N IN CONGOLAND .

wh at was ch ar ac te r o f t he pro duc e wh i ch t he n at i ves

t he
wo uld b e a bl e t o e xch an g e fo r Euro p ean fa br i c s ? p ro
vi d ed t hat i n fu t ure a r ai lw ay w o uld b e cr e a t e d t o S t a n l ey

Po o l fro m s o m e p o i n t on t he L o we r C o n go , t o wh at
a m o u n t c o uld t h i s pr o duc e b e fur n i s h e d ? S o m e o f t he
a b o ve qu e s t i o n s w e r e an s w e ra bl e e ven t h en ; o t h e r s w e re

n ot . I t was , t h e re fo r e, r e s o lve d t h a t a fu n d s h o uld b e

s ub s cr i b e d t o e qu i p an e xp ed i t i o n t o o b t a i n a ccur ate
i n fo rm a t i o n ,t he s ub s cr i b e rs t o t h e fu n d as s um i n g t he n a m e
an d t i t l e o f C o m i t é d E t ud es d u H a u t
’

I n d ue c o urs e, o r i n h o t h a s t e, t h e C o m i t é , w i t h a
n o mi n al c ap i t al o f fr an c s,
T h e C o m i t é d Et u d e s ’

b ut w i t h pro mp t buyi n g o ut o f all

d u H un t - Con g o .

fo re i g n c o n t r i bu t o r s ,w as br o u g ht i n t o
s uch r e l a t i o ns w i t h t h e A ss o c i at i o n t h a t t h e o l d b o dy w as

pra c t i cally s up er s e d e d by t h e new K i n g L eo po ld was pr esi

.

d en t o f b ot h C o l one l S t ra uch ,t h e wo rk i n g h ead o f t he on e,

.

was m ad e ch i ef s e cr et a ry o f t h e o t h e r T h e C o m i t é ,a cc o rd
.

i n g t o M r S t a n l e y,h a d s ep ar a t e o bj ec t s fr o m t h ose o f the

.

A ss o c i at i on ,a n d t he ul t i m at e i n t en t i o n o f e mb a rk i n g on
“

a gr ea t e r en t e rpr i s e , i f t h e r ep o r t s fr o m t h e C o n g o a re

fav o urabl e b u t fro m t h i s t i m e t h e A s s o c i a t i o n dro p s o ut

of n otice Thr ee y ea rs a ft e rward s , h av i n g s at i s fi ed i tself
“
.

t h at pro gr es s an d s t a b i l i t y w e r e s e cur ed , t he C o m i t é
v i r t u ally appro pr i at ed t he o ld t i t l e an d ,t h o ugh i n n o way
i n t e r n at i o n al ,r en a m ed i t s elf A s s o c i a ti o n I n t e r n at i o n a l d e
C o n go 1 F o r t h i s fres h t i t l e ,as we s h al l s e e, ano t her ,
.

t h at o f E t at I n dép en d an t d u C o n g o w a s s ub s t i t u t ed ,two
“

y e a r s l at e r .

M r S t an l ey mu s t b e cr ed i te d, i f n o t w i t h i n i t i a t i on of
.

t he m o r e r ec e n t d e v e l o pm e n t s o f t h e bu s i n ess a t an
, y ra t e
wi t h much o f the en erg y an d s k i ll s h o wn i n pu s h i n g i t
t h r o u g h s ucc es s fully,u n d e r c o n d i t i o ns m a t e r i a lly a l t e ri n g i t s

fir s t i n ten t i on an d r en d e r i n g i t far m o r e pro fi t a bl e t o hi s

e mpl o y e r s ,a s w e ll a s t o h i m s e lf t h a n i t c o uld o t h e rw i s e
,
h av e b ee n Th e e n te rpri s e , s ays i t s h i s t o r i an , was
.
“ ” “

S tanl ey,‘ The Congo,

’
Vol I ,p 26
'

. . . .
1 I bari ,Vol I
. .
pp . 2 8 ,so,51 .
 KING LE O PO LD S P ROJECT ’
.
31

c o nduc t ed w it h t he m os t feveri s h ac t i v i ty an d i n t he
great es t secrecy . I f, a ft e r i ts amb i t i ou s and o r i g i n al
c on c e p t i o n ,a ny t h i n g el s e c o uld be s urpr i s i n g, i t was t he
rap i d i t y,th e d i s cret i on ,an d t h e o rd e rl i nes s w i t h wh i ch i t
was re a l i s e d ”
. T he s e cre cy wo uld h a ve b een o ut o f pl a c e
had t h e ph i l an t hro p i c i n t en t i o n s o f 1 8 7 6 been a dh e r ed t o .

T h e fac t th at s ecrecy an d d ec ep t i ons w er e res o r t e d t o

b et r ays c ons c i o u snes s o f a ch a n ge o f pl ans and o f t he n eed
for i ts c o n c ea lm en t T h e s p e ed , h owever,was e x e mpl a ry
. .

The C o m i t é d Et udes d u H au t-C o n g o was n o t fo rm ally

’

c o ns t i t u t e d u nt i l 2 0th N o ve mb e r , 1 8 7 8 ,an d on t h at d ay
Mr S t an l ey r ec ei v ed d e fi n i t e i n s t ruc t i ons an d a u t h o r i t y t o
.

c arry o ut t he pl ans he h ad s ugg es te d By 2 3 rd J a n u ary , .

1 8 7 9 ,h e was r eady t o s t a r t fo r Z an z i b a r t he re t o r e cru i t

,
the o ffic e rs a n d c ar r i e rs wh o w e re t o acc o mp an y hi m ro u n d
th e S o ut h Afr i c an c o as t , an d t o m eet at B an ana ,o n t h e
m o u t h o f th e C ong o, t h e c o n s i gn m en t s h e h ad b e fo re
l eavi n g Euro p e arran ged fo r fro m the bu i ld ers of s t e a m e rs ,
“

l i ghte rs , an d s t eel wh al e bo a t s , th e m ak e r s of p o rt abl e

wood en ho u ses an d c o rr u g at e d i ron s to r es ,t he wa gg on
”
m ake rs , an d t he pro v i s i on p a ck e rs On 1 2 t h Augu s t ,
.
“

he pro udly wr ote, I h a d a rr i ve d at B anan a Po i n t,

a ft e r cross i n g Afr i c a an d d es c en d i n g i t s greates t r i v e r On .

1 4 th Aug u st ,1 8 7 9 , I a rr i ve d b e fo re t h e m o u t h o f t h i s r i v e r

t o as cen d i t wi t h t he n o v e l m i s s i o n o f so wi n g a l o n g i t s
b an k s c i vi l is ed s ett l e m en t s , t o peac efully c on qu e r a n d
s ubdu e i t , t o r em o uld i t i n h a rm o n y w i t h m od e r n i d eas

i n t o N at i o n al S tat es , w i t h i n wh o s e l i m i t s t he Eur o p ean

m erch an t s h all go h an d i n h an d wi th t he d ark Afr i ca n
t r ad er , an d j u s t i c e a n d la w an d o rd e r s h all pre v a i l , a n d
murd e r an d l awl essness an d t he cru e l b ar te r of s l aves s h all
”
for e ve r c e as e 1.

H ow t h at pro m i s e has bee n bro k en w i ll pres en t ly be

s h o wn i n s o m e d e t a i l .

What e ve r may h ave been pr i v at e ly e xp ec t ed o f h i m,M r .

Wauters, L
’
Etat I n dép endan t d u Congo, p
’
. 20
.

’
1
"
The Congo, Vol I ,p 59 . . . .
32 CIV ILISATIO N IN CONGOLAND .

S t an l ey ,i n en t e ri n g on wo rk ,v i ed wi t h h i s e mpl oy er s i n
hi s
t h e pr o fe s s i o n o f g oo d i n t en t i on s It “
.

M r S t a n l ey s ’

wo uld b e w i s e , C o l on e l S t r a uch had

”
.

Un d e r t a k i n g .

wr i t t e n ,i n a lm os t a mu s i n g i g n o ran c e
o f p os s i b i l i t i es an d t h e i r l i m i t a t i o n s , t o e x t en d t he i n flu en c e
“

o f t h e s t at i o n s o n t h e ch i e fs dw e ll i n g nea r t h e m ,o f wh o m

a r e publ i c an c o n fe d e r a t i o n of fre e N e gr o e s mi gh t b e fo rm ed ,

s uch c on fe d e r at i on t o b e i n d e p en d e n t ,e xc e p t t h a t t he K i n g ,

t o wh o m i t s c o n c e p t i o n a n d fo rm a t i o n w a s d ue , wo uld
r es e rve t he r i gh t t o a pp o i n t t he Pres i d e n t , wh o s h o uld
res i d e i n Euro pe . E a ch s t at i o n s h o uld b e a l i tt l e co m
“

” ’
m on wea l t h , i t wa s s t at e d i n C o l o n e l S t r auch s i ns t ruc t i o ns
al s o , Th i s pr oj e c t i s n o t t o cr ea t e a B e lg i an c o l o n y ,b u t t o
“

es t abl i s h a p o w e rful N e gr o S t a t e . O n t h i s p o i n t ,a n d s o me
o t h e rs , Mr . S t an l ey m ad e n o s ecre t o f h i s d e t e rm i nat i on
t o fo ll o w h i s o w n c o u n s el s ,u n d e r a n o l es s s h o wy a ss ump
t i o n o f ph i l an t hr o py A s r eg ard s t he pr oj e c t e d N egro
.

Re publ i c ,he re pl i e d I t w o uld b e m ad nes s fo r one i n my

p os i t i on t o at t e mp t i t ,e xc ep t i n s o far as o ne c o urs e m ight
fo ll o w an o t he r i n t he n a t ura l s e qu en c e o f t h i n g s We .

mu s t l e a ve t he p e tty t r i b e s a s w e fo u n d t h e m ,a n d l e ave
e a ch a n d a l l t o o b s e rve fo r t h e m s e lves wh at i s a cc e p t abl e .

T o s uch a s s ee k th e pro te c t i o n ,c o mfo r t , an d c ar e o f t he

s t at i ons a k i n dly re fug e w i ll b e g ra n t e d , an d wh atever
m ay b e d one t o i mpr o ve t h e i r c o n d i t i o n w i ll b e d o n e t o
t h e u t m o s t o f o u r p o we r ,w i t h t h e u t m os t g oo dw i ll ,w i t h a
Vi e w o f n o t o n ly c ons o l i d at i n g t he i n flu en ce o f t h e s t a t i ons ,
b ut o f i mpr o v i n g o u r m ean s o f c i v i l i s i n g s u Ch p eo pl e as
may c o m e i n i mm ed i ate c on t ac t o r r e l at i on s h i p w i t h
Ot h er s t at e m en t s i n t h e l e tt e r o f 8 t h J uly ,1 8 7 9 ,wh i ch i s
he re b e i n g qu ot ed fro m ,d e se rve t o b e b o r n e i n m i n d A .
“

foot i n g c an n o t b e m ad e o n t h e C o ng o , wrot e M r S t a n l e y, .

wi t ho u t h a v i n g fir s t e n t er ed i n t o ag r ee m e n t o r t reaty
w i t h t h e c hi e fs , e i t h e r fo r c o mm e rc i a l o r ph i l an t hr op i c
purpos es Thi s mu s t b e d o n e w i t h t a c t an d g ene r os i ty ,
.

e x e rc i s i n g l a rge fo rb e ar a n c e i n all c o mmu n i c a t i on s Such .

’
‘
T he Congo , Vol I ,pp 52 ,53
. . . .
34 CIV I LI SATI O N IN CONGOLAND .

L e o p o ld ,a n d wh er e h e w as o bl i ge d by a d an ge r o u s fe v er
t o p a u se i n hi s l a b o u r s a n d r et u r n t o E ur o p e ,M r S t a n l ey .

a pp ea rs t o h a v e fo r t h e m o s t p ar t fa i rly c a rr i e d o u t hi s

pr o m i s es an d i n t e n t i o n s .

Pas s i n g B o m a an d t h e o t h er pl a c es i n wh i ch t r a d i n g
fa c t o r i es h ad a lre a dy b ee n e s t abl i s h ed ,a n d o f wh i ch N o k i ,
a b o u t 1 0 8 m i l es fr o m B a n a n a ,w as t h e m o s t d i s t an t ,h i s firs t

l o n g h a l t was at V i v i ,t en m i l e s h i gh e r up o n t he n o r t h er n
s i d e o f t h e r i v e r ,wh e r e h e o b t a i ne d h i s fi rs t c o n c es s i o n
fo r £ 3 2 d o w n i n s t o ck a n d a r e n t a l o f £ 2 p e r m on th
,
.

T he t erm s o f h i s b a rg a i n , wh i ch i s m e m o r abl e as a
pr e c ed e n t , we r e t h at wi t h i n a n a r e a o f t wen t y s qu are “

”
m i l es a t t h e u t m os t, as h e r e po r t ed , o f a ll t h e l an d “

u n o ccup i ed by v i ll ag es o r fi e ld s o r g ard e n s I s h o uld m ak e

my ch o i c e,a n d bu i ld as m an y h o u s es ,an d m a k e as m an y
r o ad s ,an d d o any k i n d o f wo rk ,I l i k e d I s h o uld b e c o n
.

s id e r e d as t he
‘
m un d e le ( ch i e f t r ad e r ) o f V i v i , an d n o
’

o t h e r w h i t e m an s h o uld p u t fo o t o n V i v i s o i l w i t h o u t

pe rm i s s i o n fr o m m e ; n o n a t i v e ch i e f o f i n l an d o r r i v e rs i d e
s h o uld m o l e s t a n y m an i n my e mpl o y w i t h i n t h e d i s t r i c t

o f V i vi h e lp s h o uld be g i v en fo r wo rk ,an d t he peo pl e o f

V i v i ,s uch as l i k ed ,s h o uld en g ag e t h e m s e lv es as wo rkm en
an yb o dy ,wh i t e o r bl a ck , n a t i v e o r fo r e i g n , p ass i n g t o or

fro t hr o u g h t h e l an d , s h o uld d o s o fr ee ly, n i gh t an d d ay ,

w i t ho u t le t o r h i n d r an c e I f an y d i s agr ee m en t s ho uld ari se
.

b e t we e n any o f my p eo pl e ,wh i t e o r bl a ck , an d t h e peo pl e

o f V i v i , t h ey, t he ch i e fs , w o uld pro m i s e n o t t o t r
y an d
re ve n g e t h em s elves , b ut br i n g t he i r c o mpl ai n t b e fo re t he
m u n d ele o f V i v i ,t h a t h e m i gh t d e c i d e u p on t h e r i gh t an d
’

t he wro n g o f i t an d i f a n y o f t h e i r p e o pl e w e r e c a ugh t i n

t h e a ct o f d o i n g wr o n g , t h en t h e wh i t e m a n s h a ll pr o m i s e
t h a t h i s ch i e f s h a ll b e c a ll e d t o h e a r t he c a s e a g a i n s t h i m ,
a n d , i f t he cr i m e i s pr o ve d ,t he ch i e f s h a ll
p ay t he pr i c e
a cc o rd i n g t o cu s t o m.

W i t h t he help o f 1 2 2 c oas t n at i v es an d o t h e r C on g o l es e,
b es i d es 8 1 E as t Afr i c an s br o ugh t fr o m Z an z i b a r , an d
’
Th e C ongo, Vol I ,pp . . . 1 3 5,1 3 7 .
 K IN G LEOPOLD S ’
PROJECT .
35

t we lve Euro peans ,M r S tan l ey s p e nt m o r e t h an fo ur m o n t h s

.

i n bu i ld i n g V i v i s t a t i o n ,w i t h i t s s n o w-wh i te c o t t ag es a nd
”
chal et v i s i bl e fr o m afa r , i t s s t o re h o u s es ,l an d i n g -s t ag e, an d

o t h e r appl i a n c es ; an d a l l t h i s a pp ea r s t o h av e b een d one

wi t h o u t any s e r i o u s d i fficul ti es w i t h t he i n h ab i t an t s H e .

had h a rd e r w o rk , h o wev e r , i n cu tt i n g p at hw ays fo r th e

c on vey an c e o f h i s boat s an d s t o re s ,as well as o f h i s p arty ,
bet wee n t h e r i ve r s i te O ppo s it e t o V i vi —ou wh i ch M at ad i
now s t an d s —an d I s an g i l a, a n d a g a i n b et ween M an y an g a

and S t an l e y Po o l , i n o rd e r t o av o i d t he i n t erm ed i at e
po rti o n s o f th e C on go wh i ch a re rend ered i mp ass abl e by
i t s r o ck s a n d c at arac t s T hi s a rdu o u s u n d er t ak i ng i n v o lved
.

t e rr i bl e h ard s h i p s an d h e avy l os s o f l i fe T he g ap s fr o m
.

deat h s an d d es er t i o ns h ad t o b e fill ed up by fres h rei n fo rc e

m ent s o f l abo ur fro m t he c o as t ,p ai d for i n cl o t h o r g i n ,
at ra t es va ry i n g i n v alu e fr o m 1 2 3 t o 2 4s a m on t h ,t o g et h e r
. .

wi t h foo d b ut l ab o ur was d i fficul t t o o b t ai n i n s p i t e o f i t s

at t en d an t a llur e m en t s .M r S t a n l ey was d i s t res sed by
.

the u n c o n qu e r abl e i n d o l en c e o f t he p eo pl e an d t he
”
s c arc i t y o f t h ei r n u mb e r s . H e c o mpl ai ne d t h at , c om
pa red t o t he e x ten t of t h ei r p os s es s i ons ,t h ey are r eally t oo
”
ri ch t o wo rk . Thei r fru i ts a n d n u t s an d ot he r g a rd en
pro duce bri n g s u ffic i en t an d m o re t han s ufli c ien t fo r
“

”
n at i ve wan t s , h e re p o rt e d i t r e qu i r es v e ry s t r on g i n duc e
m en t s t o t e mp t t h e m t o a ban d o n t h ei r e as y h o m e and
vi ll ag e l i fe for wo rk at s t at i o n s o r o n road s Th e c h i ef
.

i nduc e m en t was t he s t r on g dr i n k o ffer ed i n b a r t e r fo r l oc al

c o mm o d it i es , as well as i n l i e u o f wages M an y o f t he
.
“

”
coas t p eo pl e t ak e p ay l arg e ly i n gi n, wr ot e M r S t a nl ey . .

“
B o t t l es o f g i n o r rum ar e m ark et abl e, a n d s e rve as
curren cy Th o ugh we m ay regre t t h at gi n i s c o n s i d e r ed as
.

curren ey , w e c anno t he lp i t We requ i re n ati ve pro duce

.

fo r foo d d ai ly ; w i t h o u t an as s o r t m ent o f curren cy we s h o uld

b e p ut t o gr eat s h i ft s fr equ en t ly The gi n an d rum are al s o
.

l argely c o n s um ed as gr og by o ur n at iv e wo rkm en We .

d i lut e b ot h l a rg ely , and so reduc e i t s s p i r i t ; b ut we are

comp ell ed t o serv e i t out m o r n i n g and eveni ng A s t o ppag e .
36 CIV ILISATI O N IN CONGOLAND .

of t his wo uld be fo ll o we d by a c e s s at i on O f wo rk In .

fur th er ap ol ogy fo r hi s u s e o f t h i s agent of c i vi l i s at i on “

M r S t an l ey s ai d , I h a ve n o t s een an y i ll-effe c t s fro m i t as

.

e t O n t h e c on t r a ry ,i t h a s i n crea s e d t h e i r s o c i a b i l i t y,a n d
y .

m ad e p eopl e o t he rwi se s i l en t o p en t h e i r m i n d s fran kly “ .

M r S t an l ey w as s t i ll a t V i v i wh en ,i n Febru ary,1 8 8 0,
.

h e r e c e i ve d a l et t e r fr o m Bru ssel s
De B ra z z a s Ri va l ry
’

wa rn i ng h i m t h a t a Fre n ch e xp ed i t i o n
.

was on i t s way fro m t he O g o w e t o S t a n l e y Po o l T h e h ead of .

t h i s e xp e d i t i on was L i e u t en a n t d e B r azz a,a y o u n g I t a l i an

i n th e Fren ch s e rvi c e , wh o , be t ween 1 8 7 5 an d 1 8 7 8 ,h ad
a cc o mp an i e d Dr B all a y a n d M M a rch e on t h e e xpl o rat i on
. .

o f t h e d i s t r i c t s o u t h o f t h e Ga b o o n an d es p ec i ally o f t he

Ogo we, wh i ch wa s t h en v a i n ly e xp e c t ed t o pr ov e one o f

t he o u t l et s o f t he C o n g o Aft er t r ac i n g t he Og owe t o i t s
.

s o urc e M d e Bra zz a c a m e a cr os s t h e Al i m a ,fl o wi n g i n t he
.

o pp o s i t e d i r e c t i o n , an d , as h i s as s o c i at es o bj ec t e d t o h i s

fo ll o wi n g t h i s s t re a m ,h e r e t ur ne d t o Euro pe b e for e l earni ng ,

fro m t h e r e po r t o f Mr S t an l ey s ea rl i e r exp ed i t i o n,t hat i t
.
’

was a t r i bu t ary o f t he M i ddl e C o n go , an d m i gh t o ff er a

m o re favo ur abl e r o u t e t o t he c e n t r a l p a rt s o f Congol and
t h an was affo rd ed by t h e m a i n r i ve r w i t h i t s l o n g s t r et ch o f
c at ar ac t s .

M d e Bra zz a,acc o rd i n gly,l ost n o t i m e i n g oi n g b ack t o

.

t he pro m i s i n g fi eld o f t r a v el , as t he a g e n t o f t he Fren ch

C o mm i tt ee of t he I n t e rnat io na l Afri c a n A ss o c i at i on ,and
t he re fo re o s t ens i bly a c o ll e a gu e,t h o ugh r ea lly a k een r i val ,
of M r S t an l ey H e w as s uppl i e d by t h e Fren ch Go ver n
. .

m ent ,i t was s t at ed ,wi t h a s ub s i dy o f fr an cs i n the

exp e c t at i on t h at h e wo uld t hu s o p en up a ro ad whi ch
“

wo uld tap t he c o u nt ry t hro ugh wh i ch t he C on go fl ows,

a b o ve t he r a p i d s , l o n g b e fo r e M r S t a n l ey c o uld r each i t , .

a n d co n vey s uch pr o duc e as i t m ay c o n t ai n t o t e rr i t ory

"
u n d er Fren ch d o mi n i o n r B ut h e wa s n ot abl e t o l eav e
.

Euro pe b efor e N o ve mb e r, 1 8 7 9 , t en m on t h s a ft er M r .

’
The C ongo , Vol I ,pp 1 9 3 ,1 9 4
‘
. . . .

1 ‘
r v
Parli amenta y Papers , S la e T rade,No 1
’
.
p
. 1 3.
 KING LEOPOLD S PROJECT ’
.
37

S t an l ey The reup on , i n t he h o p e o f fo r es t all i ng any

.

b arg ai n s he m i gh t m ak e w i t h n at i ve ch i efs wh i ch w o uld

ul t i m at ely s erv e as gr o u n d s fo r Fren ch a ppro pr i at i on ,
C o l on el S t r a uch s en t pro mp t i n fo rm at i o n o f h i s d ep a r t ure
t o the C o n go M r S tan l ey rec e i ve d i t s c o r n fully
. . I b eg
”
l eav e t o s ay , h e r e pl i e d on 6 t h F ebru ary ,1 8 8 0, t h at I a m “

no t a p a rt y i n a r a c e fo r t h e S t an l ey Po o l as I h av e a lr e ady
,
b e en i n t h at l o c al i t y j u s t t wo an d a h alf y ea r s ag o ,an d I
d o n o t i n t en d t o v i s i t i t a g a i n u n t i l I c an a rr i v e w i t h my
fift y t on s o f g o od s , b o at s , an d ot h er pro p e rt y , an d a ft e r
fi n i s h i n g t he s e c on d s t at i on I f my m i s s i o n s i mply c o n
.

s i s t e d i n m a rch i n g fo r S t an l e y Poo l I m i gh t r ea ch i t i n

fift een d ays ; but wh a t wo uld b e t h e b en efi t o f i t fo r t h e

e xp e d i t i on o r t h e m i s s i o n t h at I h av e u n d e r t a k e n P

The pr o b abl e b e ne fi t t o M r S t a n l ey s e mpl o y e r s ,h ad he

.
’

ac t ed o n t h e i r s ugges t i o n ,w o uld h a v e b ee n t h e m ak i n g by

h i m i n s t ea d o f by h i s r i v a l o f t he t re a t i e s w i t h n at i ve
ch i e fs o n t h e n o r t her n s i d e o f t he r i v e r wh i ch we re
re c o g n i s e d i n s uppo rt o f Eur o p ea n cl a i m s t o t e rr i t o ri al
ri g h t s i n C o n g o l a n d , an d t he c o n s e qu en t l i m i t at i on o f
Fren ch C o n go t o a v e ry much s m a ll er a re a t h an i t n ow
o ccup i e s A s i t h a pp en e d ,M d e Br a z z a ,hurryi n g o n t o t he
. .

C o n go , wh i ch h e r ea ch ed by way of t h e Og o w e an d t he
Lupi n i ,had m a d e s ev e ra l t r e at i es an d pl an t e d s eve r al fl ags
b e fo re a rr i v i n g a t S t an l ey Po o l Th e re ,o n l o t h S e p t e mb e r ,
.

1 8 8 0, he o b t a i ne d his m os t i mp o r t an t c o n c es s i o n fr o m
M ak o k o , t h e pr i n c i p al B a t e k e ch i e f o n t he n o r t h s i d e
o f t h e r i v e r , w h o r e pre s e n t e d h i m s e lf as a l s o o v e rl o rd o f

t he c o u n t ry on t h e s o u t h e r n s i d e T W ell s a t i s fi ed w i t h
.

t h a t a ch i ev e m e n t , wh i ch w as t he s t a r ti n g o f B ra z z a v i ll e ,
M d e B ra z z a was o n h i s w ay b a ck t o t he c o as t wh en he
.

met Mr S t an l ey at N g o m a Po i n t ,a b o u t t w en ty m i l es w es t
.

o f t h e Poo l , o n 7 t h N o v e mb e r T he o n e e x pl o re r e n t e r
.

F o r d et ai l s of M d e B raz z a s work
’
’
Th e C on go , Vo l I ,p 1 58
‘
. . . . . s ee hi s
T rois Ex p l ora ti ons d an s l ’ O ues t Afr i ca i n e ffe ct uées d e 1 8 7 6 a 1 8 8
‘
l' Catti er, D roi t et Admi n i s trati on de l
’
Etat I ndépendant du Congo
p. 21 .
38 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

t ai n ed t he ot h er d ays ,an d h elp ed hi m wi t h p assage

for t wo
t o B an ana but app ar en t ly t h e re w as n o m o r e i n t erch an ge
o f i n form at i on ab o u t t h e i r s e v e ra l e n t erpr i s es t h an was
*
u navo i d abl e .

I t was not u n t i l t he e n d o f J uly ,1 8 8 1 ,m o re t h an ei gh t

m on t hs l at e r,t h at M r S t an l ey ,a ft er .

Th e Pl a n t i n g o f
fo rc i n g hi s w ay t hro ugh j u n gl es an d
Leop o l d vi l l e .

o v e r m o u n t ai ns ,c a m e w i t h i n s i gh t o f

S tanl ey Poo l ,an d t he re ,o n i t s n o rt h -w e s t c o rn e r,h e was

met by t hree W es t Afri c an N egroes i n Fren ch u n i form ,who
s h o we d h i m M d e B raz z a s t r eat y w i t h M ak o k o
.
’
The .

i n qu i r i es he m ad e le d t o h i s b ei n g s at i s fi ed t h at M d e .

B raz z a s pri o r cl ai m t o t h e no r t h s i d e o f th e r i ver c o uld n ot

’

b e d i s pu t ed , b ut t h at t h e s o u t h e rn s i d e was st i ll o p en t o
neg ot i at i ons an d h e fo u n d o pp o r t u n i t y for s t ar t i n g t h e m

by renewi ng fri en d s h i p wi t h a n at i ve , o r i gi nally a s l ave ,

wi t h wh o m h e had s w o r n bl oo d -bro t h e rh oo d i n 1 8 7 7 ,and
who ,h e re p o rt e d , dur in g t he fo ur yea r s t h at h ad el ap s ed ,
h ad b ec o m e a gr eat m a n Th i s p e rs o n ,n ow k no wn as
.

Ng aly e ma o f Ki n t a m o , gr o wn r i ch by i vory t rad e an d

“

b ec om e po w erful by i n v es t i n g h i s l a rge pro fi t s i n s l aves,

gu ns ,and gu n p owd er , h ad u s urpe d t h e ch i eft ai ns h i p and
”

as p i red t o w i d es pre a d d o m i n i o n H e was ab ou t t h i rty-fo ur

.
“

”
year s ol d, wrot e Mr S t an l ey , o f w ell -bu i l t fo rm ,pro ud i n
.

h i s b ear i n g ,c o v et o u s an d gr as p i n g i n d i s p os i t i on ,a n d ,l i k e
al l ot he r l a wl es s b a rb a r i ans ,pr on e t o b e cru e l an d s an gu i n ary

whenev er he m i gh t s a fe ly ven t h i s e vi l hu m our Th is was .

t h e man i n wh os e h an d s t he d es t i n i e s o f t h e A s so c i ati on
I nt er nat io nal d u C on go we re h e ld , and up on wh os e
grac i o u sness d e pen d e d o u r o n ly h o p e o f b ei n g abl e t o
”
e ffe c t a p eac e ful l o d g m en t o n t h e Upp e r C o n g o 1
'
.

M an y ri s k s had t o b e run a n d m an y s ub t e rfuges r es o rt ed

t o b efo r e N galy e m a s s upp o r t c o u ld b e se cur e d an d e ven
’

a ft e r t h at i t t r an s p i r e d t h a t N a l e m a h ad s o ld m o r e t h an
g y
he h ad ei t h er r i gh t o r p o w e r t o d i s p o s e o f,an d t h at M a k ok o
—al though hi s cl ai m t o l o rd s h i p o n the sout h ern si d e may
Th e Congo, Vol I ,pp
’ '

. . . 2 3 I -3 4 .
1 I bad ,Vol L ,pp
. . . 2 9 2 -300,3 05 .
 KI NG LEOPOLD S ’
PROJ ECT .
39

h av e b een v i s i onary -was a l s o i n a p os i t i o n t o d ec i d e t he

fu t ur e o f the C o n g o S t at e , an d mu s t al s o be hum our ed
‘
and fr i gh t ened . All i n i t i al d i ffic ul t i es were o v erc o m e ,
h owever,by t he b eg i n n i ng o f N o ve mb e r By t he b eg i n n i ng .

o f Apr i l ,1 8 8 2 ,t h e s t at i o n o f L e o p o ldv i ll e h a d b ee n es t ab

l i sh ed at t he en t r an c e t o S t an l ey Po o l ,an d i t s fou nd er was

abl e t o e xpl o r e t h e c o u n t ry up t o L a k e L eo p o ld ,wh i ch he

h ad d i s c o ve r ed b efo r e i ll n es s o bl i g ed h i m t o l eave t he
m an agem ent of a ff ai rs i n th e h an d s o f s ub o rd i n at es wh i l e
h e ret ur ned t o Bru s s e l s fo r r e crui t m en t o n the voy age a n d
fo r i ns t ruc t i on s as t o fur t h e r pr o c ee d i n g s .

M d e Br a zza w as n ot t h e on ly r i val who had b een

.

vi s i t i n g Con g o lan d s i n c e M r S t an l ey
.

Th e Deve l op m e n t o f
l eft Euro p e i n 1 8 7 8 fo re m o s t a m o n g '
Ki n g Leop ol d s Pl an s .

m any b ei n g t wo Po rt u g u es e t r a v ell e rs ,
Bri t o C a pe ll o an d Ro b er t o I ve n s , wh o se e nt erpri s e was
p ar tly p at r i ot i c i n t h ei r j o ur n ey i n g t hrough wh at i s
now t h e no rt h e r n p a r t o f A n g o l a a n d t h e v a ll ey o f t he

Kwan go up t o i t s j u n c t i o n wi t h t h e K as ai an d furt her

”
east w ard i n t o K a t a n g a . Much mys t e ry st i ll pr ev ai l s ,
t he Bri t i s h c on s ul at L o an d a h a d re p o r t e d i n M ay ,1 8 8 0,
“
as t o t h e o bj e c t o f M r S t an l ey s e xp ed i t i on by t he
.
’

r et i c en c e he o b s erve d t o a ll t h os e who h a v e c on v er se d wi t h
h i m , an d t he c on se qu en c e i s t h at rum o ur s ar e c i rcul at ed
wh i ch re m o ve t h e b el i e f t h at h i s m i s s i on i s purely o f a
”
h um ane an d ph i l an t hr o p i c ch a r a c t e r 1 Th os e rum ours
’
.

b ec a m e much m o re pl en t i ful ,an d j u s t i fic at i o n for t h e m was

i n cr eased , be fo r e t he en d o f S e p t e mb er , 1 8 8 2 , when Mr .

S t an l ey arri ve d i n B ru s s e l s an d c o n fe rred wi t h t he C o m i t é
d Et ud es d u H au t — C o n go
’
.

U n l es s we ar e pre p a re d t o rel i n qu i s h our d i s c o ve r i es

”
an d t h e m o ra l s ucc e s s w e h a v e g a i n e d , h e t h en p o i n te d

o ut , w e h ave t o s e cur e a ll t h e r i g h t s t h at t h e n at i v e ch i e fs

ca n en d o w u s w i t h , t h a t w e m ay e x e rc i s e t he p o l i t i c al

po wer n ec es s ary fo r g u ar an t ee i n g t he p erm an en cy of t he

‘
Th e C ongo , Vo l I I ,pp 3 2 7 -3 2
’
. . . .

1
' ’
v
Parliam entary Pap ers , S la e T rade,No 1 .
p . 1 55 .
40 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

b enefi t s we have s ought t o o b t ai n .

”
Wi t h o u t a rai lroa d
c on nect i n g t he l o we r wi t h t he uppe r r i ve r,h o wever , t he
”
C o n go B as i n was not wo rt h a t w o -s h i ll i n g p i e c e, he urge d ,
a n d , t o r e n d e r i t e ven pr os p e c t i v ely v a lu abl e, y o u mu s t
“

fi rst h ave a ch ar ter fro m Euro p e t h at y ou s h all b e pe rm i t te d

t o bu i ld t h at r ai lr oa d ,t h at y o u s h a ll g o v e r n t he l an d t hr o ugh
wh i ch i t p asses,t h at ,i n s h o rt ,t he gu ard i ans h i p o f i t s h all
n o t p ass i n t o th e h an d s o f any Po w er b ut y o ur

Thos e and hi s o t h er pro p o s al s b ei n g agr eed t o,an d pro m i ses

gi ven t h at t h ey s h o uld b e a c t e d up on as pro mp t ly an d
c o mpl et ely as p os s i bl e by t h e C o m i t é d Et udes du H au t’

C o n go, wh i c h s oo n a ft e r ward s be gan t o st yl e i ts elf the

A sso c i ati on I n ternat i on a l d u C o n go ,M r S t an l ey hurri e d.

b ack t o d o i n Afri c a h i s s h a re o f t he wo rk ,and he was at

B a n an a agai n on 2 0th D e c e mb e r,1 8 8 2 .

Th ere, ho we ve r, he l ea rn t t h at n early e very t h i n g had

gon e wr on g i n h i s ab sen c e T h e
M r S t an l ey s ZS econ d
.
’
.

o ffic e r s l e ft at V i v i an d a t L eop o ld
Co n go Exp edi t i on .

v i ll e h ad d ese r ted t hei r p ost s S t or es .

h ad b een s t o l en , an d s t o re h o u ses , h arb o urs , an d ot he r

bu i ld i n gs all owed t o rot T i m e was t hu s wast ed and l os s
.

i n curred . B ut , wi t h th e h e lp o f t he four t een add i ti onal

Euro pean s he had br o ugh t o ut , M r S t an l ey re-a rr an ge d
.

m a t t er s m o re or l ess t o hi s s at i s fa c t i o n al on g th e 2 2 3 m i l es
o f r i ve r a lr eady t a k en ch a rg e o f by h i m b et w ee n V i v i an d

Leo p o ldv i ll e, an d, b e fo re t he en d o f 1 8 8 3 , seve ral new

s t a t i o ns w e r e es t a bl i s h e d i n t he M i ddl e C on g o, t he l as t

b e i n g at S t an l ey F a ll s , m i l es b eyon d Leop o ldvi ll e .

Th i s s e c on d t as k ,t h ough c o ve ri n g a much gr eat er d i s tan c e,

w a s far eas i er t h an t h e fir s t ,t he r i ve r b ei n g n av i g abl e al l
t he way . I t was n o t a ch i e ved w i t h o u t so m e figh t i n g B ut , .

a s M r S t an l ey was n o w l a y i n g t h e fo u n d at i o n s for d o m i n i on
.

o v e r m i ll i ons o f bl ack s by a fe w wh i t e m en h e s aw t h e
,
i mp o r tan c e o f m o r e c o n c i l i a t o ry t a c t i c s t h an he h ad ad o p t e d
wh e n h e was m er e ly p as s i n g d o wn t he s t ream i n 1 8 8 7 ,an d
h e h a d n o d i fficul t y i n se cur i n g bl o o d -bro t h erh oo d even
‘
Vol L ,p 463
’
The C ong o, . . .
42 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

s hip Of s e veral ch i e fs ,b ut pr i n c i p ally u n d e r K are m a and

Ki buruga .
”
L eavi n g t he n e i ghb o urh o o d O f Vi ny a Nj ara
s i x teen m on t h s b e fo re , for e l e v en m o n t h s th e b an d h ad
“

b een rai d i ng s ucc es s fully b et ween t he C on g o and t he

h a d t h en u n d er t ak en
”
L ub i ran z i,o n t he l e ft b an k, an d
“

t o p erfo rm t he s a m e cru e l w o rk b e t w ee n t h e W ell e a n d

Wane K i ru n du , o n t he r i gh t b an k o f t he r i ver Wh en
”

s l aves—
.

M r S tan l ey met t h e m t hey ha d a b o u t wo men

—
.

*
an d ch i ldr en an d a b o u t t u s k s o f i v o ry .

I n 1 8 8 3 Mr S t an l e y, dr awi n g a lur i d p i c t ure o f t he

.

d evi l i s h d ee d s o f wh i ch h e s aw t ra ce s i n a n a k e d l an d ,
ra i d e d an d d evast ate d i n t h i s c r u e l fas h i on, u s ed much
s t r on ge r l an gu a ge i n c o n d e m n a t i o n o f t h e i r p e rp et rat o rs

t h an he h ad fo u n d o cc as i o n for i n 1 8 7 6 B ut h e h ad .

fr i en dly r el at i o n s w i t h t h e m a n d ,u n m i n dful o f t h e m i s h ap
res ul t i ng fro m hi s h av i n g i n t ro duce d t he m a r aud er s t o t hi s
p ar t of Co ngo lan d ,he add ed t o i t an o t he r blu n d er F or .
“

r eas on s o f p o l i ty , he wr o t e , I s et a b o u t p ers u ad i n g t he
” “

ch ie fs t o s en d w i t h us t o t he c oa st a few O f t h ei r con
fiden t i al men ,t h at t h ey m i gh t w i t ne s s for t h em se lves what
i n flu en c es wer e adv an c i n g up t h e r i ve r on wh os e b an k s
t h ey had cr eat e d s uch w i d e s pr e a d h av o c I t app ea red t o
.

me t he b es t m o d e o f s u gg es t i n g t o t h e m , r at h er t h an
s ay i n g s o i n m any w o rd s ,t h at i t w o uld b e w i s er t o ab s tain

fr o m c o mm i t t i n g t he i r s an gu i n ary b att u es t h an t o r i s k
m e et i n g s o m e d ay a gu n b o at wi t h a po l i c e-fo rc e on b oard ,
who pr o b ably m i g h t d eal s um m a r i ly w i t h s uch a s l ave
rai d i n g b an d as we h a d fo u n d h o u s e d s o O p en ly on t he
ri v er b an k s Mea nt i m e,t he y c o uld s en d s p ec i m en s o f t hei r
.

i v ory an d o bt a i n a fe w n e c e s s a r i es O f wh i ch ,p erh a ps ,t hey

w ere i n n ee d They a cce p t e d t he p rOp os al, an d t hey
.

acc o rd i n gly s en t t e n o f t h e i r c on fid e n t i a l s l a v es wi t h t hree

”
t u s k s each 1 N o s ure r pl an c o uld h ave b een d evi s ed for
’
.

qu i ck en i n g a nd s t r eng t h en i n g t he en croa chm en t s o f T i pu

T i pu an d hi s c o ll e agues w h i ch wro ugh t s o much h avo c i n
l at er years .

‘
The Congo,
’
Vo l I I ,pp . . . 1 3 8 -54 .
1
'
Vol I L ,p
. . 1 68 .
 K ING LEOPOLD S PROJECT ’
.
43

In J an u ary , 1 8 8 4, M r S t an l ey , h av i ng con clud e d t he

.

wo rk h e h ad u n d e rt ak e n , w as at
M r S t a n l e y s F i n al ’

Leop o ldv i ll e ag ai n , o n t h e j o ur n ey
.

Ar r an g e m e n t s .

b ack t o Euro pe wh i ch he was an x i o u s

t o c o mpl e te . B ut he was d et a i ne d fo ur m on t h s by fr es h
t ro ubl es t h a t h a d br o k en o ut at V i v i an d s o m e o t h e r
s t at i ons , an d by t h e fai l ure O f t h e B ru s s e l s au t h o r i t i es t o

pro vi d e h i m, as t h ey h ad pro m i s ed , wi t h a pri n c i p al

a ss i s t an t ,c o mp et en t t o s ucc eed h i m as ch i e f adm i n i s t r at o r ,

a p e r so n wh o no t o n ly c o uld w o rk h i m self an d l o y ally

“

perfo rm hi s du t y, but wh o c o uld i ns p i re ot h e r m e n t o

l oyally e x e cu t e ea ch hi s s p ec i a l t ru s t an d m i s s i o n Of
"
.

t he fir s t s up e r i o r p e r s on s en t o ut a ll we are t o ld i s t h at
“

he m ad e o n ly a s h o rt s t a y a t V i v i ,b ut h i s r ei g n h ad b een
a s i n g ul arly u n h a ppy o ne Gen er al Go rd o n w as n ext
"
.

tho u g h t o f,and o n 6 th J an u a ry he wr ot e t o M r S t an l ey , .

I wi ll s erve wi ll i n gly w i t h o r u n d er y ou,a nd I h o p e y o u

wi ll s t ay on ,an d we wi ll ,Go d he lp i n g,k i ll t h e s l a ve t rad e rs
”
in t h ei r hau n t . B ut Gord o n was s en t t o Kh ar t um i n s t ead
of Leo p o ldv i ll e,an d h ad t h e pr o p os al b een c a rr i ed o u t i t

wo uld h ave b een u nw e lc o m e t o M r S t an l ey,wh o fe a re d

.

the i s s u e w o uld b e t h a t w e are to a b a n d on t h e C on g o

an d b e d i ve r t e d fro m o u r w o rk O f s et t l i n g ,e x t en d i n g ,an d

cons o l i d at i n g al on g t h i s ri ve r t o m ak e rai d s up on Sud an es e

s l av e t r ad e r s i n t h e N i l e B as i n .
"
A m o re s u i t abl e a d mi n i s
t rato r w as fo u n d ,h ow eve r ,i n S i r Fr an c i s d e W i n t o n ,wh o
reach ed V i v i i n May ,an d Mr S t an l ey was abl e t o re p o rt
.

“
hi m se lf t o K i ng L eop old e a rly i n Augu st .

H e b ro ugh t w i t h hi m ,a s he a ve rr ed , t r eat i es m ad e w i t h
ove r 4 50 i n d e p en d en t Afri c a n ch i efs ,
M r S t an l ey s I n d i s
.
’

whose r i g h t s w o uld b e c o n c e d e d by ”
p ut a b l e T r e at i e s .

all t o h a v e b ee n i n d i s pu t a bl e , s i n c e

t h ey h e ld t h ei r l an d s by u n d i s t urbed o ccup at i o n , by l o n g
age s o f s ucc ess i on ,by r eal d i v i n e r i gh t , an d wh o , o f t h ei r
"

o wn free w i ll ,w i t h o u t c o e rc i on , b ut for s ub s t a n t i a l con

s i d er at i o ns , r es erv i n g o n ly a few easy c on d i ti ons , had

‘
Th e Congo , Vol I ,p 467 ; Vol I L ,pp
’
. . . . . 1 8 7 ,2 2 6 ,2 3 7 .
44 CIVILISATI O N IN CONGOLAND .

t r an s fe rr e d t h ei r ri g h ts Of v e r e i g n t y an d o f o w n er s h i p
so

t o t h e A s s o c i at i o n I n s o fa r a s a ge n e r a l i n fe r en c e c an
”
.

b e dr aw n fr o m t h e few s p e c i m en s o f t h es e 4 50 t r eat i es
wh i ch h a v e b ee n pri n t e d , t hey i mply v e ry e x t en s i v e s ur
ren d e r O f n at i v e r i gh t s,b u t at t he s a m e t i m e t h ey pl e dge
t he A s s o c i a t i o n t o pro m o t e t o i t s u t m o s t t h e pr os p e r i t y
,
O f t he c o u n t ry , an d t o pr o t e c t i t s i n h ab i t a n t s fro m all
O ppr e s s i o n , an d i n o n e t yp i c al c a s e i t i s l a i d d o w n t h at
”

’
t he t e rm c ess i o n o f t e rri t o ry d oes n o t m ean purch a s e
“ ‘

O f t h e s o i l by t h e A s s o c i a t i on , b u t t h e purch a s e O f t h e

s uz e r a i n t y by t h e A s s o c i at i o n an d i t s j u s t a ck n o wl e dgm en t

by t he ch i e fs ” . A s r eg a rd s o n e a t l eas t O f t he m o r e
i mp o r t an t ch i e fs w i t h wh o m t r e at i e s w e r e a rr an g e d , m o re
o v e r ,N g a ly e m a O f K i n t a m o ,o n wh os e t e rr i to ry L eo p o ldvi ll e

wa s bu i l t ,i t i s adm i tt ed t h a t h e w as an up s t a r t s l av e,wh o s e
ch i e ft ai n s h i p h ad b een u s urp ed ,an d c e r t ai n ly d i d n o t c o m e
”
t o hi m by
“
u n d i s t urb ed o ccup at i o n o r l o n g a ge s o f “

s ucc es s i o n , wh at ev e r m ay h ave b een hi s r ea l d i vi ne “

”
r i ght .

A s r eg ard s an o t h e r t r eat y, wh i ch was ab an d on ed a ft er

t h e e xp os ure O f i t s ch a r a c te r , we h ave a r ep o r t fr o m t he
B r i t i s h c on s ul at L oan d a, w h o, o n 6 t h N o v e mb er , 1 8 8 3 ,
i n fo rm e d h i s Go v er n m en t t h a t t h e B elg i an O ffice r i n cha rg e
o f V i v i h a d i n t h e pr ev i o u s J an u a ry pr o c ee d e d t o Pa l ab a l a ,

a l a rg e i n l an d t o w n t o t h e s o u t h o f N o k i , i n wh i ch t h e

D u t ch Tr ad i ng C o mp an y a nd t he L i v i n g st on e I n l an d
M i s s i on h ad st at i on s , a n d h a d t h e re m ad e a t r eaty wi t h
t h e pr i n c es an d ch i e fs O f t h a t d i s t r i c t H e a d d e d , T he
.
“

ch i e fs ,t o w ho m t h e t reaty was c o rre c t ly t ran s l at ed by t he

a g e n t O f t h e Du t ch h o u s e an d t h e m i s s i on a r i e s w e r e much
,
s urpr i s e d a t t h e c o n d i t i o n s ,a n d d e cl ar e d t h at t h ey ne ve r

u n d e r s to o d t he full m e an i n g O f t he t r e a t y i mp os e d upon
t h e m , t h a t t h ey h ad n o w i s h t o s e ll t h e i r l an d s on t h os e
t e rm s ,t h a t t h ey we r e g i v en t o u n d e rs t a n d t h at t h e e x e
p
d i t i o n i n t en d e d t o e s t abl i s h a fa ct o ry ,an d n o t t h a t t hey
we re t o pr o h i b i t o t he rs pu t t i n g t r ad i n g ho u s es i n t he i r
’
The C ongo, Vol I I . .
pp . 1 9 5-2 06,3 7 9 .
 K IN G LEOPOLD S ’
PROJ ECT .
45

d i s t r i c t ,o r t o be c all e d up on fo r me n t o c on s truc t r oad s ,

&c . Th e ch ie fs , o n t he a dv i c e O f t he Du t ch a g e n t ,w ho
O ffe re d t o b e r es p o n s i bl e fo r t h e v a lu e o f t h e a r t i cl es p a i d
,
re t u rne d t he c o n t r a c t t o M V an d ev eld e,an d t o ld h i m t h at
.

t h ey w o uld n o t a cc e p t o r agree t o t he t re at y . A n a t t e mp t
was m ad e by t h a t O ffic er t o en fo rc e acc e p t a n c e o f t he t r eat y
by pl a ci n g a n a rm e d fo rc e O f a b o u t t we n ty t o t h i rt y Z an z i
b ar i s i n t h e t o wn a n d s t o pp i n g al l c o mmu n i c at i o n s w i t h
N o k i B ut ,se e i n g t h at m o s t O f th e i n h ab i t an t s l e ft th e i r
.

hu t s an d a b an d o n ed t he t o wn ,he wi t hdre w h i s men an d

ret urn ed t o V i v i ; s i n c e when m a t t e rs h ave res um e d t h ei r
”
Old fo o t i n g a n d c o n ti n u e as fo rm e rly . I n an o t h er l etter O f
the s a m e d a t e th e s a m e c o n s ul , fo rwa rd i n g c o p i es o f t wo
o t h er t r e a t i e s ,r e p o r t e d t h at g rea t d i s t ru s t i s fe l t by a ll
“

cl ass es O f p eo pl e h e re an d i n t he C o n g o as t o whe t h e r t h e
ai m a n d i n t e n t i o n s O f t h e K i n g O f t h e B e l g i an s o r t h e

As s oc i at i o n a re s t ri c t ly c arr i e d o u t,as ,by t he t r eat i es o r ,

c on t ra c t s t h at h ave b een e n t er ed i n t o , t wo O f wh i ch I
en cl o s e,t he e xp ed i t i on n o t o n ly r es e rv e s t o i t s e lf t h e ex

e lu s i v e r i gh t o f t r a d e an d o t h e r m e as ur es t an t a m o u n t t o

so ve r e i g n t y ,b ut e xclud e s t h e es t abl i s hm en t O f any t r a d i n g

fact o ry ,o r t h e c es s i on o f any l an d t o an y one wh at s oe ve r ,

wi t ho u t t h e s an c t i o n o r a ppr ova l o f t he ag e n t o f t he
”
Co mi té . I n t h e C on g o , he add ed , th e nat i ve ch i efs
“

are m a d e t o d o e x a c t ly a s t he Eur o p eans r e qu i r e by m ea n s

”
of rum an d cl o t h .

M os t O f t h e t reat i e s wer e pro b ably ,h o weve r ,as val i d as

such d o cum en t s g en e r a lly are , i mply i n g as t h ey d o t he
a s sen t o f n a t i ve c o mmu n i t i e s t o t h e s urre n d e r o r wea k e n i n g

o f t h ei r r i gh t s a n d pr i v i l eg es by ch i e fs n o t c o mp et en t t o t a k e

s uch a c t i o n , a n d n o t t h e m s e lv e s a wa re o f t he c o n s e

q u ences o f t h ei r r as h pr o c ee d i n g . W h et h e r v a l i d o r

Parl i am en t ary Pap ers , Afr i ca,No 4 -6

3 ,an d N o
’
.
pp 5
.
7 .

pa id fo r th e Palab ala cessi on of terr i tory

”
rum d l h
“
pp 1 5
.
- Th e. a n c o t

were one c oa t of r ed c l o th wi th go ld fa ci ngs ,on e red ca p ,o ne whi t e t un i c,

on e pi ece o f whi t e b aft ,o n e p i ece of red p o i n ts ,o ne 1 d oz en b o x o f li queurs ,

-

j
4 demi ohns of m m ,2 b o xes of gi n ,1 2 8 b ot tl es of gi n ( H o llan ds ) ,2 0 pi eces of
red ha n dk erchi efs ,40 s i n gl ets ,an d 40 old co tton ca ps .
46 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

i n va l i d ,m o r e o v e r ,t h ey wer e rvi c e a bl e i n e mphas is i n g t he

se

n o w urg en t d e m an d o f t h e A s so c i a t i o n I n t e r n at i o na l d u

C on go for t he i n te rn a t i on al r ec og n i t i o n wh i ch w as n e c es s ary
t o t h e c o n t i n u an c e O f i t s w o rk .

Aft e r h i s m ee t i n g wi t h Mr S t an l ey i n N o ve mb e r ,1 8 8 0,h i s
.

v i s i t t o Eur o pe ,an d h i s re t ur n t o t he
F r e n c h a n d Po r t u =
G ab oo n ,w i t h fran c s pl ac ed
g ue s e C o m p e t i t i o n
.

t o h i s cr ed i t by t h e Fren ch Go ve r n
m e n t i n J a n u a ry ,1 8 8 3 ,M d e B r a zz a had o ccup i e d h i m self
.

fo r s o m e t i m e i n o t h e r e xpl o r a t i o n s n ea r e r t he c o as t ,
es p e c i ally i n t h e h o p e o f fi n d i n g a r o u t e b e t w ee n i t a n d

B r a zz a v i ll e , by way O f t he Kw i lu -N i a r i r i ve r ,wh i ch wo uld

a vo i d t he c at a r ac t s o f t h e L o w e r C o n go W i t h a vi e w t o
.

ch eck i n g t h i s a c t i v i ty M r S ta n l ey , i mm ed i ate ly a fter h i s

.

a rr i va l a t V i v i , h a d s en t an e xp e d i t i o n t o s e cure t o t he
“

As s o c i at i o n a wi d e s t re t ch O f i n l an d c o u n t ry an d an e x t en t
o f c o as t l i ne b et w ee n t h e Fren ch t e rr i t o ry on t h e Ga b o o n

a n d t he de fbou cfi u r e O f t h e C o n g o ,as a fr ee a l t e r nat i ve ro u t e

t o t h e Upp e r C on g o
“
. The c o mpr o m i s e ul t i m at ely a rr i ved
at was m o re fa vo ur abl e t o Fr a n c e t h a n t o t h e C o n go
A s s o c i at i on B ut t h e fres h r i va lry he re g o i n g on , i n
.

d an ger o u s pro x i m i t y t o t he u na u t h o r i s e d Po r t ugu es e

s e t t l e m en t i n K a b i n d a ,s o muc h a l a rm ed t he Po r tu gu ese
Go ver n m en t t h at i t r ev i ve d i t s i n t erm i t t en t app eal s ,d at i n g
fro m 1 8 4 5,fo r B r i t i s h as s i s tan c e i n s e cur i n g t o Po r t ugal
po s s es s i o n O f th e c oas t a n d c o u n t ry n o r t h O f Ambr i z up t o
t h e C o n g o ,a n d a l o n g t h e s o u t h e r n b a n k O f t he r i ve r as far
as N o k i ,wh i ch i s a lm os t o pp os i t e t o V i v i .

A s t h e r es ul t O f m o r e t h an a y ea r O f c o rr es p o n d en c e,
t he c o ur s e Of wh i ch t h e B r i t i s h
T h e A n g l o Po r t u
Go ve r n m en t i ns i s t ed o n s t r i n gen t
g ue s e T r e a t y of 1 8 8 4 .

pr o v i s i on s for s e cur i n g e qu al i ty O f
t r ad i n g r i gh t s t o a ll n a t i o n s ,on ab s o lu t e fr ee d o m i n t he
n a v i g a t i o n O f t h e C o n g o ,a n d o n r e c o g n i t i on O f t h e i n t e res t s

a cqu i r e d by t he A s s o c i at i o n I n t e r nat i o n a l d u C o n g o , as

Cat ti er, p 2 2 ;
.
‘
Th e Congo, Vol
’
. I , pp
. .
47 1 -7 6 ;
‘
r r
Pa li amenta y
Paper , Afri ca,N o 4
’
s .
p . 23.
 K IN G LEOPOLD S ’
PROJECT .
47

well as on t he s uppr ess i o n o f e ve ry fo rm O f s l a ve ry , a

pre l i m i na ry C o n g o Trea t y wa s s ig n ed by t he t wo S t ate s o n
2 6 t h Fe bru a ry , 1 8 8 4 ,s ubj e c t t o i t s b e i n g a pr o v ed by t h e
p
o t h e r Po we rs fi
"

Th i s a ppro va l n o t b e i n g a cc o rd e d , t he t re a ty wa s
a b an d o n e d , a n d a s ub s t i t u t e fo r i t
Un i t e d S t a t e s
was fo u n d by t he B erl i n I n t e r n a t i on a l
I n t e r ve n t i o n .

C o n fe ren c e s umm o n ed i n t he a u t um n
Of 1 8 8 4 . B e fo r e t h a t , h o w e v er ,u s e w a s m ad e O f t he co n
t ro ve rs y t o a dv a n c e t h e cl a i m s O f K i n g L eo p o ld s gr e at
’

ven t ure t o n a t io na l r a n k,a n d to t h i s e n d Ge n e ra l S an fo rd ,

w h o h ad be e n K i n g L e o p o ld s z ea l o u s s upp o r t e r a n d ag en t
’

fro m t he fi rs t ,e x e r t ed s t ro n g i n flu e n c e i n t he U n i t e d S t at es .

Re m i n d i n g hi s c o u n t rym en t h at M r S t an l ey was h i m s el f .

an Am e r i c a n c i t i z en , G en e r a l S a n fo rd i n duce d t h e m t o
t a k e t h e l e a d i n o bj e c t i n g n o t o n ly t o t h e A n gl o — Po r t u g u es e
C on g o Tre a ty ,b ut al s o t o t he ad o p t i o n o f a n y o t he r t re aty
t h at m i g h t b e u n s a t i s fa c t o ry t o t he A s s o c i at i on H e as k ed .

for m o r e t h an t h a t t o o . Th e wo rk wh i ch t h e K i n g o f t h e
“

B elg i an s h a s t a k e n u n d e r h i s es p e c i a l p er s o n a l an d fi n an c i al
”
pro t ec t i o n , he wr o t e t o a s en a t o r o n 2 4t h M a rch ,1 8 8 4 ,
h as d e v e l o p e d t o e x t r ao rd i n a ry pr o p o r t i o n s an d h as h a d
for pra c t i c a l r e s ul t t h e o p en i n g up t o c i v i l i s i n g i n flu e n c es
'
an d t o t h e w o rld s t ra ffic o f t h i s v as t ,p o p u l o u s ,a n d fe r t i l e

reg i o n ,a n d s e c u r i n g c e r t ai n d es t ruc t i o n t o t he s l ave t rad e

whe re ve r i t s fl ag fl o a t s Th e on ly pr ac t i c a l d i fficul ty i n
.

t h i s wo n d e rful pr o gre s s pr o v es t o b e a n u n r e c o g n i se d fl a g ,
whi ch i s l i a bl e t o b e m i s u n d e rs t o o d o r a b u s ed , a n d t he
p eo pl e u n d e r i t s ubj ec t e d t o i mped i m en t s i n t h ei r ph i l a n
t h ro p i c w o rk o n t h e p a r t O f t h o s e e n g ag e d i n t he s l a v e
t ra d e ,o r for o t h e r s e lfi s h
I t was i n c o n s e qu en c e o f s p ec i o u s r e pre s e n t a t i o n s O f
t h a t s o r t , p u t fo rw a rd by o t h e r a p o l o g i s t s as w e ll a s by
Gen e r a l S a n fo rd , t h at , o n 2 2 n d Apr i l , 1 8 8 4 , t h e U n i t ed
S t at es Go v e r n m en t e xch ang e d d ecl ar at i on s w i t h t h e I n t e r
P rli m t ry P p m
'

, Af i c ,N n d No 5
’
a a en a a ers 2 r a O .
p a . a rs z .

’
1
‘
The C on go, Vol I ,p 3 7
. . . .
48 CIVILISATION I N CONGOLAND .

n at i on a l A s so c i at i o n ,on t he s t ren g t h O f wh i ch t he l att er

In
“
as s um e d t h e d i g n i t y an d p o w e r Of a c i v i l i s ed S t a t e .

h arm o n y w i t h t h e t ra d i t i o n a l p o l i cy O f t he U n i t e d S t at es ,
whi ch enj o i ns a pr o p e r r eg a rd for t h e c o mm erc i al i n t e r es t s
o f t h e i r c i t i z en s , wh i l e a t t h e s a m e t i m e a v o i d i n g i n t e r

fe re n c e w i t h c o n t r o v e rs i es b et ween o t h e r Po we r s , as
”
we ll as a ll i an c es w i t h fo re i g n n a t i on s , t he W as h i n gt o n
d o cum e n t d e cl ared , t h e Go ve r n m en t o f th e U n i t e d S t at es
an n o u n c e s i t s s ymp at hy w i t h an d a ppr o v a l o f t he h u m a n e

a n d b ene v o l en t purp o se s O f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n

o f t h e C o n go ,adm i n i s t e r i n g a s i t d oes t h e i n t e r es t s O f t h e

Free S t at es t he r e e s t abl i s h ed ,a n d w i ll o rd er t he O ffic e rs O f

t he U n i t e d S t a t es ,b o t h o n l an d an d s e a ,t o r e c o g n i s e t he
fl ag o f t he I n t e r n a t i o n a l Afr i c an A ss o c i a t i on a s t h e fl ag O f
”
a fr i en dly Go v e r n m en t .

N O Fr e e S t a t e s h ad t h en ,or h av e y e t ,b een es t abl i s h ed

i n C o n go lan d ,a l t h o ugh t he I nt e rn at i o na l A s s o c i at i o n t oo k
t o i t s e l f a n ew n a m e a s t he C o n g o Fr ee S ta t e o n
I s t Augu s t , 1 8 8 5 . B ut t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s G o v e r n m e n t
a cc e p t e d i n Apri l , 1 8 8 4 ,as d i d o t h e r Go ve r n m en t s a ft er

ward s ,t he a ss u ra n ce i n t h e A s s o c i at i o n s d e cl a r at i o n t hat ,
’

“
by t r eat ie s w i t h t h e l e gi t i m at e s o v e re i g n s i n t h e b as i n s
o f t h e C on g o an d O f t h e N i ar i -Kw i lu , a n d i n a dj a c en t

t e rr i t o r i e s up o n t h e A t l a n t i c , t h e re h a d b e en c e d e d t o
i t t h e t e rri t o ry for t h e us e a n d b en e fi t o f Fr e e S t at e s
e s t abl i s h e d an d b ei n g est a bl i s h e d , u n d e r t he c ar e an d
s up e rvi s i o n O f t h e s ai d A s s o c i a t i o n , i n t h e s a i d b as i n s

a n d a dj a c en t t e rr i t o r i es t o wh i ch c es s i o n t h e s ai d Free
”
S t at es O f r i g h t s ucc e e d 1 .
’

A s fa n c i ful o r m i s l e ad i n g we r e s uch o t h e r as s er t i ons ,

i n t he s a m e d o cum en t ,as t h at t he s a i d A s s o c i at i o n an d
“

t he s a i d S t a t e s g u a r an t ee t o fo r ei g n e r s se t t l i n g i n t h ei r
t e rr i t o r i e s t h e r i g h t t o purch as e , s e ll , o r l e as e l a n d s an d
bu i ld i n g s s i t u a ted t he re i n ,t o est abl i s h c o mm erc i a l h o u ses ,
Par l i am en tary Pap ers ,
’
Protocol s an d Gen eral Act of th e West Afri can
Conferen ce p 2 63
. .

1 554 ,p . 2 62 .
 50 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

C H APT E R I I I .

THE B ERLI N C O N F EREN CE [ 1 8 8 4

TH E rec og ni t i on of t h e C o n g o A s soc i at i on as a fri en dly “

Go ve r n m en t by t he U n i t ed S t at es on 2 2 n d Apr i l ,1 8 8 4,
w as o ne o f t h e m eas ur es a vo we dly t ak en i n o pp os i t i on t o
t he t en t at i ve A n gl o -Po r t ugu es e t r e at y o f 2 6t h F ebru ary .

A not h e r m eas ur e,t ak en i m m e d i ately a ft e rward s ,was an

ag re e m en t b et w ee n Fr an c e an d t he
F ra nce an d t h e
A s s o c i at i on by wh i ch t h ei r r i va lri es
C o ng o As s oc i at i on
.

we re fo r a t i m e a dj u st ed I n th e
.
“

n a m e Of t he s t at i on s a n d fr ee t e rri t o ri es i t h as fo u n d e d on

t he C on g o an d i n t h e N i a r i Kwi lu v all ey , C o l on el S t r auch

”
-

wr ot e t o M J ul es F e rry o n 2 3 r d Apr i l , the I nt ernat i o n al

.
“

A ss oc i at i on of t he C o n go fo rm ally d ecl ar es t h at ,s ubj e c t t o

an
y s p ec i al c on ven t i ons t h at m ay b e a rr an ged b et ween
Fr an c e an d t he A ss o c i at i o n fix i n g the l i m i t s an d c on d i ti ons
O f t h ei r r es p ec ti v e a c t i o n
, i t wi ll n ot c e d e t h e m t o any
o t h e r Po w e r . N eve rt h el es s th e A s s oc i at i on , d es i r i n g t o
g i v e fr es h pr o o f o f i t s fr i en dly fee l i n g t o wa rd s Fr an c e,
u n d ert a k es t o g i v e i t th e r i ght o f prefe ren c e i f,t hro ugh
u n fo res een c i rcum s t an ce s ,t he A s so c i at i on i s one day obl i ged
t o p ar t wi t h i t s p os s es s i ons .
”
I t ak e n ote o f t h es e
“

d e cl a rati on s wi t h great s a t i s fa ct i on , M F erry re pl i ed on

.

2 4t h Apr i l , an d h ave t h e h on o ur t o i n fo rm
“

y o u t h at the
Fre n ch Go ve r n m en t u n d e rt a k e s t o r es pe c t t he st at i on s and
free t err i t or i es O f t h e A s s o c i a t i o n,an d t o pl ac e no Ob stacl e
i n t he ex e rc i s e o f i t s ri h ts al ” é
g .

M ean wh i l e the A n gl o -Po r t u g u ese t r eat y was b ei ng p ro

tes te d a ga i ns t by E n gl i sh as w ell as
G e r m a n Op p os i t i on t o
by fo re i g n Cha mb er s of C o mm erc e,
Po r t ug u es e Prop os a l s
.

an d t h es e pro t es t s s upp or t ed Pr i n c e

B i s marck i n hi s pur s u an c e ,a s r ega rd s t he C on o,o f t he

g
Catti er,pp 7 4-5, .
 THE B ERLIN C ONFERENCE .
51

c o l on i a l p ol i cy t h at h ad l at ely ar i s en i n Ge rm an y We .
“

”
a re no t i n a p os i t i o n , i t w as wr i t t en o n h i s b e h a lf t o t h e

B r it i s h Go v e r n m e n t o n 7 t h J u n e, t o a dm i t t h a t t he
“

Po r t ugu es e o r any o t h e r n a t i o n h as a pre v i o u s r ig h t t h e r e .

We h av e t h e fe a r wh i ch , as E a rl G r an v i ll e a dm i t s , h as
b een e xpres s ed by m e rch an t s O f al l n at i on s t h at t he a c t i o n
o f Po r t ugu es e O ffic i a l s w o uld b e pr ej ud i c i a l t o t r a d e ; an d

for t h i s r e as on w e c an n ot t ak e p ar t i n an y s ch e m e fo r
han d i n g o ve r t o Po r t ugu ese O ffic i al s t he adm i n i s t r at i o n ,
or e v en t h e d i re c t i on , o f t h es e a rr a n g e m e n t s Ev e n t h e
.

pr ovi s i o n fo r l i m i t i n g t he du es t o a m a x i mum O f t e n p er
c ent , t h e b as i s O f t he M o z a mb i qu e t a r i ff —
. wh i c h L o rd
Gran v i ll e h ad ag r ee d t o fo r t h e C o n g o w o uld n o t b e a
s u ffi c i en t pro t e c t i on ag ai n s t t he d i s adv an t ages t h at t he
c o mm e rc i a l wo rld r i g h t ly an t i c i p at es wo u ld e n s u e fr o m a n
e x t ens i on O f t h e Po r t ugu es e c o l o n i a l s y s t e m o ve r t e rr i
“
t o r i e s wh i ch h a v e h i h r b
t e t o een fr e e .

I n c o n s e qu en c e O f t h at l e t t e r , s uppl e m en t i n g s o much
o th e r o pp os i t i o n ,t h e B r i t i s h Go v e r n
Ge r m a n y a n d t h e
m en t on 2 6 t h J u n e d e cl i n ed t o rat i fy C On o As s o c i a t i on
g .

t h e t r eat y w i t h Po r t uga l , a n d s o o n
a ft e rw a rd s a s se n t e d t o a n a l t e r n at i ve pr o p os al ,wh i ch h a d

b een m a d e e a rl i e r i n t he y ea r by t he L i s b on a u t h o r i t i es t o
t he Fr e n ch Go v e r n m e n t , a n d a ppr o ve d b o t h by i t a n d
by t he Ge rm an Go ve r n m en t ,i n fa v o ur O f an I n t e r n at i o n al
C on feren c e t o d e a l w i t h t he C o ng o q ues t i o n as we ll a s wi t h
o t h e r W e s t Afr i c an a ffa i rs n o w cl a i m i n
g a tt en t i on , an d
e s p e c i ally t h e N i g e r qu e s t i o n I t was s ub s t an t i a lly agr eed
.

t o a m on g t h e t hree Po w e r s t h a t t h e e s t a bl i s hm en t o f a Fr ee
St a t e i n t h e b as i n O f t he C o n g o s h o uld b e s an c t i oned an d
ass i s t e d by t h e m ,a n d t h a t a l l t he o t h e r Po w e r s c o n c e r n e d ,

wh i l e l e ft free t o m a k e t he i r s ep a r at e c o n ven t i o n s w i t h K i n g
Leo po ld , sh o uld b e i n v i t e d t o j o i n i n l ay i n g d o wn t he
gener al pri n c i pl es The s e we re o u t l i ned i n a d es p a t ch fro m
.

Pr i n c e B i s m a rck t o t he B a r o n d e C o urc e l ,d a t ed 1 3 t h S e p
t embe r , i n wh i ch he s a i d : L i k e Fr an c e, t he Ge rm a n
“

‘
l
’
men tary Pa
ar li a ers , Af ri ca ,No.
’
7 p 2
p . .
52 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

G o ver n m en t wi ll Obs erve a fr i en dly at t i t ud e t oward s

t he B e lg i an e nte rpr i ses on th e b an k s O f t he C o n g o ,o wi n g
t o t h e d es i re o f t he t wo Go ve r n m en t s t o s ecur e t o t h e i r
c o u n t rym en free d o m of t ra d e t hro ugho ut t he who l e O f t he
fu t ure C on go S t at e,an d i n t he d i s t ri c t s wh i ch Fran c e ho ld s
on t h i s r i ve r an d wh i ch s h e pr o p os es t o as si m i l at e t o t h e
”
l i b era l s ys t em wh i ch t h at S t at e i s e xp e c te d t o es t abl i s h .

I n v i t at i o ns were a cc o rd i n gly i s s u ed for t he C on fer en c e o f

B e rl i n ,wh i ch he ld i t s firs t s i t t i n g o n 1 sth N o ve mb er,1 8 8 4,
an d t he t e n t h and l ast o n 2 6 th J an

u a ry , 1 8 8 5, an d at whi ch fo urt een

Po we r s w e r e r e pr es en t ed —Germ an y ,
Fran c e ,Great Br i tai n ,Po rt uga l ,Spai n ,I t aly,Au s t ri a-H un
ga ry, Ru ss i a, S wed e n an d N o rwa y, D en m ark , H o ll an d ,
B e l g i um ,Turk ey ,a n d t h e U n i t e d S t at es o f A m eri c a . To
t h es e was add e d ,a t t he fi na l s i tt i n g ,t he ne wly r e c o g n i se d
”
I n te rn at i onal A ss o c i at i o n o f t h e C goon.

”
I n c on vo k i n g th e C o n fe r e n c e, Pr i n c e B i s m a rck ah
“

n o u n c ed wh en h e o p ened t h e pr o c e ed i n gs as i t s pres i d en t ,

t h e I mp e r i al Go v e r n m en t wa s gu i d ed by t he c on v i c t i o n
“

t h at al l t he Go v er n m e n t s i n v i t e d agreed i n w i s h i n g t o
bri n g t he n at i ves O f A fr i c a w it h i n t he p al e O f c i vi l i s at i on
by O p en i n g up t he i nt e r i o r o f t h at c o nt i n ent t o c o mm erce,
by gi vi n g i t s i n h ab i t an t s t h e m ean s o f i ns t ruc t i ng t h e m
s e lves ,by en co ur ag i n g m i s s i ons an d ent e rpr i s es c a lcul at e d

t o s pread u seful k n o wl edge ,a n d by pr ep a r i n g t he way fo r

t he s uppres s i on o f s l av ery ,a n d e s p e c i a lly O f t he o ve r-s ea
t r a ffic i n bl ack s ,the gr a du a l a b o l i t i on o f wh i ch was
p ro
cl a i m ed by t he C ongres s o f V i e n n a i n 1 8 1 5 as t he s a cred
”
du ty o f all t he Po wer s .
“
Th e i n t er est t ak en by all t he
nat i o ns h e re repr esent e d , h e fur t h er r e m a rk ed
, an i n ter es t
“

u n ceasi n gly s h own by b old feats O f e xpl o r at i on ,by c o m

m erc i al m o ve m en t s ,an d by t h e s a cr i fic es an d e ffo rt s m ad e
by each n at i o n wi th o n e o f t hes e O bj ec t s ,affo rd s a gu ar ant ee
o f t h e s ucc es s o f t he l ab o urs wh i ch we a re a b o u t t o u n d e r

Pa lia men tary Papers, Afri m ,No 4

r
’
. Proto cols an d General
Act of the West Afri can Conference .
 THE B ERLIN CONFERENCE .
53

t ak e in o rd er to regul at e an d d evel o p the c o mm e rc i al

rel at i on s of o u r c o u n t rym en w i t h t h at c o nt i n en t , an d

t o ren d e r a s erv i c e t o t h e c a u se b ot h o f peac e an d o f

“

“
hum an i t y .

At t he s ec on d m eet i n g o f t he C o n fe ren c e the pr o m i n en t

pa rt t ak en by t he U n i t ed S t at es Go ve r n m en t i n s upp o rt i n g
t h e I n t e r n a t i o n al A s so c i a t i o n w a s e xpl a i n ed by Mr K as s o n , .

t h e Am er i c an M i n i s t e r at B ru s s e l s ,an d Gener a l S an fo rd s
’

fell o w -re pr esen t at i ve O f t h ei r c o u n t ry at t he C on fer en c e .

Refe rr i n g t o t he h elp g i v en t o wa rd s br i n g i n g the l i gh t o f “

”
c i v i l i s a t i on t o “
t h i s o b s cur e re g i o n by M r S t an l ey ,
.

“
an Am er i c an c i t i z en wh o was qu al i fi ed by c o ur ag e,
perse ve ran c e, an d i n t ell i ge n c e, a n d by a re m a rk abl e
i n t re p i d i t y an d a p t i t ud e i n expl o r at i o n , Mr K as s o n e x.

presse d th e ea rnest d es i re O f hi s Go ve rn m ent t h at t hes e

“

d is co ve ri es s h o uld be u t i l i s e d fo r t he c i vi l i sat i on o f t he
”
n at i v e r a c es an d fo r t h e ab o l i t i o n o f t he s l ave t r a d e As .

r eg ard s t h e d e cl arat i on i n fav o ur o f t he C ong o A s so c i at i on

i n Apr i l by t he U n i t e d S t a t e s , i t s Pres i d en t ,s a i d Mr .

K as s on , b el i ev es t hat , i n t hu s re c og ni s i n g the o n ly
“

d o m i n an t fl ag i n t h at c o u n t ry ,h e a ct ed i n t h e c o mm o n
i n t er es t o f c i v i l i s e d n at i on s ; h e r eg a rd s t h i s l o c a l Go ve r n
m en t ,o r a ny s ucces so r re s ti n g o n t he s am e b as es o f pri n
c i p le, as an as s ura n c e t h a t t h e d a n g e r s o f i n te rn at i ona l

v i o l en ce w i ll be a vert e d , t h at t he eno rm i t y o f t he s l ave

t rafli c w i ll b e s uppres s e d ,t h a t t he bl a ck s wi ll l ea rn fro m i t
th at t h e c i v i l i s a t i o n an d t he d o m i n i o n o f t he wh i t e m an
m ean fo r t he m p eac e a n d free d o m ,an d t he d evel o pm en t
o f u s e ful c o mm e rce ,free t o a ll t he w o rld T A s pre c i s e,.

an d i n s o m e i n s t an c es m o re d e t ai l e d ,w e r e t he u tt e ran c e s

o f o t h e r re pr esen tat i v es i n d i s cu s s i ng an d agree i n g up on

t he pr o p o sa l s affe c t i n g t he C o ngo B asi n t h at we re

ul ti m at ely e mbo d ied i n t wen t y -five o ut o f t he t h i r ty
e i gh t ar t i cl es o f t he G e ne r a l A c t o f t he B e rl i n C o n fe re n c e

wh i ch , i n the n a m e o f Alm i g h ty God , was s ig n ed on

“

Parl i amentary Pap ers, Afr i ca ,No 4

’
.
pp 9,1 0. .

1'
pp . 2 3 ,2 4 .
54 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

2 6 th Febru ary ,an d r at i fi e d by al l b ut t he U n i te d S t at es

Go ve r n m en t o n 1 9 t h Apri l ,
S o m e o f t h ese ar ti cl es , pro v i d i n g for an I n t er n at i on al
N avi g at i o n C o m m i ss i on o f t he C o n go ,
we re s ub se qu en t ly ab an d on ed , an d
ot h e r s , i n clud i n g t h o se d ea l i n g wi t h

t h e N i ge r an d ot h er s ubj e c t s ,d o n o t h e re c on c e r n u s .B ut
t h e s t i pul a t i o ns as r eg a rd s free d o m O f t r ad e an d pr o t e c t i o n
o f n a t i v e s i n t he C o n go B a s i n mu s t b e cl early u n d e rs t ood

an d c a re fully b o r ne i n m i n d .

The fir s t a r t i cl e l ai d i t d o w n t h a t ,t hr o ugh o u t t he b as i n
“

O f t h e C o n g o , i t s m o u t h s an d ci r
l t s F r e e T r ad e
c u mj ac en t r eg i o ns , t h e t r ad e o f al l
" “

Pr ov i s i on .

n at i o n s s h all enj o y c o mpl et e fr ee

dom t he s e c o n d , t h at a l l fl a g s ,w i t h o u t d i s t i n c t i o n O f
“

n at i o n a l i t y , s h all h a v e fr ee a cc es s t o a ll c o as t s ,r i ve rs ,
l a k e s ,an d c ana l s wi t h i n th e re gi on s m a rk ed o ut ,an d t o
an y p o r t s t h e reon t he t h i rd ,t h at m erch an d i s e,O f wh at
“

ev e r o r i g i n,i mp o r t ed i n t o t h es e r e g i o n s ,u n d e r wh at s oev e r

fl ag ,wh et h er by s ea,by r i ve r o r o v erl an d ,s h a ll b e s ubj ec t

t o no o t he r t ax es t h an s uch a s m ay b e l ev ie d as fa i r c o m

p en s at i o n for e xp en d i t ure i n t h e i n t e r est O f t r ad e, an d

t hes e t a x es for t h at r eas o n mu s t b e e qu ally b o rn e by t h e
pe o pl e t he m s elves an d by fo r ei gn ers o f all na t i o n al i t i es ,
a ll d i ff e r e n t i al du es o n v es s e l s ,as w ell as o n m e rch an d i s e,

b ei n g fo rb i dd en ; an d t h e fo ur t h ,t h at m e rcha n d i s e i m
” “

p o r t e d i n t o t h ese r eg i o n s s h all be fr ee fro m en t ry an d

t rans i t du es ,t h e Po w er s r es e rv i n g t o t h e m se lv es t h e r i gh t
O f d e c i d i n g ,aft e r t h e l ap s e o f t wen ty y ears,wh e t h e r t he
”
fre ed o m o f i mp o rt s h all b e re t a i n ed or not .

Th e a rgum en t s p ut fo rw a rd by t he c o mm i t t ee t h at
re p o r te d o n t h i s bran ch O f t h e s ubj ec t are no t e wo r t hy .

”
T h e Po we rs are i n t he pr es en c e O f t hr ee i n te res t s , i t w as
po i nt ed o ut ; t h at
“
Of t he c o mm e rc i a l a n d i n du s t r i a l
P l i m e t y P p ers , Af i ,N
’
ar a n ar a r ca 3
o.
p 21
. . T he efus l f th e
r a o

U i t d S t t s Governm en t to tify th A t was due n ot t o disappr o v l of i t ,

n e a e ra e c a

b ut , s th e Uni ted S tates had no t

a i tori al i n terests i n Afri ca,t i ts unwilli ngn ess
err o

t
o as sume i n ternati onal res ponsibi li ti es that mi ht b e troubl esome
g .
 THE BERLIN CONFERENCE .
55

n at i o ns wh o m a c o mm o n n ec es s i ty i mp el s to t he s earch
for n ew o u t l et s ; t h at o f t h e S t at es a n d Power s c all ed up on
t o e x e rc i s e o v e r t h e r eg i o n s O f t he C o ng o an a u t h o r i t y
wh i ch w i ll h ave burd ens c o rr es p on d i n g w i t h t hei r r ight s
and ,l as t ly ,t h at wh i ch s o m e g ene r o u s v o i c es h ave a lr ea dy

co mm en d e d to y o ur so l i c i t ud e,t h e i nt ere st s O f t he n at i ve
po pul at i o n s . T he s ys t e m wh i ch w i ll r es ul t fro m t he
d el i b e r at i o ns o f t h e C on fe ren c e o ught t o be s o a rra n ge d
t h at ,wh i l e r e n d e r i n g t o t h e o t h e r i n te res t s t he p ar t t h at i s
t h ei r d u e ,i t may t en d a b o v e a ll t o st i mul at e a m on g p e o pl e
s t i ll u n d ev el o p ed a t as t e fo r l ab our, t o faci l i t at e t h e i r
acqu i s i t i o n O f t h e i mpl e m e n t s r e qu i red by t h e m a n d O f

a rt i cl e s o f pr i m e n ec es s i t y wh i ch t h ey l ack ,t o h as t e n , i n

fact ,t he i r a dv an c e t o ward s a b e t t e r s oc ial c o nd i t i o n I t i s

.

no t by i mp os i n g cu s t o m h o us e ch arges on i mp o rt s t h at
th es e va r i o u s i n t e res t s w i ll b e s a t i s fi ed . The cu s to m ho u se
sys t e m requ i res prem i s es , e s t a bl i s hm en t s ,an d a s t aff o f
O fli c i a l s a b s o rb i n g m os t o f t h e re v en u e I n v as t c o u n t r i e s ,
.

whe r e c o m mu n i c at i ons are r a r e o r i mp erfect ,whe re t ra ffic

i s c a rr i e d o n by pr i m i t i ve o r s p ec i a l m et h od s , wh e r e, i n
fa ct ,a dm i n i s t rat i ve m ach i n ery i s t o a l arg e ex t en t wan t i n g ,
r eas on an d exp eri e n c e a l i k e are i n fav our of gr eat free d o m
o f a ct i o n b ei n g a ll o w e d t o c o mm e rc e I t m ay b e h o p e d
.

t ha t ,a i d e d by a bro a d s y s t e m o f l i b e r t i es an d g u a ra n t ee s ,
an i mp o rt an t fl o w of bu s i ne s s w i ll s p e ed i ly b e pr o duc e d

t hro ugh o u t th e reg i o n s O f t h e C on go . Th at i s t h e e n d t o

b e k e p t i n vi e w b e fo re a ll el s e . T he real i s at i on o f t hi s a l l
i mp o r t an t fa c t o r w o uld d eve l o p b o t h t h e t r affic a n d t h e
res o urc es o f Equ at o r i a l A fr i c a i n e very k i nd ; i t wo uld
c o mpen s ate, e ven fro m t he fi s c al p o i n t of v i ew, fo r t h e
s a cr i fic e O f i mp o r t du ti es ,an d at t he s a m e t i m e,by an o t h e r

an d a h a ppy c o n se qu e n c e ,i t wo uld t en d t o t h e b e ne fi t O f

t h e n a t i ve p o pul at i o n s . I n t h e pres en t c ase ,wh i ch i s p er

h aps wi t ho u t prece d en t i n t he co mm e rc i a l h i s t o ry o f t he
wo rld , i t wi ll u n d o ub t edly b e pru d en t n o t t o fe tte r t he
fu t ure fo r ev e r Wh en t he i mp et u s has b een g i v en , an d
.

s er i ou s r o gress h as b ee n m ad e ,fr es h pr o s p ec t s an d n eces

p
56 CIVILISATION IN CONGOL AND .

s i t ies wi ll prob ably r eveal t h em se lves ,an d t he t i m e may

a rr i v e wh en w i s e fo r es i g h t w i ll d e m an d r e vi s i on o f a s y s te m

whi ch h as b een m o re e s p ec i ally ad ap t ed t o a p eri o d of

”
creat i on and t rans form at i o n .

I n t h e fift h a rt i cl e o f t he B erl i n Gener a l A ct i t was

s t i pul at ed t h at no Po wer wh i c h
l t s Pr oh i bi t i on of
e x e rc i s es or m ay e x erc i s e sov erei gn
M on op ol i es .

r i g h t s i n t h e ab ove-m en ti oned r eg i ons

s h all b e all o wed t o gr an t t h e r e i n e i t h e r m o n o p o ly o r pr i vi

l eg e of any k i n d i n c o mm erc i a l m att e rs fo rei gn e rs ,wi t ho u t

d i st i n c t i on, s h all enj o y prot e ct i o n O f t h ei r p ersons and
goo d s,as we ll as t he ri ght o f a cqu i ri ng an d t rans ferri ng
m o veabl e an d i mm o veabl e pro pe rt y ,an d t he s a m e t reat
m en t and r i ghts as s ubj e c ts o f t he n at i o n i n t h e ex erc is e
”
o f t h ei r pro fes s i on s . A s qu es t i o n a r os e at the C o n fer en c e
as t o t he pre c i s e m e an i n g o f t he fir s t cl a u s e o f t h i s a rt i cl e,

an d as i t h as s i n c e a cqu i r e d e n o rm o u s i mp o r t an c e, t he

w ord s O f t he c o mm i t t ee r es p o n s i bl e for i t ,of wh i ch t he

B ar o n d e C o urc el an d B a r on L a mb e rm o n t w ere t he pri n
c i p al m e mb e rs , are w o rt h n o t i n g N O d o ub t wh atever
.
“

”
ex i st s , i t was s t at e d , as t o t h e s t ri c t an d l i t e ral sense
“

t hat s h o uld b e ass i g ne d t o t he te rm en m at i ere com

‘

merc i ale
’
. I t r efe rs exclu s i ve ly t o t r affic ,t o t h e u n l i m i t ed
p owe r o f e very on e t o s e ll an d buy, t o i mp or t an d t o
'

exp o r t nat ur a l pr o duc e an d m an ufa c t ur e d a r ti cl es No .

pri vi l eged s i t u at i on c an be cr eat e d i n t hi s r es p e c t ; t he way

r e m ai ns op en wi t ho ut any r es t ri c t i o n t o free c o mpeti t ion
i n t h e s ph er e o f c o mm e rc e,b u t t h e o bl i g at i o n s o f t h e l o c al
Gover n m en t d o n ot g o b eyon d t h a t E t ym o l ogy and u sage .

as s i g n t o t he e xpres s i o n m o n o p o l e a wi d er s i gn i fic ati o n
‘ ’

t h an t o t h at O f pr i vi l eg e
’
M ono p o ly c o n v ey s t he i d ea o f
.

an e xclu s i v e r i gh t ; pr i v i l eg e d o es n o t n e c es s a r i ly
g o so far
T h e w o rd s d auc u n e es p ec e ev i d ent ly apply t o
’
as t h at
‘ ’
.

m onop o ly as well as t o pr i v i l ege , b ut w i t h the g enera l

i
r est r c t i o n O f t e i a i
h r ppl c o n t o t he d o m ai n o f c o mm e rce
a t i ”
.

”
“
T o d e vel o p c o m m erc e , i t was a dd ed , i t i s not enough “

Parl i amentary P p s, Af i ca,No 4

’

pp 64,65
a er r . . .
58 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

progr es s ; b ut t ac t an d gr adu al t r an s i t i o n wi ll b e i n d i s
p en s a bl e I t i s en o ugh t o p o i n t t o t he en d ; t he l o c al
.

Go ve r n m en t s mu s t fi n d o u t t h e m e an s a n d ad ap t t h e m t o

c i rcum s t an c es O f t i m e an d pl ac e T h e s l ave t ra de has .

ano t h e r ch a r a c t e r ; i t i s t h e n eg a t i on o f al l l a w, O f all
s o c i a l o rd e r M a n hu n t i n g i s an ac t O f t re a s on ag ai n s t
.
-

hu ma n i t y I t mu s t b e s uppr e ss ed wh e re ve r t h i s i s poss i bl e,
.

on l a n d as we ll as o n s e a T h e e v en t s O f wh i ch t he
.

Egyp t i an Sud an i s at pr es en t t h e t heat re , t h e s c en es

t h at Mr S t an l ey h as r ecen t ly wi t ne s s ed o n t he b an k s
.

o f t h e U pp e r C o n g o , t h e ab o m i n a bl e e xp e d i t i o n s wh i ch ,
.

a cc o rd i n g t o Dr N a ch t i g al , are fre qu en t ly o rgan i s e d i n

.

t he C en t r a l Sud an ,an d wh i ch are a lr ea dy p e n et r at i n g i n t o

t he b a s i n o f t h e C on g o ,c a ll for an i n t e rv en t i o n wh i ch t h e
l o c a l po we rs wi ll b e b o u n d t o u n d e r t ak e a s a pr es s i ng
du ty an d a s acr ed
Th es e an d o t h e r qu es t i o n s h av i n g o ccup i ed t he B erl i n
C o n fe r en c e dur i n g m o re t h an t wo
Pr i nce B i s m a rc k s ’

m o n t h s , Pr i n c e B i s m arck was abl e ,

C o n c l us i on s .

at t h e l as t s i t t i n g ,t o c on g r at ul at e i t s

m e mb ers on t h e c o mpl et e a cc o rd at wh i ch t hey h ad

“ ”

a rr i v e d . T h e r e s o lu t i o n s t h at we ar e o n t h e p o i n t o f
“

t he c o mm e rc e O f all
”
s a n c t i on i n g , h e s a i d , s e cur e t o
“

n a t i on s fr ee a cc e s s t o t h e c e n t re o f t h e Afr i c a n c o n t i
n en t . The gu a r a n te es wh i ch w i ll b e pr o v i d ed fo r freed o m
O f t r a d e i n t h e C on go B as i n ar e o f a n a t ur e t o O ffe r t o t he

c o mm e rc e an d i n du s t ry O f all n at i on s t he c on d i t i o n s m o st
fav o ur abl e t o t h ei r d e ve l o pm en t a n d s e cur i t y B y anot he r .

s e r i e s O f r eg ul at i on s y o u h a v e s h o w n y o ur s o l i c i t ud e for

t he m o r a l an d m at e r i a l w ell -b e i n g O f t he n at i v e p o p u l a
t i on s ,an d t h e r e i s g r o u n d fo r h o p i n g t h at t h ese pr i n c i pl es ,
ad o p t e d i n a s p i r i t O f w i s e m o d er a t i o n ,w i ll b ea r fru it an d

h elp t o i n t r o duc e t o t h em t h e b en e fi t s O f c i v i l i s at i on T he .

s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o n s e x i s t i n g i n t h e v as t r e i o n s t h a t y o u
g
a re O p en i n g up t o c o mm e rc i a l en t e rpr i s e h av e a l s o r e qu i re d

s p e c i a l s a fe gu ard s for t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f p e a c e a n d publ i c

r
Pa rli am en ta ry Pap ers, Af i ca ,No 4
’
.
pp 6 5,66
. .
 T H E B ERLIN CONFERENC E .
59

o rd e r . T he c urg e o f war wo uld ,i n d eed ,ass um e a p ar

s o

t i c ul arly d i s as t ro u s ch a r a c te r if t he n a t i v es w ere l ed t o
t a k e p ar t i n c o n fl i c t s b et w e en c i v i l i se d p o we rs Ju s t ly .

m i n dful o f t he d a n ge rs wh i ch s uch a c on t i n g en cy m ight

br i n g t o t he i n t e res t s O f c o mm e rc e a n d c i v i l i s at i o n ,we
have s o u g h t m ea n s t o w i t hdr a w a g re at p a r t O f Afr i c a
fro m t h e vi c i s s i t ud es O f g e n e r al p o l i t i c s by r est r i c t i n g
nat i o n a l r i va lr i es t o t h e p eac e ful c o mp et i t i on O f t r ad e an d
”
i n du s t ry .

A s at t h i s m eet i n g t he c o n curr e n c e o f t h e I n t er nat i o n a l

A ss o c i a t i o n O f t h e C o n go w i t h t h e pr o c eed i n g s o f t he Co n
fer en c e w as fo rm a lly t e n d e r e d ,an d pe rm i s s i o n g iv en t o i t s
repres e n t a t i v es t o s i gn t h e Gen e ra l A c t no w a wai t i n g c o m
p le t i o n ,Pr i n c e B i s m a rck p a i d h o m ag e t o t he n o bl e e ffo r t s
“

o f H i s M aj e s t y t h e K i n g O f t h e B e lg i an s ,t he fo u n d e r O f a

wo rk now re co g n i s e d by nearly a ll t h e Po we rs ,t he c o n s o l i
d at i on O f wh i ch s h o uld c o n fe r pr ec i o u s se rv i c es o n t he
c au se o f hu m an i t y, an d he c o n clud ed by s ayi n g , I b el i eve
I e xpr ess t h e v i e w s O f t he C o n fe ren c e wh en I a ck no wl edge
wi t h s a t i s fa c t i o n t h e s t e p t ak e n by t he I n t e r n at i o n a l A ss o
c i a t i on o f t h e C o n g o ,a n d i n a cc e p t i n g i t s a dh e s i o n t o o u r

re gul a t i o n s The n ew C o n g o S t at e i s c all ed up o n t o

.

be c o m e o n e o f t he ch i e f pr o m o t e rs o f t h e wo rk w e h ave
i n vi e w,a n d I pr ay fo r i ts pr o s p e r o u s d e vel o pm en t an d fo r
t he fulfilm en t o f t he n o bl e as p i r a t i on s O f i t s i llu s t r i o u s
”
fo u n d e r 1 .
’

T h e n e w C o n g o S t at e d i d n ot fo rm ally t a k e t o i t se lf
t h a t t i t l e t i ll s i x m o n t h s l at e r ,o n I s t
Th e Es t a b l i s h m e n t of
Augu s t , 1 8 8 5 B u t i n t h e i n te rv a l
.

t h e C on g o S t a t e .

all pre p a r at i on s w e r e m a d e fo r i t .

T h e r e c og n i t i o n o f t h e C o n g o A s so c i at i on a s a fr i en dly
“

Go ve r n m e n t by t h e U n i t e d S tat es i n Apr i l , 1 8 8 4 ,an d t h e

l ess e xpl i c it i n t i m at i o n s o f Fr an c e an d Ge rm an y t o t he
s a m e e ffe c t , h ad b ee n fo ll o w ed , b e fo r e t he O p en i n g O f
t h e B e rl i n C o n fe re n c e, by a C o n ven t i on b e t ween t he
Parl iamen tary Papers , Afri ca,NO 4 (1 88 286
’
.
p . .

1 p p 2 8 7,2 8 9
. .
60 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

Germ an Empi re an d t he A s s o c i at i o n ,d at e d 8 t h N o ve mb er,

i n wh i ch t he fl ag ,t he t e rr i t o r i es ,t h e r i gh t s ,an d t h e pr i vi
l ege s cl a i m ed by t he l at t e r wer e agree d t o by t he fo rm er .

W hi l e t h e C o n fer en c e was s i t t i n g ,m o r eo ve r ,s i m i l a r Co n
ve n t i o ns we r e m a d e w i t h G r e at B r i t a i n o n l 6 t h D e c e mb e r ,
w it h I t a ly o n 1 9 t h D ece mb e r,wi t h Au s t r i a-H u n g ary on
2 4 t h D e c e mb e r ,w i t h t h e N et h e rl a n d s o n 2 7 t h D e c e mb e r ,

wi t h Sp ai n o n 7 th J a n u ary , w i t h t he Fren ch Re publ i c

an d w i t h t h e Ru s s i a n Emp i r e on st h Fe bru a ry , w i t h
Swed en an d N o rwa y o n l ot h F ebru a ry , w i t h Po rt ugal
on 1 4 t h Fe bru a ry , an d wi t h D en m ark on 2 3 rd F eb
r uary . O n t h e l as t - n a m e d d ay al so d ecl a r at i on s were
e xch a n ge d b et ween t he A ss o c i at i o n a n d t he B elgi an
”
G o v er n m en t .

All t hes e t reat i es ,t h o ug h v ary i n g i n t erm s, we re sub

s t an t i a l ly t o t h e s a m e e ffec t ,m os t o f
I t s C o n ve n t i o n w i t h
t h e m h a v i n g a r t i cl es s i m i l a r t o t h o se
Eu r o p ea n Pow e r s .

in t he A n g l o-C o n g o C o n ve n t i on ,
wh i ch pro v i d ed t h at B r i t i s h s ubj e c t s s h a ll h a ve at
a l l t i m es t h e r i g h t o f s oj o ur n i n g an d of es t abl i s h i n g

t h e m s e lve s w i t h i n t h e t e rr i t o r i es wh i ch are or s hall

b e u n d e r t h e g o ver n m e n t o f t h e A sso c i a t i on ; t h ey s h all
enj oy t he s a m e pro t e c t i on wh i ch i s a cc o rd ed t o t he
s ubj e c t s o r c i t i z en s o f t h e m o s t fa v o ure d n at i o n i n a ll

m at t e r s wh i ch r egard t h ei r p ers ons,t h e i r pro p e rt y ,t he free

e x e rc i s e o f t h e i r r e l i g i on , an d t h e r i gh t s o f n av i g at i on ,

c o mm erc e , an d i n du s t ry ; es pe c i ally t hey s h a ll h ave t he

r i gh t O f buy i n g ,o f s ell i n g ,O f l et t i n g ,an d o f h i r i n g l a n d s
a n d bu i ld i n g s ,m i n e s an d fo re s t s ,s i t u at e d w i t h i n t h e s a i d

t e rr i t o r i e s , an d O f fo u n d i n g h o u s es o f c o mm erc e , an d o f
c a rry i n g on c o mm e rc e an d a c o as t i n g t rad e u n d e r t he
”
B r i t i s h fl ag an d t h a t e ve ry Br i t i s h c o ns ul o r c ons ul a r
[
o ffic e r w i t h i n t h e s a i d t e rr i to r i es , wh o s h a ll b e duly
au t h o r i s e d by H e r B r i t a n n i c M aj es t y s Go v e r n m en t ,m a
’

y
ho ld a c o n s ul a r c o ur t fo r t he d i s t r i c t a s s i g n ed t o h i m ,an d
s h all e x e rc i se s o l e an d e xclu s i v e jur i s d i c t i on ,b o t h c i v i l a n d

Pa l iamentary Pape s , Af i ca ,No 4

’

pp 2 6 2 7 8
r r r . .
- .
 THE B ERLIN C ONFERENC E . 61

cr i m i nal , ove r t h e pe rso ns an d pr o pe rt y o f Br i t i s h s ubj ec ts

w i t hi n t he s a m e,i n acc o rd an c e w i t h B r i t i s h l aw .
”

T h e C on go -Fren ch C on ve n t i o n as s i g n e d t o Fr an c e t he
d i s pu t ed b as i n o f t he Kw i lu an d t h e l e ft b an k o f the
C o n go fro m S t an l ey Po o l as far no r th -eas t w ard a s i t s
e xpl o r at i on s h a d t h en r ea ch e d ,b ut i t l e ft t he A ss o c i a t i o n

i n p os s ess i o n o f i t s B anan a,B o m a,an d C at ar ac t s d i s tr i c t s

Th e C on g o —
.

Po r t u g u e s e C on ve n t i on m a i n ly br o ugh t ab o u t
.

t hro ugh t h e g oo d o ffic es o f t h e B r i t i s h Go v e r n m en t

ass i g n e d t o Po r t ug a l t h e t e rr i t o ry s o u t h o f t h e C on g o a s

fa r a s N o k i a n d o f t he p a r a ll e l o f N o k i up t o i t s i n t er
s e c t i on by t h e r i v e r Kw an g o ,wh i ch w a s fr o m t h a t p o i n t

t o s e rv e as t h e b o u n d a ry i n a s o u t h e rly d i r e c t i on T he.

t e rr i t o r i a l a rr an ge m en t s O f t h e s e C on v en t i on s w e re s ub se
quen t ly m o d i fi ed ,an d Ge rm an y an d E n gl an d h av e s i nc e
a cqu i re d t h os e p o r t i o n s o f t h e C o n g o B a s i n wh i ch ar e t o

th e e as t o f L a k e T an g an y i k a a n d i t s p ar all e l n o r t h an d
s ou t h. B ut t he B e rl i n Gen er al A c t a n d t h e C on v en t i on s
co n t e mp o r a n eo u s wi t h i t pl ace d t he A s s o c i at i o n i n ass um ed
o w ne r s h i p o f a b o u t t wo -t h i rd s O f t h e o r m o re

s qu a re m i l e s O f t h e C on o B as i n , t wo -t h i rd s O f t h e r es t
g
b e i n g s t i ll u n cl ai m e d ,an d t he r e c o g n i se d s h a re s O f Fr an c e
an d Po r t u g a l a t t h at t i m e b e i n g r es p e c t i vely l i t t l e m o r e

t h an an d s qu a re m i l es .

“
Th e re c an b e n o d o ub t , s ay s t he h i s to r i an O f t h e
”

C ong o Fr ee S t at e , t h at t he c o u n t ry
“

l ts A r r a n g e m e n t s
m o s t s urpr i s e d by t h e res ul t O f t h e
w i t h B e lg i um .

B e rl i n C o n fe r en c e w as B el g i um “ .

The s che m e s an d n eg ot i at i ons by wh i ch i t was bro ught ab o u t

had b ee n w at ch ed eage rly by a fe w, b u t “
publ i c o p i n i o n
re m ai ne d i n d i fferen t an d i n credul o u s . Even wh en i t was
k no w n t h at t h e B e lg i an Go ve r n m e n t h ad ,on 2 3 rd Febru a ry,
1 8 8 5,fo ll o w e d t h e e x a mpl e o f o t h e r Po we rs an d r e c o g n i s e d

t he fl ag o f t h e A s s o c i a t i o n as o n an e qu a l i t y w i t h t h at o f
”
a fr i en dly S t a t e b u t l i tt l e i n t e r e s t was a ro u s ed A st on i s h
.

m ent was great when ,on 1 6 th Apri l ,K i n g Leo p o ld publ i cly

Wauters , L Etat I ndep
’
en den t
’
d u Congo, p 3 5 . .
62 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

i n fo rm e d hi s M i n i s ters t h at he d es i r ed t he i m m ed i at e as s en t
o f t h e Ch a mb e rs t o h i s b e c o m i n g t h e S o ve r e ig n o f t he
A s s o c i at i o n , i n acc o rd an c e w i t h t h e 6 2 n d a r t i cl e O f t he
B e l g i an C o nst i t u t i o n ,wh i ch pr o vi d e s t h at t h e K i n g c an n o t
b e a t t h e s am e t i m e S ove re i g n o f a n o t h e r S t at e w i t h o u t t he
c o n s en t O f b o t h Ch amb e rs , a n d t h at n e i t h e r Ch amb e r
c an d e l i b e r a t e o n t h i s s ubj e c t u n l es s a t l eas t t w o t h i rd s O f
-

i t s m e mb e rs are pre s en t , a n d t h e r es o lu t i o n ca n o n ly b e
a d o p t e d by a t l e as t t w o t h i rd s O f t h e v o t e s
- . H o we v er ,
t h e Ch a mb e r o f D e pu t i e s o n 2 8 t h Apr i l , an d th e S e n a t e
t wo d a y s l a t e r ,each w i t h o n ly o n e d i s se n t i en t , a cc ed ed t o
t he re qu e s t ,s ubj e c t t o an a m e n dm en t d e cl a r i n g t h at H is
Maj es t y Le o p o ld I I , K i ng o f t he B e lg i an s — i n s t ea d O f
.

m e re ly t he K i n g , as t h e Go v ern m en t had pro p os e d

“ ~
is
a u t h o r i s e d t o b e Ch i e f O f t h e S t a t e fo u n d e d i n Afri c a by

t h e I n t e r nat i on a l A s s o c i at i o n O f t h e C o n g o an d i t wa s

a dd ed , T h e u n i on b e t w een B e l g i um a n d t h e n e w C o n go
“

S t at e w i ll b e e xclu s i ve ly p e r s o n a l ”. Th e e ffe c t o f t h i s
m o d i fi ed re s o lut i o n w as t h at , o n K i n g L e o po ld s d e m i s e,
’

h i s s ucc es s o r o n t h e B e lg i an t hro n e c o uld o n ly b e c o m e

Ch i e f O f th e C o n g o S t at e by fr es h s an c t i o n fr o m Parl i a m en t .

I t a l s o , as far as clum s i ly or cl e ve rly ch o s en w o rd s c o ul d

g o , pres e rve d t he i n d i vi du a l i t y a n d i n d e p en d en c e o f b o t h
’
S t at es a n d s h i e ld ed ea ch fro m re s po n s i b i l i t y fo r t he ot he r s
a c t i ons.

T h e s e t t i n g up o f t he C o n g o S t at e ,u n d e r i t s ne w n a m e,
wi t h d es p ot i c p o we r s t o i t s fo u n d e r on ly l i m i t e d by t he
c o n d i t i o n s i mp o s e d by t h e B e rl i n C on fe r en c e , was co m
p le t ed by a l et t e r wh i ch K i n g L eo p o ld addre s s e d o n
I s t Augu s t t o e a ch O f t h e h e a d s O f t h e S t a t es r e pr es en t ed
”
at t h at C o n fe re n c e Y o ur M a j es ty s Go v er n m en t , he
’
.

wr o t e, h a s r e c og n i s ed t h e fl ag O f t h e I n t er n at i o n al
“

A s s o c i at i o n o f t h e C ong o as t h at o f a fri e n dly S t at e A t .

t h e t i me O f t h e s ig n a t ur e O f t h e G e n e r a l A c t O f t h e B e rl i n
C o n fere n ce t he pres i d e n t an d m e mb e r s O f t h at a ugu s t
ass e mbly, i n a cc e p t i n g t h e A s s o c i a t i on s a dh es i o n t o t he
’

Catti er,pp 8 4-6,

.
 THE B ERLIN CONFERENCE . 63

wo rk of t he C o n fe re n c e ,e x pre s s e d t h e i r s ymp at hy w it h i t s
u n d er t ak i n g No w t h a t t he p o s i t i o n o f t he A s s o c i at i on i s
.

fix ed fr o m an i n t e r n a t i o n a l p o i n t O f v ie w,t h at i t s t e rr i to ri al
con st i t u t i on i s e st abl i s he d ,a n d t h a t i t s m i s s i on has rec ei ved
prec i o u s en c ou rag e m en t s , I a m abl e t o acqu ai nt y o ur
M aj es t y and y o ur G o v e r n m e n t t h at t he p os ses s i o ns o f t he
C on go I n t er n at i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n wi ll hen c e fo r t h c o n st i t u te
t he C on g o Fr ee S t at e . I h av e at t h e sam e t i m e t o i n fo rm
yo ur M aj es t y an d y o ur Go ve rn m e n t t h at , au t h o r is ed by
t he B e lgi an L e g i s l a t i v e Ch a mbe rs t o b e c o m e Ch i e f o f th e
new S t at e, I h ave , by a g ree m en t w i t h the A s s o c i at i o n ,
t a k en t h e t i t l e o f S o ve r e i g n o f t h e C o n g o Fr ee S t at e T he .

u n i on bet ween B e l g i um an d t hi s S t at e w i ll be e xclu s i vely

p e rs o n al . The n ew S t a t e , I h a ve full c o n fid en c e, wi ll
ans wer t h e e xp e c t a t i o n s o f t h e Po we r s t h at h av e,i n s o m e

so rt , we lc o m e d i n a dv an c e i t s e n t ry i n t o t he fa m i ly o f

n at i o ns. I h av e ful l c o n fid en c e t ha t t h e new S t at e wi ll

s h o w i t s e lf w o r t hy o f t h e g o o d O p i n i on O f a ll t h e Po w e r s .

“
I s hall ex er t mys elf t g d o u i e i t i n t h p th
i s a .

On t he s a m e d ay ,m o re o ve r ,fo rm a l n o t i ce was g i v en t o
the Po w er s wh o h ad s i g n e d t he B e rl i n Gene r al A c t t h at
the C o n g o Fr e e S t a t e d e cl a r e d i t s elf fo r ev er ne u t r al ,
“

a n d cl a i m ed fo r i t s el f t h e a dv an t ag es gu a r an tee d by
th e A ct ,wh i l e t ak i n g o n i t s e lf t he o bl i gat i on s i n c i d en t t o
neu t ral i ty) ?

Wauters, L
’
E
ta t I n dépen dan t d u ,p 3 6
Co ngo
’
. .

1 I bi ofi
,p 3 7
. .
64 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

C H A PTE R I V .

THE C O N GO S TATE S C OM M ENCEMENT

’

A N EW S t ate has been fo u n d e d ,i t s l i m i ts are fix e d ,and

"
i ts fl ag i s r e c o gn i s ed by al m o s t al l t h e Po we r s , K i n g L eo
p o ld ha d wri tt en t o hi s B e l g i an M i ni st ers o n 1 6 t h Apri l ,
1 885 .
“
Th e re r em ai n s t he du ty o f o rg ani s i n g a Go vern
”
m en t an d an adm i n i s t r at i on o n th e b an k s of t he C on go .

Th i s wo rk ,i n s o far as i mm e d i at e ex i gen c i es we re con

c erned , a n d as m ere pr o m i s es can
Th e M a c h i n e ry of
m ak e a con s t i t u tion, w as o n t he
G ove r n m en t .

who l e ve ry s k i lfully d o ne duri n g t he

’
ea rly y ea rs Of t he C o n go S t at e s e x i st en ce . S t ri ct ly
s p ea k i n g , o f c o urse, t h e re c an b e no c on s t i tu t i o n u n d er

an a b s o lu t e m on arch ,an d i t h as b een ap t ly s ai d o f K i n

g
L eop o ld I I t h at he,as S o ve r e ig n of th e C on go S t ate,
.

h as b ett er gro u n d s t h an h ad t he Fr en ch L o u i s X I V i n .

d ecl ar i n g L Et at ,c es t Mo i
“ ’ ’
.
”
I n th e C on go t he S ov ere i g n
i s t he d i re c t s o urc e o f l eg i s l at i ve,e x ecu t i ve,an d jud i c i ary
p owe rs H e can,i f he ch oos es ,d el eg at e t h ei r e x e rci s e t o
.

c ert ai n fun ct i on a ri es ; b ut t h i s d el egat i on has n o o ther

s o urc e t h an h i s w i ll H e r egu l at es ,t o hi s fan cy,t he n at ur e
.

an d th e l i m i t s o f t he d el eg at i o n s t o wh i ch h e c o ns en t s
. He
c an at an
y m o m e nt r evo k e o r m o d i fy t h e m . H e can i ss u e
rul es o n wh i ch ,s o l ong as t h ey l as t,i s b as ed t he val i d it y of
c e r t ai n a ct s by h i m self or by hi s d e l eg ates B ut he c an
.

c an c e l t h os e rul es when eve r t hey appear t o h i m t roubl e

s o m e, u se l es s Or d an ge ro u s Th e o rgan i sat i on o f j u s t i ce,
, .

t h e c o mp os i t i on o f t he a rmy , fi n an c i a l s ys t e m s an d i n
,
dust r i al a n d c o mm erc i al i n s t i t u t io n s — all are es t abl i s h ed
s o l ely by h i m, i n a cc o rd an c e w i t h hi s ju s t or fa ul ty c o n

c ep t i on s as t o t h ei r u se ful n es s or effic i en cy . W i t h l i ke
freed o m he regul ates all the o u t s i d e rel ati ons Of t he S t ate .

The appoi nt ment and rec ept i on of d i pl o m at i c an d cons ul ar

 66 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

fo r t he C o ngo S t at e ,i s s u i n g hi s l a ws by a rb i t rary d e crees

an d ev e n r es e rvi n g t o h i m s e lf t he
De ’nd ' ts
nz l
l n

jg lfs p o w e r O f n o t publ i s h i ng i n

d e cree s wh i c h i t m i g h t b e t h o ught
E ur o pe

i i - Ge n e a
e xp e d i e n t t o c o n c e a l ,
“
t h e Adm n s t r a t o r r l or
Go v er n o r -Gene r al —o r t he D epu t y Go ve r no r -Gen er al or
I n s p ec t o r O f S t at e l e ft i n ch a rg e dur i n g t he Go ve rn or
Gene r al s fre qu e n t a b s en c e i n Euro p e — was t o b e h i s
’

pr i n c i p a l a gen t i n e n fo rc i n g t h os e d ecrees U n d er t he
.

c en t r a l a u t h o r i t y i n B o m a , aft e r t he s e at o f Go ver n men t

w as t ran s fe rre d t o i t fro m V i v i , w e r e t o b e t he D i s t r i c t
C o mm i s s a r i es ,ea ch o f t he d i s t r i c t s —n ow fift een i n n umb er
—b ei n g a t erri t o ri al adm i n i s t rat i ve u n i t T he fu n c t i ons
“
.

as s i g ned t o t h e s e O ffic i a l s w e re c o mpr e h en s i ve an d d i ve r s e .

Th ey w e r e acc o u n t abl e fo r th e m a i n t enan c e o f o rd er o ver

eno rm o u s a r eas ,fo r t h e m o s t p a rt u n e xpl o r ed They wer e
.

e xp ec t e d n o t o n ly t o b e d e t e c t i v es as w e ll as j udge s , b ut a l s o
t o a dm i n i s t e r an y pu n i s hm en t s i mp os ed by t h e m s elv es ,s ub

j ec t t o r e fe re n c e i n s er i o u s c as es t o t h e i r s up e ri o rs at B o m a .

R e s p on s i bl e fo r t h e fi nan c es of t h e i r d i s t r i c t s ,t h ey h ad t o
see t h at s u ffic i en t r ev en u e w as c o ll e ct e d ; an d , n o m i na lly

re qu i red to l o o k a fte r the i n t er es t s O f b ot h bl a ck s an d wh i t es

a n d t o pro t e c t e i t h e r cl as s fr o m i n j ury by t h e o t h e r ,t h ey

h ad gr eat t e mp t at i o n s , a n d o pp o r t u n i t i es as gr eat ,t o s et
t h e i n t e re s t s O f t h e i r wh i t e as s o c i a t e s a n d t h ei r o wn b e fo re
t h o s e O f t he n at i v es The a bu s es i nev i t abl e t o t h e sy s t em
.

wer e n ot , pe rh aps ,v e ry m an i fe s t a t firs t , an d t he sy st e m

i t s elf w as fo r s o m e y e a r s s o i n c o mpl e t e t h a t m i n o r O ff i c i al s
h a d much excu s e for a n y blu n d ers t h ey c o mm i t ted B ut .

i t s a bl es t a p o l o g i s t i s i t s s eve r es t c ri t i c . Th ere i s no
“

”
ch eck , l eg i s l at i ve o r e x e cu t i v e , wr i t es M C at t i er , up on
.

t h e w i ll O f t he S o v e re i g n . The S e cr e t a ry O f S t at e i s all
p o we rful ,u n d er t he m onarch ; an d t h e Go ver n o r -Gen era l ,
a lb e i t i n t h e m o s t a b s o lu t e d e p en d en c e on t h e S o ve r ei n
g
B ul leti n Offi ci el d e l Eta t I n dépen dant d u C ong o
’

p . 22 : T o us
l es v
a c t es d u Gou ernem en t q u i l y a i nt ér ét a r end re
’

pub li cs seron t i ns érés au

O ffici e l
”
B ul let in I nstances
. of secret l aw -mak i ng an d i t s mal ign worki n g
v
wi ll be gi en h ereaft er .
 THE CONGO STATE S COMMENCEMENT ’
. 67

an d t he S ecr et ary O f S t a t e,ex e rc i s es hi s fu n ct i ons as abs o

lu t e ch i ef O f th e l o c al adm i n i s t r at io n The w i ll o f hi s
.

s ub o rd i n at es mu s t , i n e v e ry c ase , b e n d b e fo r e hi s o wn .

They mu s t Ob ey or b e d i s m i s se d M o r eove r,the Gov er no r

.

General i s u s u ally a m i l i t a ry O ffic e r o f h i gh r an k ,an d m os t

of hi s ag en t s are o f l o w e r m i l i t a ry gra d e,t r ai n e d i n h ab i t s

o f pas s i v e Ob ed ien c e . Th i s s ys t e m ,i n t he han d s of m en of

abi l i t y , h as en a bl e d r a p i d pro g ress t o be m ad e I t was
.

adm i rably a d a p t e d for pr a c t i s i n g t h e p o l i cy O f r es ul ts

‘ ’
.

F o r all t hat , i t i s i mpo s s i bl e t o i g n o r e i t s vi c es a n d i t s

d an gers I t i s n o t we ll fo r t he fun c t i on ar i es and agent s Of
.

an adm i n i s t rat i on t o b e fo rc e d i n t o p as s i ve O b ed i en c e T he .

d i r ect o r s o f t he S t at e,wh o fro m B ru s se l s o r fro m B o m a

govern i m m ens e an d d i s t an t t err i t o r ies ,h av e not s u ffic i ent
kn owl edg e o f t he m o r a l an d m a t er i al O b s ta cl es t o t he
real i sat i on o f t h ei r v i e ws an d proj e c ts Th e i r att ent i o n i s
.

c on cent rated o n t he r es ul t s t o b e Ob t ai ne d I n t h es e c on
.

d i t i on s i t i s i nev i t abl e t h at t h e i r r ea l i n t en t i ons w i ll be

l i abl e t o be mi s un d e rs t oo d by age n ts t o wh o m t he o rd ers “

of t h ei r ch ie fs are a law t h at mu s t b e o b ey ed alway s an d

wi t h o ut qu es t i on Th e s ys t e m pr oduc es m i s t ak es d et t i
.

m ent al t o t he i nt er es t s i t i s s o ught t o pro m ot e, and

o cc asi onal vi o l at i ons Of t h e r i gh t s o f nat i v es a n d t he l aws
“
of hum an i t y .

S O each year s ev en t s pr o v e d w i t h i n creas i n g fo rce A t

’
.

the en d o f 1 8 8 6 t he r e we r e o n ly 2 54
’ Ext e ns i o n of t h e
whi t e men i n th e C o n go S t at e s t e rri
S t at e s A ut h ori t y
’
.

t o ry ,O f wh o m 52 we r e O ffic i a l s , 1 04
were t rad ers an d t hei r cl e rks , an d 3 0 we re m i s s i on a ries .

M o re t h an h alf o f t he n umb e r we re a t B a n ana an d B o m a,

an d a t h i rd i n o t h e r p a rt s O f t h e l o n g fr e qu en t ed a n d c o m

parati v ely s m a ll Lo we r C on g o reg i on El sewh ere, w i t h

.

t he exc ept i on o f a few a t L eo p o ldv i ll e,s c a rc ely an y w ere

t o be fo u n d b es i d es t h e n ewly a pp o i n t ed D i s t r i c t C o m
mi ssari es ,n ot y et s uppl i ed w i t h ev en t he pret en c e of a
regul arly arm ed forc e,a n d t h e e xpl o rers an d m is s i on ar i es
Catti er,p . 2 17 .
68 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

wh o we re already ene rge t i c Three y ear s l at e r t he who l e

.

wh i t e p o pul at i o n h ad o n ly i n creas e d t o 4 3 0,O f wh o m 1 1 9

we r e o ffic i al s ,1 3 4 we re t rad e rs ,a n d 7 0 we r e m i s s i on a r i es ,
“
t h e g r ea t m aj o r i ty b e i n g s t ll i i n L w r C g
o e on o T hes e.

i n t rud er s fr o m Eur o p e an d t he U n i t ed S t a t es h a d , of
c o urs e ,n um e ro u s bl a ck c o mp an i on s ,ch i e fly n at i ves of t he
E n gl i s h ,Fren ch ,an d Po r t ugu es e p o ss es s i o ns on th e Wes t
C oa st , an d s o m e b ei n g Z an z i b a r i s urvi vo r s fr o m Mr .

S t an l ey s e xpe d i t i o n B u t S i r Fr an c i s d e W i n t on an d,i n
’
.

t h e firs t y e ars O f hi s a dm i n i s t r a t i o n ,M J an s s e n w er e m a i n ly
.

o ccup i e d i n k ee p i n g wat ch o ve r t h e t ra d i n g O p er at i ons

c arri e d o n as h e ret o fo re ,b ut m o re bu s i ly ,b et w een B o m a
an d t h e m o u t h o f t he C o n g o ,an d i n d i r e c t i n g o r en c o u rag

i n g t h e expl o ra t i ons by wh i ch v a r i o u s p a r t s O f t he c o u n t ry
wer e b e i n g O p e n e d up for o ccup a t i o n T hey had ,i n fac t ,.

wh i l e d o i n g wh a t t h ey c o uld t o wa rd s t ak i n g a c t u a l p osses
s i o n o f t h e e n o rm o u s t r a c t s o f c o u n t ry a s y e t o n ly n o m i nally

h eld by th e C o n g o S t ate ,t o ad ap t t o t he S t at e s r equ i r e ’

m en t s ,an d t o al t e r o r ad d t o as see m ed m os t d es i r abl e or

pr o ved m os t pr a c t i c a bl e ,t h e a rra n g e m en t s alre ady ex i s ti ng
i n t h e fo ur a dm i n i s t r at i v e d i s t r i c t s o f B an an a, B o m a,
M at ad i , an d th e C at a r ac t s , wi t h s o much as was t hen
u t i l i s e d O f t he fift h d i st r i c t o f S t an l e y Po o l .

M os t o f the t r eat i es by wh i ch M r S t a n l ey all eg ed t h at

.

4 50 i n d ep en d en t Afr i c an ch i e fs h ad
La n d h o l d i n g u n de r
t r ans fe rr e d t h ei r r i gh t s O f s o ve rei gn ty
t h e S t at e
.

a n d o f o w n e r s h i p t o t h e A s s o c i at i on
—t h at i s ,t o t he C on go S t at e—wer e i n r es p ec t of l an d s i n
L o we r C on go ,already p ut t o c ons i d e rabl e use by t he Du t ch ,
Po r t ugu e se, Fr en ch , a n d E n gl i s h t r ad ers on t he r i v er .

W i th t h es e l att e r ,as well as wi t h t he nat i ves ,t he S t at e an d

i t s o ffic i al s h ad ,i n t he fir s t i n s t a n c e ,t o es t abl i s h as s at i s
fac t o ry rel at i on s as t h ey c o uld , wh i l e a t t h e s a m e t i m e
c o n fo rm i n g ,as fa r as t hey fo u n d n e c e s s ary or c o n ven i ent ,
t o t h e s t i pul a t i o n s o f t h e B e rl i n Gene r al A ct .

T h e earl i es t o f t he o rd i n a n c es i s s u ed by S i r Fr an c i s d e
B ul letin Ofi
i ci el ’
p . 12 ; p 34. .
 THE O
C N GO S TATE S
’
C OMMENCEMENT . 69

Wi nt on , as Adm i n i s t rato r -Ge ner al o f t he C on go , c o n

s e quen t ly , w as o ne d a t e d I s t J uly , 1 8 8 5, by wh i ch a l l

n on -i n d i g en e s cl ai m i n g o wne r s h i p o f, or r i g h t t o use,
l and s wi t h i n t he t e rri t o r i es O f t he S t at e we re re qu i r ed t o
s ubm i t t h ei r t i t l e s a n d c on t r a c t s t o t h e Gove r n m en t fo r

ex a m i n at i o n an d ,i n t h e ev e n t o f t h e i r b e i n g a ppr o v e d for
,
en d o r s e m en t an d re g i s t ra t i on H ence fo r t h ,
. i t was a nn o u n c ed ,
“
n o c o n t r a c t o r a gree m en t w i t h n a t i v es for o ccup at i o n
,
u n d e r wh at ev er t i t l e ,o f pl o t s O f l an d w i ll be re c o g n i s ed or
pro te c te d by t he Gov er n m en t u n l es s t h e c o n t ra c t o r ag r ee
m en t has b e e n m ad e w i t h t he i n t e rv en t i o n o f t he publ i c
O fli ce r a pp o i n t e d by t h e Adm i n i s t r a t o r Ge ne ra l ,
-
an d a cc o rd

i ng t o rul es d e fi ne d by h i m i n e a ch p a r t i cul ar c as e An d
.

i t was a dd ed , N 0 on e h as a r i gh t t o o ccupy v ac an t l an d s
wi t ho u t a t i t l e ,o r t o d i s p o s s ess n a t i v es O f l an d s t h ey o ccupy
V a can t l an d s mu s t b e c o n s i d e re d a s be l on g i ng t o t he
”
S t at e
. T h e t erm va c a n t l a n d s w as o pen t o d i v e rs
”
i n t e rpret at i o n s ,an d t he t e rm o ccup at i o n , i n r efer en c e t o
n at i ves l an d h o ld i n g ,was O p en t o g rave m i s c on s t ruc t i on
’
-
.

B u t t he ri gh t o f n at i ves t o a ll t h e l a n d u s e d o r p os s es s ed
by t he m w as cl early i mpl i ed a n d y et m o r e e mph at i c was
a d e cr ee O f K i n
g L e o p o ld s d a t ed i 4 t h S ep t e mb e r, 1 8 8 6
’
.

“
L an d s o ccup i ed by n at i ve p o pul at i o n s ,u n d e r t he a u t h o ri t y
”
O f t h e i r ch i e fs , i t w a s t h e r e l a i d d o w n , s h a ll c o n t i n u e t o
“

b e a d m i n i s t e r e d a cc o rd i n g t o l o c a l cu s t o m s an d u s ages .

C o n t rac t s m a d e w it h n at i v es fo r t h e a cqu i s i t i o n o r h i r i n g
O f pl o t s O f l an d w i ll o n ly b e r e c o g n i s e d o r a ll o w e d t o b e

regi st er ed a ft er t h ey h av e b ee n a ppro ve d by t h e A d m i n i s
t ra t o r Ge n e r al
-
. I t i s for h i m t o d et e rm i n e t h e fo rm s an d
c on d i t i on s t o b e fo ll o we d i n c on clud i n g s uch c on t ra c ts .

All act s o r agr ee m en t s are fo rb i dd en wh i ch t en d t o t h e

expul s i on O f n at i v es fr o m t h e t e rr i t o r i es t h ey o ccupy,or t o

d epr i v e t h em ,d i r e c t ly o r i n d i r ec t ly,o f t h ei r l i b er t y o r t h e i r
m e an s O f ex i s t e n c e T .

Al th o ug h t h i s e qu i t abl e,i f s o m ewhat arb i t ra ry,p res c ri p

t i on wa s fo ll o w ed by a l es s s a t i s fac to ry cl a u s e,pr o vi d i n g

B ull etin Offici el p .

30 . 1 1 5121
'
.
pp . 1 38-
40 .
70 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

fo r t he l
sa e o r l ett i n g O f t h e v ac an t l and s and o t he r l an d s
b el ong i n g t o t he S t at e wh i ch t he Go ve r n m en t may d ee m i t
c on v en i en t t o a l i en at e o r l et , i t mu s t b e a s s um e d t h at ,
wh en t h ey b ega n t h ei r wo rk , t he fo u n de rs O f t h e C o ng o
S t at e h ad o n ly hum an e i n t en t i o n s t o wa rd s t he n at i ves ;
a l s o t h a t t h e y i n t e n d e d t o a b i d e l o y a lly by t h e r e gul at i ons

o f t h e B e rl i n Gen e r a l A c t fo r c o mpl e t e free d o m o f t r ad e .

Th ey h ad n o t g o n e fa r i n t h ei r e n t erpri s e,ho w ev e r ,b e fo re
t h ey b eg an t o fi n d i t c o ve n i e n t , a n d fr o m t h e i r p o i n t o f

Vi e w,p e rh a p s ,n e c ess ary ,t o bre a k aw ay fro m t h ei r pl e d g es

a s r e ga rd s b o t h t h e r i g h t s o f n a t i v es a n d th e r i g h t s o f t h e

Eur o p ea n a dve n t ur e r s .

T he in fri n ge m en t s i n each d i r ec t i o n , cl os ely r el at ed t o

o n e a n o t h e r,w e r e e ffe c t e d c a u t i o u s ly
En cr oac h m e n ts o n
an d g r adu a lly A d ecr ee O f 3 ot h Apr i l ,
Na t i v es L an d Ri g h t s
.
’
.

1 8 8 7 , l a i d d o w n rul es fo r pr o t ec t i n g

t h e r i gh t s o f i n d i v i d u a l o w n e r s o f l an d e d pr o p e r t y, an d
preven t i n g en cro achm en t s o n l a n d s b el on g i n g t o t he S t at e
o r o ccup i ed by n at i v es ,a n d a l s o fo r fa c i l i t at i n g t he cr ea t i o n
”
O f n ew c o mm e rc i a l an d agr i cul t ur a l es t a bl i s hm en t s It.

w as h e r e pro v i d ed t h at n o t h i n g i n t h e pr es e n t d ecr ee s h all

“

a ffe c t t h e r i gh t s O f n a t i v es r e c o g n i s ed by pr e v i o u s d e cre es .

B ut t h i s was fo ll o w ed up o n 3 o th J u n e , 1 8 8 7 , by an
o rd i nan c e of t h e n ew Gov e r n o r Ge n e r a l , M-
J an s sen ,
.

ass i g n i n g t o a n ew fu n c t i o n a ry , t h e K eep e r O f L an d
“

T i t l es , t he cha rg e O f e ve ryt h i n g c o n c er n i n g t he ad mi n i s
”

”
t ra t i on O f l a n d s b e l o n g i n g t o t h e S t a t e , i n clud i n g p o we r t o
s e ll o r l e t d es t e rr es d o m an i a l es , a n d t o l i c ens e t h e
“

cu tt i n g O f woo d ,t he e x t r ac t i n g o f m i n er al s ,o r u n d er t a k i n gs
O f a ny o t h e r s o r t ,o n d es t e rr es d o n t l a pr o pr i é t é pr i vé e
“

’ ”
n a é t é r ec o n n u e a p e r s o n n e . Th e a ss um e d r i gh t o f t he
S t ate t o all l an d s n o t a c t u ally o ccupi ed by n at i ve s o r
“ ”

a n y o t he r p er s o n s pr i va t e pr o p e rt y w as , fo r th e fir s t
’ “

t i m e , d i s t i n c t ly as s er t ed i n t h i s d e cr ee A s t hr o ug h o u t
.

a lm o s t t he wh o l e O f Afr i c a,a s w e ll as i n t h e C o n g o r e i o n ,
g
l an d t e n ure i s fo r t he m ost p ar t t r i b al o r c o mmu n al ,and
B ull eti n Offi
’
ci el pp 7 0-
4,1 2 9 ,1 3 0
. .
 T HE CON GO STATE S COMMENCEM ENT
’
.
71

no t i n d i v i du a l , an d as t he nat i
ves h ave fro m t i m e i mm e
m o ri al c on s i d e red t he m se lve s at l i be rty t o r o a m ab o u t i n
search O f g a m e an d o t h e r pro duc e O f t he fo re s t s ,pl a i n s ,a n d

r i ve rs ,an d t o s et t l e d o w n i n m o r e o r l es s t e mp o ra ry v i ll ages
wh e re ve r t h ey fin d va c an t an d s u i t abl e s p o t s ,t he cl a i m n ow
s et up w as pr ac t i c a lly o n e O f S t at e o w ne r s h i p o f ne arly all

t he l an d i n t h e c o u n t ry , a n d i t s an c t io ne d pr o c eed i n g s
al t oge t h e r a t v a r i an c e w i t h t h e d e cr ee o f 1 4 t h S e p t e mb e r ,

1 8 8 6 ,wh i ch r e c o g n i s e d l o c a l cu s t o m s an d u s ag e s as r eg a rd s

l an d , an d fo rb a d e an y t h i n g t e n d i n g t o d epr i ve n at i v es o f
t h e i r l i b ert i es o r m eans o f e x i s t en c e .

T he firs t i mp o r t a n t s t e p i n t h i s d i re c t i on was t a k en ,o r at
any r at e a u t h o ri s e d , by a d e cree o f
En c r o a c h m e n t s on
2 5t h July , 1 8 8 , o s t ens i bly i s s u ed
9 Na t i ve s Li b e r t i es ’
.

wi t h a vi e w t o pre s erv i n g t he r a c e
o f e l e ph an t s an d o f m a i n t a i n i n g t h e r i gh t s o f t he S t at e o v e r

e l eph an t s c a ugh t or k i ll e d w i t h i n i t s d o m a i n s a l eg i t i m at e

o bj e c t i n i t s e lf i f t he g ene r a l adv a n t ag e O f t h e c o mmu n i t y

was a i m e d a t , b ut n o t o t h erwi s e d e fe ns i bl e El e ph an t.

hunt i n g , i t was here d e cr eed , i s fo rb i dd en t hro ugh o u t t he

”

t e rr i t ory o f t h e S t a t e , u n l es s by s p e c i a l l i c en c e , t h e c os t
o f t h e l i c e n c e b e i ng d e t e rm i n e d by t h e G o ve r no r -Gene r a l ,

an d i n fr a c t i on O f t h e rul e b e i n g pu n i s h a bl e by h eavy fi n e s

an d p en a l s e rv i t ud e . I n c ase O f br e ach o f t h i s rul e i t w as

o rd e r e d t h a t t h e e l e ph an t s t hu s c au gh t o r k i ll ed s h a ll b e
“

”
h an d ed o ve r t o t h e S t at e o r c o n fi s c at e d fo r i t s b en efi t , an d
i t wa s a dd ed , All u s ag es a n d cu s t o m s h av i n g t h e fo rc e O f
”
law a n d c o n t r ary t o t h i s e d i c t a re a br og at e d A s im ilar .

b ut l e s s c o mpr e h e n s i v e d e cr ee was i s s u e d o n 1 7 th Oc t o b e r ,
1 8 8 9 , w i t h r e fe r en c e t o t he pr o cur i n g o f rubb e r , gum
“

c op al ,an d o t he r veg e t abl e pr oduc t s i n d i s t r i c t s wh e re t hes e ,

s ub s t an c es are n o t a t pr e se n t pr o cur e d by n at i ve s ,an d wh i ch
”
fo rm p art O f t he S t at e d o m a i n Th i s , h o wev e r , w as
.

pri m ari ly appl i c a bl e t o t he reg i o n s o f t he Upp e r C on g o ,

wh i ch were n o w a s ubj e c t O f s pe c i al i n t e res t an d al arm ,as
we s h all s ee b ut n o t y et u n d e r much c o n t ro l .

1 69 -7 1 ,2 1 8 .
’
B ull eti n Ofli ci el pp .
72 CIVILISATI ON IN C ONGOLAND .

In a rep o r t d at ed 1 6 t h July ,1 8 9 1 ,by M V an E et ve ld e .

cr ed i t was as k ed fo r t he hum a n e a rr an g e m e n t s a d o pt ed
”
i n t he i n t e res t s o f t he i n h ab i t a n t s Th e Go v er n m e n t , i t
.
“

w a s a s s er t e d , h as t a k en s p ec i a l pr ec a u t i on s t o prev e n t
“

s p o l i at i on O f t h e n at i v es a n d i n fr i n ge m en t o f t h ei r r i g h t s

by fr aud o r vi o l en ce T h e l an d s o ccup i e d by bl ack s

.

r e m ai n u n d er l o c a l cu s t o m s ; t h e S t at e l eav es u n d e r t h i s
rul e s p a c es e x t en s iv e e n o ug h n ot o n ly fo r m ai n t en an c e b u t
a l s o ,i n v i e w o f i n cr e a s e O f t h e p o pul at i o n ,fo r d e v e l o pm en t

T h e w o rs t i n t e rfe re n c es wi t h
”
Of t h e i r i n s t i t u t i on s .

n at i ve l an d r i g h t s h av e b een s ub s e qu en t t o t h e d at e o f

t h i s r ep o r t ,b ut ev en wh e n i t w as wr i t ten i t w as i n fl agr an t
c o n t r ad i c t i on n o t on ly O f fac t s , b u t a l s o o f ed i ct s s igned
by M V an E et v eld e h i m s e lf A s m i s l e a d i n g was a n
. .

ea rl i e r r e p o r t ,d a t e d 2 4 t h O c t o b e r ,1 8 8 9 ,i n wh i ch h e as k e d

cred i t fo r t he a ll eg ed an d os t en s i bl e a b o l i t i on O f t h e s t at u s
O f s l ave ry t hro u g h o u t t h e t e rri t o r i es O f t h e C o n g o S t at e .

”
“
Sl ave ry , even d o m e s t i c , he s a i d , c anno t b e O ffici a lly “

r ec og n i s ed I n d eed , i t i s n o t p o ss i bl e for a s i n g l e m an
.

i n t h e C o n g o t o b e s ubj ec t t o a n o t h e r,s i n c e eve ry at t e mp t

on i n d i v i du al l i b e r t y i s a cc o u n t e d an o ffen c e pu n i s h a bl e by

t he ar t i cl es o f t h e Pe n a l C o d e Ev ery o n e i s pu n i s h ed wh o ,
.

by v i o l en ce, t r i ck s , o r t hreat s , r e m o ve s o r c a u s es t o b e
r e m o ve d ,a rb i t ra ri ly a rr es t s o r c a u s es to b e a rres t ed ,d etai n s
o r c a u s es t o b e d e t ai n e d , a n
y p e r s o n wh a t eve r ; or who
d i s p o s es O f any p e rso n s wh at ev e r by s e ll i n g t he m a s s l aves .

B y t h es e g e n er a l a rr an g e m en t s t h e pr o cur i n g ,t he t r an s p o r t,
an d t h e d e t en t i o n O f i n d i v i du a l s as s l av es fa ll u n d e r the

ar m o f t he
A l l t h i s ,i t i s t ru e,was pro p os ed i n t he Pen al C o d e ; ju s t
much m o re wa s e n j o i n e d i n t he
as
Ne w F o r m s of
T en C o mm an dm en t s an d t he S erm o n
S l ave ry .

o n th e M o u n t B u t s l a very was o n ly .

a b o l i s h e d i n n a m e an d fo rb i dd en as a m a tt e r O f fo rm .

Wh e n t he S t at e O ffic i al s we re abl e an d w i ll i n g t o en fo rce

”
t h es e ge n e r a l a rran g e m en t s , t h e b o n d s m en O f bl ack
“

‘
B ull etin Offi ci el
’
p . 1 80 . Mi d .
p . 199 .
 74 CIVILIS ATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

t hr o ugh c ap i t a o r h e a d m an , fo r ea ch c ap i t a ; t he
a

ch a rges b ei n g 2 40 fr an c s fo r an a n n u a l p erm i t, 2 4 fran cs

for n o t m o r e t h an t w e n t y -fo ur r ecru i t s u n de r o n e c a p i ta,
an d 3 fr an c s for ea ch l ab o ur e r n o t e n g ag e d t hro ugh a

c a p i t a “ Th es e l i c en ce s a n d p e rm i t s augm en t e d t he
.

re ven u e ; b u t i t i s no t e as y t o s e e h o w t h ey c ould
b en e fi t t h e n at i v es ,wh o ,l o ng a ft e r as we ll as b e fo re t he
i s s u i n g o f t he d e cr e e, w e r e a t t h e m e rcy O f th e D i s t r i c t
C o m m i ss ar i es , a n d o f t he c ap it as who we re pra ct i c ally
s l a ve -dr i v e rs a t t h ei r b e ck a n d c a ll Th e m e t h od O f .

c oll e ct i n g c a rr i e rs i s acc o mpl i s h ed a ft e r t h i s fas h i on , wro t e

Mr Rose Tro up,who en t e r e d t he C o n go S t at e s ervi c e i n
.

1 8 8 3 ,a n d wa s Mr S t an l ey s pr i n c i p a l t r an s p o r t O ffic e r for
’
.

t he E m i n Pas h a Re l i e f Exp e d i t i o n o f 1 8 8 7 ,pr ese n t ly t o b e

d ea l t wi t h ; T he C o mm i s s ai re d u D i s t r i c t k eep s at h i s
“

s t at i on a re c o rd O f t h e c a i t as o f t h e s urro u n d i n g c o u n t ry ,
p
a n d t h es e c a i t as ,a cc o rd i n g t o t h e i r i n flu en c e,a re a bl e t o
p
pro m i s e t h e s e rvi c e o f a n umb e r o f m en b el o n g i n g t o t hei r
vi ll age When i t i s ne c es s ary t o O b t a i n p o r t e rs fo r a
.

c ar avan t he C o mm i s s ai re s en d s o u t h i s i n t e rpr et e r t o m ak e
k n o wn t h e fa c t a m on g t he l ead i n g m en , wh o fo r t hw it h
c o me t o t h e s t at i o n A s e ach m a n a rr i ves h e i s a dm i t ted
.

t o t he pr es en c e o f t he C o mm i s s a i re ,wh o i n qu i re s h is n a m e .

‘
C ap i t a L es a, C a p i t a Mwa n g a , C a p i t a K up i d i , as t h e
’ ‘ ’ ’

c as e m ay b e, i s t he reply H o w m a n y m e n can y o u
.

s upply ? Th i rt een , Twen t y five , Th i r ty , a ns wers t he

’ ‘ ’ ‘ -
’ ‘ ’

n a t i v e ,o r he m en t i o n s e v en a l a rg e r n u mb e r i f h e i s a gre at

m an Wh en c a n y o u bri n g t h e m ? Aft e r N k an d u
‘ ’ ‘

m a rk e t —pe rh a p s fo ur o r s i x d ay s h e n c e— fo r i t i s at th e
.

m a rk et t h at t hey m a k e a rr an ge m en t s an d Ob t ai n pro v i s i o n s
fo r t he b eg i n n i n g o f t h e i r t e rm O f s erv i c e V ery well , .
‘ ’

a s s e r t s t he C o mm i s sa i r e , h e r e a r e s o m an y p i e c es O f cl o t h
’
,
an d h e g i v e s o u t t o t h e c a p i t a a n a m o u n t i n a cc o rd an c e

w i t h t he n umb e r o f m en pro m i se d ; t he re gul at i on s um

’
‘
fo r r a t i o n s , as i t i s c a ll e d ,a s o rt O f en ga g e m en t m o n ey ,
b ei n g h alf a p i ece o f h an dk e rch i e f— t h at i s ,s i x s qu ar es o f
B ul letin Ofli ci ei ’
pp 66 9
- . .
 THE CONGO STATE S COMMENCEMENT ’
75

bri ght -c o l o ur ed h andk erch i e fs —p er man ,wh i l e t he c ap i t a

recei ves for h i s own p ay a wh o l e p i ec e The C o mm i s s ai r e .

no t es i n h i s b oo k so m e s uch en t ry as t h i s C ap i t a Kup idi ‘

o f N z on s a,t we n t y -fi ve m en o n i 8 t h M arch
’
.

The S t at e,th o ugh i t c o nt ro ll ed an d ass is t ed i n t he s upply

o f l a b o ur,h ad n o t i t self, e xc e p t o n s p ec i a l o cc as i on s ,o ccup a

t i o n for m an y c arr i e rs i n th e e a rl i e r y ears o f i t s e x i s t en c e .

B u t fr o m t h e fir s t i t was i n c o n s t an t need o f s o ld i ers ,an d a

d ecree O f st h Augu s t ,1 8 8 8 ,h a d i n i t i at ed t he f or ce p ubl iq ue
wh i ch was t o t a k e t h e pl a ce o f t he nond es cr i p t fight i n g
m ac h i n ery t hat t i ll t h en was a ll t h at t he S t at e s o ffic i al s h ad at
’

th ei r d i s p os al ei t h e r for p o l i c e o r for m i l i t ary wo rk Wh et h er .

e mpl o y e d as s old i er s o r o t h e rw i s e ,t he r ecru i t i n g O f n a t i ves

for i t s own use was,by a d e cr ee d at ed 1 7 t h N o ve mb er,

1 8 8 8 ,s ubj e c t t o t h e s a m e c on d i t i o n s as wer e app o i n t e d for

o t h e rs by t h e d e cree o f 8 t h N o v e mb e r ,1 8 8 8 1 I n t h e c as e
o f n at i ves e mpl oye d by t he S t a t e , m o r eo ver, t h e s l en d e r

pr ot e ct i on affo rd ed t o t h o s e i n t he s erv i c e O f t r ad i ng
c o rp o rat i on s was , of c o ur s e, l ack i ng,seei n g t h at , i f t h ey
c ons i d e re d t h e m s elv es i l l-u s e d , t h ei r on ly app ea l was t o
S t ate fu n c t i on ar i es agai ns t who m , or agai ns t who s e
co ll ea gu es,t hey h ad c o mpl ai n t s t o m ak e .

The f or ce p ubl zgue was b ut a s m all an d ,rel at i vely, a

'

well -m an ag ed b o dy at t he s t a rt I t s .

Th e F orc e Pub li q ue .

t ac t i c a l u n i t , a cc o rd i n g t o M Ca t .

’
t i er s o u t l i n e , i s t h e c o mp an y,wh i ch at o rd i n a ry t i m es
“

c o mpri s es fr o m 1 00 t o 1 50 s o ld i e rs ,b es i d es fr o m 40 t o 60
m i l i t a ry l a b o ur ers T he c o mp an ies , when e mpl o ye d on
.

ac t i ve s e rvi c e,s h o uld c o n t a i n fr o m 2 00 t o 2 50 s o ld i e r s an d

from 40 t o 6 0 m i l i t ary l ab o ure rs E ach c o mp an y h as for

.

i ts Eur o p ean s t aff a c ap t ai n or l i e u t en an t c o mm an d an t ,a

l i e utenan t or s ub-l i eu t en an t , a s ergean t -m aj o r, a n d a
se rg ean t . T he n at i ve s t a ff c o mpr i s es t wo s e rg ea n t s ,an d
from fo ur t o s i x c o rp o r al s C o mp an i es o f figh t i n g s t ren gt h
.

have i n a dd i ti o n a seco n d O ffic e r an d a sec on d s ub -O fficer,

‘
Wi th S tanl ey s R
’
ear C o l um n
’
p 58 . .

1
'
B ulletin Ofi i ci el pp 2 .1 - 00
5 , 9 4 3 ,3 02
2 .
 76 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

b ot h whi te,and ano t h e r s e rgean t an d t hree c o rp o r al s who

are c o l o ure d T h e s t a ff d e p ar t m e n t O f t h i s fo rc e c o mpr i s es
.

s e ve r al o ffic e rs I t i s d i r e c t ed by t h e c o mm an d an t ,who ,
.

u n d e r t he au t ho ri t y O f t he Go v er no r -Ge n er a l ,a dm in i s t e rs
t h e p ers on n el an d t h e m a tér i el o f t he a r m y , an d t h e Gov e r no r

Gene r a l ,i n h i s c ap ac i t y O f C o m m a n d e r-i n -ch i e f,d i s t r i bu t es

t h e d i ffe r en t
'

Fro m t h e fir s t ,h o we ve r ,t h e f or ce p u él zqu e h ad a v i c i o u s
”
br an ch o r adj u n c t Th e o rg a n i c d e cree , a dd s M C a t t i er,
. .

s an c t i o n s t h e creat i o n O f,b es i d es t h e r egul a r c o mp a n i es ,

p erm an en t b o d i es Of n at i ve m i l i t i a, s ubj e c t t o m i l i t a ry
d i s c i pl i n e Th i s n at i ve m i l i t i a i s d i s t r i bu t e d i n c o mp an i es
.

an d d et a chm e n t s , an d i t s br an ch e s a r e , i n e a ch d i s t r i c t ,

pl a ce d u n d e r t he s up e r i o r c o mm a n d O f t he O ffic e rs of t he
'

re gul a r f or ce p u bl zque T he d ecree add s t h at t he o rg an i s a

.

t i o n o f t h i s m i l i t i a w i ll b e d e t e rm i ne d by t he Go v e rn o r
Gen e r al . B ut n o d e c i s i o n o n t h e s ubj ec t h as eve r b een
”
publ i s h ed 1 .
’

T he C o n g o S t at e s nat i ve
’
T he s i l e n c e i s i n t ell i g i bl e .

m i l i t i a h as all al on g b een n o t h i n g m o r e t h an an un
o r g a n i s e d an d d i s o rd e rly r abbl e o f s uch s av age a ll i es as

m i gh t b e c o ll ec t e d an d e mpl o ye d i n d o in g ev en gh ast l i er
w o rk t h an t he f or ce p u él zgue c o uld be p ut t o —all i es who
'

c a n s c a rc e ly b e c a ll e d m e rc ena r i es a s t h e i r r e c o mp ense h a s

gene r ally ,i f n o t a lways ,b een r es t ri c t e d t o l i c en ce i n l oot i n g

a n d , wh en , as u s u a lly , t h ey h av e b ee n c a nn i b al s , i n
d ev o ur i n g t he fo es a ga i n s t wh o m t h ey h a ve b een le d , or
s en t w i t h o u t l e a d i n g .

T he w ay i n wh i ch t h es e w a rr i o r s a re r ecru i t e d i s t hu s
d es cr i be d by a Ge rm an wh o was fo r m a ny y ear s i n t he
s e rv i c e o f t h e C o n g o S t a t e ,an d fo r p a r t O f t he t i m e a cap

S o m e d i st ri c t co m
'

t a i n c o mm a n d an t i n i t s f or cep u bl zgue
“

m i s s a ry re ce i ve s i n s t ruc t i on s t o fur n i s h a c e rt ai n n umb er

o f m e n i n a g i ve n t i m e H e pu ts h i m se lf i n c o m mu n i ca
.

t i o n w i t h t h e ch i e fs ,a n d i n v i t es t h e m t o a p a l av e r a t h i s

D roi t et Adm i ni s tra ti on d e l - ’

Etat I n dép endan t du Congo ,
’
p . 2 64 .

I bi d ,p . . 2 70 .
 T HE CONGO STATE S COMMENC EMENT ’
.
77

res id en ce The se ch i ef s ,as a rul e ,a lready h a ve an i n kl i n g

.

o f w h a t i s c o m i n g ,a n d ,i f m a d e w i s e by e x p e r i e n c e,m ak e

a v i r t u e O f n e c es s i t y a n d pr e s e n t t h e m s e lv es I n t h at c as e
.

t he n eg o t i at i o n s r un t h e i r c o ur s e e as i ly e n o ugh ea ch ch i e f

pro m i ses t o s upply a c er t ai n n umb er o f s l a v es ,a n d r e c e i ve s

pres ent s i n r e t urn I t m ay h appen ,h o wev e r,t h at o ne o r
.

ano t h e r p ay s n o h e e d t o t h e fr i e n dly i n v i t at i o n ,i n wh i ch

c as e war i s d ecl ared ,hi s v i ll ag es are bur n ed d o w n ,pe rh ap s

so m e o f h i s p eo pl e are s h o t ,an d h i s s t o r es or g a rd e ns a re

plu n d e red I n thi s way t he wi ld k i n g i s s oo n t a m ed ,an d

.

he s u es fo r p eac e,wh i ch ,o f c o ur se ,i s gr a n t ed o n c on d i t i on
o f hi s s upply i n g d o ubl e t h e n u mb e r O f s l av es Th es e men .

a r e en t e r e d i n t h e S t at e b oo k s as T o pr ev en t t h e i r
runn i n g away t hey are p ut i n i r on s an d s en t ,on t he fir s t
O pp o rt u n i ty ,t o o n e O f t h e m i l i t a ry c a mp s ,wh er e t h ei r i ro n s

a re t ak en O ff a n d t h ey ar e dr a ft e d i n t o t h e a rmy T he .

D i s t ri c t C o mm i s s a ry i s p ai d 152 s t erl i n g for ev ery s e rvi c e

”
abl e r ecru i t .

Augus t B osh art , Z eh n J ah re Afr ikanis chen L eb ens

’
p . 1 55
.
78 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

C H A PTE R V .

E ARL Y E X PLO RAT I O N S AND E N T ERPRI S ES [ 1 8 8 5

G REAT ene rgy, a n d s o m e O f i t l e g i t i m at e an d prai s e

wo rt hy ,w as s h o w n fr o m t he fir s t b o t h by o ffic e rs O f t he
C o n go S t at e an d by m a n y o t h e rs i n e xpl o ri n g i t s l eas t
k n o wn r eg i on s an d m ak i n g a cqu ai n t an c e wi t h i t s in
h ab i t an ts .

C o ns p i cu ou s a m o ng t h e p a c i fic t r a ve ll e r s wh o e ng aged i n
t h i s wo rk , as a ux i l i a ry t o t h e i r r e l i g i o u s
M i s s i on ar y an d ot h e r
o ccup at i o n s , w e r e t w o B ap t i s t m i s
Exp l or e r s.

t h e Rev W H o lm an B en t l ey ,
s i o n a ri e s , . .

who ,a fte r s o m e e xp e r i en c e n ea re r t h e m o u t h Of the r i ve r,

h ad s ett l ed o n t he s h o r e O f S t an l ey POOl i n 1 8 8 1 ,an d t he
Rev Geo rg e Gr en fe ll ,w ho i n 1 8 8 4 m ad e L eo p o ldv i ll e no t
.

o n ly h i s pr i n c i p a l a b o d e b u t a l s o t h e s t a r t i n g -p o i n t for
fre qu en t vo yag es i n h i s r i ve r s tea m e r th e Pea ce up and
d o wn t he C on go an d i t s affl ue n t s M uch v alu abl e i n fo r
.

m at i o n was s uppl i e d by Mr Gr en fel l‘ ab o u t t he M on gal a,

.

t he Rub i ,an d t h e L o m an i , as w e ll as ab o u t t h e Ub an gi ,
wh i ch he pr a c t i c a lly d i s c o v ere d an d as c en d ed as far as
Z on g o i n 1 8 8 5, t he Ruk i , wh i ch he v i s i te d w i t h C apt ain
vo n Fr an co i s i n t h e s a m e yea r , a n d t h e Kw an go , wh i ch

i n 1 8 8 6 he t r a ck ed w i t h Dr M e n s e. .

A m o re fa m o u s t r ave ll er was L i e ut en an t von W i ss m an n ,

wh o fo ll o we d up h i s e xpl o r a t i o n o f
Wi s s m a nn i n t h e
t he K a s a i B as i n i n 1 8 8 1 a n d 1 8 8 2 by
Kas a i D i s t r i c t
.

an o t h e r j o ur n ey i n 1 8 8 4 an d 1 8 8 5,

wh en he fo u n d ed t he L ulu ab urg s t at i on , an d who, wi t h

h i s c o ll e agu e Dr L u dwi g W o lf, a s c e r t a i n ed t h at t he
.

S an kuru ,l i k e th e Lulu a,w as t r i bu ta ry t o t h e K as ai . His

t h i rd e xp ed i t i o n , s t a r t e d up o n i n M a rch , 1 8 8 6 , was m o r e
a mb i t i o u s .H e was i n v i t e d by K i n g Le o p o ld “
t o o p en
t he B a lub a c o u nt ry t o any fur t h er u n d e r t ak i n gs i n t he
 EARLY EXPLORATI ONS AND ENTERPRIS ES .
79

so u t h o f t he C on go S t at e t o m ak e t he nat i v e t r i bes t o t he
s o u t h ,t h e n o r t h -w es t ,an d e v e n t u a lly t h e eas t e r n b o u n d a r i es

o f t h e S t a t e a cqu ai n t e d a n d sa t i s fi e d w i th t h e i r new p o l i t i c al

s i t u at i o n t o i n v e s t i g a t e a n d , if p os s i bl e , c o u n t e r ac t t he
pro ceed i n g s o f t h e s l av e -hu n t e rs an d t o re po rt ab o u t t h e
c o u n t r i es i n t he s o u t h -eas t w i t h r es pe ct t o t h ei r
Th o ugh he d i d n o t a cc o mpl i s h al l t h at , hi s e xper i en c es
wer e m e m o ra bl e .

T h e K a s a i a n d i t s t r i bu t a r i es ,i t m ay b e n ot e d ,w at e r t h e
wh o l e O f s o u t h e r n Con g ol an d u n t i l t he s o urc es O f t he
Z a mb e z i are appr oa che d i n the s o u t h an d t h e upp er r each es
o f t h e C o n g o i n t h e e as t The B al o l o b ei n g t he m o s t
.

n um e r o u s o ccup an t s O f t h e gr ea t C o n g o -b e n d ,n o r t h o f t h e

Kas a i ,t he B alub a a re t he pr ed o m i n an t r a c e i n t he s o u th ,
t he pr i n c i p a l br a n ch es o f t h e l a t t e r b ei n g t he B a son ge ,o n
t he eas t e r n s i d e O f t he S a n kuru ,a n d t he B as h i l an g e on i t s
wes t ern s i d e Ak i n t o t h e m are, o n t he n o rt h wes t, t he
.
-

B a kub a, a n d o n t h e s o u t h -wes t , w i t h l es s a ffi n i t y , t h e
B a lu n d a,a n ex t e n s i ve an d fo rm i d a bl e ra c e br o k en up i n t o
m an y g r o up s ,w i t h s o m e O f wh i ch t h e A n g o l a Po rt uguese
h ave l on g b een a s so c i at e d B et ween t he m an d L ak e T a n
.

gany ik a are t h e B at e t el a ,t he M an ye m a ,an d o t h e r c a nn i b a l

c o mmu n i t i es , m o r e r e c e nt ly an d m o r e d i s ast r o u s ly ass o
c i at ed w i t h t h e s o -c a ll e d Ara b s o f Ea s t Afr i c a, wh o h a d

b een r avag i n g t he s o u t h er n m o s t o r K a t an ga p o r t i o n O f
Co n g ola n d , a n d we r e a lr e ady en cr oa ch i n g o n t he Po r t u
”
gues e s ph e re O f i n flu e n c e a m o n g t h e B a lu n d a an d B alub a,
b efo re t h ey wan d e re d n o r t hw a rd , t o S t a n l ey F all s an d
b ey o n d t h e m .

Whi l e L i e u ten an t vo n W i ss m ann w as ab sent i n Eur o pe

Dr Wo lf, r e m ai n i n g i n t h e B a lub a
.

T h e C o n q ues t o f t h e
an d B a kub a c o u n t ry , h ad fo u n d e d a
B a l ub a C o u n t r y .

s t at i o n a t L u e b o , ne a r t h e j u n c t i o n

Of t h e Lulu a a n d t h e K as a i ,a n d one O f Wi s s m an n s firs t

’

u n d e rt a k i n gs o n h i s r e t urn was ,l eav i n g hi s E n g l i s h s u b

H . von Wissmann , My S econd J ur
o n ey through Equato ri al Af ri ca ’
p 3
. .
80 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

o rd i n at e Mr L at ro b e B ate m an i n ch a r ge O f Lu e b o , t o
.

pl ac e m at t e r s b o t h t h e r e an d a t L ul u ab u rg on s uch a
fo ot i n g t h at c o nt r o l o f t h e l a tt e r an d m o re i mp o r t an t
s t at i on m i g h t s a fe ly b e e n t ru s t e d t o t wo B e lg i ans ,C a p t a i n

D e M a c ar an d L i e u t e n an t Pa ul le M a r i n e l ,w ho h a d b een
sen t o u t w i t h t h at o bj e c t T h e s i t u at i on w as c o mpl i c a t ed
.

o r fr o m t h e a gg r es so r s p o i n t O f Vi e w ,p e rh a p s ,i t was s i m
’

p l i fie d — an d t h e pr o c es s o f aggr es s i o n w a s fa c i l i t at ed ,by th e

fa c t t h at s o m e fift e en ye a rs b e fo re , a b o u t 1 8 7 0,a cur i o us

fe ud h ad a r i s en a m o n g t h e B as h i l an g e i n t h i s n e ig hb o ur
h oo d , m o st O f wh o m fav ou r ed ,wh i l e o t h e rs O pp os ed ,t he
en c o ura g e m e n t o f fo r ei g n t r a d e . A s bh an g o r h emp was
t h e m o s t a t t r a c t i v e o f t h e i mp o r t s qu a rr e ll ed a b o u t , a
”
l eag u e o r s o c i et y,k n o w n as B en a-Ri a mba, o r t he s o n s “

”
o f h e mp , wh i ch h a d b een s t a r t e d ,b e c a m e t h e c e n t r e O f a

r e m a rk a bl e p o l i t i c a l an d s o c i a l m o v e m e n t ,a n d ev e n g av e
t o t h e i r d i s t r i c t a n ew n a m e— L ub uku , t h e l a n d O f fr i e n d
“

”
s h ip, or K al amb a, t h e m ost i n flu en ti a l
k i n g or ch i e f i n t h o se p ar t s ,w as at t h e h e a d O f t h i s p ar ty,
a n d ,dr i v i n g t h e n o n -s m o k e rs a cro s s t h e Lulu a,h ad fo r h i s

pr i n c i p al c o ll eagu e or r i v al a much yo u n g e r ch i e f,C hi n

g en g e,wh en L i e u t en an t vo n W i s s m a n n u n d er t o o k t o m a k e
b ot h o f t h e m v as s a l s o f t h e C on g o S t at e Wi s s m an n s .
’

e arl i e r t ac t i c s h ad b een ,h e a d m i t t e d , t o k eep t h e n at i v es

s ep ar a t ed i n t o t wo p a r t i e s ,s o a s ,i n c as e O f n ee d ,t o l ead
”
o n e ag a i n s t t h e o t h e r , an d t o t h i s e n d h e h ad en d eav o ur ed

t o w i d e n t h e d i ffe r en c e s b et we en K a l a mb a an d Ch i n gen g e .

B ut, as h e add e d , e xp e r i en c e h a d t a ugh t m e t h at t hes e

“

t ac t i c s ,wh i ch a lways m a d e th e m anag e m en t o f t h e n at i v e s

”
d i fficul t ,we r e n e c es s a ry n o l on ge r . H e a cc o rd i n gly re
”
s o lv e d up on a s i n g l e c on t ro l o f t h e n at i v es , an d h i s a cc o u n t

Of t h e c o ur s e t ak e n by h i m i s i ns t ruc t i v e Th e r e c o uld“
.

n at ur a lly b e n o d o ub t , w e r e a d , as t o wh o was t o b e t h e

ch i ef d e p en d en t on m e o r my s ucc e ss o r K a l a mb a was .

t h e m i gh t i es t ,t he m os t r es p ec t ed ,a n d ,ab o v e a l l ,th e m o s t
d ev ot ed O f all t h e pri n c es o f L ubuku H i s s i s t er,S an gul a
.

A H Keane,‘ Afri ca
’
. . Vol I I p
. . . 1 18 .
82 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

t r i be an d i t w as pro m i s ed t h at t h ey s h o uld ,i n r et urn ,

”
“
re c ei ve fl a g s an d a pr o pe r ch i e ft ai n s s u i t ’
Three who
.
,

r e fu se d t o c o m e, we re wr i tten on t h e black b oard , i n

’
“

o rd e r t o b e fo rc e d i n t o s ubm i s s i on as s o o n as t i m e p e r
”
m i t t ed .
”
O f t he o t h e rs , afte r t he s crupl es
“
rai sed by
t h e m h a d b ee n re m o ve d , ea ch o ne r et ur ne d pro udly w i t h
an u n furl e d s t a r -fl ag ,t h e n ew e n s i g n Of t h e C on g o S t at e

dres s ed i n fl o w i n g g arm en t s ,qu i t e r eady t o b e a s t aff i n

t he a ll i a n c e o f l i c t o r s t h a t K al a mb a w as n o w t o c o mm an d
”
a s a l i fe -g u a rd s m an O f t h e n e w S t a t e T he r e c a lc i t r an t s
.

wer e s oo n fr i g ht ened i n t o s ubm i ss i o n ,and s o m e O f t h ei r

p eo pl e w e re c ap t ur e d an d s en t as cri m i n a l s i n fet t e rs t o
“

”
wo rk at Lu e b o fo r t he s a k e O f e x a mpl e
“
Wi s s m an n
.

wa s h i m s e lf s urpr i s ed at t he e as e w i t h wh i ch th e s ubj uga

t i o n o f a p eo pl e n u mb e r i n g m an y t h o u s an d s wa s ac c o m
p li s h ed w i t h t h e s m a ll fo rc e o f fr o m t wen t y t o t h i r ty
a rm e d c a rr i e r s bro ugh t by h i m fr o m t h e c o as t ,an d ab o u t

s i x t y aux i l i a r i es h i re d fr o m a wa rl i k e t r i b e i n the
“

n e i g hb o urh o o d ; b ut h e at t r i bu t e d i t t o t h e u n u s u al
“

i n t ell i g en c e o f t h e B as h i l an ge . Much furt h e r pr ess ure

h a d t o b e r es o r t e d t o by h i m i n S ep t emb e r , wh en he
r et ur n ed fr o m a t en w eek s e xp ed i t i o n t o t he S an kuru ,and
’

fo rm a lly i n s t a ll e d K a l a mb a as h ead ch i e f Of L ub uku ,

“

s ubj e c t t o h i s c o mpl i an c e w i t h an a rr a n e m en t t h a t pl ac e d
g
n e a rly a m i ll i on an d a h al f o f B as h i l an ge u n d e r t h e m o r e

o r l es s e ffe c t i ve rul e o f t h e B e lg i a n o ffice r s s t a t i o n e d at

L u l u a b u rg .Th e t e rm s a g reed up o n w e r e t hu s s umm ed

up : All t he Old h o s t i l i t i es we re t o b e fo rgo tt en Th e .

ch i e fs a l o ne we re t o re t a i n p o we r o v e r t h e i r i n fer i o rs The .

t r i bu t e w as t o b e p ai d r eg ul a rly ,on c e a y ea r ,an d i t wa s

n o t t o b e e xc es s i v e . Th e ch ie fs w e r e t o b e at l i b e r ty t o
c o mpl ai n O f K a l a mb a t o t he h e a d o f t he s t at i o n N O w ars .

we re t o b e c arr i e d on wi t h o u t t he c o n s en t o f t h e he ad
O f L u l ua b u r C o n vi c t s u n d e r s en t en ce o f d eat h were
g .

t o b e s urr en d e r ed t o t he s t a t i on .F o r j o ur n ey s ,wa r s ,or

p a r t i cul a rly i mp o r tan t wo rk K a l a mb a h ad t o fur ni s h men .

F o r t h os e u se d fo r w o rk o r for an es c o r t a r egul a r t a x h ad
 EARLY EXPLORATI ONS AND ENTERPRISES . 83

to be p ai d ,an d t h os e for wa rl i k e purpo s es h e had t o fur n i s h

grat i s T he m a rk et pri c e was t o be the
. s a m e t hr o ugh o u t
”
L ub uku .

Wi t h a c a r av an ab o u t 9 00 s t r o n g an d w i t h 500 gu n s ,
m ost o f wh i ch wer e muzzl e-l oad i n g ,
W i s s m an n s Exp ed i ’

L i e ut enan t s vo n W is s m an n an d le
t i on t o Ny a n g we .

M a ri n el l e ft L u luaburg on l 6 t h
N o v e mb er , an d t hr ee m on t h s l at er t hey a rr i ve d at
Nyan gwe They h ad l os t by t h e w ay a g ood m an y o f t he i r
.

fo ll owers , wh o c o mpr i se d a b o u t 2 50 B as h i l an g e c a rri e rs ,

as w e ll as s o m e 6 00 a ux i l i a r i es , s uppl i e d i n a cc o rd a n c e

wi th th e a rran ge m en t w i t h K al a mb a ; b ut t h i s fo rc e wa s
fo rm i d abl e en o ugh t o preve n t n ec es s i t y fo r muc h figh t i n g ,
an d t h e e xpl o r e rs we re a bl e t o s en d h o m e m an y d et a i l s

ab o u t t h e e v e r-e x t e n d i n g en cr o achm en t s an d m ar au d i n g s

of T i pu -T i pu an d hi s p ar t n e rs Fr o m Ny an g w e L e
.

M ari n el ret urne d w i t h m o s t o f t h e n at i v e fo ll o we rs t o

L u lua bu rg , wh i ch h e r ea ch ed o n 1 8 t h Apr i l ,1 8 8 7 ,t o u se
h i s e xp e ri en c e i n m an y y ear s l at er w o rk u n d e r t he
’

C o n go S t at e W i s s m an n pro ceed ed , wi t h m an y h a l ts , t o
.

! ue l i m ane,wh i ch h e rea ch ed o n 8 t h Augu s t ,an d a ft e r t h a t

h e l os t n o t i m e i n t ak i n g e mpl o ym e n t u n d e r h i s o w n
Go v er n m en t an d t ur n i n g t o a cc o u n t i n Ge rm a n E as t Afr i c a
t he k n o wl e d g e h e h a d a cqu i r e d as one O f t h e C o n g o S t a t e s
’

agen t s . T O t h e C o n g o S t a t e , h o we v e r , h e h a d r e n d e r e d
l ast i n g ,a lb e i t cru e l an d ru i n o u s s e rv i c e by th e pre ce d en t
he es t a bl i s h e d fo r s ucc es s ful e mpl o ym en t o f s a va g e
o rgan i z a t i o n s i n i n t r o duc i n g t o t h e n a t i v es p e rver s i on s O f

c i vi l i s a t i on m o re i nj u r i o u s t h an b a rb ari s m .

On h i s a rr i v a l at Ny an gwe i n F e bru a ry , 1 8 8 7 , W i s s
m an n m e t a n d r e n e wed a cqu a i n t an c e w i t h T i pu -T i pu s ’

s on , S e fu , o f wh o m h e h ad t h o u g h t we ll s o m e y e a rs
be fo re ,b ut wh o m he now d i s c o v e re d to b e a p ass i o n at e ,
“

”
s u s p i c i o u s an d cu n n i n g fe ll o w S e fu s b eh a v i o ur w a s m os t
’
.

”
s h o ck i n g , h e r e p o r t ed T h e h o t h ead e d y o u n g fe ll o w ,
“
.
-

m ad e i ns ol en t by h i s s en s e o f s upe r i o r i t y ,t r ea te d me i n
My S econ d J our ne
y rou
th h Equatori al Af i r ca, pp 8 8 -9 1 ,1 3 1 -1 3 4
’
. .
84 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

s uch a m anne r t h at i t was on ly w it h t he u t m ost e ffo rt I

co uld m as te r mys el f s ufli ci en t ly t o ans we r hi m as qu i et ly
as n e c es s i t y d e m an d ed . We we r e r egul arly p ut t hro ugh
a s e r i es o f qu es t i on s as t o wh en c e we c a m e , i n wh os e

c o mm i s s i o n,how l on g we h ad b een c o m i n g ,& c At our.

an s w e rs , wh i ch may h a v e s ee m e d s t r an g e t o t h e h al f

s a v ag e Arab s ,wh o are p ar t ly N egroes ( S e fu , t oo ,i s qu i t e

bl ack) , t hey wo uld s o m et i m e s l augh ri gh t i n t o ou r fac es .

Th ey cri t i c i s ed L e Mari n el s an d my l oo k s w i t h o u t h es i t a
’

T h e expl an at i o n o f t h i s
”
t i on i n t h e Swah i l i l an gu a g e .

t r eat m en t was t h at n ew s h ad l a t e ly a rri v ed o f a d i s t urb an c e

at S t a n l ey Fa ll s , wh er e n ea rly s i x m ont h s b e fo r e t he Arabs
h ad at t ack ed an d overc o m e t h e o ccup an t s o f t h e s tat i on
s et up t h e re by Mr . S t an l ey , an d t h at t h e r e h ad b een
general e xp e ct at i on O f a n aven g i n g exp ed i t i on , t o m eet
whi ch , i t was s t at ed , t ho u s an d s Of T i pu-Ti pu s p eopl e
“ ’

h ad been s en t t h i t h e r, a m o n g t h e m m an y w a rr i o r s fro m
Nyang we, who h ad on ly l at e ly r et ur ned , as t he whi t es ,
b ei n g t oo few i n n umb e rs t o fi g ht agai nst T i pu ,h ad not
co m e H en ce t he c o n t e mp t w i t h wh i ch t he
repres en t at i ves of the C o n g o S t ate ,c o m i n g as s uppl i ants
for foo d an d s h e l t e r ,n o t as as s ai l an t s ,we r e r ec e i ved .

The vi s i to r s, t h o ugh t hr eat en ed w i t h c ap ti vi t y an d

s l ave ry,an d a c t u ally d eb a rr e d fro m j o urneyi n
g n o r t hward s
as t h ey i n t e n d ed ,s u ffe re d o n ly i n t h ei r d i g n i t y B u t t he
.

t reat m en t a cc o rd ed t o t h e m w as c o n clu s i ve ev i d en c e O f the

grav i ty o f t he s i t u at i o n,wh i ch h ad b een p a r t ly bro ugh t
’
ab o u t by Mr S t a n l ey s en c o ur ag e m en t o f Ar a b a dv an c es
.

i n t he t e rr i t o ry cl ai m ed by t he C on g o S t ate ,an d o f wh i ch
t he S t an l ey F a ll s c a t as t ro ph e wa s a n i mp o r tan t i n c i d ent .

M r S t an l ey,i n D ece mb e r,1 8 8 3 ,had s t art ed t he S t an l ey

.

Fall s s t at io n on a s m all i s l an d a m i d
Th e S t a n l ey Fa l l s
t h e r a p i d s o f t h e U pp e r C o ngo,
Di s as t e r
.

acc es s i bl e fr o m t he r i gh t b an k O f t he

r i ver , an d had pl ac ed i t u n d e r t he cu s tody o f a l i tt l e “

”
Scot chm an n a m ed B i nnie , the en g i n eer o f on e o f hi s ri ver
My S econd Journey through Equatorial Afri ca,
’
pp
. 2 20,22
4
.
86 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

h eard Of at Nyan gwe , i n Febru ary , 1 8 8 7 , an d t h at h ad

c o n s i d e r abl e i n flu en ce o n t h e fa m o u s Em i n Pas h a Rel i e f
Exped i t i o n on wh i ch Mr S t an l ey s t art e d a lm os t at t he
.

s am e t i m e .

Mr D ean e t o o k wi t h h i m t o S tan l ey F all s t h i rt y-t wo

.

H a u s a s o ld i er s a n d a b o u t fo rt y B an ga l a a ux i l i a r i es A .

pl en t i ful s upply o f a mmu n i t i on a n d r i fle s, w i t h a l a rge

re i n fo rc e m e n t o f m en ,was pro m i s e d a s s o o n as t h e n e xt
ri ve r s t ea m e r c o uld b e d i s p at ch ed ; b ut t h i s c a rgo n ever
re a che d h i m .The s p i r i t O f h i s o rd e rs , a cc o rd i n g t o hi s
“

fr i e n d ,L i e ut e n a n t J R Wer n e r , w as t h a t h e w as t o affo rd
. .

pr o te c t i on t o t h e n at i ves,t o d o al l i n h i s p o we r t o pr even t
r a i d s a n d p ut d o wn t h e s l a ve t r ad e ,a n d t o k ee p o n goo d
”
t e rm s w i t h t h e Ar a b s Thes e i n c o mpat i bl e an d i mp rac
.

t i c ab l e c o n d i t i on s a pp ea r t o h a v e b een a s far as p os s i bl e
c o mpl i e d wi t h ; b ut a b o u t t he m i ddl e o f J uly an even t
o ccurre d wh i ch fo rc e d o n a cr i s i s T i pu -T i pu h av i n g gone
.

b a ck t o Z an z i b a r an d l e ft hi s bro t he r i n -law an d pa r tne r, -

B wan a N z i ge,a n d t h at p a r t n er s s o n ,R as h i d , t o c o mpl e t e

’

t h e bu s i n es s c on n e c t e d w i t h t h e i r r a i d , a w o m a n en t e re d
M r D ea n e s c a mp o n e d ay ,s ee k i n g h i s pro te ct i o n o n t he
.
’

g r o un d t h a t s h e wa s t h e d a u g h t e r O f a ch i e f n ea r K as o n go,
’
T i pu s h eadqu a r te rs ,an d t h at T i pu h ad g i ven he r t o one o f
h i s h eadm en ,w h o cru elly fl ogg ed her S h e w as t a k en b ack
.

t o t h e Ar a b c a mp ,b ut o n h er r e t ur n i n g ,h a lf-murd e red by
h e r Ar ab m as t e r, M r D eane g av e h er as ylum a n d ,wh en
.

B wa na N z ig e a n d Ra s h i d c a m e t o cl a i m h er ,O ff e re d t o p ay
fo r h er r a n s o m , b ut r e fu s ed t o r es t o r e h er He was .

t hr eat en ed dur i n g t h e n ex t few d ay s , b ut no t a t t ack ed

u n t i l a ft er t he e xpe ct e d r i v e r s t e a m e r h a d a rr i v ed ,br i n g i n g
o n e B e l g i an O ffic e r , L i e u t e n an t D ub o i s , b ut n o n e o f t he

pr o m i s ed an d so r ely n eed ed figh t i n g m at e r i a l Th ere up on .

t h e n e w s o f h i s d i s a pp o i n t m e n t g a v e c o ur a g e t o h i s en e m i es .

Wer ner , ‘
A Vi si t to S tan l ey ’
s Rear G uar d ’
p 94
. T he s tory of
.

t he l oss S tan ley F all s

of
”
i s fully tol d b oth i n th i s v ol u m e (
pp 8 7 1 2 7 ) an d
- .

i n M r H erb ert Ward s ‘ Fi e v Y

’
ears wi th th e Con o Cann ibal s
’
.
g
1 6 -2 1 6
pp.
9 .
 EARLY EXPLORATI ONS AND ENTERPRISES . 87

A l arge p arty O f M anyem a,h av i n g cr os se d fr o m the m ai n

l an d i n t he n i ght , s t o rm ed t he s t at i on i n t he m o r n i n g .

They w e re k e pt a t b ay fo r t hree d ay s ,b u t o n t he fo ur t h ,
the a mmu n i t i on b e i n g nearly exh au s ted an d s ev en H a u sas
havi ng b ee n k i ll ed , t he B an gal a a ux i l i a r i es d ese r t ed i n
c anoes pro m i s i n g t o i n fo rm t h e a u th o r i t i es on t h e i r way ,
d o w n t he ri ver as t o t he s t at e o f affai r s O n t he fift h d ay
.

2 6 th Augu s t , t h ey w e re fo ll o we d by all b ut fi ve o f t h e

rem ai n i n g H a us as ,an d i n t he ev en i n g D eane an d Dub o i s

d ec i d ed t h at t he i r o n ly ch an c e O f s av i n g t h ei r o wn l i ves a n d
th os e o f t h e i r fi ve fa i t hful c o mp an i o n s ,o n e b e i n g a n Aru
wi m i n at i ve ,lay i n s e tt i n g fire t o t he s ta t i o n an d t a k i n g
s h el t er i n t h e w o od s t i ll r e l i e f,if s en t t o t h e m ,c o uld a rr i v e .

Th i s was d o n e by a ll b ut Dub o i s ,wh o s l i ppe d fr o m a r o ck

an d was dro w n e d i n a tt e mp t i n
g t o cro s s o v er t o t he m a i n
l an d T he o t h ers w a n d e re d a b o ut an d c o n ceal e d t h e m
.

s e lves fo r t h i rt y d ay s , u n t i l C a p t a i n Co q u i lh at c a m e t o
t he i r r es cu e .I n N o ve mb e r M r H e rb e r t W ard m e t D ea ne
.

near L eo p o ldvi ll e ,a ft e r h e h a d r eg a i n e d s t r en g t h en o ugh t o

t r ave l h o m e wa rd .
“
I f th e Gov e r n o r w i ll g i ve m e t wo h un
dred m en, D ean e s ai d , I ll g o up ag ai n n o w,we a k as I
" ’

a m , an d r es cu e t h e s t a t i on an d dr i v e t h e Ar ab s b a ck t o
”
Nyan gwe . That d i d n o t h appe n . D eane, br o k en i n
hea l th, d i ed i n t he fo ll o wi n g y ea r , a n d S t an l ey F a ll s
re m a i n ed i n t he Ar ab s h an d s u n t i l J u ne ,1 8 8 8
’
.

When t he news O f t h i s c at as t ro ph e r each e d Eur o p e i n

t he s umm e r O f 1 8 8 6 pre parat i ons
Th e Em i n Pas h a
wer e be i n g m ad e fo r s upply i n g E m i n
Re l i e f Exp e d i t i on
.

Pas h a w i t h t h e h elp b e s o r ely need e d

for t he pres ervat i o n O f h i s Equ at o r i a l Pr o vi n c e , wh i ch
t o uch e d t he n o rt h -e as te rn c o r n e r O f C on g o l a n d ,a n d wh ic h ,
i n t he o p i n i o n O f m os t e xp e r t s ,w as much e as i er O f a cc ess
fro m t he e ast e r n t ha n fro m t h e wes t e r n s i d e O f Afr i c a .

Arran g em en t s w e re i n pro gr es s fo r “
a pea ce fu l r e l i e f
”
e x p ed i t i on , a t a c os t O f a b o u t O f wh i ch

was t o be pro v i d ed by t he Egyp t i an Go v e r n m e n t ,t o b e

sen t to W ad e l a i by way e i t h er o f Mas ai l an d or O f Ug an d a,
 88 CIVILISATI ON I N CONGOLAND .

an d t he l at e Mr J os eph Tho mps on was t a lk e d o f as i t s

.

ch i e f B ut i n N o v emb e r M r S t an l ey O ffe r ed h i m s elf,a n d

. .

was s el ec t ed ,fo r t h e p o s t .Th er e i s o n ly o n e ro u te wh i ch

“

i s s a fely o p en fo r t he m o ney, an d t h at i s t h e C o n g o , h e
wro t e . B y t h i s r o u t e E m i n c a n b e re a ch e d s a fely by t h e
m i ddl e o f J u n e, V e ry u n w i ll i n gly t h e Em i n Re l i e f
C o mm i t t e e ag ree d t o t h e pr o p os ed ch an g e o n i ts b ei n g
i n fo rm ed , e arly i n J an u a ry, t h at K i n g L eo p o ld , wh ose
s a l a r i e d O ffic e r M r S t a n l ey s t i ll w as ,o bj e c t e d t o h i s t a k i n g
.

an
y o t h e r r o u t e, b u t w as r e ady ,i f t h e C on g o was ch osen ,
t o gr at u i t o u s ly pl a c e a t t h e d i s p o s a l O f t he e xp e d i t i on t he
“

wh o l e O f t h e S t at e s n av a l s t o ck ,as far as t h e wo rk i n g o f i ts
’

”
o wn adm i n i s t r a t i on w o uld a ll o w T he C on g o S t a te has
.
“

n ot h i n g t o
g a i n by t h e exp ed i t i o n fo r t he r e l i e f O f Em i n
” ’
Pas h a p a s s i n g t hro u g h i t s t e rr i t o ry, K i n g L eo p o ld s ag en t
wr o t e on 7 t h J an u ary “ b ut t he re c an b e n o d o ub t t h at t he
p as s ag e O f t he e xped i t i on t hr o ugh t h e S t at e s t e rr i t o ry was ’

i n s i s t e d up o n ,a n d i t s i n t en t i o n cru elly p e rv e rt ed ,o n a cc o u n t
o f t h e adv a n t ag es i t was e xp e c t e d t o br i n g t o t he S t a t e i n

t h e d i fli c u l ti es t h en pr es s i n g up o n i t an d n o t ably r ev ea l ed
by t he S t a n l ey F a ll s d i s as t er .

O n 1 4 t h J an u ary , 1 8 8 7 , a w ee k b e fo r e s t a r t i n g for
Z an z i b a r , wh e r e h e h a d t o pr o cure
M r S t a n l ey a n d
.

c a rr i e rs , Mr S t an l ey p a i d a v i s i t t o
-
Ti p u Ti p u
.

.
”
h i s e mpl o ye r Wh i l e at Bru ss e l s ,
.
“

h e wr o t e, I w as c ons ul t e d by t h e K i n g O f t h e B elg i ans

“

r es pe ct i n g T i pu -T i pu an d h i s d es i g n s o n t he C on go S t at e .

I a d v i s ed t h a t he s h o uld b e e mpl oye d as an ag en t O f t he

C on g o S t a t e, i t b e i n g a fa r ch e a p e r a n d fa r m o r e hum ane
m e t h o d t o d i s a rm h i s h o s t i l i t y t h an t he c os t ly m et ho d of
fo rc e,an d I w as e n t ru s t e d wi t h t h e m i s s i o n t o n eg ot i at e
”
w i t h h i m , wi t h a v i ew t o h i s b e i n g e n l i s t e d as t h e s a l a r i ed
g o v e r n o r o f t h e S t an l ey Fa ll s r eg i o n ,wh o s e du ty i t wo uld
b e t o a rr es t t he a dv a n c e O f t h e Ar a b s d o w n t h e C o n g o ,an d
t o s av e i t s r i ch an d p o pul o u s b a n k s fr o m t h e d e v as t a t i on
wh i ch h ad a lready c o mm en c e d b e l o w t h e Fa ll s In .
”

I n D ark es t Afri ca Vol I ,p p 3 2 ,4 3 ,4 5

. . . .
90 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

a pp o i nt men t ve ry h elpful t o hi m i n hi s s che m es o f

c o n qu es t ,b ut al s o pr o m i s e d t o s upply fro m S t an l ey F all s
6 00 c a rr i e rs , i n a dd i t i o n t o t h e 6 0 5 Z an z i b a r i s wh o m
M r S t an l ey a n d h i s wh i t e a s s i s t a n t s es c o r t ed , wi t h
.

s ev en t y five S u d a n es e an d S o m a l i s o ld i er s , an d w i t h
-

T i pu h i m se lf a n d nearly a hu n dre d O f h i s wi v es an d
o t h e r a tt en d a n t s , a s p as s en ge rs fro m Z an z i b ar t o t he
C on go .

Th e c arr i e r s w e r e n ot nee d e d s o l e ly t o t a k e r el i e f to
E m i n Pa s h a I t was k no w n t h at E m i n ha d a ccumul a t ed
.

l a rge s t o r es O f i v o ry,t o wh i ch t he Egypt i a n Go ve r n m ent ,

as Em i n s e mpl o y e r ,h ad t h e fir s t cl a i m ,b u t O f wh i ch i t
’

h ad b e e n arr a n g ed t h at a fa i r pr o p o r t i on ,i f i t was s e cured ,

s h o uld g o t o w ard s t h e e xp ens es O f t h e e xp ed i t i on Why .

n o t a t t e mp t t h e c a rr i a g e o f t h e i v o ry t o t he C o n g o ?

as k e d M r S t an l ey, who es t i m ate d i t s v a lu e at

.

“
Acc o rd i n gly I en gag ed T i pu an d h i s peo pl e t o ass i s t me
i n c on v ey i n g t h e a m mu n i t i on t o Em i n ,a n d on r et ur n t o
c a rry t h i s i vo ry Aft e r a goo d d ea l O f b a rg ai n i n g I en t er ed
.

i n t o a c on t ra c t w i t h h i m,by wh i ch h e a gr eed t o s upply

6 00 c a rr i e r s a t £6 p e r l o ad e d h ea d Thu s ,i f e a ch c arri er .

c arri es s ev en t y po u n d s we i g ht O f i vo ry,on e r o u n d t r i p wi ll
”
br i n g t o t h e fu n d ne t at S t an l ey F a ll s .

T he s t o ry O f t h e e v en t ful an d l a m en t a bl e Em i n Pas h a
Re l i e f E x p ed i t i on ,as i t w as c all ed ,c on c er n s us o n ly s o far
a s i t h ad t o d o w i t h C on g o a ffa i r s , t h o ugh t h e wh o l e

bu s i n es s w as i n gr i m an d gh as t ly v i o l at i on o f t h e hum ane
pr i n c i pl es by whi ch i t pro fes s e d t o be gu i d ed an d wh i ch i t
m a d e a pr et en ce o f s e rv i n g .

T he Sud anes e s o ld i e rs — for s o m e t i m e pl a c e d u n d er t he

c on t r o l o f M aj o r E M B artt elot ,who,
M r S t an l e y s
. .

i t h C a p t ai n R H N el s o n ,L i e ut enan t
.

w
Re l i evi n g F o rc e
. .

W G S t a i r s , M r J S J a m eso n , M r
. . . . . .

Mo u n t en ay J eph s on ,Dr T H Pa rk e, M r Ro s e Tro up, . . . .

I n D ark es t Afri ca , Vol

’
IL , p 69 I t was
‘
. . . o p en l y s ta t ed wi th out
con t ra di cti on th a t th e £6 per h ead was to b e paid wh olly or i n part i n the
fo mr of gunp owder .
 EARLY EXPLORATI ONS AND ENTERPRISES .
91

Mr H erb er t W ard ,an d Mr W i ll i a m B onn y ,acc o mpan i ed

. .

Mr S t an l ey fro m E n gl an d o r m et h i m o n t he w ay —we r e ,
.

a cc o rd i n g t o M aj o r B a r tt e l o t s re p o r t , a m o s t l awl e s s an d
’

u n d i s c i pl i n ed lo t , s o b ad t h at M aj o r C herm s i d e , who
re crui te d t he m i n Egypt , mu s t h av e p i ck ed o ut t h e
”
b igge s t s c o u dre l s h e c o u ld fi n d
n S o me o f t he Z an z i .
E

b ari s ha d s erve d u n d e r M r S t an l ey i n o n e o r m o r e O f hi s
.

pre vi o us e xp ed i t i o ns ,b ut ,as h e adm i t t e d , o n ly a b o u t 1 50 “

we re free m en ,al l t he re m a i n d er b e i n g ei t he r s l aves or c o n

v i cts a n d t h e y v e ry s o on pro v ed t he m s elv es t o be a
m os t u n m an a g ea bl e g a n g O f s l a ves T wo h o urs a ft er t h e .

’
ves sel s d ep a rt ur e fr o m Z an z i b a r , wh at i s c a ll ed a s h i n dy “

t oo k pl a ce b e t ween t h e Z a n z i b a r i s an d t h e Su d a n es e , an d
i t re qu i red a m i x t ure O f p e rs u as i ve n es s an d s h a rp k n o ck s
“

t o reduc e t h e fr ac t i o n s fa c t i o n s t o o rd e r Mr J e phs o n .

an d C a p t a i n N e l son i n p a r t i cul a r ,as w e ll as M r S t an l ey , .

han dl i n g t h ei r s h i ll e l agh s m os t g a ll an t ly T he re s ul t o f .
“

t he s cr i mm ag e w a s t en br o k en a rm s ,fift een s e r i o u s g as h es
wi t h s pe ar s on fac e an d h e a d ,an d c o n t u s i on s o n s ho uld er s
” ”
an d b a ck s n o t w o r t h re m ark 1 T he w o rk w e a r e d o i n g , ‘ “
.

Mr J a m es o n wro t e five wee k s a ft e rwa rd s i n hi s d i a ry ,wh en

.

t he m o t l ey c o mp a n y h ad r ea ch e d B an a n a a n d w as pl o d
d i ng al on g t he n o r t he rn b an k O f t he C o n go , i s no t fit fo r “

any wh i t e m an ,an d o ugh t t o b e g i v e n t o s l a v e -dr i v e r s It .

i s all v e ry n i c e for Mr S ta n l ey,wh o r i d es a h ea d s t r ai g h t

.

on t o t h e n e x t c a mp ,wh e re w e a rr i v e h o ur s a ft e rw a rd s ,

havi n g d one n o t h i n g al l d ay b u t k i ck l a zy c a rr i e rs a n d p u t
t he l oad s o n th e h ea d s O f t h o s e who fl i n g t h e m d o wn .

An d five d ay s l at e r , T he w o rk was t ruly s i ck en i n g

“
At .

eve ry t w en t y y a rd s on e h a d t o s t o p t o p u t a l oa d on a
’
m an s head w ho h ad flu n g i t d o w n ,a n d v e ry l i k e ly g i ve
h i m a d os e O f s t i ck b efo r e h e w o uld go on i
”
I fel t l i k e .
“

”
a bru t e,fl o gg i n g t h e m en t o
g et t h e m on , M aj o r B artt elo t

Maj or B ar tt el ot
’
s D ia ri es an d L et ters
’
pp 55,56. .

1 I n D ark es t Afri ca , Vo l I ,pp 7 2 ,9 3

‘ ’
. . . .

I
‘
r
S to y of the Rea r Column , edi ted b y
’
Mrs
.
J . S . J a mes on
PR 1 41 I 7
92 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

wr ot e o n the s a m e d ay ; an d fo ur m o n t h s aft erward s he

s a i d i n a l ett e r t o hi s s i s t e r, I d i d n o t h i t an yb ody o n t he

m arch for a l on g t i m e,b ut I fo u n d t h a t S t an l ey di d,r ight

an d l eft ,an d t h a t i t r e a lly w as t h e o n ly pl an t o g et t h es e

Z an z i b a ri s o n S t an l ey e xp e c t e d u s t o h i t the m en,t hough

.

h e a lway s t oo k t he i r p ar t wh en t h ey c o mpl a i ned We h av e .

been not h i n g but s l ave-dri ve rs s i n c e we s t ar t ed,and t he

t ro ubl e I h a v e h ad t o g et t h e Sud an es e a l o n g was s o me
“
t h i n g dr ead ful .

O n a rri vi n g at t h e m o u t h O f t h e C on g o Mr S t an l ey .

h a d fo u n d t h at t he t r a ns p o rt ass i s t
M r S ta n l ey s M ar c h
’

a n c e pro m i s e d by t he C ongo St ate

.

t o Leop o ld vi l l e .

a u t h o r i t i e s w as n o t fo rt hco m i n g,an d

h e h ad t o get o n as b e s t h e c o uld w i t h s uch h elp as he

was abl e t o ob t ai n fr o m t r ad e r s an d m i s s i on a ri es The .

t ra mp o f 2 3 5 m i l es fr o m M a t a d i t o L eo p o ldv i ll e l as ted
fr o m 2 l s t M arch t o 2 2 n d Apr i l ,an d a ft e r he had b een a
for t n i ght on t he ro a d Mr S t an l ey d ee m ed i t exp ed i ent,
.

i ns t ead o f m a rch i n g i n a dv an c e w i t h hi s b o dygu ard and

l eav i ng h i s s ub ord i nat es t o d o all t h e k i ck i ng and fl oggi n g,
t o t ak e i n t o h i s own h an d s t h e m a n a g e m en t of h i s s l ave
”
c ar av an . On r e a ch i n g M w a mb a, t he 6t h Apr i l , h e
wrot e, I was p a rt i cul a rly s t ruck w i t h t he i n cr eas e of
“

d em or al i s at i o n i n t h e c ar av a n S O far, i n o rd er n ot t o
.

pr es s t he p eo pl e, I h a d b ee n v ery qu i et , ent ru st i n g t he
l ab o ur o f bri n gi n g up t h e s t ra ggl e rs t o t he yo u ng er men,
t h at t h ey m i gh t b e c o m e e xp e r i en c e d i n t he t r o ubl es wh i ch
b es et e xp ed i t i o ns i n Afri c a B ut t he n ec es s i ty o f en forc i ng
.

d is c i pl i n e was p art i cul a rly d e m onst rat e d on t hi s m arch .

T he Z an z i b a ri s had n o s oon e r p i t ch e d t h e t en t s o f t hei r

res pe ct i v e O ffic er s t han t hey ru s h e d l i k e m adm en a mong
t h e nei ghb o ur i n g v i ll ag es an d c o m m e n c ed t o l oot n at i v e
prope rty ,i n d o i n g wh i ch one was s h o t d ead by a plucky
n at i ve Th i s fat al i n c i d en t i s o n e O f t h os e s i g nal pr o o fs t h at
.

”
i
d i s c i pl en i s b t e r t h an c o n s t a n t fo rb eara n c e 1 H ow
e t .
'

”
he en forc ed d i s c i pl i n e
“ ’
we l ea r n fr o m t h e next d ay s
Di ari es and Letters,’ p p 7 9 ,1 2 1
. . r
I n D a rk est Af i ca,
’
Vol I ,p 8 4
. . . .
94 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

i n flu en c e of b ee n l e ft t o d i e o n t he way , ab ou t
t h e s t i ck ,h ad
a hu n dr ed m e n w e re u s e l e s s as s o ld i e rs
”
o r c a rr i e r s , an d t h at t h e Z a n z i ba r is
we re O b s erv ed t o b e w eak en i ng
ra p i dly , t hro u g h h av i n g b ee n c o mp e ll e d t o l i v e o n“

s t i n t e d r at i o n s l at e ly ,an d t h ei r h a b i t O f i n dulg i n g i n raw

m an i o c A s t h e r i c e d o l e d ou t t o t h e m was i n s ufli ci ent ,

an d t h e c o u n t ry t r av e r s e d —fro m wh i ch m os t o f t he n a t i v es
.

fl ed a t t h ei r a p p roac h—was t oo b a rr en an d d es o l at e for

much o t h er fo o d t o b e o b t a i n abl e ei t h e r by purch as e o r
by t h e ft , t he poo r wr et ch es s c a rc ely d es erve d bl a m e for
pluck i n g up t h e p oi s o n o us m an i o c t ub e rs an d m ak i n g
t h e m s elv es wre t ch e dly
A t L eo p o ldv i ll e M r S t an l ey e xp e ct ed t o fin d t h e C on g o
.

S t at e s t ea m e rs i n read i n es s t o t r a n s p o r t t h e wh o l e ex p e
d it i on al on g t h e Upp er C o n g o t o t h e o u t l et O f t he Aruwi m i ,
a d i s t an c e o f n ea rly m i l es I n t h is h e was di s ap
.

p oi n t ed ,as o n ly o n e S t at e s t ea m e r ,th e S ta n l ey ,was av ai l

a bl e an d h i s e xcu s e fo r s ei z i n g t h e t wo m i s s i o n a ry v ess el s

wh i ch h e d i d find was ,as h e pl ead ed ,t h at o ur ne ces s i t i es “

we re s o urgen t ,an d i mm e d i at e d ep a r t ur e fro m t h e fa m i n e

s t ri ck en r e g i o n w as i mp e r a t i v e i f w e w e r e t o b e fr eed fr o m

t h e s c an d a l O f s eei n g t h es e arm e d m en , m add en ed by

”
hu n ge r , h elpi n g t h e m s elves 1 T h e c a u s e o f t h e s c arc i ty
.
‘

o f foo d i s e xpl a i ne d by Mr Tro up ,w h o h a d O l d a cqu ai n t

.

an c e w i t h t h e n e i g hb o urh o o d ,a n d wh o a rr i v e d a few d ay s

a ft e r Mr S t a n l e y w i t h a l arge qu a n t i t y O f fo o d bro ugh t up

.

by n at i v e c a rri e rs Wh en I w as at L eo p o ldvi ll e i n 1 8 8 4,
.

h e s ai d , we c o uld ge t a s muc h c h i q u an g a as we wan t ed

“
.

We h ad a r egul ar fix e d pr i c e fo r i t Th e n at i ve w o m en o f .

t he n ei g hb o ur i n g v i ll a g es u s ed t o m ak e t h i s s ta pl e a r t i cl e
o f foo d fro m t h e m an i o c pl a n t o r c as s a v a r oo t ,a n d O ft en

we h av e b e e n o bl ig e d t o r efu s e t h e t oo pl en t i ful s upply

O ffer e d. Th i s pl e n t y w as d ue l arg e ly t o t he pr o t e ct i on
t h at h ad b e en e x t e n d ed t o t h e n at i v es h e r eab o u ts ; but

I n D ark es t Afri ca ,
’
Vol I ,p 8 4
. . . .

1‘
Parl iamentary Papers ,C 5
.
p . .
 EARLY E XPLORATIONS AND ENT ERPRISES .
95

dur i ng t he t i m e O f t h e t r an s p o rt o f t h e s ec t i o n s o f a
s t eam e r , wh i ch n e c es s i t a t e d t he en c a mpm en t s o f l arg e
b o d ies O f Z an z i b a r i s at d i ffer e n t p o i n t s o n t h e c a r a v a n
ro ut e ,t h es e had ,o w i n g t o a l a ck O f s t r i c t s urvei ll an c e o n
t he p a rt O f t h e O ffic e r s i n c h a r g e ,O b ta i n ed t h e i r foo d by
i ll-t reat i n g t h e n at i v es C o n s equ e n t ly n o w t h e v i ll ag es o n
.

t h i s r o u t e we r e a ll d es e r t ed ,t h e i n h ab i t an t s h av i n g g one
fur t he r b a ck i n t he bu s h ” .

Leav i n g M r Tr o up t o aw ai t t h e r et ur n O f t h e S tanley ,
.

an d t h en t o br i n g on i n i t t h e bulk o f
M r S t a n l ey s Voy ag e
’

t h e s t o r es h e h a d i n h is ch ar e ,an d
.

g t o Y a m b uy a .

al s o t he men fo r wh o m t h e re was n o t

r oo m o n t he fir s t j o urn ey,Mr S t an l ey s t ar ted on I s t May

.

wi th ab o u t 500 O f h i s o wn p e o pl e a n d w i t h T i pu -T i pu s ’

p art y . T he v o y ag e wa s i n m a n y way s t r o ubl es o m e,

es pe c i a lly as s u ffic i e n t foo d c o uld n o t b e pr o cure d by
ei t h e r s t ea l i n g o r buy i n g i t fr o m t h e n a t i ve s i n t h e v i ll a g es

on t h e r i ve r s i d e ,a n d M r S t an l e y h a d t o dro p s o m e O f h i s
.

men at t h e pl a c es t h a t h e t h o ugh t l i k el i es t t o a ffo rd t h e m

s us ten a n c e wh i l e h e hurri e d o n w i t h a p i ck ed b o dy to
pre p are t he way fo r t he o t h e r s wh en t h ey c o uld acco mp an y
M r Tro up s c arg o o f s t o r es an d th e 6 00 c arri e rs pro m i s e d
.
’

by T i pu -T i pu . We h a d s t a r t ed fro m E n gl a n d wi t h t he
“

”
cry O f urg en cy i n o ur ears an d m e m o r i es , he wr o t e , an d
i t beh o ve d u s t o s p eed o n as we ll as c i rcum s t an c es w o uld
pe rm i t i n Ob ed i e n ce t o n e c es s i t y , t ru s t i n g t h at th e rea r
co lum n w o uld b e a bl e t o fo ll o w o n o ur t r ack s s o m e s i x or
A t B o l o b o ,on 1 5th M ay ,he l e ft u n d e r
”
s ev en w eek s l a t e r .

t he c ar e O f M e s s rs Wa rd a n d B on n y 1 2 5 m en , wh o
“
.

app ea r e d w e a k e s t i n b o dy ,t o fat t en up on t h e b an a na s

an d exc e ll en t n a t i v e br ea d a n d fi s h t h at w ere eas i ly p ro

A t B a n g a l a,{o n 3 o th M ay , he t o ld O ff M aj o r
”
curabl e .

B art t e lot an d a d e t a chm en t o f fo r t y Sud a n ese t o e s c o r t

T i pu -T i pu t o S t an l ey Fa ll s wi t h o u t d el ay Tr ave ll i ng .

hi m s elf l e ss ra p i dly ,an d qu i t t i n g t he C o n go at t he j u n c t i on

wi t h i t o f t he Aruw i m i ,he s t eam ed up t h at t r i bu t ary t i ll
J . Rose Troup, Wi th S tanley s Rear Column
’
p 85
. .
96 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

he r e a ch ed Ya mbuya o n 1 5t h J u ne Th e r e , a we ek l at er ,
.

he w as rej o i n e d by M aj o r B a r t t e lo t ,wh o m ,o n 2 8 t h Ju ne,

h e l e ft w i t h Mr J a m eson ,i n ch a r ge O f 1 2 7 Z a n z i b a r i s a n d
.

Sud an ese ,w i t h o rd e rs t o a wai t n o t o n ly t he arr i v al o f t he

c o n t i n g en t s r es t i n g at L eo po ldv i ll e a n d B o l o b o ,1 3 1 men
i n al l,b ut a l s o hi s o w n r e t ur n ,wh i ch h e exp ec t ed wo uld
b e s o m e fo ur or fi ve m o n t h s

O n h i s way t o S t an l ey F a ll s M aj o r B art t elo t h ad h ad a

fo r et ast e O f t he t r o ubl e s t h at wei gh ed
Ti p u -Ti p u a n d h i s
hi m d o w n dur i n g t h e n ex t t w elve
F o l l ow e rs.

m on t h s H a l t i n g at t he v i ll age O f
.

Mbu n g a o n l oth Ju n e , i n o rd e r t h at T i pu -T i pu m ig ht
”
t r a d e w i t h t h e i n h ab i t an t s a fte r pea c e br ot h e rhoo d had
“

b een m ad e wi t h t h ei r ch i e f,M aj o r B ar tt el o t r ep o r t ed , All “

we n t we ll fo r a n h o ur a n d t h ey we r e b u y i n g away I was .

on s h o re ,w a lk i n
g by my s elf,u n a rm e d ,t o w a rd s t he s o u t h er n
en d O f t h e v i ll ag e— I h a d alr eady b een t o t h e o t h e r en d

wh en s udd en ly I h eard l o ud v o c i fe rat i on s i n fr o n t O f me,

an d vo i c es r a i s e d as i n an g e r . I hurr i e d o n t o s ee,but
b e fo re I go t t he r e ab o u t t wen t y O f T i pu s m en ru s hed ’

p as t m e,an d t wo wer e wo u n d e d I t h en met t hree O f the

.

Sud an es e,wh o fo rc e d m e t o c o m e b ack All t h i s whi l e .

t h e n at i v e s w e re p as s i n g u s by d o z e n s ,a ll s h o u t i n g an d
fl o uri s h i ng t h ei r s p e a rs an d k n i v es Th ey n ev e r O ffe red t o
.

t o uch m e ,t h o ugh u n a rm e d i n fa c t ,t h ey ran i n to the l o n g

crag s o n ei t he r s i d e O f t he r oa d t o a v o i d m e Ab ou t 2 00 .

y ard s fr o m t he s h i p I fo u n d on e o f T i pu s m en ly i n g i n t he ’

r o ad ,s t abb ed i n t he b ack by a s p ea r We c a rr i ed h i m o n .

b oa rd ,wh en I fo u n d T i pu ha d s i x m en an d o ne wo m an
wo u nd ed ,an d a Z a n z i b a r i O f t he s h i p s cr ew I fell my ’
.

m e n i n a n d we n t t o t he n o r t h er n en d o f t h e v i ll ag e t o l o ok
fo r t h e n a t i v es ,T i pu g o i n g t o t he s o u t h er n b ut t h ey h ad
a l l d i s a pp ea r e d i n t o t h e bu s h . S O we bur n t t he s o u t h er n
a n d c e n t r a l p a r t o f t h e v i ll ag e Ab o u t fo ur p m , the
-
“

n arra t i v e c on t i n u es , we p as s ed a n o t h e r v i ll ag e wh e r e t h ey
,
wer e ass e mbl i n g ,an d T i pu -T i pu w i s h ed m e t o p ut i n,b ut
‘
In Darkest Afri ca ,
’
Vol I ,pp 1 0 -3 1
. . .
3 .
98 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

o ut a ny p e rm anent r es ul t H e now r esolv ed t o o ccupy it ,

.

if n ot w i t h t he n at i v es g oo dw i ll ,by fai r purch as e o f t h e

“ ’

pr i vi l eg e,t hen by T h e n a t i v es ,he ad m i t t ed ,p ro

t est ed ag ai n s t h i s l an d i n g C a mp o n t he opp os i t e s i d e i f
.

”
y o u w i ll , t h ey s a i d , a cc o rd i n g t o h i s acc o u n t ; we w i ll “

bri n g y ou wh at ev er w e h av e t o s ell bu t,i f we p erm i t y ou

t o l an d h e re,o ur v i ll age w i ll be c o m e t h e c o mm on reso r t o f
”
t h e Ar ab s l a v e r s . T o t h i s reas o n a bl e pl ea h e p ai d no
att en t i o n.
“
We argu e d th at i f we w ere wi th t he m t hey
n eed h ave n o fea r o f m a r a ud e r s b ut we w as t ed our br eat h .

We h ad b een n ea rly t wo h o urs a t t h i s wo rk o f negot i ati ng,

a n d t he nat i v es ,b ei n g a dd i c t e d t o p a l av er s ,w o uld not h av e

m i n d ed very much h ad t h e p a l ave rs l as t ed a week We .

t h er e fo r e s i g n all ed t o t h e S ta n l ey t o app e ar w i t h t h e t roop s .

At a s econ d s i gnal b o t h s t e am ers s e t u p a h i d eou s s t eam

whi s t l i ng, u nd er t h e pro t e c t i o n o f wh i ch t he t roop s d i s
e mb a rk ed ,an d i n a few s e c o n d s we w e re i n p o s s ess i on of

a n emp t y v i ll ag e . Th ere was no o cc asi on to fire a s h ot,

for t he nat i v es had d i s app ea re d as c o mpl et ely as t he
v ap ou r of t he st ea m -wh i s t l i n g h ad d i s s o lv ed 1 Wh en t he .
” ’

i nv ad er s l an d ed on t he m o r n i n g o f 1 6 t h Ju n e,acc o rd i ng to
M r J am es on , n ot a nat i v e wa s t o b e s een ,an d the whol e
.

v i ll age was occup i ed i n p erfec t p e ac e ”

We put up our .
“

”
t en t s , he add ed , an d d es t r o y e d t h e hu ts wh i ch w er e not
re qu i red for o ur m en I .

Th e n at i ves h av i n g es t abl i s h e d t h e m s elves on th e o t h er

s i d e o f th e r i ver ,Mr S t a n l e y en d ea vo ure d t o o p en up t r ad e
.

w i t h t h em ,and wi t h ot h e rs i n t h e n ei ghb o urh oo d ,on what

h e c on s i d er ed t o be gen e r o u s t e rm s S e vera l c ap t ures were
.

”
m ad e i n t he woo d s , he s t at e d , an d ,a fte r b ei ng s hown
e ve ryt h i n g, t he nat i ves we r e s uppl i ed wi t h h an dful s o f beads ,
t o c o n v ey t h e as s ura n c e t h at n o fea r o ugh t t o b e en t er
t ai ned of us an d n o h a rm wo uld b e d o n e t o t h e m M aj or .

I n D ark est Africa,

’
Vol I . .
,p . 1 09 .

A l etter to S i r Wi ll iam Mack i nn on q uoted by Mr . Troup in ‘

With
’
m ’
S tan l ey s Rear Col u n p 1 3 6
. . .

r
I S to y o f th e Rear C ol um n
’
, p 65 . .

s I n Darkest Afri ca, Vol L ,p 1 1 2 .

‘ ’
. .
 EARLY EXPL ORATI ONS AND ENTERPRISES .
99

B artt elo t h av i n g a rr i v e d fr o m S t an l ey F all s o n 2 2 n d J u n e,

a n d i t h a v i n g b e e n fi n a lly d e c i d e d t h a t h e s h o uld r e m a i n

at Y a mbuy a u n t i l h e c o uld fo ll o w w i t h t h e r ea r c o lum n

”
an d T i pu T i pu s 6 00 c a rr i e rs , bl oo d br o t he rh o o d w as
-
’ “
-

m ad e b et we e n h i m a n d t he n at i v e ch i e f o n t h e 2 6 t h L et .
“

us h o p e t h at i t w i ll i n duc e t h e m t o br i n g u s s o m e t h i n g t o
” ’
ea t , w a s M r J a m e s o n s c o mm e n t
. . H er e are M aj o r
B art telo t an d my s elf l e ft ab s o lu t ely w i t h o u t one at o m o f
m eat ,t i n ned o r fresh , fo r s ev e r a l m o n t h s , an d n o v i s i bl e
me ans o f o b t ai n i n g an y ,fo r t h e n at i ve s h av e br o u g ht i n
no t h i n g,a n d h av e r e m o v ed ev e ry t h i n g fr o m a ll t h e v i ll ag es

w i t h i n r each o f t h i s
Th e e xp ec t ed fo ur o r fi ve m o n t h s e x t e n d e d t o fo ur t een

b efo re Mr S t a n l ey re t ur ned t o fin d
.

M r S t a n l ey s Rea r ’

t h at b o t h M aj o r B art t el o t a n d M r
.

C o l u m n a t Y a m b uy a
.

J a m e s on h ad d i ed o f t h e i r s u ffe r i n g s ,
an d t h at t he s urv i v i n g r e s i du e o f t h e i r p a r ty ,i n creas e d fr o m

1 2 5 t o 2 7 1 by th e a rr i v al o f M r Tr o up an d Mr W a rd o n
. .

1 4 t h Au g u s t , h a d dwi n dl ed d o w n t o , as h e c a ll ed t h e m ,
”
1 02 m eagr e ,s t a rv e d ,a n d a n a e m i c s o ul s Th e i r an d t h e i r
.

c o mrad es s uffe r i n gs had b ee n m add en i n g a n d h ad a c t u ally

’

m add en e d s o m e o f t h em Wai t in g i n v a i n fo r t he pro m i s e d

.

c arri e rs ,wi t h o u t who m t he en o rm o u s p ack ages i n t h ei r c are

co uld no t b e re m o ve d , e xpo s e d t o i n s ul t fr o m t he Ar a b s
wi t h who m t h ey o cc as i on ally c a m e i n c o n t act , t hey we r e
fro m th e firs t i n d es p er ate s t ra i t s an d dr i ven t o d es p er at e
m et h o d s of t ry i n g t o k ee p t he m se lves al i ve D ee m i n g i t .

a ne c ess i t y o f se lf-pr e s e rv at i on t h a t i n t h e i r s e a rch fo r foo d

t hey s h o uld o ppres s t h ei r na t i v e ne i g hb o ur s ,a n d e xcu s i n g

th e m se lve s o n t h e s a m e gro u n d fo r t h e g ro wi n g t yran n y
wi t h whi ch t hey t re at e d t hei r Z an z i b a ri an d Sud a nes e
fo ll owers , t he five E n gl i s hm en wer e at t he m e rcy o f T i pu
Ti pu an d o f hi s Ar a b an d M any e m a s l ave -r a i d e rs ,s et t l e d
r ou n d S t an l ey F all s an d pr o wl i n g up t o Y a mb uy a i t self .

I t mu s t b e re m e mb er e d , s a i d Mr Tr o up , t h at ,h ad t he
“
.

A rabs i n an ger t ak en m at te rs i n t o t hei r o wn h an d s ,t h ey

S tory of the Rear Column, pp 7 5,76
’
. .
1 00 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

c o uld h ave qu i ckly m ad e an en d o f our p o rt i on o f t he

e xp ed i t i o n ,e i t h e r by s t a rvi n g u s o u t o r by a n at t a ck o n

o ur n o t t oo s t r o n gly fo r t i fi ed an d n on e t o o we ll g arr i soned

”
c a mp .

Fro m T i pu h i m s el f,h i s n ep he wRash id ,an d ot h ers ,who m

t h ey v i s i ted a t i n te rval s , Maj or B ar tte lo t and h i s c o mp an i ons
rec ei v ed b arb ari c c o urt es i es an d re p e at ed pro m i s es of t he
c arri e rs t h at had b een b a rgai n e d fo r,and event u ally ab o ut
00 o f t h ese m en arr i ve d a ft e r t e rm s m o re fa vo ur abl e t h an
4
T i pu -T i pu o b t ai ne d fro m Mr S t a n l e y h ad b een arr anged
.

fo r at hea vy p e r s on al e xp en se t o M aj o r B artt elo t an d M r .

J a m eso n Th i s arr i va l ,ho we ve r,was o n ly a ca u s e of fur t her

.

The gr eat e r p a r t o f t h ei r m en , Mr Tro up

”
t r o ubl e . .

’
e xpl ai n ed , s p eak i n g o f T i pu s fo ll o w er s i n g ene r al , were
“

M an y em a,n at i ves o f t h i s vi c i ni ty ,c a n n i b al s , u n t rai ned i n

s e rv i n g wh i t e men an d n e v e r a ccu s t o m e d t o c a r ry l o ad s .

They are h alf-s l av es , o n ly h a v i n g b een s ubj ug at ed com

’

p a r a t i ve ly r e c en t ly by T i pu -T i pu s p e o pl e Wh en t h ey are
.

e mpl oy ed by t he Ar ab s i t i s ch i e fly a s figh t i n g men ,an d i t

i s b eneat h t hei r d i g n i ty t o c a rry l oa d s , s uch w ork b ei n g

r el eg ated t o t he i r w o m en an d s l av es Th ey are u n d er t he
.

c ont r ol of T i pu -T i pu s s h ei kh s , who s en d th em out i n

’

m ar aud in g p ar t ies , u n d e r t he l e ad e rs h i p o f an Arab ,t o

o b t ai n i v ory or o t h e r v alu abl es . They wi ll att ack othe r
n at i v es ,l oot t he i r v i ll age s ,k i ll or m a k e pr i s o n ers of wh o m

t h ey pl eas e,d o i n g all t h i s i n wh a t m ann e r th ey l i k e They .

wi ll be absen t on s uch e xcurs i on s for wee k s or m on th s,but

they are o bl i ge d a ft e r a t i m e t o re t ur n t o t he Arabs an d
gi ve up p art of t hei r l oo t They are n ot a ccu s t o m ed t o the
.

res t rai nt s i mp os e d by wh i t e m e n, who requ i re t h ei r

fo ll o we rs t o m a rch j u s t s o m an y m i l e s a d ay ,t o b e i n
c amp at a fix ed ho ur,an d t o b e s ubj e c t t o s t ri n g ent rules ” T .

T he M an y e m a s en t t o M aj o r B art t e l o t s c amp i n t he
’

earl i er p ar t o f 1 8 8 8 , a n d t h e o t h e r s c arry i n g o n t h ei r

v i c i o u s o ccupat i o n s o u t s i d e,o n ly a dd e d t o th e d emorali z a

t i o n o f i t s i n m at es , an d m o re t r o ubl e c a m e wh en on
‘

With Stanley s Rear Column, p 1 76

’ ’
.
1 I bzd ,p 9
.
'
’

. . .
1 02 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

fo re s t s b et w een Y a mbuya a n d th e n ei ghb o urh o od o f L a k e

Albe r t Ny an z a ,wh ere he h ad i n v i t e d Em i n Pas h a t o aw a i t
hi m . H a v i n g plu n g e d i n to t h e fo r es t wi t h nearly 400
hu n gry fo ll o we rs , fo r wh o m foo d h ad t o be pro cured i n
s o m e w a ,Mr S t an l e y fe l t h i m s e lf c on s t r a i ne d t o d es p o i l
y .

an d p e rs e cu t e a ll t h e p eo pl e h e m et w i t h wh e ne v e r t h ey

wo uld n o t o r c o uld n ot s upply wh at h e wan t e d i n e xch an ge

fo r t h e br as s r o d s a n d b ea d s h e o ffe red . H e a pp ear s
t o h a ve at a ll t i m es pre fe rr ed purch a s i n g t o s t eal i n g,
pro vi d e d h e was fr e e t o buy o n h i s o wn t e rm s ; b ut any
r es i s t an ce was pro mp t ly d ea l t wi t h by t he Re m i n g to n an d
W i n ch es te r r i fl es o f h i s m a r a ud i n g h os t ,or by t h e M a x i m
g u n wh i ch h e h ad br o ugh t fr o m E n gl an d an d n ev e r fai l ed
t o u s e on t h e s m a ll e s t pro vo c at i o n . Th at th e n at i ve s
s h o uld at t e mp t t o d e fen d t h e m s e lv e s , or i n any way
ret al i at e ,s e e m e d t o hi m,i f n ot a m o ns t r o us cri m e,at any
r at e t he e xces s o f fo lly .

H i s fir s t d ay s c o n duc t a ft e r l eav i n g Y a mbuy a i s a

’

s u ffic i e n t e x a mpl e o f t h e pro c eed i n g s cu s t o m ary dur i n g

t he n ext fi ve m on t h s , a n d , a t i n t e rv a l s , t he t wo y e ar s

fo ll o wi n g t h e reon Wh en h e had j o ur ne y ed on ly fo ur m i l es
.

h e s aw a fl eet o f c an oe s o n t he Aruw i m i ,o n t h e s o u t h e r n
b an k o f wh i ch hi s p i o n ee r s we re cu t t i n g a p at h . Th ere
”
w a s much m ov e m en t a n d s t i r , h e r ep o r t ed , o wi n g, o f
“

c o urs e,t o t he al arm t h at t h e Ya mb uy a s h ad c o mmu n i c at ed

t o t h e i r n e i ghb o urs T h e i s l an d s w e r e b e i n g cr o wd ed w i t h
.

t h e w o m e n an d ch i ldr en o f t h e Y an k o n d e,wh o m a s y et we
h ad n o t see n . Ab o u t a hu n dre d c anoes fo rm ed i n t he
s t r ea m cro wd e d w i t h n a t i v e w a rr i o r s , a n d fo ll o w e d t he

m o v e m e n t s o f t he c o lum n ,as i t a pp eare d an d d i s a ppeare d

i n t h e l i g h t a n d i n t o t h e s h a d o w s ,j ee r i n g ,m o ck i n g ,an d
t ea s i n g T h e a l a rm w a s r e a son abl e ,a s M r S t an l ey ,a
“
. .

fo r t n i gh t b e fo r e , h ad ru t hl ess ly e xp e ll e d t h e Y a mbuy a
fro m t h e i r h o m e s B u t h e c o ns i d e r e d i t foo l i s h an d s t r ange,
.

a n d wh e n h e h a d adv an c e d fur t h e r an d fo u n d t h a t s o m e 3 00

n at i v es w e r e n o t o n ly pre p a r i n g t o d e fen d t h ei r v i ll age w i t h

d rawn b ows i n t hei r han d s ,but had ac t u ally pl ant e d s h a rp

 EARLY EXPLORATI ONS AND ENTE RPRISES . 103

s k ewers on t h e road t o i t i n o rd e r t o h a mp e r hi s a ppr oach ,

h e fe l t t h at he h ad i n d eed g o o d c a u s e t o b e i n d i g nan t at
”
t he cr a ft o f t h es e pure p a g an s , an d t o fi e rc e ly r es e n t i t .

Fo rm i n g t wo l i n es o f t we lv e m en a cr os s t he r o ad ,
a cc o rd i n g t o h i s n a rr a t i v e , t he fir s t l i n e wa s o rd e r ed t o
“

pi ck o ut t h e s k ewers ,t h e s e c on d l i ne was o rd ere d t o c o ve r

t he wo rk e rs w i t h t h e i r we a p on s , an d , a t t he firs t a rr o w
s h o w n ,t o fi re . A d o z e n s co u t s w e re sen t o n ei t h er fl an k
o f th e r oad t o m a k e t h ei r w ay i n t o t h e vi ll age t hr o u g h t h e

woo d s We had s c a rc ely a dvan c e d t w ent y y ard s a l on g

.

th e cl ea r e d way b e fo re c o lum ns o f s m o k e br o k e o ut o f t h e
to w n , an d a l i t t l e cl o ud o f a rr o ws c a m e t o w ard s us ,b u t
fall i n g s h o rt. A vo ll ey w as re t ur ned , t he s k ewe rs w e re
fas t b e i n g p i ck e d o ut ,an d o u r a dv an c e was m ad e u n t i l we
rea ch ed t he v i ll ag e at t he s a m e t i m e t h at th e s c o u t s ru s h ed
o ut o f t h e u n d e rw o o d ,an d ,a s a ll t h e p i o nee r s w e r e pu s h e d

fo rwa rd ,t h e fir i n g was pr ett y l i v ely Al on g t he r i ve r t he

.

firi ng w as m o r e d eadly V ery m an y, I fea r , p ai d t he

.

pena l t y o f t he foo l i s h ch all en ge T he bl a m e i s u n d ou b t edly

.

du e t o t he Y a mbuya,wh o mu s t h ave i n v e n t ed fa bl es o f t he
m ost as t o u n d i n g ch a r ac t e r t o c a u s e t h e i r n e i ghb o urs t o
” E
at t e mp t s t o pp i n g a fo rc e o f n early 400 r i fl es .

Mr S t an l ey s s o -c a ll e d Em i n Pas h a Re l i e f Exp ed i t i on ,
.
’

i n so far as i t s a vo w ed o bj e c t was
Res ul t s of t h e Em i n
c o n c e r ned ,o n ly i n cr eas ed a n d e n s ure d
Re l i e f Ex p e d i t i on .

t h e m i s c hi e f i t s o ri g i na l pro p o s e rs
d es i red t o a v ert N o r we re t he r es ul ts o f t h e u s es t o
.

wh i ch i t w as p erv ert ed o t h e r t h an d i s as t r o u s, e xc ept t o

t he c a u s e rs o f t h e p e rv e r s i o n an d o n ly i n p a r t ev en t o t h e m .

Th e wa n d er i n g s t o a n d fr o o f M r S t a n l ey s m ar a ud i n g
’
.

host ,i n p o r t i o n s o f wh at i s n o w B r i t i s h E as t Afri c a as w ell

as i n N o r t h e r n C o n g o l an d , b e i n g o n a l a rg e r s c al e an d

m o re e x t e n s i v e a n d e l a b o r at e t h an a n yt h i n g prev i o u s ly
at t e mp t e d by h i m o r by ri v a l s l i k e L i e u t e n a n t vo n
Wi s s m a n n ,es t abl i s h ed t he s ys t e m o f wa n t o n s l augh t er i n g
an d v i ll ag e bur n i n g , o f wh o l es a l e r o bb ery an d r eckl es s

I n D arkes t Afri ca,

’
Vol I ,pp
. . . 1 36 8 .
1 04 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

p er s ecu ti on,wh i ch has b een fo ll owe d by t he C on g o S tate

for fift een y ea r s .

The cr o w n i ng fo lly or cr i m e o f t h e e xp ed i t i on ,h ow ever,

was i n t he t r eat m en t a cc o rd e d t o T i pu -T i pu T he .

b arg ai n s i n acc ord an c e wi t h wh i ch T i pu was fo rm ally

a pp o i n t ed Go v e r no r o f S t an l ey F a ll s d i s t r i c t u n d e r K i n g

L eop o ld , and wh e re by h e was en t i c ed i nt o pro m i s i ng

c a rr i ers fo r t he c o n vey an c e o f s t o res an d a mmu ni t ion t o
Em i n and d ep or tat i o n o f h i s i v o ry, were none t he l ess
p e r n i c i o us b ec a us e t h ey we re b ot h bro k en .

Th ough T i pu was es co r t ed t o S t an l ey Fall s al o n g t he

wh o l e l en gt h o f th e L ower an d
Ti p u - Ti p u at S t a n l ey
M i ddl e C on go, and t hu s i nt ro duc ed
Fall s
.

t o t he v as t e xp an s e o f t e rr i t ory and
”
t h e m i ll i ons o f nat i v es w ai t i n g t o b e expl o i t ed , an d as
“

fai r g a m e t o hi m an d hi s Ara b s as t o t he C ongo S t at e

“

an d i t s h a n g e rs -on ,h e was n ei t h e r b ack e d up i n hi s o fli ce

n or s uppl i ed w i t h t h e a mmu n i t i o n h e cl ai m ed i n r etur n

for hi s s upply of so -c a ll ed c arr i er s who ,s o far as t h ey wer e

pr ovi d ed s h owe d t h e m s elv e s t o be n o t h i n g b ut s l ave
I t s h o uld b e r e m e mb e r ed , M aj o r B arttelot
”
r ai d er s
.

wr ot e i n M a rch ,1 8 8 8 , t h at T i pu i s an offi cer o f t he S t at e,

“

b ut t h a t up t o t he pr e s en t n o n o t i c e has b een t ak en of hi m
A n d M r J am eson,
”
at all,an d h e fee l s j u s t ly a ggr i e v e d . .

r ep o rt i n g Ti pu s c o mpl a i n t s i n a c o n v ers at i on he h ad
’

w i t h hi m i n t he fo ll o wi n g May , s a i d, H e h as wri tt en
t o t he K i n g o f t h e B elgi a ns , a s k i n g hi m t o s en d two
o ffic ers a nd ab o u t t h i r ty m en t o t h e Fa ll s , not t o
ass i st h i m i n any figh t i n g, b ut as v i s i bl e a u t h o ri t y
on b eh a l f o f t h e S t at e duri n g h i s own s t ay t h ere, an d

i n c ase o f hi s ab s en c e at an y t i m e . B ut ever s i n c e the

d es p at ch o f t h i s l e tt e r, a b o u t a y ea r ago, not a word
h av e t h ey s en t h i m t o t he F a ll s T i pu-T i pu nat urally
.

c an n ot u n d ers t an d t h i s way o f d oi n g t h i n g s , and l ook s

”
up on i t as a d ec i d ed s l i gh t up o n h i m se l f 1 As i t ch anc ed,
.
~

D i i es n d L etters , p 2 20
’
ar a . .

"
1 S t o y of th e Rear Colum n , p 2 9 3
r
’
. .
1 06 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

wh er e t h e re i s pl e nt y o f foo d an d wh er e t h e r e i s non e,
wh e r e a ll t he c a mp s are ,a n d wh e r e we s h a ll s l e e p an d re s t .

I a m wai t i n g t o h ea r y o ur wo rd s I f y o u g o w i t h me ,i t i s .

well I f y ou d o n o t go wi t h m e,i t i s we ll a l s o I l eave i t

. .

t o y ou Wh at ev e r y ou h av e t o s ay t o m e,my e a rs wi ll be
.

o p en w i t h a g oo d h ear t
, as i t h as a lw ay s b ee n t o w ard s

T en wr ot e t h at l et t e r, h o wev er—i n
m on t h s b e fo r e he
O c to b e r , 1 8 8 7 —i n t h e n o r t h -eas t er n
Th e M an y e m a S l ave
c orn er o f C on g o lan d , Mr S t an l ey
Ra i d e r s
.

h ad h a d fr es h e v i d en c e o f t he m i s
ch i ef d one by s o m e o f t h e M any e m a wh o m h e was en
c o ura i n
g g t o e x t e n d t h ei r wo rk n ea r S t an l ey F a ll s H e r e, .

h e s ai d , h a lf a d o z e n r eso lut e m en , a i d ed by t h ei r hu n
“

dr ed s o f b an d i t s , h ad d i v i d e d a b o u t t hr ee -fo urt h s o f t he
grea t Upp e r C on g o fo r es t —a b o u t s qu a re m i l e s

ro un d I p oto for t he s o l e purp os e o f murd e r a n d be

”
c o m i n g h ei r s t o a few hu n dr ed t u s k s o f i vo ry They .
“

h ad l e vell e d i n t o bl a ck as h es ev e ry s e tt l e m e n t , h e t e
p o r t ed ; eve ry c ano e o u t h e r i v e r s had b een s pl i t i nt o
“

p i ec es ; e ve ry i s l an d h ad b ee n s e a rch ed ; an d i n t o t he
d a rk es t r ec es s es ,wh e re ve r a s l i g ht t ra ck c o uld b e t r ac ed ,
t h ey h ad p en e t r a t e d w i t h o n ly o ne d o m i n at i n g p ass i on ,
whi ch was t o k i ll as m an y o f t he m en a n d c a p t ure as
m an y o f t h e w o m e n a n d ch i ldr en a s cr a ft an d cru e l ty
”
S o m an y p a r t s o f t h e pro fi t s , he
”
w o uld enabl e t he m t o do .
“

a dd e d , a r e d u e t o t h e r pr pr i r uch T i pu -T i pu
“

g eat o e t o ,s as

o r S ai d -b i n -Ab e d a l e s s n umb e r b e c o m e s t he clu e o f t he

h eadm an an d t he re m ai n d e r b e c o m es t h e pr o p e rt y of t he
b an d i t s A t o t h e r t i m es , l a rg e i v o r i es, o v e r 3 5 lb each,
. .

b ec o m e t h e pr o p e r ty o f t h e pr o pri et o r ; a ll ove r 2 0 lb t o .

3 5 lb b e l o n g t o t h e h e adm an ; s cr a p s ,p i ec e s , a n d yo u n g
.

i vo ry a r e p e rm i tt ed t o b e k e p t by t h e lucky fi n d e rs .

H en c e e ve ry m e mb e r o f t he c a r av an i s i n s p i r e d t o d o hi s
”
b es t 1 .
‘

! uot ed by Mr . Ward in My Life wi th S tan ley s Rear Guard , p

’ ’
. 1 39 .

1' ‘
In r
D a k es t Afri ca , Vol I ,p p
’
. . . 2 2 6,2 2 9 .
 EARLY EXPLORATIONS AND ENTERPRISES . 1 07

Th ere is on ly r em edy fo r t h ese wh o l es al e d ev ast a

on e

t i o ns o f Afr i c an ab o r i g i nes , Mr
—
.

M r S t an l e y on t h e
S t an l ey fro m wh o m we may now
.

p ar t c o mp a ny —p o i nt e d o ut , an d
Af r i ca n I vor y T r a de .

t h at i s t h e s o l e m n c o mb i na t i o n o f E n gl a n d , Ge rm an y
Fran c e,Po rt ugal ,S ou t h an d E as t Afri c a,an d t he C o ngo
St at e agai ns t t he i nt ro duc t i o n o f gu n p o wd e r i n t o a ny p a rt
of t he c o n t i nen t ,e xc e pt fo r t h e us e o f t h ei r o wn a e n t s ,
g
so ld i er s an d e mpl oyé s o r s e i z i n g up o n ev e ry t u s k o f i v o ry
,
brought o ut ,as t h er e i s n o t a s i n g l e p i ec e no w ad ays wh i ch
h as b een g ai n ed l awfully Ev ery t u s k,p i e ce an d s cr ap i n
.

t he p os s es s i o n o f an Ar a b t r a d er h as b een s t e ep ed a n d
dy ed i n bl o o d Ev e ry p o u n d w e igh t h as c os t t h e l i fe o f a
.

man , wo m an , or ch i ld ; fo r e v ery five p ou n d s a b u t has

been burn t ; fo r ev e ry t wo t u s k s a wh ol e vi ll ag e h as b een
d est roye d ; ev ery t wen ty t u s k s h ave b een ob t ai n e d a t t he
pri c e of a d is t ri c t ,w it h all i t s p eo pl e,v i ll ages,an d pl a n t a
t i on s. I t i s s i mply i n cr ed i bl e t h at , b ec au s e i vo ry i s t e
qu i red fo r o r n am ent s o r b i ll i a rd g am es,t he r i ch he ar t o f
Afr i c a s h o uld be l ai d was t e ,t h at p o pul at i o ns ,t ri b es a n d
n at i ons s h o uld b e u t t e rly d es t r oy e d Wh o m , a ft e r all
.

d oes t h i s bl oo dy s ei zur e o f i vo ry en ri ch ? On ly a few

d o zens o f h a lf-c ast es,Ara b an d N egro,who,i f d ue j u st i c e
were d eal t t o t h e m , s h o uld b e m ad e t o s we at o u t t h e
r em ai n d e r o f t h ei r p i rat i c a l l i ves i n t he s eve r es t p enal
”
s ervi t ud e .

Wh at eve r force t h e r e may b e i n t h at r eproach appl i es

n ow,n o t t o a few d o z en s o f Afr i c an h alf-c as t e s ,b ut t o a

few d o z en o r a few hu n dr ed Eur o p ean o ffic i al s an d adven

t urers .

I n t he h o p e o f d er i vi n g pro fi t fro m t he en o rm o u s t e rr i t o ry
ent rus t e d t o t h e c a re o f K i n g L eo p o ld

by t he Eu rop ean Po we r s t o wh o m
Mr S t an l ey a ppea l ed ,an d by o t h er s
.

as we ll ,s o m e o f t h e o ffic i a l s an d adv en t ure r s w e r e bu s y

wh i l e M r S t anl ey was h i m s e lf at w o rk M uch was d one

. .

Afri ca , Vol L ,p
’
I n Darkest
‘
. . 22 9 .
1 08 CIVILISATIO N IN CONGOLAND .

in m o d est w ays by C a p t ai n V a n Géle an d o t h e r s i n ex

pl o rat i o n o f t he Ub ang i , Well e, an d o t h e r ri v e rs fe ed i n g
t h e C o n g o fro m t h e n o rt h an d eas t ,an d c a mp s for t h e
wa rd i n g o ff o f Ar ab i n t rud ers ,i f p oss i bl e,we re s et up by
L i e ut en an t Dh an i s at B as o k o, n e a r t h e m o u t h o f t he
Aruwi m i , i n F ebru ary,1 8 8 9 ,a n d by L i e u t e n an t Roge t at
Dj ab i r,on t h e We ll e,i n F ebru a ry, 1 8 9 0 I n t h e fo ll o wi ng
.

Apri l ,m o r eo ve r,L i eu t en an t Pa ul l e M a ri n e l s e t u p an ot h er,

fo r a l i k e purp ose, i n t h e s o u t h , a t Lu s a mb o, o n t he
S an kuru .

Th ese an d k i n dr ed en t erpr i s es ha d fo r t h ei r av o wed

o bj e c t t h e s ett i n g up o r s t ren g t h en i n g

o f t h e S t a t e s c o n t r o l o v e r t he t e rr i
’

t o r i es a s s i g n ed t o i t , w i t h i n t en t i o ns
s t i ll o s t e n s i bly s t r i c t ly ph i l an t hr o p i c an d i n t e r nat i onal .

O t h ers h ad avo w e dly c o mm e rc i a l adva n t ag es i n vi ew,

t h o ugh u n d e r c o v e r o f c o mpl i an c e wi t h t h e ph i l an t hro p ic
It
’
a n d i n t e r n a t i ona l c on d i t i o n s o f t h e S t a t e s e x i s t e n c e .

wa s i n t h e i n t eres t s o f t r a d i n g o rg a n i s at i ons , t hat a

d e cr ee o f t he S o v erei gn was i s s u ed o n 2 7 t h Febru ary,
1 8 8 7 , d i r e c t i n g t h at a l l c o mm e rc i a l s o c i et i es s h o uld b e

duly c o ns t i t u t ed wi t h i n a ppr o v ed l i m i t at i o ns, o n e b ei ng

t h a t t h ey s h o uld no t o w n m o r e t h a n h ec t a res of
l an d , o r ab o u t t h i rt y-ei gh t s qu a r e m i l es, wi t ho ut s p ec i al
*
a u t h o r i s at i o n O n ly t wo s uch s o c i et i es a pp ear t o h ave
b een pr e v i o u s ly s t ar t ed —t he Sy n d i c at d e M at eb a, for
.

agr i cul t ur a l d e v e l o pm e n t s i n t h e i s l a n d o f t h at n a m e i n

t h e L o w e r C o n g o ,an d t h e S a n fo rd Expl o r i n g Exp ed i t i o n,

fou n d e d by Gen e r a l S an fo rd , fo r pr o cur i ng i vo ry an d
rubb e r fr o m t h e i n t e r i o r ; an d o f t h es e t he firs t was
ab s o rb e d by t h e C o mp ag n i e d es Pro du i t s d u C on go,
fo u n d ed i n N o v e mb e r, 1 8 8 8 , an d t h e s ec o n d by t he
S o c i é t é A n o n ym e B e l g e p o ur le C o mm erc e d u H a u t -C o ng o,
fo u n d e d i n D ec e mb e r, 1 8 8 8 .

M o r e i mp o r t an t was t he C o mp ag n i e d u C o ng o p o ur le
C o mm e rc e et l I n d us t ri e, wh i ch was s t ar te d i n M arch,
’

‘
B ulleti n Offici el
p . 23.
1 10 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

s he w i s h es,i n d i s pens abl e o u t l et s fo r h er c o m m e rc e an d her

i n du s t ry, a n d o p en n ew ch a n n e l s fo r t h e a c t i vi t y o f h er
ch i ldren ,w e d e cl a r e by t h es e pr es en t s t h at w e b e qu eat h
an d t r an s m i t t o B e lg i um a ft e r o ur d e a t h a ll o u r s o v e r e i g n

r i gh t s o ve r t h e C o n g o Fr ee S t a t e wh i ch h a v e b een r e c o g
n i s e d by t he d e cl a r at i o n s ,c on v en t i o n s an d t r eat i es en t e red

i n t o s i n c e 1 8 8 4 b e t ween fo re i g n Po we rs o n t h e o n e p ar t
a n d t h e C on g o I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i at i on a n d t h e C on go

Fr ee S t at e o n t h e ot h er ,t o get h e r wi t h a ll b e n e fi t s ,r i gh ts
a n d a dv a n t a g es a pp e r t ai n i n g t o t h at s o v e r e i g n t y U n ti l
.

t h e B e lgi an L eg i s l at ur e a n n o u n c es i t s a cc e p t an c e o f o ur
a fo r e s a i d d i s p o s i t i o n s t h e s o v e r e i g n t y w i ll b e e x e rc i s ed

c o ll e c t i ve ly by t he C o u n c i l o f t hree Ad m i n i s t r at o rs o f t he
C o n g o Fre e S t at e an d by t h e Go v e r n o r -Gen e r a l ” .

“
I h ave n ev e r c eas ed fr o m c all i n g t h e at t e n t i o n o f my
c o mp at r i o t s t o t h e n ece s s i t y o f t ur n i n g t hei r a tt en t i o n t o
”
c o u n t ri es b eyon d t he s ea , t he K i n g wro t e t o M B ee r n ae r t, .

an d ,a ft e r r e fe rr i n g t o t h e e x a mpl es o f G ree c e an d V en i c e

i n t h e p as t an d o f H o ll an d i n t he pres en t ,h e a dd ed , I t “

i s i n s e rvi n g t h e c au s e o f hum an i t y a n d pr o gr ess t h at

c o m mu n i t i e s o f t he s e c on d r an k s ho w t h e m s e lves u seful
m e mb er s o f t h e g reat fa m i ly o f n at i o ns M o r e t han a n y
.

o t h e r ,a mau fac t u ri n g an d t r ad i n g n a t i o n l i k e o ur s s h o uld

s t r i v e t o o b t a i n o u t l et s fo r t h e en e rgy of all i t s t oi l e rs w i t h

m i n d ,wi t h m o n e y,o r w i t h h an d s Th e s e p at r i ot i c v i ews

.

h ave gu i d ed my l i fe Th ey h av e l ed t o t he creat i on o f my
.

Afr i c an wo rk . My l ab o urs h av e n o t b een w as te d ; a

yo u n g an d s p a c i o u s S t at e, d i re ct ed fro m B ru s s el s , h as
p ac i fi c a l ly a pp ea r e d i n t he s u n s h i ne , t h an k s t o t he
b en e vo l en t s upp o r t o f t he Po we rs t h at h a v e w elc o m ed i ts
a pp e a r a n c e. S o m e B elg i an s adm i n i s t e r i t, wh i l st o th ers ,
ea ch d ay m o r e n um e r o u s ,t h e r e i n cr e as e t h e i r w ea l t h T he
.

v ast r a m i fi c at i o n s o f t h e Upp e r C o n g o o p e n r a p i d an d
e c o n o m i c ch an n e l s o f c o mmu n i c a t i o n by wh i ch t h e cen t r e

o f Afr i c a c an b e d i r e c t ly r each ed . T h e c o n s t ruc t i o n o f t he

C at arac t s rai lway,h en c efo r t h as s ur ed ,t h an k s t o t he rec ent
Wauters, L Etat I ndépendan t da Congo, p 9 6
’ ’
. .
 EARLY EXPLORATIONS AND ENTERPRISES . 1 1 1

vo t e of t he L eg i s l a t ur e,w i ll no t ably i n cre ase t he fa c i l i t i es

o f a cc es s . I n t h ese c o n d i t i o n s a gr eat fu t u re i s b e fo r e the
C o n go ,t he i mm ens e v a l u e o f wh i ch wi ll pres en t ly d a zzl e
e v e ry e y e . O n t h e m o rr o w o f t h i s a ch i eve m e n t I h ave
t h o u g h t i t my du t y t o pl a c e B e lg i um i n a p os i t i o n ,wh en
d eat h s t r i k es m e ,t o pro fi t by my w o rk an d by t he l a b o ur o f
”
th ose who h av e h e lp e d m e i n s t a r t i n g an d g u i d i n g i t .

H e n c e t hi s s ol e m n t es t a m en t The w ea l t h o f a S overe i g n ,
.
“

K i n g Leo po ld s a i d i n c o n clu s i o n , c o ns i s t s i n t he “

pr os p er i t y o f hi s peo pl e Th at a l o ne can c onst i t ute i n h i s

.

ey es a t reas ur e t o b e d e s i re d , a n d one t h at he s h o uld

ev e r s t r i v e t o a u g m en t T o t he d ay o f my d eat h I s h all
.

c o nt i n u e , w i t h t h e s a m e reg ard fo r t he n at i on al we lfa r e

wh i ch h a s pro mp t e d me h i t h e rt o ,t o d i re c t an d upho ld o ur
Afr i c an en t e rpr i s e ; b u t i f, w i t ho u t wa i t i n g t i ll t he n , t h e
c o u nt ry d e e m s i t well t o t i gh t e n t he b o n d s b et ween i t
an d my C o n g o p os s es s i ons , I s h a ll no t h es i t at e t o pl ac e

t h e m at i t s d i s p os a l . I s h all b e h appy ,wh i l e l i v i n g ,t o see

i t i n full en j o ym en t o f t h em ” .

Wauters , ’
L Etat I n dép endant da C on go ,p 9 8
’
. .
1 12 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

C H A PTE R V I .

T H E B RUS S EL S C O N F ERENC E [ 1 8 8 9
C ARD I NA L LAV I G ERI E, t h e Archb i s h o p o f Alg i ers, who
h ad s t a r ted t h e M i s s i o n o f t he Wh i t e
C a r d i n a l Lavi g e r l e s
’

F a t h e rs i n 1 8 7 8 ,W i t h a res cri p t fr om
Wo r k.

Po p e L eo X I I I enj o m i n g t h e m t o
.

c o n ve r t t he S ud an an d all C on go lan d t o Chr i st i an i t y,an d

w ho h a d l ab o ur ed z ea l o u s ly t o t h at en d for t en y ear s ,
es p e c i ally i n o pp os i t i o n t o Pr o t es t an t e ff o r t s i n t h e s a m e

o r a r i v a l d i re c t i o n ,w a s t h e ch i e f a p os t l e i n t he a n t i -s l av e ry

cru s ad e wh i ch , a l s o s an c t i oned by L e o X I I I ,was s t ar ted

.

ea rly i n 1 8 8 8 ,w i t h t he e ag e r en c o ur ag e m en t o f K i n g L eo

p o ld I t was i n t he C at h edra l o f B ru ss e l s t h at h e o pened

.

t h e c a mp a i g n o f fi e ry el o qu en c e wh i ch h e c arr i ed o n i n
m an y p ar t s o f Eur o pe O n t h at o cc as i o n he r epr o ach ed
.

”
t h e C at h o l i c s o f B e lg i um for t h e i r l i s t l es s n es s Y o ur
“ “
.

K i n g, he e xcl ai m ed , wo uld o p en b e fo re y o u a c o un try

“

s i x t y t i m es as l arg e as y o ur o wn , an i mm en s e fi e ld fo r

pr os ely t i s i n g a n d ch a ri t y ! Y o u h a ve n ot g i v en t o t he
d i ffu s i on o f Chr i s t i an t ru t h ,t o t he st ruggl e wi t h b arb ari s m ,
"
t h e a s s i s t a n c e t h a t w as i n cumb en t o n y o u .

T o t h i s cru s ad e i s l a rg e ly d ue t h e I n t e r n at i on al C o n
fe re n c e h e ld i n B ru s s e l s i n t h e fol
Th e B r us s e l s C on f e r ence
l o w i n g y ea rs ,t h o ugh i t s m o re d i re c t
of 1 8 8 9 — 1890
.

i n c en t i ve w as a l ett e r , d at e d 1 7 th
S e pt e mb e r,1 8 8 8 ,addres s ed by t h e M arqu i s o f S al i s bury t o
L o rd V i v i a n , t h e B r i t i s h M i n i s t er at t h e B e lg i an C o ur t,
s ugge s t i n g t h at K i n g L eo p o ld s h o u ld t ak e t h e i n i t i at i v e

i n i n v i t i n g all t h e c i vi l i s ed Po we r s t o c on c er t m eas ures for

t h e g r a du a l s uppr es s i o n o f t he s l av e-t r ad e i n t h e c on t i ne n t
“

o f Afr i c a, an d t h e i mm ed i at e cl os i n g o f a l l t h e e x t e r nal
”
m ark et s wh i ch i t st i ll s up pl i es As a r es ul t o f t he pro p os al ,
.

a n d o f pr o l o n ge d c o rr es p on d en c e o n i t ,K i n g L eo p o l d,on
1 14 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

c i al ly the c o n t r a ct s for s e rv i c e en t e red i n t o w i t h n at i v es .

T h e e ig h t h a rt i cl e , d ecl a r i n g t h at t h e e xp er i en c e o f a l l
“

n at i o n s w h o h a v e i n t e rc o ur s e w i t h Afr i c a h a s s h o w n t h e

p e r n i c i o u s an d pr e p o n d er at i n g p a rt pl a yed by fir ea rm s i n
s l av e t r a d e o p e r at i o ns a s w e ll a s i n i n t e r t r i b a l w ar s ,an d

h as cl ea rly pr o ve d t h at t h e pr e s e rv a t i o n o f t h e A fr i c an
p o pul at i o n s i s a r ad i c a l i mp os s i b i l i t y u n l es s res t r i c ti ve
m eas ur es ag ai n st t h e t ra d e i n fir ea rm s a n d a mmu n i t i on are
e s t abl i s h e d , s t i pul at e d t h at ,i n al l p a r t s o f Afr i c a b e t w een
”

t h e 2 0t h p a r a ll e l o f n o r th l at i t ud e an d t h e 2 2 n d p ar a ll el o f
s o u t h l a t i t u d e ,t h e i mp o r t at i o n o f
“
fir ea rm s and es pec i ally
o f r i fl e s a n d i mpro v e d w eap on s ,a s w e ll as o f p o wd e r ,b a ll s
”
a n d c a r t r i d g es , s h o uld b e c ar e fully res t r i c t e d a n d a s fa r a s

p oss i bl e pr o h i b i t e d A n d i n l a ter a rt i cl es a rran ge m e nt s

.

we r e m a d e fo r t h e c arryi n g o ut o f t h i s pre s cr i pt i o n i n
d et a i l an d fo r wh at w e re co n s i d e re d n ec ess ary e xc e p t i ons
t o i t,t he m ai n exc ep t i o n s b ei n g ,o f c o ur s e, t h e m ea s ur es
d i r ec t ly t ak e n by Go v er n m e n t s fo r th e a rm i n g of a f or ce
'
”
publ zque an d t h e o rg an i z at i o n o f t h e i r d efen c e . Th e p er
v e r s i on o f t h es e r eg ul a t i ons , wher e t h ey h av e no t b een
i g n o r ed ,h as g on e fa r t o c o u n t e r a c t ,if i t h a s n ot h ea vi ly
o v e rb a l a n c e d , t he b en e fi t s r e s ul t i n g fro m t h e ar t i cl es d ea l i n g
w i t h t h e a c t u a l s l a ve t r ad e,t h e s upply o f Eu ro p ean l i quo r
t o n a t i v es ,a n d s o fo r t h .

T he m o s t i mp o r t a n t p a r t o f t h e B ru s s e l s Gen er a l Ac t ,
h o w eve r , w as n ot any on e o f i t s
I t s S u p p l e m e n t ar y
hu n dr e d a r t i cl es ,b ut a s uppl e m e n t a ry
D ec l a r a t i on
.

D ecl ar at i o n i n t ro duc e d t o t he Co n
fer e n c e o n l oth May , 1 8 9 0,a t i t s t h i r teen t h s i t t i n g,whi ch
w as t h e c h i e f s ubj e c t o f d i s cu s s i on dur i n g t h e s ub s equ en t
s i t t i n gs n e c ess i t at e d by i t ,a n d t o wh i ch s o much o pp os i t i o n

w as o ffe r ed , es p e c i a lly by t h e N et h e rl an d s G o v er n m e n t ,
t h at i t w as n o t s i g n e d t i ll z ud J an u a ry , 1 8 9 2 , an d t h a t
t h e r e was t hu s n ea rly t w o y e a r s d e l ay i n t h e r at i fic at i o n o f
’

t he A ct . T ak i n g i nt o c o n s i d er at i on t h a t t h e e x ecu ti on
o f t h e pro vi s i o n s ad o p t e d t o
p ut a n e n d t o t h e s l a v e t r affic ,
and t o i mpr o v e t he m o r al an d m at er i a l c o nd i t i o ns o f
 THE B RUSS ELS CONFERENCE . 1 15

e x i s t en c e o f th e n at i ve p o pul at i ons ,i mp os es o n s o m e o f t he
Po w ers wh o h av e p o s s e s s i o n s o r pr o t e c t o r a t es i n t h e C o n
ven t i o na l B a s i n o f t h e C o n g o o bl i g at i o n s w h i ch a b s o lu t ely

d e m an d n ew r e s o urc es t o m e et t h e m , i t was n o w pr o p o s e d
”

t h at t h e s t i pul a t i o n o f t h e B e rl i n C on fe r en c e pr o h i b i t i n g
a ll i mp o r t du t i es fo r t w en ty y e ar s s h o uld b e w i t h d r a w n
,
an d t h at t h e s i g n at o ry or a s s e n t i n g Po we rs h av i n g p o ss e s
“

s i on s or pr o t e c t o r a t e s i n t h e s ai d C on v en t i o n a l B as i n o f
t he C on go s h a ll b e a t l i b e r t y, s o far a s a u t h o r i t y t o t h i s
en d i s r e qu i re d ,t o es t abl i s h du t i e s on i mp o r t e d g oo d s ,t h e

s c a l e o f wh i ch s h a ll n o t exc ee d a r at e e qu i v a l en t t o I O
p er
c en t ad v a l o r e m at t he p o r t o f ent ry, a lway s e xc ep t i n g
.

s p i r i t u o u s l i qu o r s —fo r wh i ch s p e c i a l a rr an g e m en t s w e r e

m a d e i n Ar ti cl es 9 0 t o 9 5 o f t h e G en e r al A ct . N o t o n ly,
”

s ai d B a r o n L a mb erm o n t , i n pr o p o s i n g t h i s i mp o r t a n t
ch an ge, h as g eo gra ph i c a l a cqu a i n t a n c e wi t h t h e C o n go
“

B a s i n r ev ea l ed t h e w ea l t h o f t h e v as t r e g i on s i t c o mpr i s e s ,
bu t Eur o p ean c o mm erc e , wh i c h was bl o ck e d at a s h o r t
d i s t an c e fr o m t he c oas t,h a s p en et r a t ed t he h eart o f Afr i c a, .

i n c o u n t r i e s h i t h er t o u t te rly u n k n o w n . C i vi l i s at i on , i n
d i ve r s fo rm s , has m ad e n o l es s progr e ss , an d h as b e en
pe rm an en t ly e st abl i s h ed i n t h e ve ry c e n t r e o f Afri c a T he .

r ap i d i t y w i t h w hi ch t h i s t r an s fo rm a t i on h as b e en acc o m
p li s h ed wo uld s e e m t o m ak e i t a du ty t o h as t en t he r e v i s i o n
o f t h e free t r a d e rul e t e mp o r a r i ly l ai d d o w n by t h e B erl i n

Ge n er al A ct . Th e pr ot ec t i o n d ue t o c o mm e rc e a n d m i s
s i o n s ,t h e es t a bl i s hm e n t o f s y s t e m a t i c j u s t i c e ,t h e o p e n i n g

up o f eas i e r m ean s o f c o mmu n i c a t i o n w i t h t he i n t eri o r o f

t he c o n t i ne n t , t h e o rg an i s a t i o n o f publ i c s e rv i c es as

a u x i l i ar i es t o pr i v a t e e n t e rpr i ses ,r equ i re fi n a n c i a l r es o urc es

wh i ch i t i s r eas on abl e t o o b t a i n ,by m e a n s o f i mpo s t s ,fr o m

t hos e w ho pr o fi t by t h e n e w o rd e r o f t h i n g s . Wh i l e i n
m o s t o f t he Afr i c an c o l o n i e s t ar i ffs a re a m o n g t he pr i n c i pa l
so urc e s o f r e ve n u e ,t h e c o u n t r i es s i t u at e d i n t h e C o n v e m

t i o n a l B a s i n o f t h e C o n g o a l o n e a r e d e pr i v e d o f t h e r i g h t
o f l e vy i n g cu s t o m s du t i es a n d y et t h e s e a re t h e c o u n t r i es

t h at fi n d t h e m s elv es at t he fr o nt i n t he cr u s ad e aga i n s t t he
1 16 CIV ILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

l ve-t rad e ! T he resolut i on s of t he Brus s el s C o n fe renc e,i n

s a

i mp o s i n g o n t h e m new t as k s ,w i ll al s o i n cr eas e t h e e xp en ses

n e c es s ary fo r t h e c ar ry i n g o u t o f t h ei r c i v i l i s i n g m i s s i on
.

T he l eg i t i m a cy o f i mp o rt du t i es d es t i n ed t o m eet t h es e
”
e x p en ses c an n o t b e d en i ed .

On t h i s pl ea t he prop o sal o f t h e C o n g o S t at e was agreed

t o w i t h a r e a d i n es s — e xc e p t on t he p ar t o f H o ll an d

wh i ch w ould b e i n excu s abl e we r e i t n o t t ha t as y et t he

c i vi l i sed wo rld h a d ve ry l i t t l e i n fo rm at i o n as to the r eal
n a t ure o f t h e w o rk t h at h ad b een en t e re d up on by t h e
’
fo u n d ers o f t he C on go S t at e Even M r S t an l ey s reco rd
. .

o f h i s an d o t h e r s d o i n gs b e t w e e n th e d at es o f t he B e rl i n
’

a n d t he B ru s s e l s C on fe r en c es h a d no t b een publ i s h ed ,an d

i t was st i ll g en er ally b e l i eve d ,an d by no o t h e r s m o r e t h an

by ph i l ant hr o pi s t s, t h at t he t as k t ak en up o n h i m sel f by
K i n g Leo p o ld w a s wi th o u t p ar all e l as an e ffo r t o f phi l an
t h ro pi c st at es m an s h i p . Du t ch t r ad ers we re a lm os t a l on e
i n at t h at t i m e s ee i n g t hro u g h t h e s p ec i o u s a rgum en ts an d
pr et en c es wh i ch s at i s fi ed ot h er s ,an d t h e i r d i s c er n m ent an d
fo res i gh t w ere pr o mpt ed m a i n ly, i f no t s o l e ly, by co m
m erci al j eal o u s y an d by a s hr ewd s u s p i c i o n ,a mply j u s t i fi e d
by th e res ul t s , t h at t he 1 0 p er c ent i mp o r t du ty n ow
.

pro pos ed wo uld b e a pre lud e an d a s t epp i n g-s t one t o

v i o l at i on o f all t h e free t r ad e prov i s i o ns o f t he B e rl i n Act
n o l es s fl a r an t an d d i s as t ro u s t h an h as b ee n t h e v i o l at i on
g
o f i t s hu m a n i t a r i an pr o fes s i on s
.

Tho ugh l i t t l e o r n o bl a m e,h o wev e r,m ay a t t ach t o t h e

Po we rs t h at h elp ed i n dr aw i n g up
Th e Co n g o S t a t e s
’

t h e B rus s e l s A c t an d s a n c t i on e d i t s
Em b a r ras s m e n t s .

D ecl a r at i o n ,i t i s n o ne t he l es s t o b e
d e pl or ed t h at t h ey wer e b eg u i l e d i nt o t hu s g iv i n g so much
fr es h en c o ur age ment an d s ub s t an t i al s upp or t t o t he amb i t i ous
pr oj e c ts of t h e creato r o f t he C on go S t at e a n d h i s acco m
p li ces. U n t i l a ft e r t he ev en t o ut s i d ers we re as i gno ran t o f
Actes de l a C on férence d e B ru xel l es ’ p 283. . j
Th e ob ecti ons
r ai sed b v
y B aron Geri ck e van H erwyn en ,the Neth erl an ds re pr es entati e,espe
ciall J
y on 1 4th une (pp 457
. are noteworth
y .
1 20 CIVILISATI ON I N CONGOLAND .

C H A PTER VI I .

C OM MERCI AL D EV ELOPMEN T S [ 1 8 9 0

W H I L E t he B ru s se l s C on fe r en c e was, al on g wi t h o t h er
c o n c e r n s,d ec i d i n g on m eas ur es t o b e t a k en for t he supp res
s i on o f s l av e r ai d i ng an d s l av e t r ad i n g i n C en t r a l Afr i c a,

a n d b e fo r e s a n c t i on w a s O bt a i n ed for t h e D ecl ar a t i o n
a pp en d e d t o t h e Gene ra l A c t o f t h e C o n fe r e n c e by wh i ch

t h e C o n go S t at e wa s a u t h o r i s ed t o l evy i mp o r t du es as a
c on t r i but i on t o w ard s i t s e xp ens es i n c a rryi n g o ut t h o s e
m eas ur es ,s t ep s we r e i n progr es s fo r t urn i n g t o a cc o u n t t he
c o mm e rc i a l o pp o r t u n i t i es O f t he c o u n t ry an d d ev e l o p i n g
t he fi n an c i a l e n t e rpri s e s t o wh i ch t h e d e c i s i on s o f t h e
C on fe ren ce gave fr es h i mp et u s .

T h e pr e l i m i n a ry s t ag es o f t h i s m o v e m en t h a v e alr ea dy
b een i n d i c at e d We h av e s een t h at ,
.

Pr ep a r i n g f o r
wh e r ea s an o rd i n an c e o f 1 4t h S e p t e m
Exp l o i t a t i o n s
.

b er , 1 8 8 6 ,fo rb a d e a ll a c t s or ag ree
m en t s wh i ch t en d t o t h e e xpul s i on of t he n at i v es fro m t h e
t e rr i to ri es t h ey o ccupy,o r t o d epr i v e t h e m ,e i th e r d i r ec t ly
o r i n d i r e c t ly,O f t h ei r l i b er t y o r t h e i r m ea n s o f s ub s i s t e n c e,

o t h e r o rd i n an c e s, d at e d 2 st h J uly a n d 1 7 t h O c t o b e r, 1 8 8 9 ,

t o o k fr o m t h e n at i v es t h ei r h i t h e r t o u n d i s pu t ed r i gh t t o
c o ll e c t i v o ry o r rubb er w i t h o u t S p e c i a l p e rm i s s i o n , an d
d e cl are d t h at a ll u s ag es a n d cu s t o m s h av i n g t h e fo rc e o f
“

l a w an d c on t r a ry t o t h i s e d i c t a r e abr og at ed ” M en t i on
.

h a s a l s o b een m ad e o f t h e C o mp ag n i e d u C o n go p o ur l e
’
C o mm e rc e et l I n d u s t ri e wh i ch , o ri g i n at e d i n D e c emb e r,
1 8 8 6 ,by t h e e ne r e t i c C ap t a i n Thy s a n d o t h e rs O b t a i n e d
g ,
a n i mp o r t an t c o n c e s s i on fr o m t h e C o n g o Go v e r n m e n t i n

M arch , 1 8 8 7 , an d s oo n a ft erward s b e c a m e t he p a r ent o r

fos t e r p a r en t O f s ev e r al s ub o rd i n at e c o mp an i es , o f wh i ch
-

t h e ea rl i es t w e r e t he Syn d i c at d e M a t e b a ,a b s o rb ed by t he

B ull eti n O f fici el ’ 1 38 ; 1 69

p .
p . .
122 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

S t an l ey s ev e n y ea rs b e fo r e, a m o n g s i x t een Eur o p ea ns
d o i n g bu s i ness i n B o m a t h er e w as o n ly o ne B e l g i an ,M .

Al e x an dr e D elco mmu n e, a n d h e w as an ag e n t o f t he
Fren ch ho u s e "e M D el co m m un e pro mp t ly t r a n s fe rr ed h i s
. .

a ll e g i an c e t o t h e C o n g o S t at e, a n d a s s o c i a t e d w i t h h i m

we re M aj o r Par m i n t er, an E n g l i s hm an , an d o t he r s as
re pres en t a t i v es o f t h e S o c i é t é d u H a u t -C o ngo wh i ch t oo k
o ver t h e S an fo rd o rgan i sat i on i n 1 8 8 8 . U n d e r t h ei r
gu i d an c e res ea rche s b ey o n d B o m a we r e v i g o ro u s ly pur
s u ed i n t he fo ll o w i n g y e a rs ; b ut u n t i l 1 8 9 0 , at an y r at e ,

t h e re w as l i tt l e a c t u a l o r pr o fi t abl e c o mm e rc e e xc e p t i n
c o mpet i t i o n wit h t h e o ld er a n d i n d epen d en t firm s pl an t ed
i n t he L o wer C o n g o .

T h e O b s ta cl es t o r i ver t r affic a b o ve V i vi an d M at ad i ,
c au sed by t he n um er o u s c at ar a c t s b et ween t h e l at t e r pl ac e
an d L eo p o ldv i ll e ,h ad t o b e r e m o v e d — fi rs t by i mpr o v e d

r o adw ays , an d a ft e rward s ,m o r e e ffe c t i ve ly ,by t h e r ai lway

wh i ch was o n ly c o mpl et ed i n 1 8 9 8 —b e fo r e i vo ry an d o t h e r
Afr i c an pr oduce c o uld b e br o ugh t d o w n i n a n y c o n s i de r abl e
qu ant i ty t o t he Euro p ean fa ct o r i e s a t t he m o u t h o f th e
C o n go ,t h er e t o b e e xch an g ed fo r i mp o r t e d c o mm o d i t i es ,
o f wh i ch p o i s o n o u s s p i r i t s an d murd e r o u s gu n s an d g u n

p o wd e r c o nt i n u ed t o fo rm t h e pr i n c i p a l p a rt ; an d m ean
wh i l e i t wa s n o t e a s y t o d i s t urb t h e l o n g — s t an d i n g

a rr a n g e m en t s by wh i ch l o c al ch i e fs a n d t r i b es on b o t h

S i d e s o f t h e t r o ubl e d w at e rs a c t e d as i n t e rm e d i a r i es b et w een

t he wh i t e t ra d e rs n ear t h e c oas t an d t h e bl a ck p o pul at i o n

fur t h er i n l an d C on se quen t ly n ei t her t he C o mpag n i e d es
.

M agas i n s ,wh i ch appl i e d i t se lf t o t he s e tt i n g up o f w a re

h o u ses an d dwell i n g pl ac es, n o r t he C o mpag ni e d es
-

Pr o du i t s ,wh i ch a i m ed at t h e en c o ur ag em en t o f agr i cul t ur al

en t e rpr i s es , b o t h i n t he L o we r C o n g o , h ad t h e s ucc ess

an t i c i p a t ed for t h e m .

A s far b ack as 1 8 7 8 M r S t an l ey .

Th e Pr o p os e d Ra i l w ay .

h ad i n s i s t e d on t h e n ec es s i ty fo r a
r ai lway c o nne c t i n g M at ad i , at o n e en d o f th e C at ara c t s
Wauters,p .
386
.
 C OMME RCIAL DEVELOPMENTS . 12 3

r egi on , w i t h S t an l ey Po o l , at t he o t h er ; and , i n an t i c i
p at io u o f i t s c on s t ruc t i o n , he e st a bl i s h ed i n 1 8 8 3 a n ew
ro u t e fo r t he c a rr i ag e o f goo d s by h an d , o r r a th e r on
t he h ead s o f n a t i v es , m ai n ly a l o n g t he t r a ck ul t i m a t e ly
fo ll o wed by t he r a i lw ay . F o r t h i s r o u t e t h e s o u t h e rn
s i d e o f t he r i v e r w as ch os en i n s t ea d o f t h at on t he
n o r t h e r n S i d e ,wh i ch h a d be en i n fav our h i t h e r t o , an d ,
t hr o ugh t he s y s t e m at i c pr e ss ur e p ut on t h e n ei g hb o ur i n g
ch i efs for t he s upply o f n at i v e l ab o ur at a n o m i n al av e r age
w ag e o f a fr a n c an d a h a lf p er d i e m , t he S t at e a u t h o r i t i es
wer e abl e t o pro cure t he c on v ey an c e o f ab out l oad s
i n 1 8 8 5,n ea rly t w e lve t i m e s as m an y as w er e c a rr i ed u n d er
t h e i r d i r ec t i on i n 1 8 8 2
. T h e n umb e r i n cr eas ed t o a t l e as t
i n 1 8 8 7 , an d in Lo n g b e fo re t h e
l at ter d at e,h o wev e r , t he e n o rm o u s w as t e o f l i fe an d o t he r
i n c on v en i en c es i n c i d en t t o t h i s m o d e O f t ra n s p o rt h a d
fur n i s he d ad d i t i o n al a n d c o n clu s i ve argum en t s fo r t he
pro p os e d ra i lw a y I t was ch i efly t o m eet t he e x i g en cy ,
.

as a n es s en t i a l pre l i m i na ry an d a cc es s o ry t o i t s g ene ra l

s ch e m e fo r w i d en i n g t he fi e ld O f e xpl o i t at i o n by m ean s o f

a r a i lw ay , t h a t t he C o mp ag n i e d u C o n go w as s t ar t e d
b efo re t he cl o s e o f 1 8 8 6 I t was t h en s upp os e d t h at a
.

c o upl e o f y ea rs o r s o wo uld s u ffic e fo r t h e wo rk The t wo .

yea r s o n ly s e rv ed t o S h o w t h at t he t as k a s s um e d by t he
C o mp ag n i e d u C o n g o w as far b eyo n d t he p o we r s wi t h
wh i ch i t h ad b ee n i n v es t e d , an d fo r i t s pe rfo rm an c e a
s e p a r a t e c o rp o r at i on ,t h e C o mp a g n i e d u Ch e m i n d e F e r d u

C ong o ,h ad t o b e o r g an i se d w i t h a c ap i ta l o f
fr an c s,t h e a m o u n t fo r wh i ch i t was es t i m ate d t hat ab o u t
2 6 0 m i l es o f r a i lr oad b et ween M a t a d i a n d L e o p o ldv i l l e

c o uld b e c ons t ruc t ed i n t he c o urs e o f fo ur yea rs an d

pro vi d ed wi t h s u i t abl e ro ll i n g— s t o ck a n d a ll o t h e r r e qu i s i t e s
.

T he i n c e p t i on an d e x ec u t i o n O f t h i s e n t e rpr i s e h ave h ad
m o m e n t o u s b ear i n g s o n t h e s ub s equ en t h i s t o ry 0 1 t he
C o ng o S t a t e .

Th e n ew c o mp an y r ec ei v e d i t s ch a r t er o n 3 1 5t J uly ,
Wauters ,pp .
3 47 ,3 48 .
1 24 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

1 8 89 . d ays b e fo r e t h at ,at t h e i n st i g at i on O f M B eer

T wo .

n ae r t , t h e t h en Pr i m e M i n i s t e r , t h e B e l g i a n Pa rl i a m en t

h ad v o t e d fr an c s as a c o n t ri bu t i on t o i t s c ap i t al ,
a n d as an i n c en t i v e t o t h e s ub s cr i b e r s o f t h e b a l an c e o f

fr an c s , a m o n g wh o m , b e s i d es t h e l ead i ng
fi n a n c i er s o f B ru s s el s, wer e t hre e Ge rm a n b an k e r s a n d ,
r epr es en t e d by S i r Wi ll i a m M a ck i n n o n , s ev e ra l B r i t i s h
i n ves t o rs fi Thu s ,s eei n g t h at ,a l t h o ugh t h e C om p ag n i e d u
‘

Ch e m i n d e F er wa s o st e n s i bly i n d e p en d en t o f t h e C on go
S t at e,t h e on e was m e r e ly an o ffs h o o t an d ag e n t o f t h e
o t h e r ,t h e h o ld o f t h e S t at e o n t h e s uppo rt o f Eur o p ean

fi n a n c i e rs as we ll as o f t h e B e lg i an n at i o n w as m at e ri ally
s t r e n gt h en ed Th i s h o ld w as furt h e r i n cr eas ed , a s al s o
.

we re t h e c o mpl i c a t i on s i n c i d e n t t o i t ,by t he d i fficul t i es

t h a t c o mp e ll e d K i n g L eo p o ld ,o n b e h a lf o f t h e S t at e o r o f
t h e r a i lw ay c o mp a n y ,t o a pply t o t h e B e l g i an Pa rl i a m e n t
i n 1 8 9 4 for a n add i t i o na l c o nt r i bu t i on ,u n d e r c o n d i t i on s t o
b e d e t a i l e d h e r e a ft e r.

M ea n wh i l e t h e fo ur ye ar s all o w ed fo r c o mpl et i o n o f t h e
wh o l e ra i lw ay w er e exh a u st ed i n t h e l ayi n g o f i t s fir st
t wen t y — s i x m i l e s ,s t up en d o u s o b s t a cl es h av i n g t o b e o v e r

c o m e i n t wi s t i n g t hr o u g h t h e c h an n e l s bl as t ed by dy n a m i t e
t hro u g h t h e Pa l ab a l a Mo u n t a i n ,a n d i n o t h e r o p e r at i o n s wh i ch
we r e i ll-pr ep ar e d fo r,an d d i s as t r o u s i n t h ei r e ffec t s on t he
n at i v e l ab o ur e r s c oa x e d o r fo rc ed i n t o t h e s e rv i c e .B et we en
J an u ary ,1 8 9 0 , wh en t he wo rk wa s a ct u a lly c o mm e n c e d ,
a n d M ay ,1 8 9 2 ,i t i s a dm i tt e d t h at ,o u t o f e mpl o y e d ,

9 00 d i e d o f t he d i s e as e a n d fa t i gu e t o wh i ch t h ey w e r e
e xp o s e d ,an d t h at hu n dr ed s o f o t h e r s h a d t o b e s en t h o m e

t o d ie . Th e s e c a l a m i t i es c a u s e d c o n s t e rn at i on a m o n g
“

t he re duc e d c on t i ng e n t s D es ert i on s b ec a m e m o re
.

n um e ro u s ,an d t h e r e w as c o mpl e t e d e m o ra l i s at i on a m o ng

t h e bl a ck s 1 Fro m t h e firs t what m ay b e c all e d s k i ll e d

”
.

l a b o ur was l ar g e ly i mp o rt ed by t h e r ai lway O ffic i al s fr o m

L ag o s ,t h e G o ld C o as t ,S i e rr a L eon e, an d o th e r p art s of
W es t Afr i c a ,fo r wh i ch w ag es at t he r at e O f fr o m £ 2 t o £ 8
Wauters,p .
3 59 .
'

l I bzd ,p 3 60
'‘
. . .
 1 26 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

so r ts Of so ld i e rs h i p
. Wh en t h i s s o urc e o f s upply w as
cl o s ed res o r t was had t o t h e s a v a ge s Of t h e M i ddl e
C o n g o r eg i o n , wh o we r e a lready b e i n g e mpl o y e d i n t he
l a rg er f or ce p u b/zqu e,an d t h e c h an ge c e r t a i n ly bro u gh t no
'

re l i e f t o t he u n fo r t u n at e n at i ve s o f t he L o we r C o n g o ,
wh o w er e i mpr es s ed fo r t h e c ons t ruc t i on o f t h e l i n e O f
r ai lway on wh i ch m o r e t h a n a ll t h e c o mp an y s c a p i t al o f ’

fr a n c s had b e en S pen t, t h o u g h b a r ely a t en t h

o f t h e g r o u n d h ad b een c o ve r e d ,b e fo r e M arch , 1 8 9 4 .

A s t h e r e w as s o much u n l oo k e d fo r d el ay i n t he co m
p l et i o n o f t he L o we r C o n g o r ai lway,
Th e Co m p a g n i e d u
t he r es p o n s i b i l i t y fo r wh i ch h ad b een
C on g o.

as s i g n e d by t h e C o mp ag n i e d u C o n go

t o t he C o mp ag n i e d u Ch e m i n d e F e r ,t h e p a r en t c o rp o r a
t i o n wa s a bl e t o a pply i t s e lf w i t h a l l t h e mor e e n e rgy t o
a t t e mp t s a t e ffe c t i ve o ccup a t i o n O f t h e i n t e r i o r t e rr i t o r i es

t h at i t was h o p e d t h e r ai lway ,wh en fi n i s h ed ,w o uld m a k e

pro fi t abl e t o t h e appro pr i at o rs S ev e r a l e xp ed i t i on s we r e
.

a cc o rd i n gly u n d e r t a k en w i t h t hi s av owed o bj ec t, i n
a dd i t i on t o o t h e r s , o s t e n s i bly ph i l an t hr o p i c i n i n t e n t i o n ,

whi ch wi ll be r e fe rre d t o h e re a fte r .

O f t he s t r i c t ly c o mm e rc i al e n t e rpr i s es t he m os t i m
p o r t an t wer e t h o se wh i ch a i m ed a t t h e a cqu i s i t i o n of t h e
r eg i ons b et ween Nyangw e , L a k e T an gan y i k a, a n d t he
s o u t h er n fr o n t i e r cl a i m e d by t h e C o n o S t at e ,a n d t h e r e
g
we re s p e c i al re as o n s fo r pr o mp t e n t e rpri s e i n t h i s d i r ec t i o n ,
as i t was k no w n t h at o ccup at i o n o f,a t an
y r at e ,a p o rt i on
o f t h e d i s t r i c t w as d es i r e d by t h e B r i t i s h S o u t h Afr i c a
C o mp an y ,l a t ely s t a r t e d by M r C ec i l Rh o d es
. .

A s a r es ul t o f the pr e l i m i na ry r e p o r t o f M D e l c o mm u n e ,
.

w h o i n Apr i l , 1 8 9 0 ,w as s en t o ut by
Th e C o m p a g n i e d a
t h e C o mp a g n i e d u C o n g o t o m ak e
Ka t an g a .

the n ec e s s ary i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , y et
ano t h e r o ffs h o o t o f t h a t c o mp an y w a s es t a bl i s h e d i n
M arch ,1 8 9 1 ,as t he C o mp ag n i e d u K at an g a,w i t h a c ap i t a l
of fr a n c s , an d an i nt e r n at i o n a l d i re c t o r at e
i n clud i n g S i r W i ll i am M a ck i n no n ,S i r Jo h n K i rk ,an d the
 COMMERCIAL DEVELOPM ENTS . 127

Fren ch b an k e r,M B u nau -V ar i ll a T h e go ld ,c o pp e r,a n d

. .

o t h e r m i ne ra l s s upp os ed t o b e pl en t i fu l i n t he K at an g a
d is t r i c t b e i n g t he g reat at t r ac t i o n ,pr e fe ren t i a l r i g h ts o ve r
all t h e m i n e s i n i t w e r e a cc o rd e d t o t he c o mp an y fo r
t we n ty y ea r s , w i t h fur t h er pr i v i l eg es , on c o n d i t i o n t h a t ,
b es i d es o th e r s t i pul at ion s ,w i t h i n t hree y ea rs t wo s t ea m e rs
s h o uld b e l a u n ch ed on t h e a ffl uen t s O f t he Upp e r C o n o o r
g
t he a dj a c en t l a k es an d at l eas t t hree s t a t i o n s e s t a bl i s h ed
wi th i n t he d i s t r i c t “
.

S O k een w e r e t he m agnat es o f t h e C on g o S t at e i n t h ei r
des i re t o prev en t t he s uppo s ed pr i z e
Th e App r o p r i a t i on
fro m fall i n g i n t o t he h an d s o f an y b ut
o f Kat a n g a .

t h e m s e lv es t h a t ,b e fo r e t h e c o mp an y s
’

fo rm at i o n , C ap t ai n Pa ul le M a r i n el ,t h en i n ch a rg e O f t he
Lus a mb o s t at i o n ,on t he S an kuru ,wh i ch he had se t up i n
t h e pre v i o u s y e a r ,h a d bee n o rd er e d t o pr o c eed a t o n c e as
a S t at e o ffi c i al t o B un k ei a,t h e h e adqu a r t er s of t he n a t i v e
ch i e f M s i ri , t h er e t o as si st M D elco mm un e i n t h e fur t h er
.

act i on as s i g n e d t o h i m , a n d t h a t t w o o t h e r p art i es w e re ,

wi t h as l i t t l e d el ay as poss ibl e,fi t t e d o ut by th e c o mp a n y

i t s elf
. B ot h o f t h es e l a t t e r l e ft Eur o p e i n M ay , 1 8 9 1 .

On e ,pro c ee d i n g by way of Z an z i b a r an d th r o u g h Ge rm an
E as t Afri c a, was en t ru s t ed t o C ap t ai n W G S t ai rs , a . .

n at i ve O f N o v a Sc o t i a ,wh o h a d a cc o mp an i e d Mr S t an l e y .

i n the Em i n Pas h a Re l i ef Exp ed i t i o n ,an d w i t h wh o m w er e

Dr J A M o l o n ey a n d a B e lg i an O ffic e r,L i e u t en a n t B o d so n
. . . .

Th e o t h e r p a rt y w as u n d e r C a p t ai n B i a, a l so a B el g i an
o ffi ce r,wh ose pr i n c i p al as s i s t a n t was L i e u t en an t F ran c q u i,
a n d wh o fo ll owe d L e M a r i ne l by t he S an kuru ro u t e .

H a vi n g b ut a s ho r t d i s t an c e t o t r av ers e, L e M a r i n el
was t he fir s t t o r e a ch B un k ei a , a rr i v i n g o n l 6 t h Apr i l ,
1 8 9 1 , n ea rly six m o n t hs b e fo r e D elc o m mun e , whose
b o at s we r e wr eck e d i n t h e Lu al ab a r ap i d s , a n d w h o
w as n o t on t he S p o t u n t i l 6 t h O c to b e r B o t h h ad q u i t t e d
.

B un ke i a t o m ak e e xpl o rat i ons i n t he n e i ghb o urh o o d ,

l eavi n g L i e u te n a n t L egat t o k ee p w at ch o ve r M s i ri ,b e fo re
B ull eti n Offi
’
ci el 2 43 ,2 51 .
pp .
 1 28 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

t he a ppea ran c e, o n 1 4 t h D e c e mb e r, o f S t ai r s , who was

j o i ned by Bi a on 3 ot h J an u a ry i n t he n e x t
M s i r i ,i t mu st be e xpl ai n ed ,was a n at i v e o f Gare ngan z e,
t h e son o f one o f t h e N egr o as s o c i a t es o f t h e so -c a ll ed Ar ab
a n d Po r t ugu es e d eal e r s i n s l av es a n d i vo ry ,wh o h av i ng

grown ri ch an d po we rful by c o n t i n u i n g hi s fat h er s t r ad e

had u s urp e d s upr e m a cy o ve r t h e B al ub a an d o t h er o ccu
p an t s o f t he K at an ga d is t ri ct ,an d h ad s et up a far-r each i ng
t yrann y,a ft e r t he e x a mpl e o f T i pu -T i pu an d o t h er s He .

wa s s p o k en fai rly we ll o f by t he Rev F S Ar n o t an d ot h er

. . .

Pro t es t a n t m i s s i on ari es wh o m h e a ll o w e d t o s et t l e a m on g
h i s p eo pl e ; b ut Mr Alfr e d Sh a rp e , a ft e rward s S i r H arry
.

J o h ns t on s ass i s t ant an d s ucc es s o r i n t he adm i n i s t rat i o n o f

’

t he Bri t i s h C e nt r al Afr i c a n Pr o t e c t o r at e ,d es cr i b ed hi m as
a w i ck e d an d qu arre l s o m e o l d m an ,w ho b el i ev e d t h at
“

ev ery fo r ei gner wh o c a m e t o h i s c o u n t ry h ad t he i n t en t i on
”
o f s ei z i n g i t . T he b e l i e f w as n o t wi t h o u t j u st i fic at i on .

Al a rm ed by t he fat e t h at h a d b e fall en s o m an y of hi s
nei ghb o ur s an d r i v a l s a m on g Afr i c an C h i eft ai ns, M s i ri

would n ot l i s ten t o t h e s u gg es t i o n of Mr Sh arpe, who .

v i s i t ed hi m i n N ove mb er ,1 8 9 0 ,a s t h e ag ent of t he Br i t i sh
S o u t h Afr i c a C o mp a n y , t h a t h e s h o uld fall i nt o a t r ap
s i m i l a r t o t h at wh i ch h ad b e en l a i d fo r L o b en gul a, t he

M at ab el e d es p o t , an d h e a pp ea r s ,i n t he fo ll ow i ng Apr i l
an d Oc t o b e r, t o h a v e a c t e d w i t h gr eat s hr ewd n es s i n
r es i s t i n g t he o ve rt ure s o f M L e M a r i ne l and M D el
. .

c o mmu n e wi t h o u t o p en ly d e fy i n g t h e m Wh en C ap t ai n
.

S t ai rs arri ved i n D e c e mb e r h e fou n d , acc o rd i n g t o Dr .

M o l oney, t h at L e M ar i n el s l i e ut en an t , M Leg at , had

’
.
“

u n d o ub t edly O bt a i n ed a m a rk e d as c en d an cy o ve r t he
Wany a mwe z i p ot e n t at e, co n s i d e ri n g th e h an dful of m en
”
at h i s d i s p o sal , b u t t h a t M s i r i , wi t h s en i l e cu nn i ng,
As m y pri n ci pal au th o r i ty fo r s tat em en ts as to th es e an d oth er expedi ti ons
of whi ch d eta il ed ac coun t s a r e n o t h e r e n ec essa ry ,an d for further i nforma ti on

ab ou t them,i t may b e su fli ci en t t o r efer t o th e c o lu m n s of Le Mouv emen t

’
Géogr aphi que, th e offi ci al m agaz i n e of th e C om p agni e du C on go,edi ted b y
M A J Wauters
. . . In
. Wi th Cap ta i n S tai rs to Katanga ’ Dr.

Moloney gi v es a l i vel y r eport of hi s sh are i n the work .

 1 30 CIVILISATI ON I N CONGOLAND .

be pur ely ph i l an thr o p i c , an d s tyl i ng i t self t he S o c i é t é

A nt i -E s cl avag i s t e d e B el g i qu e,h a d b een s t a r t ed i n 1 8 8 9 .

w i t h t he av o wed Obj e c t O f s upp o r t i n g an d h e lp i ng t o c arry

o ut th e pr o p o s a l s o f t h e B e rl i n C o n fe re n c e as r eg a rd s t h e

s uppr es s i o n o f th e C en t r a l Afr i c an s l av e t r ad e,an d i n 1 8 9 0

an d 1 8 9 1 h ad o rg an i se d e xp e d i t i o n s fr o m t h e wes ter n
s h o r es of L ak e T an g an y i k a ,u n d e r t h e c o mm a n d of C ap t ai n

J o ub ert an d C a p t a i n J acqu es , for t he o ve rthr ow o f th e

Arab d o m i n i on b et ween Nyan gwe an d S t an l ey Fall s .

Th ese pro ce ed i n gs ,wh i ch wi ll pres en t ly b e r e ferre d t o m o re

i n d et ai l ,w er e i n i n t en t i o n a l or u n i n ten t i on a l co -o p erat i o n
w i t h t h ose of a m o re fo rm i d a bl e e xped i t i on ent rus t ed by
t he C o mp a gn i e d u K a t a n g a t o M . H od i s te r, w i t h t he
o bj e c t o f a cqu i r i ng fo r t h at c o mp an y c on t r o l o ve r a p ar t,

at a ny r at e,o f t he i v o ry c o ll e c t i n g fac i l i t i es c ov et ed by t he
-

S oc i é t é d u H au t -C on go Fro m t he c on fu s ed and con

.

tradi ct o ry r ep o r t s as t o M H od i s t er s m ove m en t s t he
’
.

prec is e fact s c anno t b e d i s c o v e re d H i s own l ette rs,* how

.

eve r ,s h ow t h at he a ll o we d h i m s e lf t o b e ent r app ed by t he

A rab ch i efs wi t h wh o m h e had O p en ed n ego t i ati ons ,who

l et hi m en t er i n t o d i r ect t ra d i n g re l at i ons wi t h t he n at i ves
an d t h en o rg an i s ed a r eb ell i o n a t Ny an gw e,Ri b a-Ri b a,
an d el s ewh er e . I n c o ns e qu e n c e O f h i s r as h n ess h e an d a t
l eas t two ot h e r B elgi ans,as we ll a s s eve ral o f hi s nat i ve
foll ower s, w er e k i ll e d o n i st h M ay , 1 8 9 2 , an d ot h er
cas t as t ro p hes en s u e d wh i ch fur n i s he d e xcu s e for m o re

e x t en s i v e cru sad i n g w i t h t h e as s um e d purp o s e o f c ru s h i ng

'

Ar ab powe r i n Co ngola n d 1n t he i n t e res t s o f hu m an i t y .

By t h ese and s i m i l a r o p e ra t i on s t he huge t erri tory

a s s i g ne d t o t he C o n g o S t at e s manag
’
e
Th e Co m m e rci al
m en t w as , p e rfo rc e b ei n g m o r e
v , and
R e o l ut i o.n
m o re c o n v e rt e d i nt o a pr es erve for
t he c o mm erc i al adv an t age,i f p o s s i bl e,o f t he S t at e i t s elf
a nd i t s fav o ur i t es B ut ,i n s p i t e o f i n creas i n g h i n dran c es
,
.

s o m e o f th e O ld er t ra d i n g e n t e rpr i s es ,Po r t ugu es e Fr en ch

, ,
Du t ch ,and E ngl i sh ,c on t i n u e d t o t hr i ve ,a n d t wo of t h em m
1.
I n dépmdame B elge,2 8 th J uly,1 8 9 2 Ti mes ,1 th Au ust 1 8
3 g , 93 ,
 COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS . 13 1

p ar t i cul a r,t he N i euwe Afrik aan s c he H an d el s -V en noot s ch ap ,

or S o c i é t é H o ll an d ai s e,an d t h e S o c i é t é F ra n a i s e D au m a s ,
g
B érau d et C i e ,h ad ex t end ed t h e i r ac t i v i ty t o S t a n l ey Po o l
.
.

The fo rm e r s t ill e x i s ts ,b u t t h e l att er was i n Apr i l ,1 8 9 2 ,

bo ug h t up and ab s o rb ed by t he S o c i é t é d u H a ut -C o n go,
i t s s t ea m e r s an d o t h e r appl i an c es b ei ng l arg ely e mpl oy e d
i n t he c o mm e rc i al expl o r at i on s t h en go i n g on i n an d
b eyo n d t h e Ub angi By t h i s t i m e, m oreove r, e ven t he
.

C o mpa g ni e d u C ongo an d i t s o ffs h oot s , as we ll as i ts

fo r ei g n r i va l s ,had ampl e gro u n d s for ch agri n an d a l a rm at
t h e n e w p o l i cy wh i ch was b ei n g ad o p t ed t ow a rd s t h e m ,
an d wh i ch w a s an i mm ed i at e o u t gr o w t h o f t he S t a t e s o w n
’

e mpl o ym en t o f m i l i t a ry e xp ed i t i o ns i n o p en i n
g up fr es h
m ark et s fo r i t s own co mm e rc i a l advant age .

Th at p o l i cy c annot b e m o re cl early d es cri be d t h an i n

the w o rd s o f on e o f i t s fo r e m o s t a p o l ogi st s . I t i s cha
”
r ac t er i s ed , acc o rd i n g t o M Wa u t er s ,
. by t he S t at e s ’

en fo rc e m en t o f i t s r i gh t t o m o n o p o l i s e t o i t s o w n pr o fi t

t he pr o duc e o f t he v ac an t l an d s o f t he t e rr i t o ry ; ( 2 ) by
t h e a pp ea r an c e o f n ew c o mm e rc i al s o c i et i es ,e n d o w ed w i t h
con ces s i ons an d pr i v i l eges a n d c ons ti t u t ed w i t h a Vi ew t o
'

th e e xpl o i t at i on o f t he doma zn e p r i m” ,w i t h t h e m o r a l an d
”
e ff e ct i v e s upp o rt o f t h e S t a t e
. By i t all t he adven t urers
who m the C ongo Go v e rn m en t h ad favo ure d a n d fo u n d
u se ful t o i t i n t he early bu i ld i n g up of i t s fo rt u nes an d o f
t h ei rs —M aj o r Thy s , M aj o r Pa rmi n t er, M B rug m a nn ,
M J ul es U rb an, M d e Ro ub ai x ,an d m any m o re —we re
.

. .

th r e at en e d wi t h ru i n u n l es s t h ey c onsen t ed t o ad a p t t h e m
s elves t o t h e fr es h t a c t i c s d e v i s e d by t he S ov e r e i g n o f t h e

S t at e an d h i s i mm ed i ate a dvi se rs for d efy i n g an d o u t rag i n g ,

far m o re t h o r o ughly t h an h e r et o fo r e,t h e s t i pul a t i on s o f t he
B erl i n C on fe ren c e,whi ch h ad b ee n re-affirme d fo r t h e m os t
p a rt an d a dd ed t o by t h e Bru s sel s C on feren ce ,as reg ard s
al i k e t he m ai n t en an c e o f fr ee t rad e i n Con g o l a n d an d

equ i tabl e d eal i n g w i t h i t s n a t i v e i n h ab i t an t s

.

A n ot her out spo k en an d a m o r e expl i c i t s t ate m ent ,m ad e

Wauters,p .
3 94
.
 l 32 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

by M aj o r Par m i n ter ,t h e m o s t i mp o r tan t o f t h e E n gl i s h m en

ass o c i a t e d i n e a rly C o n g o e xpl o i t a
T h e S t a t e as
t i o n ,at a t i m e wh en h e w a s s m a r t i n g
M on o p ol i s t Tr ad er .

u n d e r t he t re a t m e n t acc o rd e d t o
h i m s e lf, mu s t b e qu o t e d * . Wh en t h e C o n go S t at e
was cr eat ed , he wr o t e i n 1 8 9 2 , c o mm e rc e r ec ei ve d t h e
” “

m o s t fo rm a l an d c o mpl et e as s uran c es fr o m i t t h at n ev e r ,
e i t h e r d i r e c t ly o r i n d i r e c t ly ,w o uld t h e Go v e r n m en t t r ad e

o r t r affic w i t h i n i t s d o m i n i o ns O n c e t h at O ffic i a l t r ad e
.

w as s t ar t ed ,h o we v e r ,i t c a m e i n t o c o mp et i t i on wi t h g en er a l
c o mm e rc e , a n d t h en e ns u e d , ve ry l o g i c ally an d v ery
n a t ur a lly , t h e m o s t s t r a i n ed r e l a t i o n s b e t w een t h e S t at e

o ffi c i a l s a n d t he r e pr es en t at i v es o f t ra d e T he Gov e r n m en t
.

fo u n d o n e pr et ex t a ft e r an ot h e r for cl o s i n g s ucc es s i v e ly all

t h os e buy i n g s t at i on s o f t r a d e r s i n wh i ch t he m o s t lucr a ti ve
t r a d e c o uld b e d on e ,an d t h e n s ub s t i t u t ed i t s elf for t h e
e xp e ll e d t r a d e r s ,an d purch as e d fro m t h e n a t i ve s w i t h o u t

fea r o f c o m pe t i t i on The c on se cu t i ve t h eo r i es wh i ch t he
.

S t at e h as i n t r o duc ed i n t o i t s p o l i t i c al e co no my t en d t o
c ons t i t ut e a S t ate m on o p o ly o f t r ad e, a nd on e d i re c t ly
c o nt ra ry t o th e t e x t as w ell as t o t h e s p i r i t o f t he B e rl i n
Act . T he Po w e r s ass e mbl e d a t B e rl i n i n 1 8 8 5 d e s i r ed t o
t hr o w o p en t o t he c o mm e rc e o f t he w o rld t h e r i ch b as i n
o f t he C on g o . T he d e l i b e r a t i o ns o f t h e C o n fer en c e r es ul t ed
i n t h e r e c og n i t i o n o f t h e h e r ed i t a ry r i g h t s o f t he n a t i ve s
t o t h ei r so i l ,an d i n t h e pr o cl a m a t i o n t h a t a ll,a b o r i g i n es a s
well as a l i e n s , we re t o p os s es s u n r es t r i c t e d l i b e r t y o f
t r a d i n g t hro ugh o u t t h e l en g t h an d br ea d t h O f t h e l an d .

B u s i n ess ,i n a w o rd ,wa s t o b e O p en t o fr ee c o mp e ti t i o n ,
wi t h o u t an y r es t ri c t i on s wh a t e v e r N O pr i v i l e g es , n o
.

m on o po l i e s , o f a n y s o rt o r n at ure, we re t o h a m pe r t he
d ev el o pm en t o f t he c o u n t ry T h e S i g n a t o ry Po we rs ,
.

fo re s eei n g t he p os s i b i l i ty o f s o m e fu t ur e r ev i s i on o f t he
Thi s st atem en t an d d o cum en ts i n s up p or t o f i t ,s ome of whi ch
q uoted ar e

v j
ab o e ,wer e h an d ed t o m e by M a o r Parm i n t er n ear the en d o f 1 8 2
9 ,when he
s o ugh t th e a ssi st ance o f t h e Ab ori gi n es Pro t ect i on S o ci et
y i n e xposi n g th e
v
con d uct of th e C on go Go ern men t H i s t es t im ony i s non e the l eSs al uabl e
. v
b ecause he soon after made hi s pea ce wi th,or was pacified b ,Ki n Leo old,
y g p
I 34 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

t h ei r h e red it ary ri gh t s , an d t h a t, t oo , for t he e xclu s i ve

pro fi t o f t he S t at e wh i ch t hey h ad c all e d i n t o e x i s t en c e .

T o s um up, t he a ppl i c at i on o f t h e ne w d e crees o f t h e

Go v er n m en t s i g n i fi es t h i s , t h at t h e S t at e c o n s i d er s as i t s
pri v at e pro p e r t y t he wh o l e o f t he C on go B as i n ,e xce p t i ng
t he s i t es o f t he n a t i v es v i ll ag es an d ga rd en s I t d ecr ees
’
.

t h at all t he pr o duc t s O f t h i s i mm en s e r eg i on a re i t s pr i v at e
pr o p er ty , an d i t m o n o p o l i s es t he t r a d e i n t h e m . As
re g a rd s t he pri m i t i ve pro pr i e t o rs ,t he nat i v e t ri b es ,t h ey are
d i s p os s es se d by a s i mpl e c i rcul a r ; p e rm i s s i o n i s gra c i o u s l y
g ran t e d t o t h e m t o c o ll ec t s uc h pr o duc t s , b ut o n ly on
c on d i t i on t h at t h ey bri n g t he m fo r s a l e t o t he S t at e for
wh a teve r t he l att er m ay be pl eas ed t o g i v e t he m A s .

reg a rd s al i en t r ad er s ,t h ey are pr oh i b i t ed i n all t h i s t erri t o ry

fr o m t r ad i n g wi t h t he n at i v es .

T he firs t o f t he d ecr ee s r e fe rre d t o by M aj o r Par m i n t er ,

d a t ed 2 5t h July , 1 8 8 9 ,and d epr i vi n g
Th e Do m a i n e
n a t i v es o f t h e i r r i g h t t o hu n t e l e ph a n t s
Pr i vé
.

t hr o ug h o u t t h e t e rr i t o r i e s o f t h e S t at e ,
h as b een alr eady c i t e d I t w as fo ll o wed by a d e cr ee ,d a t e d
.

9 t h July , 1 8 9 0, pr o fess i n g t o r eg ul at e t he c o ll e c t i o n o f
“

i v o ry i n t h e S t at e,so as t o fa vo ur fr ee t r a d e Acc o rd in g
.

t o t h i s d o c u m en t , t he Go v e r n m en t s urr en d e r s a b s o lu t e ly
“

t o gen e r a l c o mm e rc e t h e c o ll e c t i on o f i v o ry t hro ugh o u t all

t h os e p o r t i on s o f t he d o m a i n s o f t h e S t a t e ,s i t u at e d b ey o n d
S t a n l ey Poo l ,wh i ch are d i r ec t ly a cc es s i bl e t o s t e a m er s i n
t h e C o n g o or i t s a ffl u en t s,w i t h i n a d i s t a n c e o f fift y k i l o
m et r es o n e i t h er s i d e o f t he r i v er s i n d i c at ed .
”
B ut for t he
r est o f t he t err i t o ry i t res erve d t o i t se lf t he r i gh t o f t r a d i n g
i n i v o ry ,c o n curr e n t ly w i t h o t h e r t r a d e rs ,an d t he ch a rg es
i t i mp os ed on o t h e r s fo r th e pr i v i l e g e o f t ra d i n g w e r e
a lm o s t pr o h i b i t i v e , a t a x o f t wo fr a n c s
p er k i l o gr a m m e
b ei n g a pp o i n t ed fo r t he fr ee t r ad e l o c al i t i es ,a n d o n e o f
”

d o ubl e t he a m o u n t fo r all t he r ese rved areas ,w i t h an

“

a dd i t i o n a l du t y o f t w o fr an c s o n eve ry k i l o g ra m m e
“
e xp o r t e d
. Th ese e x to r t i ons we re t r i v i a l , h o w ev er , i n
‘
B ull eti n Ofli ci el ’ p 80
. .
 COMMERCIAL DEV ELOPMENTS . 1 35

c o mpari son w i t h t hos e c o n s equ en t o n anoth er d ecr ee,

s i g ned on 2 9 th S ep t e mb e r ,1 8 9 1 ,b u t ne v e r publ i s h ed i n t he

B ulleti n Oficzel ,wh i ch s tat ed t h at

'

by r eas on of t he con
“

s i derabl e c ost o f t h e fir s t o ccup at i o n o f t he c ou n t r i es ,t he

c o mm is s ar i es o f t he d i s t ri c t s o f t he Aruwi m i ,t he W ell e,
an d t he Ub ang i w i ll t ak e t h e urg e n t m eas u r es nec es s ary

t o pr eserv e for the us e o f t he S ta t e t he fru i ts Of i t s d o m a i n s ,

es pe c i a lly i vo ry a n d rubb e r ” O n C a p t ai n B aert, t he
.

C o mm i ss ary o f t h e B an gal a d i s t ri c t , t i ll t h en the m os t

d is tant part o f t he r eg i o n n o rt h o f t he C o n go ri ver o ve r
whi ch any s ort o f o rg an i s ed g o ver n m e n t was at tempt ed ,
d evo lved the i mm e d i at e res pons i b i l i t y of en fo rc i n g t h i s
”
s ecr et d ecr ee as s oon as t h e firs t o ccupat i o n o f t he
“

regi on h ad b een s u ffic i e n t ly effe c t ed by C ap t ai n Georg es

le M ar i n el an d th e o t h e r p i o nee rs o f c on qu es t t h erei n .

A n d C ap t ai n B aert was a z e al o u s o ffic i al On e of t he .

m an d at es i s su ed by h i m , d at ed 1 5th D ec emb er , 1 8 9 1 ,
ex ten d ed t h e O p er a t i o n o f t h e r o y a l d e cr e es of t h e pr ev i o u s

J uly and S ep t emb e r as r ega rd s i vo ry t o the Mogwan di

an d Mo b uak a p o r t i o n s o f h i s d i s t r i c t I n an o t h e r o f t h e
.

sam e d at e, wh i ch l i k e i t s fo r e ru nn e r s mu s t h av e b een

pro mpt ed by hi s s up e r i o rs i n B ru s s el s , he es tabl i s hed a

s i m i l ar rul e as r eg a rd s t h e g a t h e r i n g o f rubb er o r any
“

ot h e r v eget abl e pr o duc t s i n t h e C o n g o or i t s affi uent s

”
a b ov e B o l o b o U n d er t he s econ d d ocu m e nt n at i v e s w er e
t o be au t h o r i s ed —
.

a pl eas i n g s y n o n ym fo r c o mp ell ed
“

”
t o c o ll ec t s uch pr o duc t s o f t he r o y a l d o m a i n s , b ut o n ly
“

for t he e xclu s i ve pr o fi t o f t h e S t at e, an d,s eve re p en al t i es

”

bei n g pres cri b e d fo r vi o l at i on o f t he rul e,i t was add ed

All office rs , n o n-c o mm i s s i o n ed o ffic e rs , c i vi l s erv an t s ,
v j
I was fa oured by Ma or Par mi n ter wi th th e ab o e translati on ,al so wi thv
the followi ng ext rac t fr o m a le tte r
wr i t ten by Ca pta i n B aert , dat ed 1 8 1h
January , 1 8 9 2
“
v
I ha e th e hono ur to i n for m you that th e chi ef of th e
r
post of B umb a h as me e ly put i n to execu ti on the deci si on tak en by me,dated
1 sth D ecem b er ,1 8 9 1 ,i n vi r tue o S eptemb er,1 8 9 1
f th e d ecree o f z gth The .

v
nat i es of the di s tri ct of U ban i -Well e are no t a uth ori sed t o
g gath er rubb er I t .

v
has b een not i fi ed t o them that they can o nly recei e permi ssi on to d o so on
condi ti on that they ga ther th e p ro duce for the excl usi e benefi t of the Sv tat e
”
.
 1 36 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

an d chi e fs o f s t at i ons are h e reby e mp ower ed t o s e arch o ut

an d i n ves t i g at e al l i n fr a c t i o n s o f t h e pres en t d e c i s i o n ,an d

I n k eep i n g w i t h t h es e i n s t ruc
”
t o e n s ur e i t s e x ecu t i o n .

t i on s was a n i mp e r i o u s l e tte r fro m t h e c o mm an d a n t o f t he

Ub an g i -Well e exp ed i t i o n hi m self, d at e d 1 4t h F e bru ary,
1892 . I h ave d e c i d ed , wrot e C apt ai n l e M a r i ne l fro m
“ ”

Y a k o m a, t o en fo rc e r i go ro us ly t h e ri gh t s o f t he S t at e
o ve r i t s d o m a i n ,an d , i n c onse qu en c e, c an n o t a ll o w t he
n at i v e s t o c on ve r t t o t h e i r o wn pro fi t ,o r t o s e ll t o o t h er s ,

an y p a r t o f t h e rubb er o r i vo ry fo rm i n g t h e fru i t s o f t he

d o m ai n Tr ad er s who purch as e , or at t emp t t o purch ase,

s uch fru i t s o f t h i s d o m a i n fro m t he n at i v es —
.

wh i ch fru i t s
t h e S t a t e o n ly a u t h o r i s es t h e n a t i v es t o g at h e r s ubj e c t t o
t he c o n d i t i on t h at t h ey are br o ugh t t o i t—ren d e r t he m
se lves ,i n my o p i n i on ,gu i l t y o f r e c ei vi n g s t o l e n g o o d s ,an d

I s h a ll d e n o u n ce t h e m t o t he j ud i c i al au t ho ri t i e s ,s o t h at
”
pro c ee d i n gs may b e t ake n agai n s t t he m .

N o r was i t on ly i n t he r e m ot er p ar ts o f t h e C on go
S t at e s t e rr i t o ry,n o t h i t he r t o e xpl oi t ed ,t h at t h i s a rb i t ra ry
’

p ol i cy wa s purs u ed .M o r e a l a rm i n g, i n s o m e res p ec t s,
t h an t h e t yr ann y es t abl i s h e d i n t he B an g al a d i s t r i c t ,an d
b eyon d i t ,w as the s i m i l a r a c ti o n now t ak en i n l o c a l i t ies
t h a t ha d fo r s ev er al y ea rs b een o p en t o g ene r a l t ra d e .

Of t h i s t he r e i s e vi d en c e i n an e d i c t i ss u e d by L i e u t en an t
L e m ai re ,C o mm i ss ary o f t he Equ at e ur d i s t r i c t ,o n 3 rd M ay ,
1 89 2 C o ns i d e ri n g t hat n o c o n c es s ion h as b een gr an t ed
“
.

t o g a t h e r rubb er i n t h e d o m a i ns o f t he S t at e w i t h i n t h i s
d i s t r i c t , he anno u n ced
"
t h a t n at i ves can o n ly g at h e r
rubb e r on c o n d i t i on of s e ll i n g t h e sam e t o t he S t a t e ,( 2 )
t h at an y p e r s o n o r p e rs o n s o r v es s el s h av i n g i n hi s o r t h ei r
p os s es s i o n, o r o n b oard , m o re t h an one k i l o gra m m e o f
rubb e r wi ll have a p roc es v erb a l drawn up a ga i n s t ’

h i m o r t h e m or i t an d , i t w as add e d , th e s h i p c an
“

b e c on fi s c at e d wi t h o u t prej ud i c e t o an y s ub s e qu en t p ro
”
c eed i n
gs .

The re wa s
c rc ely any se cr ecy
s a as t o t he m o t i ves fo r
t h ese o ppres s i ve r es t r i ct i on s o n t he t r ad i n g r i gh t s of
1 38 CIVILI S ATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

m i n t e r i n t h at m on t h, n o l o n ge r a ll o w i t t o pret en d t h at
“

t he i vo ry i t i mp o r ts i s t h e m e r e pro duc t o f pr es en t s a n d
t r i bu t es fro m n a t i ve ch i e fs i n d i s t r i c t s h i t h e r t o cl o s e d t o
wh i t e m en H o we ve r much t he S t at e m ay w i s h t o h i d e
.

fro m t he ey es o f Eur o p e t h a t i t ha s o r g an i s e d a c o mpl e t e

s y s t e m o f t r a d i n g i n i t s s t a t i o n s i n t h e B as i n o f t h e C o n g o ,

o u t i n Afr i c a i t m ak e s n o a t t e mp t a t c o n c e a lm e n t In .

e ve ry d i s t r i c t wh e re a pro fi t abl e t r ad e m ay b e d o n e i t h as

o p ene d buy i n g s t a t i on s , an d i t h as , o n o n e pret e x t o r

an o t h e r , dr i v e n a w ay t h e g e n e ra l t r a d e r , ev e n i n c a s es
wh e re h e h ad b een a c t u ally es t abl i s h ed b e fo re t h e S t at e
a pp ea r e d o n t h e s c ene . I n c e r t a i n d i s t r i c t s t he S t at e h as
t r ad e d o p en ly i n gu n s an d p o wd e r ; for i n s t an c e , i n t h e
Upp e r Uban gi ,wh e re o n e o f t he g rea t ch i e fs ,B an g as o by
n a m e , i s t o t h i s d ay s t i ll p ay i n g o ff i n i v o ry a d eb t co n
l

t ra c t e d w i t h t he S t at e for s e ve r a l hu n dr e d gu ns a n d a
qu an t i ty o f po wd e r an d c a ps s o ld t o h i m T he t r ad i n g
.
.

firm s wh i ch we re at t h at t i m e es ta bl i s h e d i n t he s e reg i o n s
we re n o t all o we d t o t rad e i n gu ns or p o wd e r ,i t b e i n g ,s ai d
t he S t a t e ,c on t ra ry t o t h e s t i pul a t i on s o f t he B ru s s el s C on
fe re n c e Th ese t rad e r s h ave s i n c e b een s uppres s e d by t h e
.

S t at e I t fo u n d t h at t h ey s t i ll m an age d t o d o a l i t t l e t rad e
.

’
wi t h t he nat i ves ,n ot wi t hs t a n d i n g a ll t he S t at e s c o mpet i t i on ,
s o t h at t h e D i s t r i c t C o mm i s s a r i e s fo u n d i t s i mpl e r t o cl o s e

t h e i r fa c t o r i es en t i re ly —i n o n e i n s t an c e o n gro u n d s o f
publ i c s a fe ty ,i n o t h e rs by c o mp ell i n g t h e n at i v es t o s ell
”
t h e i r i v o ry an d o t h e r pr o duc e on ly t o t he S t a t e .

“
C o mm e rce ,wh i ch by t he d ec i s i o n o f t h e B e rl i n Co n
fer en c e was t o enj o y c o mpl e te l i b e r t y, fi n d s i t s elf i n t h e
fo ll o w i n g pos i t i on , s ai d M aj o r Par m i n t e r ,i n s umm i n g up
h i s i n d i c t m en t . I t p ay s i mp o r t du t i es v a ry i n g fr o m 6 t o
3 0 p e r c e n t on all a r t i cl e s i mp o r t ed
. . I t p ay s exp o r t
du t i es o n i vo ry fr o m 1 0 t o 2 5 p e r c en t , a cc o rd i n g t o .

wh e n c e t he i vo ry c o m e s I t pa ys t hr eepen c e a p o u n d
.

wei ght e xp o rt dut y o n rubb e r . I t p ay s a ll m an n e r o f

h ea vy t ax es on c a rr i e r s ,on l ab o ur er s ,on cl e rk s , o n l an d s ,
o n bu i ld i n g s , o n en cl os ur es , o n s t e a m e r s .
b oat s , c an oes ,
 COMMERCIAL DEV ELOPM ENTS . 1 39

an d on the fir ewo od u s ed for s t eam e rs , & c . Even t h en

i t i s o n ly p erm i tte d t o d o bu s i ne ss t o a s m all e x t en t .

I t i s pr o h i b it ed fr o m t r a d i n g i n t h e g o o d s i n wh i ch i t s
ch ie f c o mp et i t o r —t he S t at e i t s elf—t rad es an d i t h as t o
p ay t o t h i s v ery s a m e c o mp e t i t o r t he h eavy d u t i es
”
a fo re m e n t i o ned .

Th e i n d i g nat i o n w i t h wh i ch a ll t h i s d efi an c e o f t he
B erl i n Ge ner a l A c t was r eg ard e d by t h os e i t v i c t i m i s ed
wa s l eg i t i m a t e . T h e N i e uw e A fri k aan s che H a n d e l s
Ve nno o t s c h ap , o f Ro t t erd am , b ei n g a m o n g t he ch i e f
s u ffe re rs by t h e d e cr ee o f
9 t h J uly ,1 8 9 0 ,pr o mp t ly t r an s
ferred s o m e o f i t s ag en ts t o Po r t ugues e t err i t o ry,a n d t he
res t t o th e Fre n ch C o n g o ,wh er e t hey r e m ai ned fo r a c o upl e
o f yea rs an d t o t h e i l l -fee l i n g t hu s en g en d e r e d mu s t b e i n

l arg e m eas ur e a t t r i bu t e d t he pr o l on ge d o pp os i t i o n o f t h e
N et he rl an d s Go v e rn m en t t o t h e B ru ss el s Gene ra l A ct ,an d
i ts r e fu s al t o s i g n t h e d ecl a r at i o n a pp en d ed t h e r et o b efo r e
J an u a ry, 1 8 9 2 . T h e pr ot e s t s o f M aj o r Thys , M aj o r
Parm i n t er ,a n d t he o t h e r l ead i n g m e mb e r s o f t h e C o mp ag n i e
d u C o n g o a n d i t s o ffs h oo t s bro u g h t ab o u t a p a r t i a l co m
pro m i s e , en abl i n g t h e m t o p ar t i c i p at e i n t h e a rr an g e m en t s
by wh i ch t he C o n g o Go v er n m en t had r eo rg an i s ed i t s
c o mm erc i a l p o l i cy ,b ut n o t l e s s en i n g t he b e t r aya l o f all t he
n at i o n s c on c e r ned i n t h e B e rl i n a n d B ru s s e l s C o n fe ren c es ,

t hr o ugh t he c on ve rs i o n o f nea rly t h e wh o l e o f t he t err i t o ry

e n t ru s t e d t o t h e S t at e fo r t he c o mm on b en efi t i n t o a
damn i n g p r zvef H en ce fo rwa rd ,m o r eove r ,t he o ld e r s pe cul a
’

t o r s,k n o wn as t h e Rue Br ed er o d e gro up ,fr o m t he Bru ss e l s

s t ree t i n wh i ch t h e i r o ffic e s w e r e l o c at e d ,fo u n d t h e m se lv es

i n j eal o u s o pp o s i t i on t o t he n ewe r s p ecul at o r s ,k n o wn a s

t he A n t we rp gr o up .

Th at t h e C o n go Go v er n m en t s h o uld p e rm an en t ly c arry
o n , as an a c t u a l p a r t o f i t s a dm i n i s t r at i v e an d e x e cu t i v e

m a ch i n e ry, a ll t he t r ad e i n wh i ch i t pr o po s ed t o b e t he
pr i n c i p a l p ro fit -S h are r w as n o t , o f c o urs e , po s s i bl e I n
.

Fe bru ary ,1 8 9 3 ,as t he r es ul t o f pl an s l ai d l o n g b e fo r e,i t

chart ered t wo new c o mp an i es ,emp o w er ed t o d eal i n n o v el
 1 40 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

way s wi t h t hose p o rt i on s o f i t s doma zne p r i m” i n wh i ch i t

'

was t h en s p e c i a lly i n t e r es t ed .

The fir s t o f t h es e c o mp an ies w as t h e S o c i é t é A n ve rs ms e
d u C o mm erc e a u C o n g o , s t ar t ed
wi t h a c ap i tal o f fran c s ,a fte r
wa rd s r ai s ed t o fr a n c s ,an d
wi t h M B r o wn e d e T i eg e ,t he g re at A n t we rp fi n an c i e r ,as
.

i t s p res i d e n t , t o wh i ch w a s g ra n t e d ,fo r a t e rm o f t h i r t y
years ,a n d re n ewa bl e a ft e rwa rd s ,a c o n c e s s i o n o f t h e f or éts
a om a m a l es i n t h e b as i n o f t h e M o n g a l a ,c o mpr i s i n g n e a rly
’
’

a l l t h at wa s o f v a lu e i n t h e B a n g a l a d i s t r i c t , w i t h an
e xclu s i v e r i gh t t o t r a ffic i n t h e en t i r e pr o duc e o f t h e fo r es t s

an d t o a ppr o pr i a t i o n ,dur i n
'
g t he s a m e t e rm ,o f a ll t he ter r es
d oma m a l es t h e r e s i t u a t ed I n r et ur n for t hes e pr i v i l eg es
.

t h e c o mp a n y u n d e r t oo k t o p a y t o t h e S t a t e t a x es a t t h e
r a t e of 3 00 fran c s on ev ery k i l o gr a mm es o f rubb er
c o ll ec ted ,1 50 fran cs o n a l i k e qu an t i t y o f w ax o r c o p a l ,an d
5 p er c en t on t h e v alu e o f a ll i vo ry an d o t h e r pr o duc e s o ld
.

i n t h e Eur o p ean m ark et s A s t he S t at e h e ld 50 p er c e n t

. .

o f t h e s h ar e s i n t h i s m on o p o l i s t a s s o c i a t i on , c ons i d e r a bl
y
m o r e t h an h al f o f t he pr o fi t s w as t hu s as s ur ed t o i t * .

T h e S t at e ha d a s i m i l a r s t a k e i n t h e o t h e r as s o c i at i on ,
t he A n gl o -B e lg i an I n d i a Rubb e r
T h e Ab l r .

an d Expl o r at i on C o mp an y ,gene ra lly

k no wn by i t s i n i t i a l s as t h e o r Ab i r ,wh i ch w as

fo u n d e d on 6 t h Fe bru ary w i t h a c ap i t a l o f fran c s .

N o t wi t h s t an d i n g i t s t i t l e an d t he fa c t t h at t he l at e C o l on el
N o rt h was i t s fir s t pr es i d en t ,on ly a few o f t he h a lf o f it s
s h ar e s n o t h e ld by t h e S t at e w e r e i n E n l i s h h an d s an d i t
‘

g ,
w as v i r t u a lly a B elg i an m o n o p oly , i n v e s te d w i t h c o mpl e t e
o w ne r s hi p o f t h e s o c a ll e d v a c an t l a n d s cl a i m ed as S t at e
-

d o m ai n i n t h e b a s i n s o f t h e L o p o r i a n d t h e M a r i n g a— t h at
i s ,o f t h e n o r t h e r n h a lf o f t he Equ at e ur d i s t r i c t t r av e r s e d
by t h os e t ri bu t a r i e s o f t h e C on go — an d w i t h an e x clu s i ve
r ig h t for t h i r ty y ea r s t o all i t s fo r es t pr o duc e r .
’

B ull eti n Ofi Wauters ,p

’

i ci el 29
p . .
395 .

1
' ‘
B ull etin Offici el ’ p 33
. Wauters ,p
.
395 .
 1 42 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

z one - c o mpr i s i ng m os t o f t h e s o u t h e r n an d e as t e rn
r eg i o n s ,wh i ch hav e s i n c e b ee n l a rg e ly t ran s fe rr e d t o t he
firs t z o ne ,t he l at est add i t i o n b e i n g t he K as a i reg i on is
r es e rv ed,a n d t he d ecr ee pr ov i d es t h at t he e xpl o i t a t i o n of
rubb er wi ll b e t h ere r eg ul at ed wh en c i rcu m s t an c es p erm i t
T h e t h i rd z o n e —
.

c h i efly l i m i t e d t o t h e s m a ll d i s t ri c t s o f

Lo we r C o n g o an d s o m e o f t he r i v er b an k s t o t h e e x t en t o f
fift y k i l o m et r es i s o p e n t o publ i c e xpl o i t at i on , s ubj ec t
t o t w o r es t r i c t i on s : r i gh t s a lre ady a cc o rd e d t o t h i rd p a r t i es ,
an d publ i s h e d i n t h e
‘
B ull e t i n O ffi c i el b efo re t he d at e o f
t h e d e cr ee,mu s t b e r es p e c t ed an d t he Go ve r n o r Gen e r a l
-

m ay gr an t t o pr i v at e i n d i v i du a l s wh o es t abl i s h fa c t o r i es
o r rubb e r -c o ll ec t i n g agen c i es e xclu s i v e c o n c es s i o n s fo r
e xpl o i t at i o n w i t h i n n ot m o r e t h an t h i r ty k i l o m et r es fr o m
”
t h ei r e s t a bl i s hm en t s.

I t wi ll b e n ot i c ed t h a t t h i s d ecr ee o f 3 ot h Oc t o b er , 1 8 9 2 ,
d ea l t o n ly w i t h rubb er,wh i ch was t h en ,an d i s st i ll , t he
pr i n c i pa l s o urc e o f weal t h i n t he C o n g o S t at e B ut i vo ry,
.

a lr eady l es s en i n g i n qu an t i t y an d b e c o m i n g m o re d ifficul t

a n d e xp ens i v e t o pro cur e, was s ep a r at e ly l eg i s l at e d fo r,

an d fr o m t h e firs t all m i ne ra l s we r e rega rd e d as the

pro pe r ty o f t he S t at e .

Adm i t t i n g t h at ,w i t h o u t v i ol at i on o f t he fr ee t r ad e p ro
v i s i o ns o f the B e rl i n A c t , t h e C o n g o Go ve r n m ent c o uld
“

n o t a d o p t a ny l eg i s l at i v e m eas ure or es t a bl i s h any r e i me

g
”
c o n c ed i n g i n t e rn at i on a l m o n o po l i es o r pr i v i l eg es , an d
t h at a l l fa c i l i t i es a cc o rd e d t o i t s s ubj e c t s i n t r ad e a ffa i r s
“

o ugh t t o b e e x t en d ed t o t h e s ubj e ct s o f o t h er S t a t es , M
”
.

C att i e r a rg u e d u n c o n vi n c i n g ly t h at t h e C on go S t at e c an
“

es t abl i s h a n y c o mm e rc i a l r e i me i t t h i n k s g o o d , an d no
g
o bj e c t i o n c a n b e r a i se d t o i t s l e i s l a t i v e an d adm i n i s t r at i v e
g
ac t i on i f t he m e as ures i t t ak es a r e a ppl i c abl e,u n d e r l i k e

c on d i t i on s an d i n t h e s a m e m an ne r ,t o t ra d e rs o f va ri o u s
n at i ona l i t i es , i n clud i n g t h os e o f C o n g o l e s e nat i on al i t y ”
.

T h e d e cr ee o f 2 9 t h S ep t e mb e r , 1 8 9 1 ,h o w ev e r,h e r eg ard ed
a v i o l at i on o f t he r igh t s o f t he n a t i v es, and he was
“ ”
as .

Catti er,p 3 06
. .
 COMM ERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS .

o ut sp o k en i n hi s exp os ur e o f i t s d an g er s I t s es s en t i a l
.

v i c e, h e sa i d , i s i n pl a c i n g t he n at i v e p opul at i on b et ween
t h e i n t e res t s o f t h e S t a t e a n d t h o s e o f i t s ag en t s , w i t h o u t
rul es pre c i s e an d s t r i c t e n o u g h t o pro tec t ag a i n s t t h e
”
o ppr ess i o n o f t he ag e n t s .

Catti er ,pp . 1 6 5,1 7 1 ,3 1 7 .

1 44 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

C H A PTE R V I I I .

A N T I -S LAV ERY C RUS AD I N G [ 1 8 9 0

IN se lf-d e fen ce,i f n ot i n fulfilm en t o f pl e dges g i ven by i t

t o t he B ru s s e l s C o n fe r en c e a n d cl en ch e d by t he s an c t i o n
i n g o f a n i mp o r t du t y t o d e fr ay t h e e xp en s e s o f t he
cru s ad e,i t was i n cumb en t on t h e C on go Go ve rn m ent t o d o
a l l i n i t s p o w e r t o w ard s res i s t i n g t h e en cr o a chm e n t s o f t h e

s o -c a ll e d Ar a b s l ave-r a i d er s wh i ch h ad b een c on s t an t an d

ra p i d s i n c e 1 8 7 8 .

T he en t e rpr i s e t h at pr o ve d s o pr o fi t abl e t o T i pu -T i pu
a n d h i s p ar t n e r s an d r i v a l s i n p ro
Th e C o n g o S t a t e an d
cur i n g i v o ry fr o m C en t r al Afri c a an d
br i b i n g o r c a p t ur i n g n at i ve s —s o m e
t h e A r ab s
.

t o h elp i n s t ea l i n g i t ,o t h e r s t o c a rry i t t o t he c oas t an d ,i f

t h ey s urv i ve d t he j o ur n ey ,t o b e s o ld w i t h i t t o t he h i g h es t
b i dd e r s—would pr o b ably h ave e x ten d e d i n an y c as e b ut
i t was c er t a i n ly qu i ck en ed by C on go S t at e a c t i v i ty . As
s oon as M r S t a n l ey h a d s h o w n h o w e as i ly t h e h ea r t o f t h e
.

c on t i nen t c o uld b e re a ch e d by way o f t h e C on g o ,an d wh at

s p o i l was t h e re w a i t i n
g t o b e s e i z ed ,t he m as t e r s o f t h e
r eg i o n a dj a c en t t o L a k e T a n g a n y i k a h urr i e d up t o t a k e
p os s es s i o n b e fo re t h e i r i n s t ruc t o r s we re ready fo r t h e i r o wn
proj ec t e d r ai d i n g s Wh i l e t he B ru s s e l s C o n fe re n c e w as
.

d ev i s i n g m e t h od s an d l ay i n g d o wn rul es for i t s o ver t hro w

t h e s l av e t ra d e w as as s u m i n g u n p a r a ll e l e d mo p o r t i ons ,a n d
t he C o n g o Go v e r n m en t w as b e i n g c on vi n c ed t h a t u n l ess i t
c o uld s peed i ly dr i v e b a ck t h e i n va d ers fr o m t h e eas t i t
wo uld be i n i mm i nen t d an g e r o f l o s i n g a ll t h e foo t h o ld
i t h a d g a i n ed ,e xc e p t , p e rh ap s , i n t he s m a ll a r e a b e t ween
S t an l ey Poo l an d t he m o u t h o f t h e C o n go I t wa s t o .

av e r t t h i s c at as t r o ph e t h a t ,ap a r t fr o m o r i n p a r t ne r s h i p

w i t h t he a d m i t t e dly c o mm e rc i a l e xp ed i t i o ns i n t h e d i rec
t i o n o f K at ang a a n d e l s e wh e re ,o t h e r e x p ed i t i o n s o s ten
,
 1 46 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

C a pt ai n J o ub e r t s m o s t i n v et e rat e e n e m i es w e r e t h e
’

e m is s a ries of Ru m a li z a, Dr M o l o n e y a l s o r e p o rt e d ,
.

Ru m al i z a b e i n g t h e Uj ij i c hi e ft ai n n o w r i s i n g i n t o p ro
m i n en c e a s a l e a d e r o f r es i s t an c e t o i n t e rfe r e n c e fr o m t he
’
C o n go S t a t e .Th at s h e i kh h ad s w o rn t o h a ve J o ub er t s
“

bl o o d ; a n d hi s s l a ves h ad fo r m o n t h s b een en l i s t i n g an
-me a a n d o t h e r r a p s c a ll i o n s t o w i p e h i m o u t
”
a rmy o f me g a g .

Th i s was b efo re C a pt ain J a cqu e s h ad a rri ve d t o t a k e co m

m an d o f t h e an t i-s l av ery a rmy ,a ugm e n t e d by h i s a dd i
t i o n s t o ab o u t 2 00 Z an z i b a r i an d o t h e r i n d i ffe r en t w a rr i o r s .

I n J an u a ry, 1 8 9 3 , wh e n m at t e r s h a d b e c o m e far m o re
s er i o u s, a n d b e fo r e t he a rr i va l o f t wo r el i e f e xp e d i t i on s
u n d e r C a pt a i n L o n g an d C ap t ai n D es c a mp s,Dr M o l oney .

a dd e d , Wh e t h e r r e i n fo rc e m e n t s s a v e t h e s i t u a t i o n o r n o t ,
“

t h e fa c t r e m a i n s t h at t h ey we r e l e ft ,fo r o v e r a t w e lv e m on t h ,
fa c e t o fa c e wi t h a fan a t i c al a n d u ns crupul o u s fo e, wi t h
l i tt l e p owd er ,an d a s t ock o f r i fl es wh i ch m i gh t ha ve b een
fur n i s h e d by t he a rm o ury o f s o m e pro v i n c i a l t h eat re N o .

m o re p e r t i nen t i llu s t r at i on c o uld be d evi s e d o f t h e fo lly,I

h a d a lm os t s et d o w n cr i m i n al i t y ,o f fo u n d i n g e mp i r es o n ‘

t h e ch ea p
’
.

M uch c o s t l i e r at t e mp t s a t e mp i r e - fo u n d i n g, h o wev er ,
we r e t h en i n pro gres s T h e o pe ra
Th e We l l e an d
.

t i o n s o f C a p t a i ns R o g et , V a n Gel e,
A r uw i m i Exp e d i t i o n s .

V an Ke rc kh oven , an d o t h e r s i n t he
W e ll e an d Aruw i m i d i s t r i ct s , d at i n g fr o m 1 8 8 8 , h ad fo r
t h e i r i mm e d i a t e wa rr an t t h e n e c ess i t y o f w a rd i n g o ff t h e
e n cr o a chm e n t s n o t o n ly o f T i pu -T i pu s fo ll o w e r s
, r a i d i ng
’

n o r t h a n d w e s t fro m S t an l ey Fa ll s, but a l s o o f th e fo l
l o w ers o f t he Sud an e se M a hd i , c o m i n g s o u t hw ard fro m
D on g o l a Th at ev en t h en t he C o n g o Go v e rn m en t as p i r ed
.

t o s uch en l a rg e m en t o f t e rr i t o ry a s w o uld o p en up t o i t t h e
N i l e v all e y w as n o s ecret ,a n d was a l s o a gr o u n d o f a l a rm
t o t h e Fr en ch ; b u t e xcu se w as fo u n d i n t h e s l av e -ra i d in g
e xp e d i t i o n s n o w pl en t i ful , a n d t hr e a t e n i n g
t h e n a t i v es
a lre ady u n d e r t he n o m i n a l c a r e o f t h e C o n o
g Go v e r n m e n t ;

Wi th Captain S tai r s to Katan ga ,

’

pp 46,1 2 9 ,1 3 3
.
.
 ANTI -SLAVERY CRUSADING . 1 47

C aptai n Roget, h avi n g pro c eed e d no r thward s fr o m

B as ok o i n t o th e N i a m -N i a m c o u n t ry i n F ebru a ry ,1 8 9 0,
es t abl i s h ed w i t h Sul t an Dj ab i r , t h e m o s t p o w e rful ch i e f

t h e re,r el at i ons s i m i l a r t o t h o s e by wh i ch L i e u ten an t von

Wi s s m an n h ad u nd erm i ned t he a u t ho ri ty o f K al amb a i n
t he B alub a c o u n t ry ,b ut w i t h t h e i mp o r t an t d i ffer en c e t h at
t he c ann i bal N i a m -N i a m w e r e much m o r e t ro ubl es o m e
all i es o r v a ssal s t h an t h e h e mp -s m o k i n g B a lub a . Gen era l
Go rd o n had i n 1 8 7 6 en ro ll e d fift y o f t h e m as s o ld i ers ,an d
had adm i r ed t h e m as t h i ck -s et a n d s t urdy, a s w e ll as
very fi erc e,brav e an d fearl e s s b ut n e i t h er C a pt a i n Ro g et
no r t he o t h e r B e lg i an o ffi c e rs who fo ll owe d i n hi s s te ps
s ucc eed ed i n o b t a i n i n g fro m t h e N i a m -N i a m l ead e r s m o r e

th an n o m i na l s ubm i s s i o n ,o r a n y a s s i s t an c e t h a t was n o t
t o t h ei r own a dv an t ag e T h e fir s t o f t h ese l ead e r s t o
.

foll ow Dj abi r s ex a mpl e w as Sul t an B ang aso ,on t he s ou t h

’

s i d e o f t h e Ub an gi , o r B o mu , as i t w as c all ed i n t h a t
port i on of i t s c o urse,w i t h wh o m C ap t ai n Van Gel e c am e
t o t erm s i n Augu st ,1 8 9 0, an d h a d t h e d ea l i n g s w i t h i n
gu ns and p o wd er a lre ady re ferr ed t o “ A not h er was Sul t an
.

S emi o,on t h e n o r t h s i d e o f t h e r i ve r ,who a few m on t h s

l at er accep t ed t he fr i en d s h i p o f Rog et s c o ll eague,L i eu ten an t
’

M i lz Th o ugh t h ey c all ed t h em s elv es s ul t ans ,t h er e was ,

.

o f c o urs e,n o fell o ws h i p i n bl o o d o r r e l i g i on b et w een t h e

N i am -N i am p ot en t at es an d t he s puri o u s Arab s whose

l awl es s purs u i ts , wi t h t h e h elp o f M an yem a an d o t h er
d ep en d en ts ,t h ey e m ul at e d f
By t h i s t i m e t he en t e rpri s e i n no r t h e rn Co ngol an d,wh i ch
had h i t h er t o b ee n fit fu l an d at th e
Ext ens i o n s i n
wh i m o f s ub ord i n a t es , h ad co m e t o
No rt h e r n Con g o l an d
.

be o rg an i s ed u n d e r t h e c o mm an d o f
C apt ai n Van Ke rc kho ven , C apt ai n Geo rges le Mari nel s ’

pred e c es s o r as c o mm i s s ary o f t he B an g al a d i s t ri c t W i th
.

An te,p . 1 38 .

1' As i n th e prev i ous chapter,i t may b e s uffi ci en t for me to refer generally

t o Le Mouv emen t Géogra phi q ue as th e authori ty for concise sta temen ts of
’

facts not otherwi se vouched f

or .
 1 48 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

a l arg e fo rc e o f n at i v e m e rc en ar i es ,v a r i o u s ly e s t i m at e d at
fro m o n e t o five t ho u s an d ,an d pr o b ably ch i e fly r e crui t e d
o n t h e w ay a n d v a ry i n g i n n u mb e r s fr o m t i m e t o t m e,
i
m an y,i f n o t al l o f t h e m ,b e i n g a rm ed w i t h M au s e r r i fl es ,
V an Kerc k h o ve n l e ft L eo p o ldvi ll e o n 4 t h F e bru ary, 1 8 9 1
an d he was bu s i ly cru s ad i n g i n t h e c o u n t ry b e t w e en t h e

Well e a n d t he Ub a ng i u n t i l h i s d e at h o n l ot h Augu s t ,
1 892
“
Th e c on duc t o f t h e a ffa i r s o f t he C on go Fr ee
S t at e, i t w as p o i n t ed o ut i n t h e Ti mes , d o es n ot t o an “

o rd i n a ry o n l o o k e r s ee m c a lcul at e d t o pr o m o t e t he obj e c t s

fo r wh i ch i t w as pr o fes s e dly e s t a bl i s h e d ,or e ve n t o pr o m ot e

i ts c o mm e rc i a l d ev e l o pm en t a n d br i n g an ad e qu at e r even u e
T h e V an K erc kh o ven
”
i n t o t h e c o ffe r s o f i t s Go v e r n m e n t .

e xp e d i t i on , i t was c o mpl a i n e d , h a d fo r e i gh t e en m on t h s

b e en r ai d i n g o u t s i d e t h e t h en r e c o gn i s e d l i m i t s o f t he
”
S t at e s t e rri t o ry , an d t he r e se t t i n g up s t at i o ns an d
’

c o ll e c t i n g l arge s t o r e s o f i v o ry, i n d e fi an ce o f Fre n ch

“

prot es t s ,an d ,at t h e t i m e o f wri t i n g ,i t was c ont i n u i n g it s

e xpl o i t s w i t h i n t h e B r i t i s h s ph e r e o f i n flu en c e a s m ark e d

o u t by t h e A n gl o -Ge rm an agree m e n t I f, i t was s i g ui

.

fic an t ly add e d i n t h i s i n d i c t m en t, t he C on g o S t at e s ’

e n cr o a chm en t s h ad b een s a n c t i o n e d by t h e I mp e r i al
B r i t i s h E as t Afr i c an C o mp a n y , s t i ll a l i v e i n 1 8 9 2 , the
s an c t i o n h ad n o t b een e n d o rs e d by t h e Br i t i s h Gov e r n

m en t fi
“

D ivid i n g hi s fo rc e int o
c t i o n s, ent ru s t e d t o C ap t ai n
se

Pon t h i er,L i e u t e n ant M i lz ,an d ot h er s ,

Van Ke r c k h ove n s ’

U b an g i Exp e d i t i on
C a p t ai n
.
V an Ke rckho ven t o o k as
c o mpl et e p o s s es s i on as he c o uld o f
t h e l o n g s t r et ch o f c o u n t ry s c o ur e d by h i m an d h i s s ub
o rd i n at e s .
Th i s h e d i d wi t h t h e c o n curr en c e o f S e mi o a n d
t h e o t h e r n at i ve ch i e fs w i t h wh o m a s o r t o f fr i en d s h i p
h ad
a lr e ady b e en s e a l ed , Dj a b i r b e i n g a c t u a lly
e n r o ll e d as a
s e rv a n t o f t he S t a t e an d a pp o i n t e d t o t h e r
an k o f c a p t a i n
'

i n i t s f or ce p u bl z ue T h e c o n s e n t o f Ra s h i d T i pu -T i pu s
g .

,
’

Ti mes ,2 0 th S ep temb er , 1 8 9 2 The ne ws of Van Ker ckhoven’ s dea t

h
.

r
had not then each ed Europe .
 I SO CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

se rvi ces h e h ad l i s t ed or wh os e h e lp h e h ad o bt ai n e d on
en

t h e wa y . A t l en g t h , b e fo r e l ot h Au g u s t , 1 8 9 2 , wh i l e
pre pa ri n g t o re s i s t an u ne xp e ct e d at t a ck , h e w as s t ruck
d o wn by a bull et fro m t h e Wi n ch es t e r hi s s e rv an t w as
l o a d i n g fo r h i m L i e ut e n an t M i lz ,s ucc ee d i n g t o t h e c o m
.

m an d o f t h e e xp e d i t i o n , w en t o n t o t he N i l e, an d o n
9 t h O c t o b er r ea ch e d W a d el a i ,wh i ch h e fo u n d s t i ll o ccup i ed
by a s m all r es i du e o f E m i n Pas h a s o ld g arr i s on Th e re ,
’
.

o r at D ufi le , L a d o a n d e l s e wh e r e ,h e l e ft m o r e t h an t wo
t h i rd s o f s o much as r e m ai ne d o f t h e V a n K erc kho ven
e xp e d i t i o n , r et ur n i n g h i m s e lf as qu i ckly as h e c o uld ,w i t h

fifty -s i x n at i v e w a rr i o rs ,t o t h e s eat o f C on go go ver n m en t .

Th o ug h t he e xp ed i t i o n h a d d on e not h i n g t o ch eck
Ar ab o r any o t h e r s l av e -r a i d i n g , i t had se cur ed fo r t he
C on go S t at e a t i t l e t o t he d i s pu t ed t e rr i t o ry up t o t he
Ub an g i o n t h e n o r t h an d a l on g i t s wh o l e eas t wa rd s t r et ch
t o wa rd s t h e N i l e,an d ,t h o u g h t h e r e was a s much c o n c ea l
m e n t as w as pr a c t i c abl e, wh at we r e t h o ught t o b e good
g r o u n d s h ad b e en e s t a bl i s h e d fo r a cl a i m t o e x t ens i o n o f
t h e S t at e s d o m i n i o n s o v e r t he w es t er n s i d e o f t h e N i l e
’

”
v all e y .
“
Ev e ry o n e, i t was wr i tt e n i n t h e Ti mes , mu st “

s ymp at h i s e w i t h an d w i s h s ucc es s t o t h e Go v e r n m e n t o f

t h e C o n go Fre e S t a t e i n i t s e ffo r t s t o d e v el o p t h e res o urc es

o f i ts v as t t e rr i t o ry , t o s uppres s t h e Ara b s l av e-r a i d ers
t h at d e v as t at e t h e l a n d ,an d t o s pr e ad c i v i l i s at i o n a m on g
t h e n at i v e s . B ut t he s ymp at h y mu s t s oon ,i n t h i s c o u n t ry,
c eas e if s uch fili b u s t er i n g e xp e d i t i o ns a re e qu i pp e d t o
e x p en d t h e i r e n e rg i es i n r e g i o n s b ey o n d t he l i m i t s o f t he

S t at e ,r eg i on s wh i ch a re k no wn t o b e wi t h i n t he s ph e r e o f
a fr i en dly Po w e r .N o t w i t h s t an d i n g t he re pe at e d as se rt i o n s
o f i g no r an c e o n t h e p a r t o f t h e Fr e e S t a t e i t i s p e rfe c t ly
,
we ll k n o w n t h a t Va n K e rc k ho ven s exp e d i t i o n h a s b een
’

e s t a bl i s h e d a t L a d o fo r m an y m on t h s . Th i s pro fes s i o n of
i g n o r an c e i s i n i t s e lf s u ffic i e n t t o c o n firm t he s u s p i c i on
t h a t t h e e xp ed i t i o n fr o m t h e fi rs t w as i n t en d e d t o b e o f a
s e cr et n at ur e , fo r t h e purp o s e o f a cc o mpl i s h i n g a n
o bj e c t
wh i ch t he Gov er n m en t o f t he S t at e k n ew was i ll egi t i m at e
 ANTI -SLAV ERY C RUSADING . 1 51

an d i n c ons i s t en t wi t h its fr i en dly pro fes s i o n s t o w a rd s t h i s

c o u n t ry ” .

I t w asfo rt u n at e fo r t h e C o n g o S t at e t h at t he a l a rm an d
s u s p i c i o n r a i s e d by t h e pr o c eed i n s o f t h e V a n K e rc kh o ve n
g
e xp e d i t i o n i n t h e n o r t h w e r e qu i ckly fo ll o w e d ,an d t o s o m e

e x t en t c o u n t e ra c t ed ,by r e p o r t s o f t h e pr o fe s s edly b en e fi c en t

ach i ev e m e n t s o f t he Dh an i s e xp e d i t i o n i n t h e s o u t h ,w i t h i n

t he u n d i s pu t e d s ph e r e o f t h e S t at e ,an d i n a pp a r e n t c o m

p li an c e w i t h th e ph i l an t hr o p i c o bl i g at i ons as s um e d by i t
a t th e B ru s s e l s C o n fer en c e .

’
L i e ut en a n t Fr a n co i s Dh an i s,wh o h ad b een i n t h e S t at e s
s e rv i c e s i n c e 1 8 8 4 an d had d is ti n
B a r o n D h an i s s A r ab ’

g ui s h ed h i m s elf u n d e r C a p t a i n Ro ge t Z o n e Exp e d i t i o n .

i n th e Aruw i m i d i s t r i c t i n 1 8 8 9 a n d
i n t h e Kw an g o d i s t r i c t i n 1 8 9 0 , w a s s t i ll a y o u n g m an
wh en t he c o mm an d a t Lu s a mb o w as t r an s fe rr ed t o h i m by
C apt ai n Pa ul l e M a ri n e l i n Apr i l ,1 8 9 2 Sh o rt ly a ft e r t h at .

d at e n ews a rr i v e d of a d i s t urb an c e a t Gan du o n t h e L o m an i ,

ab o u t m i dw ay b et w e e n Lu s a mb o an d t h e h e a dqu a r t e r s o f

T i pu -T i pu a n d h i s s o n S e fu ,at K as o n go an d Ny an g we,
o n t h e Lu a l a b a o r C on o
g M Dh an i s s t a c t i n qu ell i ng t h i s
.
’

d i s t urb an c e,an d t ur n i n g i t t o a cc ou n t as a pre lud e t o th e

o ve r t hro w o f Ar a b p o we r i n C o n o l a n d , m a d e hi s fa m e ,
g
an d s a ve d t h e C o n g o S t a t e fr o m w rec k a g e f

The i m m ed i at e c a u s e o f t he d i s t urb an c e , Go n go
Lu t e te , was a re m a rk a bl e an d , i n
G on g o L ut et e a n d
so m e res p e c t s , a t yp i c a l C en t r al
t h e B at e t e l a .

Afri c an wa rr i o r H e w as b o r n a t
M a l e l a, a n d w as by bl o o d a B a k us u , we a re t o ld by Dr .

H i n d e ,who a cc o mp an i e d t h e Dh an i s e xp ed i t i o n b o t h as a
m ed i c a l a n d as a m i l i t ary o ffic e r H e h ad h i m s e lf b e en a
.

s l ave ,h av i n g a s a ch i ld fa ll e n i n t o t he h an d s o f t h e Ar a b s .

Ti mes ,1 3 th Ap ri l , 1 8 9 3 .

Ra ppo rt d e B ar on D han i s s ur l a Ca m pagn e Arab e d ans l e Manyema ’ i n

‘
D ocumen t s rel a tifs a l a Repressi on d e la T ra i t e d es Escl a v es
’
Vo l I , . .

-
pp 1 9 42
. I ha
. v e fo l l o wed thi s aut h or i tati v e acco u n t ,d ra wi n g sup pl em en tary

matt er ro
f m D r H i n d e
’
. s F all of Congo Arabs
th e
’
Dr . H i nd e no w
holds i m port an t fi
o f ce i n th e B ri ti sh Eas t Afri ca Protectorat e .
 I SZ CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

Wh i l e s t i ll a y o u t h , as a re ward fo r h i s d i s t i n gu i s h ed
c on duc t a n d pluck o n r a i d i n g e xpe d i t i o n s ,he w as g i v en h i s
fr eed o m S t ar t i n g w i t h o ne gu n ,a t e i g h t ee n y e a r s o f age,
.

he g r ad u ally c o ll e c t ed a b a n d o f br i g an d s r o u n d h i m wh o m
he rul e d w i t h a r od o f i r o n , an d b e fo re l o n g h e b e c a m e
T i pu -T i pu s ch i e f s l a ve an d i vo ry-hu n t e r A t t h i s t i m e
’
.

whe n Dr H i n d e m a d e h i s a cqu a i n t an c e i n S e p t e mbe r,1 8 9 2

.

h e was p erh a p s t h i r t y y ea r s o f ag e H e was a we ll

.

bu i l t ,i n t e ll i ge n t l o o k i n g m a n o f a b o u t 5 ft 9 i n i n h ei ght ,
- . .

wi t h a br o wn s k i n ,l arg e bro wn ey es wi t h ve ry l o n g l as hes ,

a s m a ll m o u t h w i t h t h i n l i p s ,a n d a s t r a i gh t ,c o mp a r a t i v e ly

n a rr o w n o se On e h a d t o s e e t h i s m an on t he w a rp at h to
.

re a l i s e t h e d iffere n t a s p e c t s o f h i s ch a r a c t e r T h e c alm ,
.

h au g h ty ch i e f,o r t he g en i a l an d fr i en dly c o mp an i o n ,b ec am e
o n t h e b a t t l e fi e ld an e n t hu s i a s t i c i n d i v i du a l ,w i t h a h i ghly

n e rv o u s o rg an i s at i on , w h o d e a l t o u t h i s o rd e rs ,o n e a ft er

H e was c ap abl e
’
an o t h e r ,w i t h o u t a m o m e n t s h e s i t at i o n .

o f s u s t a i n i n g i n t en s e fa t i gu e ,an d c o uld l ea d hi s w a rr i o r s

t hr o ugh t h e c o u n t ry a t a r un fo r h o ur s t o ge t h e r T he .
“

b an d o f bri g an d s wi t h wh i ch Gon g o had s urro u n d ed h i m

s e lf, a cc o rd i n g t o Dr H i n d e, we r e m o s t ly o f t he B a t et e l a
.

ra c e Th ese B a t et el a, an d m o re p ar t i cul arly o n e t r i b e

.

c all ed t h e B akus u , a re ,a s far as I c o uld as c er ta i n fro m

m ak i n g i n qu i r i e s i n e ve ry d i re c t i o n , t h e m o s t i n v ete rate
c an n i b al s Th ei r h ea dqu a rt e rs we re at Gan du .

’
Gon g o L ut et e s r ai d i n g s h a d br o ugh t h i m i n t o c on fl i c t
w i t h t he C on g o S t at e g a rr i s ons , a n d h e h ad b een dr i ven
b a ck by C a p t a i n D e s c a mp s ,t h e o ffic e r t h en i n ch a rge o f
S t an l ey F all s ,b e fo r e h i s m o re s eve r e d e feat by L i e u t en an t
Dh a n i s on 9 t h May ,1 8 9 2 , wh i ch , t wo m o n t h s l at e r , was
fo ll o we d by hi s pr o p os al t o e n t e r t h e s e rv i ce o f t he S t ate ,
s i n c e t h e Ar ab s fo r s o m e t i m e p a s t h ad p a i d h i m n e i t h e r

fo r h i s wo rk n o r fo r t h e i v o ry h e s e n t t h e m Th i s pr o p o s al
.

The F al l C ong o Arab s , p p 8 6 ,8 9

of th e
’
. . Th e a p p aren t l y con fusi n g
rec urren ce of
“
t et e i n “ B a t e tel a ” a n d L ut e te il lus tr at es th e formati on
o f nam es i n B an t u l an guag es T hey m i gh t b e m ore correct l wr i tten “ b a
y
.

T et e -l a
”
a nd
“ ”
r
l u-T ete, m ean i ng , oughly , t he T et e eo l e ” an d “ the
p p
”
T e te ch i ef .
1 54 CIVILI SATION IN CONGOLAND .

up by Gon go an d t wo s ub o rd i n at e ch i e fs ,o n wh o m m os t
o f t h e a c t u a l w o rk d e v o lv e d T h e fir s t b a t t l e w a s fo ugh t
.

a n d w o n o n 2 2 n d N o ve mb e r , o n t h e w e s t e r n b an k o f t h e

L o m an i ,wh e n a b o u t pr i s o n e rs wer e s a i d t o h av e b een

t a k en ,a n d n ea rly as m an y k i ll e d ,t he pr i s o n e r s b e i n g on ly
r e m o v ed for c o n s ump t i on a ft e r t ho se s l ai n o n t h e b at t l e
fi e ld had b ee n d i s p o s ed o f Fo ur d ay s l at er t h e r i v e r was
.

cro ss e d by t h e a dv an ce g u a rd ,wi t h Dr H i n d e , who was .

s urpr i s e d by t he r e fi n e m en t s wh i ch Ara b en croa chm en ts

h ad i n t r o duc e d ,an d wh i ch wa s t o b e r e pl a c e d by s a vage ry
a t i t s w o r s t u n d e r C o n go S t a t e s a n c t i on We rus hed .
“

”
a fo r t i fi e d v i ll a ge n a m e d C hi l e , h e r ep o r t e d , t he m os t “

t as te fully bu i l t a n d b e a u t i fully pl a n t ed t o wn I h a v e s een

i n C en t r a l Afr i c a . Th e h o u s es {we r e bu i l t on pl at fo rm s
.

rai s ed ab o u t t wo fee t fro m t he gro u n d ,an d we re m a d e o f

woo d , t h a t che d wi t h t he o rd i n a ry gras s O n t he i n s i d e
.

t h e wa ll s w e r e pl a s te r e d w i t h wh i t e cl ay , gr o tes qu ely
o r n a m en t e d i n ye ll o w , bl a ck , a n d r e d N early al l t hese
.

h o u s es wer e fur n i s h e d wi t h r egul a r — m ad e fire pl ac es an d

” ”
s eat s. I t was h e r e, h e a dd ed , t h at t he c an n i b a l p r o
“ “

p ens i t i e s o f fr i en dl i es an d c a mp fo ll o we r s we re fir s t br o ugh t
b e fo r e m e On r e t ur n i n g t hr o ugh t he t o wn ,a ft e r fo ll o wi n g
.

t he i n h a b i t an t s a m i l e o r t wo b e y o n d , I fo u n d t h a t t he
k i ll e d an d wo un d e d ha d a ll d i s a pp ea re d ,an d s o m e o f my
m e n v o lu n t e e r e d t h e i n fo rm a t i on t h at t he fr i en dl i es had
c u t t h e m up a n d c a rri e d t h e m o ff fo r fo o d Th i s I d i d n ot .

b e l i e ve . On t he way h o m e , h o w eve r , we we re ag ai n
a tt a ck e d . T he fr i e n dl i es ,w ho we r e d an c i n g a l on g i n fr on t ,
pr o mp t ly br o k e an d fl ed ,l eav i n g a m on g s t t he l oo t s c at t ere d
a b o u t t he r oa d s e ve r a l hum an arm s l e gs ,an d h ea d s wh i ch
, ,
t he m en wh o s e i n fo r m a t i o n l d o ub t e d t o o k c ar e t o p o i nt
o u t t o m e as pr o o f t h at t h e y h ad n o t l i ed
”
.

A t Lu s u n a , ab o u t fift y m i l e s fr o m Ny an g we, o n 1 1 t h
D ec e mb er ,C a p t ai n Dh an i s m e t Go n go Lu t e t e wi t h C a p t a i n
M i ch au x ,wh o h a d b een t o ld o ff t o e s c o r t h i m a n d t he bulk
o f hi s fo ll o we r s c o m i n g d i r e c t fr o m Ga n du T he c o mb i n ed .

Th e F al l of th e Congo Arab s , pp’

. 1 1 7 ,1 1 8 .
 ANTI -SLAVERY CRUSADING . 1 55

fo rce of t he i n vad e rs th enumb e re d ab o u t 400 o f t he j b r ce

n
'

p ub/zque an d a b o u t B at e te l a , i n clud i n g t he i r wi ves ,

o f wh o m Go n g o s s h a re was 3 00 ,t h e all o wan ce o f h i s 1 , 00
’

5
m o re re gul a r t roo p s bei n g a n d t he humbl e r
fo ll o wers h avi n g o n ly 4 00 a m o n g s t t he m ” The fa c t t h at .
“

bo t h s i d es were c ann i b al s ,o r r ath er t hat b ot h s i d es h ad

c ann i ba l s i n t h ei r t rai n , Dr H i n d e c ons i d ered , pr o ved
”
.
“

a gr ea t e l e m e n t i n o u r s ucc e s s The t each i n g o f t he .

M o h a mm ed an rel i gi on d oes n o t all ow t hat a man wh os e

bo dy has b een mu ti l ate d c an en t e r i n t o t he h i ghes t heaven ,
whe re on ly per fec t m en a re a dm i tted As a c onsequen c e .

o f t h i s b e l i ef t he wh i t e Ar ab s an d o t h e r fa i t hful fo ll o we rs

o f I s l a m w o uld ,a ft e r a re bu ff,i ns t e ad o f t ry i n g t o r e t r i e ve

t he fo r t u n e s o f th e d ay ,fly fro m t he fi eld w i t h all p o s s i bl e

s p ee d ,not s o much i n o rd e r t o s a ve t h ei r l i v es as t hr o u g h

fea r l es t t h ei r c a rc as es ,i n t he e ve n t o f t hei r fall i n g ,s h o uld

”
be t o r n t o p i ec es 1 O n e o f t he gr i m e p i s o d es o f t h e
’

m a rch—i n c i d ent t o a t o u g h fi g h t on 3 oth D e ce mb er wi t h

.

M un i M o h ar a, t h e M an ye m a ch i ef,who was S efu s pr i n ’

c i p a l a lly ,an d o f h i s fo ll o w e r s —m ay b e qu o t ed fro m

Dr H i n d e s r e co rd
.
’
I s aw o n t h i s b att l e fi e ld t he on ly
.

c ase I can re m emb e r o f a n at i ve pu t t i ng l ove b e fo re fea r

or d an g er O n a b ar e s p o t my c o mr ad es had j u s t s we p t
.

o ve r I p ass ed a wo m an s e a t e d on t he gro u n d by a d ea d

chi e f, qu i et ly cryi n g, wi t h hi s hea d i n h er l ap ,wh i l e t he

bull et s wh i zze d ro u n d her,s o m et i m e s o n ly m i s s i n g her by
i n ch es A l i tt l e l at e r o n ,whe n re cros s i n g t he b at t l e fi e ld ,
.

t h e on ly s i gn s l e ft we r e bl o o d s t a i n e d s p o ts h e re an d t h e r e ,
m ark i n g t he pl ace wh ere t he v i c t i m s o f t he fight had b een
c u t up t o fur n i s h a b a n qu e t i n t h e ev en i n g t o t h e v i c t o r i o u s

s u rv i v o r s The c a mp fo ll o we r s a n d fr i en dl i es m ad e n o
.

d i ffe ren ce i n t h i s res p e c t be t ween t he k i ll ed an d wo u n d ed

On e o f Gon g o L u t e t e s
’
on t h ei r o wn s i d e or t he e n e my s
’
.

’
Accordi n g to B aron D hani s ( p G on go s p ersonal foll owi ng of
.

was th us ma de up The b alance of

. c ons i s t ed apparen tly i n par t o f th e

forces of his s ubordina te chi efs an d i n part of a hungry rabb le pi ck ed up on th e

mar ch .

1 The Fall of the Congo Ar

’
“
ab s , p 1 24 . .
I 56 CIVILISATI ON I N CONGOLAND .

wi ves was k i ll ed dur i n g t he pr o gr es s o f t h e b at t l e an d was

c ut up a n d eat en by h i s o w n m e n ,o n wh o m , h o we v er ,he

t oo k s umm ary ven ge a n c e t h e d ay fo ll o wi n g by h a n d i n g

”
t h e m o ve r t o form a r ep a s t for t h e i r c o mr ad es .

T he fift y m i l es m arch t o t h e Lu al ab a l as t ed fi ve week s ,

’

a s t h e r e w e r e m an y M an y e m a v i ll ages
Th e Ca p t ure of
t o b e d e s t r o y e d ,an d t h e i r o ccup ants
Ny an g we .

eat e n ; an d C a p t a i n Dh an i s app ea rs

t o h av e d on e l i t t l e m o re t hr o ugh ano t he r fi ve week s t h an

wat ch t he Ar ab s t ron gho ld fro m t h e o pp os i t e s i d e o f t he

Lu a l aba,wh i ch was t he re a b o ut ya rd s wi d e The .

d el ay was prob ably wi s e , a s i n h i s s u s pen s e S e fu t ook

’
fri ght and wi thdre w wi t h p a r t o f h i s fo rce ,wh i l e Gon go s
B at etel a d es o l at ed t he ne i ghb o urhoo d The ri v e r was at .

l engt h crossed on 4t h M arch ,1 8 9 3 ,an d t o e very one s as t on i sh ’

m ent Ny an gwe was en te re d wi t h o u t prot es t ,an d o ccup i ed

al m os t wi t h o u t bl oo d s h e d , a l t h o ugh o n t he 9 th t he re was

wh at was c all ed an o u t br eak o f t reach ery , foll owed by

pl ent i ful s l augh t er o f t he d e feate d an d burn i n g d o wn o f
”
m os t of the t own by Dh an i s s o rd ers ’
F or t hr ee d ays , .
“

wr ot e Dr H i n d e, we s aw n ot h i n g of Lu t et e,and I l earned
.
“

aft erw ard s ,wh en t alk i n g o v e r a ffa i r s w i t h hi m,t h at dur i n g

t h i s t i m e h e h ad n ot l e ft hi s o wn qu ar t e rs ; t h e s i gh t s i n hi s
c amp wer e s o a pp all i n g t h a t e ven he d i d n ot c ar e t o p ut
h i m sel f i n t he way o f s ee i n g t h e m u n n e cess ar i ly H e t old .

us t h at e ve ry on e o f t h e c an n i b a l s who a cc o mp an i e d h i m

h ad a t l eas t o n e b o dy t o ea t All t he m eat was c oo k ed

.

an d s m o k e-dr i e d ,an d fo rm e d pro v i s i on s for th e who l e o f

h i s fo rc e an d for a ll t he c a mp fo ll o we r s fo r m an y d ays
a fte rward s A vo lu n t ee r drumm e r w ho had b een wi t h us
.

fo r so m e t i m e d i s a pp ea re d , a n d , w e i m ag i ned , h ad b een
k i ll ed A d ay o r t wo a ft e rwa rd s h e was d i s c o ve red d ead
.

i n a h ut by th e s i d e o f a h a lf-c on s um e d c o rp s e ; he had
a pp ar en t ly o v e r - ea t en h i m s e l f a n d h ad d i e d i n conse
”
q uen ce 1 . Yet o n t h e wh o l e Dr H i n d e t h o ugh t w ell of
’
.

th e hygi en i c effe c t s o f c an n i b a l i s m Dur i n g t he war i n

.

‘
The F all of the Congo Arab s , p
’ ’

. 1 34 . I bzafl,p . 1 75 .
 l 58 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

t ur n . Duri n g p en t at K as on go, h e add e d ,

t he t i m e s

I w as c o n s t an t ly ast on i s he d by t he s pl e n d i d w o rk wh i ch
h ad b ee n d o n e i n t h e n e i ghb o urh oo d by t he Ar a b s .

K as o n g o wa s bui l t i n t he co rn e r o f a vi rgi n fo r es t ,a n d fo r
m i l e s ro un d a ll t he bru s hwoo d a n d t he gr ea t m aj o r i t y o f
t r e e s h a d b e en cl ear e d a wa y I n t h e fo r es t -cl ea ri n g.

s pl en d i d cro p s o f s u g a r c an e,r i c e ,m ai z e ,an d fru i t s gr e w ;

-

an d s o m e i d ea o f t h e e x t e n t o f t h i s cul t i v a t i on m ay b e

a t h e r e d fr o m t h e fa c t t h a t I h av e r i dd en t hro ugh a s i n gl e
g
r i ce fi el d for a n h o ur an d a h a l f Wh en pl ac i n g gr o up s o f.

p eo pl e a b o u t t hi s c o u n t ry t o fo rm v i ll ages,t h es e v i ll ages
”
b ec a m e s e lf s upp o r t i n g w i t h i n t hr ee o r fo ur m o h
- n t s .

Th i s t es t i m on y i s i mp o r t an t as s h o wi n g t h a t ,app all i n g
as was t h e m i s ch i e f wr o ugh t by t h e Ar ab s i n r a i d i n g for

i vo ry an d s l a ves , t h e y i n t r o duc e d a m o n g t h os e n at i ves

who m t hey d i d n o t s t ea l o r k i ll a m eas ur e o f c i v i l i s at i on
far i n a dva n c e o f an y t h i n g at t ai n e d by t h e n a t i ves for
t h e m s e lv es , an d far m o re gene r o u s an d s e rv i c ea bl e t h an
t h at a ft e rwa rd s fo rc ed up o n t h e m by t he C on go S t at e
o ffic i a l s The p o l i t i c a l geo gr a phy o f t he Upp er C o n go
“
.

B as i n ha s b een c o mpl e t e ly ch an ge d , as a res ul t o f the

”
B elg i an c amp a i gn a m on g t he Ar a b s , Dr H i n d e a dm i tted .

i n M a rch ,1 8 9 5 I t u s ed t o b e a c o mm on s a yi n g i n t h i s
.

p art o f Afr i c a t h at a ll r oad s le d t o Nyan gwe Th i s t o wn , .

u n t i l l at e ly one o f t he g reat es t m ark e t s i n Afr i c a,has

c eas ed t o e x i s t , an d i t s s i te , when I l ast s aw i t , was
o ccup i e d by a s i n g l e h o u s e K as on g o , a m o re r e c en t
.

t h o ugh s t i ll l a rg e r c en t r e ,wi t h p erh ap s i n h a b i t an t s ,

h as a l s o b een s wep t a w ay , a n d i s n o w r e pres en t ed by a
s t at i on o f t h e Fr ee S t a t e n i n e m i l es a w ay
, on t he r i ve r
b an k D es p i t e t he i r s l a ve r a i d i n g pr o p ens i t i es dur i n g t he
.
-

fo r t y ye ar s o f t hei r d o m i n at i o n ,t he Ar ab s h ad c o n ve r te d
t he M a n ye m a an d M al e l a c o u n t ry i n t o o n e o f t h e m os t
pr os pe ro u s i n C en t r a l Afr i c a 1 .
” ‘

‘
Th e F all of th e C on go Arabs ,
’
pp . 1 8 3 ,1 8 7 .

Y v
'

I bzd p 6 ,ci ti ng Th ree ears ’ T ra el i n C en tral Afri ca ’ a a er r ead by

, p p
. .

hi m before the Royal Geographi cal S oci et

y .
 ANTI -SLAVERY C RUSADING . 1 59

H av i n g dr i v en S e fu fr o m hi s st r o n gh o ld s wi t h u n l oo k ed
fo r eas e , C a p t a i n Dh an is o ccup i e d
Th e Re -En s l a ve m e n t
m o re t h an h a lf a y e a r i n a ppr o
of t h e M any e m a .

p r i at i n g t h e d i s t r i c t a n d i t s p o p ula
t i o n for t h e pr o fi t o f t h e C o n g o S t a t e Wh i l e arr a n g i n g
“

t he c o u n t ry a ft e r h av i n g s ett l ed d o wn a t K a so n g o , Dr .

H i n d e re po r t ed , we fo u n d i t adv i s abl e t o m ak e us e o f
“

t h ose na t i v e an d Ar a b s l a v es wh o we r e c a p abl e o f t each i n g

t h e ot h e r s
. All t he m as ons , br i ckm ak er s , agr i cul t ur i s ts ,
c arpen t ers , arm o ur er s , a n d i r on wo rk e rs fo u n d a m o n g t he
pri s o n e rs we r e g i ve n ch a rg e o f t he i n t ell i ge n t l ad s fr o m t he
nat i v e t r i b es , a n d s e t t o w o rk , w i t h t h e i n t e n t i on o f
eve n t u a lly fo rm i n g c o l o n i es i n s u i t a bl e d i s t r i c t s fo r t h es e

t r ad es
. We e v en e mpl o y ed t hei r e l eph an t hu n ters , who-

had b een t a k en figh t i n g , a n d l e ft t h e m t h ei r a rm s on

c on d i t i o n t h at t h ey hu n t ed for us ,a n d t a u g h t e ve ry o ne
who ch o s e t o go w i t h t h e m wh a t t o d o . I n o t h e r wo rd s ,
an d w i t h o u t e uph e m i s m ,t h e o ld s l av e ry was c o n t i n u e d an d

s t r en gt h ene d u n d er n e w m as t e r s E no rm o u s n umb er s o f
“
.

p eo pl e , we are as s ur ed , c on s i d er ed t he m s elves o ur s l aves ,

“

an d ,s i n c e t h e Ar a b s h a d b een t ur n e d o u t ,w e r e l i k e s h e e p

wi t ho u t a s he ph erd We s e l e c te d t he pe tt y ch i e fs who
.

s t i ll e x i s t e d — an d ,i n c as es wh e re t h e ch i e fs ha d b een k i ll e d ,

m ad e new o n es —an d t h es e , i n t ur n , s el ect ed t he i r own

peo pl e O ne o f us t hen m a rche d t h i s p ar t y o u t i n t o t h e
.

s urro u n d i n g c o u n t ry , a n d ,ch oos i n g a c o n ve n i en t pl ac e fo r

t he m ,g a v e t h e m o rd e rs t h a t t h ey s h o uld bu i ld a v i ll a g e
an d s t a r t pl an t i n g . B ut t h e e xp e r i m e n t a pp ea r s t o h ave
b een g en e r a lly un s ucc es s ful I t w as s o, at an y r a t e , as
.

regard s Dr H i n d e s s h ar e i n t he wo rk
.
’
. T wo o r t hr ee
“

”
t i m es I e s t abl i s h ed v i ll a ges , he s a i d , wi t h i n v a r i a bly t h e
s am e r es ul t ; t h e wh o l e p o pul at i o n d e c a mp ed , an d e i t h e r

t o o k up t h e i r a b o d e e l s ewh e re or a rr i v ed i n K as on g o ,
”
cl a mo ur i n g t o be pl a ce d i n s o m e o t he r d i s t r i c t . T he
C on go S t at e s d el i v er an ce o f t he n a t i ves fr o m Ar a b
’

t hr a ld o m was no t we lc o m ed , an d m o re u n we lc o m e t h a n
i ts r egul ar o ffic i al s an d t r oop s wer e ,wi t h go od re ason ,i t s
1 60 CIVILIS ATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

c an n i b al a ll i es .We wer e at t h i s t i m e, wr ot e Dr H i n d e, .

by w ay o f i llu s t ra t i on , h av i n g a g oo d d e a l o f t r o ubl e w i t h
“

t he n at i ve s t o t he w es t w a rd o f t he n e i ghb o urh o o d o f
K as o n go ,w ho h ad b ee n a t t ack i n g our fr i e n dl i es ,a n d e ven
o ur o w n p e o pl e,wh e n e ve r t h e y w e n t o u t t o l oo k fo r

I t was e vi d en t ly t o l eg al i se an d s y s t e m a t i se t he new
t yr an n y wh i ch C a p t a i n Dh an i s was es t a bl i s h i n g t h a t a
Roy al D ecr ee w as i s s u e d on 2 8 t h N o ve mb er ,1 8 9 3 ,an n o un c
i n g t h at t h e C o mm an d an t o f t h e fo rc es o f t h e S t at e i s
“

'

a u t h o r i s e d t o r ai s e i n t h e c o u n t ry ,by m ean s o f p r es ta t zons ,

p ar t o f t h e r es o urc es n e ces s ary t o c o v er t he e x t r ao rd i n ary

e xp ens es i n curre d i n s uppr ess i n g t h e Ar ab r e v o l t He .

'

d et erm i n es t he n at ur e an d t he a m o u n t o f t he p r es ta t zons t o
b e fur n i s h ed by each l o c a l i ty or nat i ve ch i e f Th ese p r eem .

'

t zom wi ll b e ,as fa r as p o s s i bl e ,i n pro p o r t i o n t o t he p o p ula

t i o n pl a c ed u n d er t h e a u t h o r i ty o f t he l o c a l ch i e f P res mtzons
'

o f l ab o ur w i ll b e u s e d i n t he es t abl i s hm en t o f pl an t at i o ns ,

the cul t i v at i o n o f th e rubb er pl a n t ,an d t h e c ons t ruc t i on of

wo rk s o f publ i c ut i l i ty T Th e s e p r es ta t zom ,or l evi es ,were
” ’

h en ce fo r t h t he rul e an d au t h o r i t y for eve ry s o r t o f o pp res

s i on a n d e x t o r t i o n i n o t h e r p ar t s o f t h e S t at e s d o m i n i ons
’

as we ll a s i n t he M an y e m a c o u n t ry .

I n S ep t e mb er an e xc ep t i on ally d i s gra c e ful i n c i d en t

o ccurr ed Tr o ubl e h avi n g br o k en o ut
Th e B e t r a y al o f
.

b et ween t h e B as u ku an d L i e u t enan t
G on g o .

Duche s n e ,w ho had b een l eft i n ch arge

a t Gan du ,Gon go Lu t et e w as a t t h e en d o f Augu s t sen t

h o m e t o arr an g e m at t er s , an d Dr H i n d e v o lu n t eere d t o
“ "
.

fo ll o w h i m , b ut u n fo r t u n at e ly n o t s oo n e n o ugh B e fo re .

Dr H i n d e s t a r t ed n e ws c a m e t h at Duch esn e had d i s

.
“

c o ver e d t h at Go n g o w as a t r ai t o r , an d had m a d e hi m a
”

pr i s on e r , a n d when Dr H i n d e a rr i ved ,wi t h a s m all e s co rt ,

.

1 7 t h S e p t e mb e r , i t was t o fi n d t h at o u r br av e a nd
“
on

fai t hful a lly h ad b een s h o t fo r t y -ei g h t h o ur s b e fo r e ou r

a rr i v a l
. The murd e r ,u n d er c o ve r o f a s h a m c o ur t m ar t i al ,
Th e F all of th eCo ngo Arabs ,’ pp . 1 9 4 ,1 9 6,2 03 ,2 0
4 .

1 Bul l etin Offici el

’

p 2 46
‘
. .
1 62 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

g arr i son at S t an l ey F all s by t he t i m ely arr i v al o f C ap t ai n

Ch al t i n ,on hi s way fr o m B as o k o wi t h r e i n fo rce m en ts fo r
C ap t ai n Dhan i s Ras h i d s a rmy w a s dr i ven b ack wi t h
.
’

great s l aught er on 1 8 t h M ay , an d t he re was fre qu en t

fight i n g wi th m o re h e avy s l a ugh t e r a fte r C ap t ai n Pont hier
h ad br o ugh t up fur t he r r e i n fo rc e m e n t s o n 2 5th Ju n e
—
.

P u s h i n g t h e i r w ay d o w n t o K a s o n g o Cha l t i n ,by way of

t he L o m an i , an d P o n t h i e r , by w a y o f t h e Lu a l ab a—t h ese

o ffic e r s fo u n d Dh an i s pre p a r i n g for a d es p e r at e en c o u nt er

wi t h Rumal i z a,who o n 1 3 t h O ct o b e r l e ft K ab a mba re i n

t h e h o p e o f cru s h i n g th e i n v a d e r s
. Wi t h all t he forc es he
co uld mu s ter ,i n clud i n g 2 00 m en hurri edly b ro ugh t fro m
B an gal a by C a pt ai n Lo t hai re, Dh an i s wen t o ut t o m eet
t he ene my , a n d t he r e w as i n t erm i t t en t figh t i n g fr o m
1 st h O c t o b e r t i ll 1 4 th J an u ary ,1 8 9 4 . Th en t he acc i d ent al
bl ow in g up of a p owd e r s t or e i n Ru m a li z a s pr i n c i p al b o m a,
’

o r fo r t i fi ed en c a mpm en t , c a u se d s uch p a n i c t h at , t h o ugh

he h i m self es c ap e d , m o r e t h an o f hi s army were

fo rced t o c ap i t ul at e t hree d ay s l at e r , as t he y were

fa m i s h i n g t hro ugh l a ck o f wate r . O t her t ho u s an d s had
’
b een k i ll ed dur i n g t h e t hre e m o n t h s s t ruggl e, and the
o ccup at i on o f K ab a mb ar e on 2 5t h J a n u a ry ,fo ll o wed by t he

s c o ur i n g o f t he wh o l e c o u n t ry as fa r as L ak e T an g a ny i k a

an d i n t he d i re c t i on o f S t an l e y F a ll s , i n wh i ch C ap t ai n

L ot h ai r e n ot ably d i s t i n g u i s he d h i m s elf, an d i n wh i ch
Ras h i d an d ot h er l ead e r s we r e t a ke n pr i s on e r s , vi r t u al ly
bro ugh t t o a c on clus i on t he l on g ca mp ai gn ag ai ns t the
Arabs .

B aron Dhan i s ,as h e no w w as , t he t i t l e h avi n g been

c on ferred on hi m i n O c to be r,1 8 9 3 ,cl ai m ed i n hi s offici al
rep or t ,d ated 2 0th D e ce mb e r,1 8 9 4,t hat h i s l o n g,l abo ri o us,
an d i n e very way r e m a rk a bl e c a mp ai gn h ad a ven ged t he

wron g i n fl i c t ed up on Euro p e ans an d n at i ves by Ar ab

i n t rud er s,an d h ad r es cu ed fo r t he C on go S t a te t h e t err i t ory
i t was en t i t l ed t o Th e an n i h i l a t i on o f t he Ar a b p o we r
“ ”
,
.

he s ai d , has bro ugh t ab o u t t h e c o mpl et e s uppr ess i on of

t he d evastat i n g b an d s wh i ch , i n o rd e r t o pr o cur e s l av es
,
 ANTI-SLAVERY CRUSADING . 1 63

had b een r av ag i n g t he c o u n t ry wit h fire and s wo rd ,fr o m

t he W e ll e i n th e n or t h d o wn t o t h e S an kuru i n t he s o u t h .

W i th t h e m t he s l av e t r ad e d i s app ear s fr o m t he r eg i o n s
t hey e xpl o i t ed , a n d v ery s oo n , we m ay h o p e ,i t wi ll n o
l on g e r e x i s t i n t he C o n go S t a te T he n ati ve ch i e fs who
.

h ave s ubm i t ted h ave been re i n s t a t ed i n a u th ori t y ; o t he r s

who h a ve d i s app e ared h a ve b een r epl ace d by i n t ell i gen t
s o ld i e r s o f t he S t at e ; an d s o m e o f t h e Ar abs ,wh o m a d e

t hei r s ubm i s s i on , h av e b ee n l e ft i n enj oym en t o f t h e i r

pos ses s i on s All ha ve been d i s arm ed and wa rn ed t h at
.

t hei r a u t h o r i t y mu s t be e x e rc i se d u n d er t he d i r ec t i o n o f
t he S t a te s a g en t s ,wh o are ch a rge d w i t h t he p ac i fic s ett l e
’

m en t o f any d i ff er en ces t h a t m ay a r i se ” .

The c on clud i n g s en t e n c es o f t h i s r ep o r t a re es p e c i a lly

n ot e wo r t hy as r ev eal i n g th e m i l i t ary p o l i cy h en c e fo r t h t o

be purs ue d . L arge c a mps wi ll be form e d at K aso n go

an d K a b a mb are, an d t he n um e ro u s s o ld i ers i ns t ruc ted
t her e w i ll fo rm t he n ucl e u s o f t he n at i on a l a rmy Fro m.

t h i s p o i n t of v i ew t he Ar ab c a mp a i g n has fo rc i bly s h o w n
t h a t t he n at i v es o f t h e v ar i o u s d i s t r i c t s of t he C o n g o are i n n o
way i n fe r i o r as s o ld i e r s t o t he bl ack s o f t he c o as t wh o are
m o s t fa m o us fo r t hei r bravery T h e B alub a and o t he rs t r ai n ed
.

an d le d by L i e u t enan t D oor m e ,t he B an g al a u n d e r C a p t ai n

Lot hai re , & c , h av e been a dm i rabl e

. .C ap t ai n Lo t h ai re
s p eak s ve ry h i ghly o f t h e m i n h i s rep o rt s I n t he n ear
.

fu t ure we m ay expec t t hat i t wi ll b e no l on ge r ne ces s ary

t o r e cru i t s old i er s abr oad at grea t e xp en s e T h e c o u n t ry
.

wi ll m ai n ly s upply i t s own r equ i re m ents an d t he M an y e m a

wi ll b e of great i mp o r t an ce,a l i ke fr o m t he n umb er o f m en
t hey can fur n i s h an d fr o m t he s p ec i al a p ti t ud e o f t h es e
men t o th e pro fes s i on o f a rm s .

M o re p o mp o u s was t he repor t of M V an E et ve ld e t o .

K i n g Leo po ld , d at ed 2 4t h D ec emb er, i n whi ch t he

S e cret ary o f S t at e for t he C ongo t oo k cred i t for t he
br i ll i ant and c o mpl ete fulfilm en t by hi s Go ver n m ent
D ocumen ts relatifs a la Re i d l T i d Escl v
’
p ress on e a ra te es a es

Vol I ,p 4 1
. . . .
1 64 CIVILI SATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

an d its a gen t s o f all t h e dut i es l ai d up on t he m by t he

B ru s se l s C o n fe ren c e T h e t as k , he s a i d , i s n o t o ve r ,
“ “
.

b ut wh at r e m a i n s o f i t w i ll b e c o mp a r at i v ely e as y an d
i t s a cc o mpl i s hm en t w i ll b e i n h arm o n y w i t h m eas ures
h a v i n g fo r t he i r o bj e ct t he fo rm a t i o n o f a n at i o n a l army an d
”
t h e c on se qu e n t r e duc t i o n o f publ i c e xp e n d i t ur e .

I n t h e e i g ht ye a r s t h a t h a v e s i n c e e l a p s e d t he t a s k t a k en
upo n i t s e lf by t he C on go Go ve r n m e n t h as pro ve d t o b e
m o r e t h a n ev e r at va r i a n c e w i t h t he du t i es i mp o s ed by t he
B ru s s e l s as we ll as by t h e B e rl i n C on fer e n c e ; an d t he
e c o n o m i e s e xp e c t e d t o r es ul t fr o m t he fo rm at i on o f a
n at i on a l a rmy o f c an n i b a l s an d s l ave — r ai d e r s h ave b een
was t e ful i n m a n y ways .

B ull eti n Offici el pp . 1 00 -1 9 .

1 66 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

not en croa ch ed up on by t he C on go S t at e, and Germ an

o p e r at i o n s o u t s i d e o f i t c a m e t o a n en d wh en M aj o r vo n

W i s s m an n r et i r ed fro m t he S t at e s s e rv i ce
’
.

B o t h Great Br i t ai n an d Fr an c e were,as r egard s C o n go

d eve l o pm en t s , i n d i ffe re nt c as e .

F r e nc h a n d B r i t i s h
Fr an c e h as n e v e r ab an d on ed the
Co m p l a i n t s
.

h o pe o f acqu i ri n g d o m i n i o n o v er
n early t h e wh o l e o f N o r t h Afr i c a ,an d t h e ea rl i e r arr a n g e

m en t s wi t h K i n g L eo p o ld O ffer e d t o Fr an c e a pr o s p ec t o f
al s o s ucc eed i n g t o a ll h i s g a i n s . G r ea t B r i t ai n , h o weve r,
as cu s t o d i a n o f Egyp t ,cl a i m e d pr i o r i t y o f c on t r o l o v e r t he

en t i r e r eg i on ,w es t o f t h e N i l e an d n o r t h o f C o n g o l an d ,

k n o wn a s the Egyp t ian S ud an . T he nor t h -wes t er n m os t

p o r t i on s o f B r i t i s h E as t Afr i ca were a c t u a lly wi t h i n the
C o n v en t i on al B a si n o f t he C on go ,a n d t he re can b e s m all
d o ub t t hat t he t r an s fer o f Ug an d a fr o m t h e a dm i n i s t rat i on
o f t he B r i t i s h E as t Afr i c a C o mp an y t o t h at o f t he B r i t i s h

Cr o wn , early i n 1 8 9 3 , was h as te ne d by th e app aren t

n e c es s i t y fo r pr o mp t m e as ur es b e i n g t a k en t o h o ld t he

C o n go S t at e at b ay ,a s well as t o as s i s t t h e A n gl o-Egyp t i an
a dv an c es ag a i n s t t h e fo ll o w e r s o f t h e D o n g o l a M a hd i wh i ch

were t hen i n c on te mpl at i on .

I t w as w i t h a v i e w o f h a rm on i s i n g t h e i n t e res t s o f Gre at
B r i t a i n wi t h t h os e o f t h e C on go S t at e
Th e Ang l o C on g o l es e
=
’
t h at ,a ft e r m o r e t h an a y ear s c o rre
C o n ven t i o n of 1 8 9 4
.

s p o n d i n g o n t he s ubj e c t , a v e ry uh

fo r t u na te c o mpr o m i s e w as a rr i ved at o n 1 2 t h May ,1 8 9 4 .

B y a C o n ven t i on t h en s i gne d by t h e r e pr es en t at i ves o f t he

t wo Go ve rn m en t s G r ea t B r i t ai n m ad e s o m e i mp o r t an t co n
c ess i on s i n r et ur n for t he l eas e ,dur i n g t h e l i fe t i m e o f K i n g
Le o p o ld ,o f a st r i p o f C on g o t e rr i t o ry ,t we n t y -five k i l o m etres
o r a b o u t s i x t een m i l es broad , e x t e n d i n g fr o m t h e m o s t

no r t h e r n p o r t O f L a k e T an g an y i k a as fa r a s t he m o s t
”
s o u t h e r n p o i n t o f L a ke Alb e r t Edwa rd , an d for p e rm i s s i on

t o c o n s t ruc t a cr os s C on g o S t a te t err i t o ry a t e l egr a ph l i n e

c o n n e c t i n g B r i t is h S o u t h Afr i c a wi t h t he N i l e v a ll ey .

B es i d es d el i m i t i n g t he fro n t i ers b et ween t he C on go S tate

 INTERNATIONAL COMPLI CATI ONS . 167

an d t he B rit i s h s pher e n o r t h O f t he Z a mb e z i ,on t e rm s

gen er o u s to t he fo rm e r ,t he C on v en t i on pr o v i d e d t hat t he
s ph e r e o f i n flu en c e o f t h e C o n go S t a t e t o t h e n o r t h o f t h e

Germ an s ph ere i n E as t Afr i c a s h all b e l i m i te d by a fron t i e r

fo ll o wi n g t he 3 ot h m er i d i an e as t o f Green wi ch up t o i ts
i n t e rs ec t i o n wi t h t he cres t o f t he wa te r -p a r t i n g b et w een t he
N i l e an d t he C o n go , an d t ha t cr es t o f t he p ar t i n g i n a
”
n o r t h e rly a n d n o rt h -w es t e rly d i r e c t i on M o re t h an t h at ,
.

Gr eat B r i t ai n l eas e d t o K i n g L eo p o ld ,p ar t fo r hi s l i fet i m e

an d p a r t i n p e rp e t u i t y fo r t he C o n g o S t at e ,t h e t e rr i t o r i e s

wes t o f L ak e Albe r t an d t he N i l e fr o m M a agi up t o t he

fr on t i e r j u s t m en t i o n ed , i n clud i n g F as h od a,a n d e x t e n d i n g
”
2 .
°
t o 5 E l on g i t ud e a n d i t s i n t e r se c t i on wi t h 1 0 N l t ud
°
a i t. e .

Th i s ag ree m en t , o n b e i n g publ i s h ed ,g a v e gre a t o ffe n ce

b o t h t o Fr an c e a n d t o Germ an y T he Ge rm an Gover n
.

m e n t pro te s te d s o s t ro n gly a ga i n s t t he a r t i cl e pu tt i n g Gre at

B ri t ai n i n p o s s e s s i on o f t he s t r i p o f l an d b et we en L a k e s
Tan g an y i k a an d Alb er t Edward , adj ace n t t o Germ an E as t
Afr i c a, an d m an i fes t ly i n t en d e d fo r t he C a pe -t o - C a i r o
r ai lway a lready b ei n g s che m e d by Mr C e c i l Rh o d es ,t h at
.

i t ha d t o be w i t hdr a wn by a rr a n ge m en t be t ween t he B r i t i s h
an d C on g o Go v e r n m en t s o n 2 2 n d J u n e ,1 8 9 4 T h e e xp o s
.

t u la t i o n s o f t he Fr en ch Go v e r n m e n t a g ai n s t t he pr o p o s ed
h an d i n g o ve r t o t he C o n go S t at e o f n e a rly t he who l e
pro v i n ce o f B a hr -el-Gh a z a l ,a n d m o re t han t h at ,r es ul t e d i n
a C o n ve nt i o n b e t w een i t an d t he C on g o Go ve r n m en t wh i ch

was i n r ea l i ty t o t h e b ene fi t 0 1 b o t h p ar t i es a n d pr ej ud i c i a l
on ly t o B r i t i s h i n t e r es t s .

T he C on ven t i on wi t h Fr an c e , d a t ed 1 4t h Augu s t , p ro
vi de d t h at t h e fr o n t i e r b e t ween i t a n d
Th e F ranco -Con g o l es e
t he C o n go S t at e i n t he eas t s h o uld
C o n ve n t i on o f 1 8 9 4 .

he n ce fo r t h b e t h e Ub an g i , fr o m i t s
j u n ct i o n wi t h t he C o n go , a n d t he B o mu , as i t i s c a ll e d
a b o v e t h e j u n c t i on w i t h i t o f t h e W e ll e , an d t h en c e fur t h e r

eas t , i n a c o n v en i en t l i n e ,on t o 3 0
°
E l o n gi t ud e Fro m
. .

t h at p o i n t t h e B r i t i s h pr o p os a l was s o fa r agr eed t o as t o

B ulleti n Oflfi
ci el
’
p . 2 49 .
1 68 CIVILISATI ON I N CONGOLAND .

a ll ow of t he t err i t ory up t o 5 3 o N l at i t ud e,i nstead of

° “

b ei ng h eld by t he S t ate “ T he S t ate s cl ai m t o the

.
’

c o u nt ry o ver wh i ch C ap t a i n V an K erck hoven an d ot her

B elg i ans had b een cru s ad i n g was t hus assented t o by
Fr ance,as well as the l eas e t o i t o f t he p o r t i on o f t he N i l e
v all ey c o m m on ly c all e d t he L a d o en cl a ve,o r le terr i t oi re
The r es t o f t h e Egyp t i a n Sud an ,i n clud i ng
”
pr i s a b ai l .

m o s t of th e B ahr-el-Gh a zal , re m ai ne d d eba ta bl e l an d ,o pen

t o Fr en ch e xpl o i t at i on u n l es s Gr e a t B r i t ai n s t i t l e t o i t ,as
’

the pr o t e c t o r o f E gy p t , was re c o gn i s ed T o t he C o n go
.

S t ate,h oweve r,we re as s i g n e d qui t e as much t erri t o ry out

s i d e t he C o n ven t i o n a l B as i n o f t h e C o n g o ,an d qu i te as

much opp orun i ty for m e ddl i n g i n t he p o l i t i cal an d com

merci al affai rs o f t he N i l e va ll ey, as c o uld on an y gro u n d
h e exp ec t ed t o b e pr o fi t abl e t o i t or t o i t s S o ve rei g n .

Wh at ever excu s es m ay b e fo u n d fo r t he s i n gul arly

i l l-a dvi s ed C o n ven t i o n o f 1 2 t h M ay b et w een Gr eat Br i tai n
an d the C on go S t a t e , t h e r e ckl e s s n es s s ho wn i n t he c on

t i n uan ce o f i t s u n n e c es s a ry an d m i s ch i evo u s s urr en d er s t o

t h e S t at e, a ft e r a b a n d o n m e n t o f t he o n ly hyp ot h et i c al
a dv an t ages pr o p o s e d i n i t fo r G r eat Br i t ai n ,i s i ne xpl i c a bl e .

Th e Br i t i s h Go ve r n m e n t w a s pr o mp t ly r eward ed for i t s
ge ner os i t y by t he S t a t e s as s i s t an c e t o t he Fre n ch advan ces
’

t ow ard s t h e N i l e v a ll e y wh i ch culm i n a t ed i n t he F as ho d a “

i n c i d ent , w i t h C ap t a i n M a rch an d fo r i t s h er o ; and

s ub sequ en t b et r ay a l s o f m i s pl a c e d fr i e n d s hi p h ave b een i n

k ee p i n g wi th t hat pro c e dur e .

T h e adm i n i s t r at o r s o f t h e C on go S t at e, for all t h at ,

d es erve cre d i t for t h e re m a rk a bl e a b i l i t y s ho wn i n t hei r
con duct o f t hi s bu s i nes s , an d o f o t he r bu s i nes s n o l ess
i n t r i c ate an d urge n t on l at e r as we ll a s e arl i e r o cc as io n s .

N ot wi t hs t an d i n g t he s upp o rt gi ve n by t he B elgi an Govern

m e n t t o t he S t at e i n s an c t i oni n g and ,
Th e Con g o S t a t e s
’

i n e ffe c t , m a k i n g i t s el f r es p on s i bl e
I nso l vency
.

fo r t h e l o an o f fr an cs
r ai sed i n 1 8 8 7 ,i n l en d i n g n e x t y ea r fr an cs to
B ull eti n O ffici al p . 2 54 .
1 70 CIVILISATI ON I N CONGOLAND .

c
on e , or at an rly d ate t o b e d et erm i n ed by Roy al
ea
“

d e cree, t a k e o ve r t he C o n go S t ate ,
He l p f r o m t h e
wi t h all i t s p o s se s s i o n s , cl ai m s , and
B el g i an G over n m e n t .

o bl i g a t i on s , as fr o m t he pr ec ed i n g
I s t J an u ary ,i ns t ead O f w a i t i n g fo r t h e t e n y ea r s pr o p os ed

by t he C on ven t i on o f 2 md J uly ,1 8 9 0 .

Th i s t r eat y wa s a d ead l et te r , as t he a ppr o v al o f t he

B e lgi a n L eg i s l at ure w as n o t o b t ai ne d S ubm i t t ed t o t he
.

Ch a mb er o f Re pr es en t at i ves , a l o n g wi t h a c o mpreh ens i ve

e x p os e d e s m o t i fs an d a pr oj et d e l o i , i t was re ferred
“

t o a Sp e c i a l C o mm i s s i o n wh i ch , o n 2 4 t h M ay , re p o r ted
a g ai n s t i t s a d o p t i o n , an d t h e d e c i s i o n w as i n a cc o rd an c e

wi t h t he wei gh t o f publ i c o p i n i o n ,as e xpres se d i n Cl er i c al

as well as i n Rad i c al an d S o c i al i s t n e ws p ap ers , wh i ch ,
vi e wi n g t he qu es t i on fr o m d i ffe ren t p o i n t s o f v i e w,a greed
i n d epre c a t i n g— a t any r at e ,w i t h o u t c ar e ful c ons i d e r at i on
an d a mpl e s a fe gu a rd s — t he t a k i n
g o ve r by s o s m a ll a
n a t i on as B e lg i um o f fi n an c i a l , c o l o n i a l ,a n d i n t e rna t i o n a

res p on s i b i l i t i es s o o n e r o us an d c o mpl i c a t e d as t he C on go
S t a te h ad i n curr ed As a c o mpro m i s e, t h e re fo re, i t was
d ec i d ed o n 2 7 t h J u n e,a ft er pr o l on g ed d i s cu s s i ons—an d a
.

l a w was p as s ed t o t h i s e ffe c t o n 2 9 t h J u n e— t h at , t he
qu es t i on o f an n e x at i o n b ei n g i n d e fi n i t e ly p os t p one d ,t wo
a dd i t i o n a l l o ans s h o uld b e gr an t e d ,o n e o f fran cs
t o t he C on g o S t a t e ,t o e n a bl e i t t o r e p ay wi t h i n t e r es t t he
a m o u n t i mpr o p e rly o b t ai n e d fr o m M B r o w ne d e Ti ege s
’
.

s y n d i c a t e,an d on e o f fran c s t o t he C o mp ag n i e d u
Che m i n d e F e r ,i n add i t i on t o t he fr an c s a lready
h an d ed t o i t ” .

B e fo re t h at an o t h er s t e p ha d been t ak en i n t he h o pe of

Ar ra n g e m en ts w i t h
t h e Fre n ch
o n K i n g L eo p o ld s h avm
g
fi
cl ea r i n g up t he d i f cul t ie s c o ns e qu ent
I n Apr i l ,

1 8 8 4 , as s i g ne d t o Fr an c e a r i gh t o f
G o ve r n m en t .

p re e mp t i o n a s r e g a rd s h i s C o n go
-

p o s ses s i on s T he r i ght h a d b ee n t o s o m e e x t en t wai ved

.

by s ub s equ en t a rr an ge m e n ts ; b ut eno ugh o f i t rem ai ned

Wauter s,pp . 1 03 -1 0 5,3 6 1 ; Cat ti er,p . 1 22.
 INTERNATI ONAL C OM PLICATIONS . 171

to warr an t t he Fre n ch o bj ec t i o ns O ffered t o t he S t at e s ’

ab or t i ve t reat y o f 9 t h J an u a ry ,1 8 9 5,w i t h B e l g i um . With

a vi e w t o re m ov i n g t h es e o bj e c t i ons an i mpo rt an t
C on ven t i on b et we en Fran ce an d B e lg i um was dr awn up
a n d s i gn e d on st h F e bru ary . Th e B el g i a n Gove r n m en t ,
i t was h ere d e cl a re d , r ec o g n i s es t he r i gh t o f prefer en c e
p oss es sed by Fr an c e o ver i t s C on g o l es e p os ses s i ons i n c as e
o f t h e i r c o mpul s o ry a l i en a t i o n ,wh o lly o r i n p a r t
. I n o rd er
t o g i ve effe c t t o t h i s r i gh t o f pr e fe r en c e,a n y e xch an ge o f
C ong o l es e t erri t o r i es wi t h a fo r ei g n Po wer ,an d every con
cess i on o r as s i g n m en t ,who lly or i n p ar t ,O f t he s ai d t e rr i t o r i es
t o a fo re i g n S t a t e o r t o a fo re i g n c o mp an y en d o wed w i t h
s o ve re ig n r i gh t s ,w i ll c on se qu e n t ly b e t h e s ubj e c t o f pr i o r

n ego t i at i o n b et w ee n t he Go v e r n m en t s o f B e lg i um a n d t he

Fren ch Republ i c The B e l g i a n Go ver n m en t d ecl ar es t h at

.

i t wi ll nev e r gr a t u i t o u s ly p ar t wi t h t he wh o l e or an y p a r t
o f t h es e p os s es s i on s , an d t h e a rr an e m en t s h e r e m ad e
g
apply t o a ll t h e t err i t o r i es o f B e lg i an

As t he C o n ven t i on cr ea t i n g a B e lg i an Con go l an d fe ll
t hr o ug h , t h i s Fr an c o — B e l g i an C on v en t i on has no t e ch n i c a l
fo rce.
“
Fro m a m o ra l p o i n t o f v ie w, h o weve r , as M .

C att i er p o i n t s o u t , i t wi ll b e i mp os s i bl e fo r Fr an c e t o
“

repud i ate t he i n t e rpret at i o n t o wh i ch i t i s pl edg ed by

i t T I t re m a i n s t o b e s een wh et h e r t he S o vere i g n o f
.

t he C on go S t at e c o n s i d er s h i m s e lf equ ally b o u n d by m o ra l
obl i gat i on s.

Cat ti er,p 8 1
. . 1 Mi d ,p 8 2
‘
. .
I 72 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

C H A PTE R X .

A D M I N I S T RATI V E A B U S ES [ 1 8 9 4

A L T H O UG H t he m a ch i n ery o f g o ver n m e n t i n t he C on go
was fo r t he m os t p a r t c o n s t i t u t e d an d s et w o rk i n g a s s oon
a s p o s s i bl e a ft e r t he S t a t e s e s t a bl i s hm en t i n 1 8 8 4 , w i t h
’

M V an Eet ve ld e as K i n g Leo p o ld s pr i n c i p al an d very

.
’

a bl e a dv i s e r a n d a g en t ,a dd i t i on s an d a l t e r at i ons ha d o f

c o ur s e t o b e m a d e i n l a t e r year s ,as n ec es s i t y o r e xped i en cy

c a ll e d for t h e m M os t o f t hes e we r e i n c i d e n t t o t he
adm i n i s t ra t i o n —
.

an d p a r t ly,p e rh ap s ,d u e t o t h e s ug g e s t i o ns
—o f M W abi s ,who s ucc eed ed M J an s s en as Go vernor
. .

Ge n er a l i n 1 8 9 2 ,an d wh o ,h i s pl a c e b ei n g t a k en by d e pu t i es
duri n g his t e mp o ra ry ab s en c es i n E uro p e ,h as h e ld t he o ffice
e ve r s i n ce .

A n o rd i n an c e o f e xc e p t i on a l i mp o r t an c e was i s s u ed on
l ot h O c t o b e r , 1 8 9 4, d e fi n i n g an d
Th e S t at e a n d i t s
r egul a t i n g t h e du t i es O f a l l O ffic i a l s
S e r va n ts.

a pp o i n t e d by t h e S e cr e t ary o f S t at e

o r t h e Go ve r n o r -Gene r a l ” . Such a pp o i n t m en t s we re ,as a

rul e ,t o be fo r t hree yea rs ,dur i n g wh i ch t i m e t h e h o ld er s
were t o d evo te t he m s e lves e xclu s i v ely t o the s e rv i c e o f t he
S t a te ,t o en gage i n n o s o r t o f t rad e ,t o re c e i ve n o p aym en ts
or r e wa rd s o f a n
y d es cr i p t i on fr o m m e rch an t s or pr i v ate
i n d i vi du al s , an d I
“
n o t t o c o mmu n i c a t e t o o u t s i d e rs o r t o

publ i s h ,wi t h o u t s p e c i a l p erm i s s i on , an y i n fo rm at i o n as t o

a ffa i rs o f S t a t e o r pr i v at e c o n c e r n s w i t h wh i ch t h e i r o fli c i a l

fu n c t i on s m ay m a k e t he m a cqu a i n t e d a pp ea l b ei n g m ade
t o t h e i r h on o ur as re g a rd s pr o fes s i o na l s e cre cy a ft e r re t i r e
m e n t fr o m p os i t i o n s i n wh i ch , wh i l e h o ld i n g t he m , t hey
c o uld h ave b ee n s e ver e ly pu n i s h ed fo r breach o f d i s c i pl i ne 1 .
‘

T he ch i e f v a lu e o f t h i s l a s t rul e i s i n t h e e xcu s e i t a ffo rd s

fo r r e fu s i n g t o t a k e a cc o u n t o f an
y d i s cr ed i t a bl e fac ts
B ul l eti n Offici el pp 2 2 1 -2 3 6 1 2 24
p
. . . .
1 74 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

p o pul at i on —men ,wo m en , an d ch i ldr e n A l i s t s h a ll a l s o .

b e pre p a re d by t he D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s a ry , s ho w i n g t he
'

a n n u al p r es ta t zom t o b e fur n i s h e d fo r e a ch v i ll a ge i n pr o duc e

—i h m ai z e, s o rg hum , p a lm -o i l , gr o u n d -n u ts , & c—a l s o i n

cor vees , l a b o ure rs ,o r s o ld i e r s Th i s l i s t s h all i n d i c at e the
‘
.

l an d s t h at are t o li e fall o w,an d t he n at ure o f t he cul t i v at i on

an d a ll o t h e r publ i c w o rk s t o b e c arr i e d on T he n at i ve .

ch i e fs wi ll e x erc i s e t hei r a ut h o r i t y a cc o rd i n g t o t he i r us ages

a n d cu s t o m s , pro v i d e d t h ese ar e n o t c on t ra ry t o publ i c

o rd e r an d are i n c o n fo rm i t y wi t h t h e l aw s o f t h e S t at e .

Th ey wi ll be u n d e r t he d i re ct i on an d o ve rs ig h t o f t he
”
d i t ri c t c o mm
s i ss a rie.s Thu s , wi t h a n i cke l m ed a l an d
ch ai n t o a t tes t h i s d i gn i ty ,r eve ry n at i ve ch i e f or a s p i ran t
‘

t o ch i e ft a i n s h i p wh o c o uld b e c on t r o ll e d wa s c on ve r t e d i n t o
a v ass a l , b o u n d t o o b ey S t at e o rd e r s i n u s i n g al l t he
a ppl i an c es of s av a g e ry fo r t h e b en e fi t o f h i s m ast ers .

Am ong t he po s s i bl e d an ger s o f t he arr ange m en t p oi n t ed

o ut by M C a tt i e r w e re t he d i s c o n t en t o f p o pul at i o n s c o n
“
.

s e qu en t o n i n ves t i t ur es d i s a ppr o ve d by t h e m ,t he en h a n c ed

p o we r c on fe rred o n un s t a bl e ch i e fs ,t he i rri t at i on c a u s e d by
t he i n t e rven t i on o f yo u n g a n d i mprud en t agen t s i n t he
’
i n ves t ed ch i e fs ex erc i s e o f t h e i r r i g h t s ,an d t he d i s affec t i on
'
”
i n c i d en t t o t oo h ea vy p r es ta t zom 1 .

'

The p r es ta l zom app ear , at s t ar t i n g , t o h a ve b een co m

' '

p arat i vely l i gh t , an d th e cbej k r zes t o h a ve b een few i n

n umb e r b ut t he o p erat i o n o f t he ne w d ecree was w i d es pread
an d e ve r m o re a n d m o r e t yr an n i c al a ft e r t h e n ew c o mp an i es

fo r d ev el o p i n g t he S t a t e s pr i v a t e d o m a i n h ad b een
’

o rg an i s ed ,an d wh i l e t he c o n qu es t o f t h at d o m ai n was b ei n g

p a r t i ally e ffec te d by c o u n t l es s m i l i t a ry exp ed i t i ons i n t he

n o r t h ,s o u t h ,a n d eas t
”
. Th ey we re al i ke s ervi ceable i n p ro
vi d i n g fo rc e d l a b o ur fo r t he c o ll e c t i on o f rubb e r a n d o t he r

c o mm o d i t i es an d i n o b t a i n i n g r e cru i ts an d a ux i l i ari es for

'

t he f or ce p u bl zgzce .

Thi s f or ce p u bl i que h ad b een fur t he r reo rgan i sed by a

Bullet i n Offi
’
ci el 2 59 -2 6 1 1 I bi d
pp . . .
p . 2 0.
it Catti er,p . 22 8 .
 ADMINI S TRATIV E ABUS ES . 1 75

d e cr ee d ated I s t O c t o b er , 1 8 9 3 ,b e fo r e t he cl os e o f B a ron
Dh an i s s a n t i -Ar a b cru s ad e , wh e n i t
’

Th e Fo r c e Pu b li q ue
w as d i v i d ed i n t o S i x t e e n c o mp a n i es ;
.

o ne ,c h i e fly fo r t r a i n i n g a n d s t a ff p u rp os e s ,b e i n g a t B o m a ,

an d t h e s ev e n o f m o s t i mp o r t an c e b e i n g t wo i n t he W e ll e

d i s t r i c t an d t w o i n t he Ub an g i d i s t r i c t ,b ot h i n t he n o rt h ,
an d t hr ee i n t he S t an l ey Fa ll s d i s t r i c t , o r Ar ab Z o n e ,
s t r et ch i n g d o w n t o t h e s o u t h an d i n clud i n g a ll t h e M a n y e m a

co u n t ry) “ The e ffe c t i ve s t r en g t h a pp o i n te d fo r 1 8 9 4 wa s

e x clu s i v e o f t h e n at i v e a ux i l i a r i es fi t fu lly s uppl i e d ,
i n as m a n y t h o u s an d s as m i gh t b e wan t e d , by gr e at ch i e fs
l i k e t h e murd e r ed Gon go Lu te t e , an d by t he m i n o r
a ll t h e a rr a n g e m en t s fo r wh i ch w e r e u n d e r t he

pr i va t e c o n t r o l o f t he G o ver n o r -Gene r a l O f t he .

”
r eg ul a r s i t was o rd e r ed t h at s h o uld b e fr e s h
r ecru i t s ,o f wh o m dr awn fro m t h e Ub an gi and W ell e
d i s t r i c t s , wer e fo r t h e m os t pa r t a pp a re n t ly B an ga l a an d
k i n dr ed c ann i b a l s ,an d 7 00 we r e B at et e l a an d M an ye m a ,
al s o c ann i b a l s ,as we r e a l so ,i n l a rge pr o p o r t i o n , 4 50 fr o m

t he Equ at e ur an d K as ai d i s t ri c t s an d 2 50 fro m t he
Lua l ab a T h e r e m a i n i n g 6 7 0 we re t o b e re cru i t ed i n t he
.

wes t e rn d i s t r i c ts ,an d m a n y o f t he bal an ce o f 9 7 0 a lr eady

i n t h e fo rc e we r e d o ub t l es s H a u s as ,S eneg a li s ,an d o t h e r s
s t i ll l e ft fr o m t h e W e s t Afr i c ans o r i g i n a lly e mpl o y e d o r

m o re re ce n t ly e n l i s t ed f B y 1 8 9 6 the ack n o wl e d ge d
'

s t ren gt h of t he f or ce p u bl zgu e h a d n early d o ubl ed ,

am ou n t ing t o an d i n t h e p as t s i x y e a r s i t h as

ag ai n n e a rly d o ubl ed Th e r egul a r e s t a bl i s hm en t i n 1 9 0 2

.

i s u n d er s t o o d t o h a v e n umb ere d an d t h e a gg re g at e

o f a ux i l i a r i es t o h av e b een s o m e i f n ot m o re .

I f we may as s um e t h at t he C on g o
Th e Cu l p a b i l i t y of
Gove r n m en t w a s r e a lly h o n es t a n d i n
t h e S t at e f o r
e a r ne s t as r e g a rd s i t s pl an s for c arry
C o n g o C r u e l t i es
.

i n g o ut t he pl e d g es g i ven by i t t o t h e
B erl i n a n d B ru ss e l s C on fere n c es , g ene r o u s a ll o wan c e mu s t
’
B ullet i n Ofli ci el p 3
. .
p 5
. .

I p . 1 24
.
1 76 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

be m ad e blu nd ers a n d fai lures i nevi t ably i n c i d ent

for t he
”
t o t h e s t up en d o u s at t e mp t at c i v i l i s i ng , an d r e s cu i n g
“

fr om t h ei r o wn s avagery an d t he wr on g -d oi n g O f o t he rs ,
i n t he c o ur s e o f a few y e a r s an d wi t h very i n a d e qu a t e
a ppl i an c es , t wen ty o r m o re m i ll i o ns o f Afr i c an n at i ves
s pr ea d o v e r a n ar ea o f n e a rly a m i ll i o n s qu a r e m i l es T he .

S t at e c an n o t be e xcu s ed , ho we ve r, for t he re ckl es s nes s

wi t h whi ch,regardl ess of t he re p eat ed warn i n gs o f i t s ea rly
e xp e ri e n c e ,i t h as p er s i s t ed i n fo ll o wi n g l i n es o f p o l i cy t h at ,
h owe ve r c o mm en d abl e i n t h e m s e lves ,we re un s u i t a bl e for
t he c i rcum s t an c es i n wh i ch i t w a s pl a c e d ,a n d pr o duc t i ve o f
far m o r e i n j ury t h an b en e fi t t o t h e p eo pl e as a wh o l e wh o m
“
h r
t e e w as pr c
et en e o f b e fr i e n d i n g ? F ar m o r e i n excu s abl e
i s the feve r i s h e ne rgy wi t h wh i ch i t h as abu s ed t he t ru s t
i mp o se d upon i t at b o t h C o n fe r en c es by s h a m e l es s ly, o r
u n d e r t r an s p a ren t cl oak s t h at c an d e ce i ve n o on e ,c o n ve rt i n g
n early t h e wh o l e o f t h e t e rr i t o ry as s i gne d t o i t i n t o a cl os e

pres erv e fo r expl oi t at i on by i t s o wn m e mb ers o r by t h e

ch ar te re d c o mp an i es i n wh i ch i t i s a p art n e r , an d for
en s l av i n g , d e fr aud i ng an d i n e v ery way m al t r eat i n g t h e

n at i v es .

The s e crecy enj o i ne d up o n a ll o ffic i a l s o f t he S t at e,an d

t he t e rro r i s m e x e r ted o ver o t he r res i d en t s o r v i s i t o r s i n t h e
C o n go , s t oo d i n the way o f a ut hen t i c i n fo rm at i o n as t o
eve n t s k n o wn t o h a v e o ccurr e d r ea ch i n g Euro p e t i ll l on g

a ft e r t h e i r d at e ; an d t h es e o b s t a cl es s t i ll e x i s t t o s o m e

e x te n t . I n d i s put abl e re co rd s o f fa ct s are,h o we ve r,av ai l

abl e i h p a i n ful abu nd an c e ,an d s o m e o f t h es e wi ll pr e s en t ly

In s up por t of th e v
ab o e rem a rk tw o dly passages m ay b e q uoted
n o t unf ri en

from D r H i de s Fal l of the Con go Ara bs S p eaking of the p un i shm en ts

’ ’
. n .

v v
i n fl i cted,e en at L eopold il l e,for o ffen ces scarcely cul pabl e i n na ti e opi ni on ,v
h e said ( p . Pri sons ,i n th e presen t sta t e of the coun t ry , are al m ost an
m poss ibil i ty ,and th e subs t i tute us ed of ch ai n i ng th e men i n gan gs i s n o t on ly
v
detri m ent al to h eal th ,but i s i n e ery way p ern i ci ous an d ab omi n abl e in the
extrem e , an d sh oul d cer tai n ly n o t b e used for any b ut da n g ero us cri m i n al s .

When h alf a doz en or a doz en men are chained i n a row an d ha e t o work , v

v
res t ,eat ,an d sl eep ,wi thout b ei n g e er fre e of th e chai n fo r w eek s an d s ome

t i mes m on th s together ,th ei r h eal th nat urall y gi es way

”
v
And speaki n g of
.

v
the cannibalis m whi ch the Go ernment takes credi t for prohi bitin g b y decree,
I 7S CIVILISATIO N IN CONGOLAND .

T he l ve s o a cqu i red ,h o weve r ,i s s upp os ed t o h ave u n d e r

s a

ch f t t u d i s b a p t i s e d o ffic i a lly as a free

g o n e a an g e o s a s ,a n

m an . Aft er s e v en ye ar s se rv i ce u n d e r t h e n ew n a m e he i s
’

en t i t l e d t o h i s l i b e r t y c o mpl e t e .I n A n go l a t he l i m i t i s
five y ea rs .
”

T he e a rl i e s t i ns t an c e o f t he S t at e s s ucc es s i n e n fo rc i n g
’

l a b o ur , Mr Pi ck er s gi ll wen t o n t o
.

F orc e d La b o ur
w as t he d eve l o pm en t o f t he
.
“
s ay ,

pr i m i t i ve t r an s p o r t s ervi c e b et ween t he L o wer an d t he Upp er

C o n g o D e ve l o pm e n t i s t he r i ght wo rd t o u s e,b ec a u s e t he
.

s e rv i ce was o r i gi n at e d b e fo r e t h e Go v e r n m en t a rr i ve d T he .

fir st E uro pe an s who t r ave ll e d i n l an d t o M at a d i h ad t o re ly

en t i re ly o n p o r t e r s fro m t h e c oas t ,a n d i t w as n o t u n t i l t he

m i s s i on a r i es h ad g a i ne d t he c on fid en ce o f t he p eo pl e ,an d
d i s c o ve red i n d i v i du a l s a m on gs t t h e m who c o uld be t rus t ed
as g an g e r s ,t h at t h e e mpl o ym e n t o f l o c a l c arr i e rs b e c a m e

fea s i bl e B u t how did t he n e c es s i t y for c o mpul s i on a r i s e ?

.

I n t he s a m e way t h at i t h as s i n c e a r i sen i n c o nn e c t i on w i t h
o t h e r fo rm s o f l a b o ur .T he S t at e w i s h ed t o ge t on fas t er
t h an c i rcum s t an c es wo uld p e rm i t Acc o rd i n gly t he
.

Go ver n m en t a u t h o ri t i es pr o h i b i te d t he m i s s i on ar i e s fr o m
re cru i t i n g whe re p o r te rs we re m os t e as i ly O b t ai ne d , an d
u n d e r t he d i re ct i on o f t hei r m i l i t a ry ch i e f,Go ve rn o r -Gen er a l
Wah i s ,i n i t i at ed a v i g o ro u s s yst e m o f cor vee I n S p i te o f ’
.

t h e r e mu n e r a t i o n , t h i s was r es i s t ed , at fir s t by t h e m en
l i abl e t o s e rve ab s e n t i n g t he m s e lve s fro m h o m e ,an d a ft e r
ward s ,wh en t he S t at e o ffic e r s b egan t o s ei ze t h e i r wo m en
an d ch i ldre n a s h o s t ages , by pre p ar at i on s fo r wa r .

D e s e rt i n g t he i r v i ll ag es , t he p e o pl e o f t he c a r av an r o u t e
t oo k t o t he bu s h ,a n d e ffo r t s we re m a d e by t he ch i e fs t o
bri n g a b o u t a g e n er a l upr i s i n g of t he e n t i re C at ar ac t s
d i s t ri c t . Th i n gs we re i n s o cr i t i c a l a c on d i t i on t h at
C o l on el Wahi s h ad t o l eave u n pu n i s h ed t he d es t ruc t i o n o f
a Go ve r n m en t s t at i o n a n d t he murd e r o f t he o ffi cer i n
ch a rge M ai n ly t hr o ugh t he i n flu en c e o f t he m i s s i on ar i es ,
.

D i pl omat i c C on sul ar Repor ts ,’ No 4 59 ,Mi scel lan eous S eri es

an d .

Repor t on the Co ngo I n d e pen d e n t S ta te,

’
p 9. .
 ADMINISTRATIVE ABUSES . 1 79

t he general confl agrat i on was prevent ed ; but t he o ri g i n al

o u t break c on t i n u ed t o s m o uld e r fo r m on t h s ,an d t r a ns p o r t

work o f al l k i n d s h ad t o b e d i s c on t i n ued u n t i l m ean s were

'
d ev i sed of equ al i s i n g t he burd en o f t he cor vee and o f
en l i s t i n g t he co -op er a t i on o f th e ch i e fs i n i t s m anage m en t
"
.

“
Th at was i n M r Pi ck ers gi ll expl ai ned , and the
.

d i s t urb an ce was ch i efly con fi n ed t o

Th e S en t ry S y s t e m
t he road bet ween M at a d i an d L eo p o ld
.

vi ll e an d t he rai lway wo rks i n progres s .Three years l ate r

the s ys t e m a pp ea red t o b e wo rk i n g wi t h re m a rk a b le s m oo th
”
n es s . B ut t he s m oo t h ness w as o n ly d ue t o t he tyr ann i c al
l egi s l at i on of the Go ve rn m en t an d t o t he y et m ore t yr an n i c al
pervers i on o f t he Go ve rn m en t s l egi s l at i o n by i t s agen t s ,
’

wi th i t s a ppr ova l , an d e s p e c i ally t o t he sent ry or

“ ”

efi
' '

sen ti nel s ys te m wh i ch was an o u t c o m e o f t he clz erzes

'

and p res ta tzons t h at pr o v i d e d an u n l i m i t e d s upply o f v i ll age

”
t yr an t s .
“
A s en t ry on t he C on g o , a cc o rd i n g t o Mr .

Pi ck ers gi ll , i s a d are-d evi l a b o r i g i n a l ,ch os en,fro m t roop s

“

i mpressed o u t s i d e t he d i s t r i c t i n wh i ch h e s erves ,fo r h i s

l oyal ty and force o f ch a r acte r Arm ed wi t h a ri fl e an d
.

po uch of c art r i dges ,he i s l o c at ed i n a n at i ve Vi ll age t o see

t hat t he l ab o ur for wh i ch i t s i n h a b i tan t s are re s p o ns i bl e i s
duly att en d ed t o I f t hey a re i n d i a—
. rubb er c o ll ec t ors,hi s
duty i s t o s en d t he men i n t o t he fo res t an d t ake n ot e o f
t h ose who d o n o t re t ur n wi t h t he pro pe r qu an t i t y When .

food i s t he t ax d e m an d e d ,h i s bu s i n e s s i s t o m ak e s ure t h at
the wo m en pre p a re an d d el i ve r i t : a n d i n eve ry o t h er
m att er co nne ct e d wi t h t he Go ve rn m en t he i s the fa c t ot um ,
as far as t h a t v i ll age i s c on c e r ne d , o f t he o ffice r o f t he

d i st ri c t ,hi s po we r be i n g l i m i t ed o n ly by t he a m o unt o f zeal

”
t he l at ter m ay s ho w i n che ck i n g o ppr es s i o n 1
’
.

V e ry not abl e i llu s t r at i on o f t he e arly wo rk i ng o f t h es e

s y st em s was fur n i s h e d by t h e l at e
M r G l ave s .
’

Edward J am es Gl ave ,a y o u n g Y o rk
Exp e r i e n ces .

s h i re m an , b o r n i n 1 8 6 2 ,who i n 1 8 8 3

entered t he s erv i c e o f t he C o n go I n t e r na t i o nal A sso c i at i o n as

'

Report l I bzd ,p
’
on the Congo I n dependent S tate, p . 1 0.
‘ '
. . 1 2.
1 80 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

one o f Mr S tan l ey s s ub ord i n at es i n h i s fo u nd i n g of t he Free

.
’

S t at e,an d who,aft er a s h o r t t r i a l at S t an l ey Pool ,was sent

t o bu i ld an d a ft erward s t a k e ch a rge o f t he s t at i on at
Luk o l el a,t hr ee hu n dr ed m i l es b ey on d Leo p oldvi ll e . His
c ons c i ent i o u sn ess , hi s i n fle x i bl e d eterm i nati on to d o t he
m ost t h at c an b e d on e i n a gi ven p er i od ,t he l ov e wi t h
wh i ch he s et s ab o ut i t ,a n d t he abs o rb i n g i nt erest i t has for
h i m, c o mm en d ed h i m t o Mr S t an l ey,an d Gl ave s h o wed
”
.

’
h i m self wo r thy of th e pra i s e by n early s i x years work ,
p art ly at Eq uat eurvi lle,an ot he r hu n dred m i l es up ,when ce
h e expl o red t he c o u n t ry r o u n d . H i s c ar ee r was ,t hr o ugh o ut ,
es pe ci a lly re m a rk abl e for th e k i n dly r el at i on s he m a i nt ai n ed

wi t h t he nat i ves Re t urn i n g t o E n g l an d i n 1 8 8 9 ,he wen t

.

back t o Afr i c a i n 1 8 9 3 ,t hi s t i m e as an i n d ep en d en t t r avell e r ,

an x i o u s t o s ee an d fa i t hfully r e p o r t up on t h e ch an ges

wro ught t h ere by C on go S t at e a n d o t h er o p er ati ons Aft er.

s pen d i n g n early a y ea r i n Ny a s a l an d ,Rh o d es i a,an d el se

where ,he reach ed t he s o u t he rn en d o f L ak e T an g an yi k a in

S ep t emb er,1 8 9 4,an d t hen c e pro ceed ed l ei s urely and o ften
i n ill -h eal t h t o M at ad i ,wh e r e h e d i ed on 1 2 t h May ,1 8 9 5 .

H i s j our n al s ,wri tten fr o m d ay t o d ay wh i l e hi s exp er i en ce

was fres h , w i t h every d es i re t o s p eak well o f o ld fr i en d s
wi t h who m he ren ewed a cqu ai n t an ce an d t o t h i n k t he b es t
o f t he S t at e an d i t s an t i -s l av ery u n d e r t ak i n gs
, bear the
un ques t i onabl e s t a mp o f t rut hful n ess and i mp art i a l i t y .

They are an u n varn i s he d re c o rd o f hi s obs e rvat i on s al ong

a ro u te o f m o r e t h an t wo t h o u s an d m i l es
, all t he m o r e
i mpres s i ve by r eas on o f i t s r e pet i t i o n s an d rei terat i on o f
,

d et ai l s
.

H e was at M ol i ro, t he p o rt on t h e s ou t hwestern corner

o f L a k e T an gan y i k a at t h at t i m e
S t at e S l ave i ? the
Ar ab lg e
m anage d by M B e m o l for t he S o c i é t é
.

A n t i E s cl a vag i s t e de B elg i qu e, on
2 1 51 O c t ob er ,1 8
} 9 4 ,wh en h e n o t e d
, All e xc ep t t h e Z an z i

b ar i are l i b er at ed s l aves Sl a ves h av e t o s erve seven year s ,

.

b ei n g well c ared fo r,fed , an d cl ot hed dur i n g t h at ti m e ;

Mr S tanley s I ntroducti on to Glave s S ix Years i n the Con o
.
’ ’ ’
g
1 84 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

r eason o f t hi s t re at m en t T he M an ye m a r e pl i e d t h at t he
.

vi ll ag er s h ad b een a rm i n g t o figh t a ga i n s t t h e wh i t es T he .

ch i e f re pl i ed t h at t h i s was n o t s o H e h ad a ck n o wl edged
.

t he wh i t es ,a n d h o i s t e d t he fl a g g i ven t o hi m by t h e wh i t e
m e n at K a b a mb are m o re o ver ,h e w as e n g aged i n c o ll e c t i n g
rubb er fo r t he wh i te s H e e xpl a i ned t h at he was m enac ed
.

by h i s n ea r n ei g hb o ur s ,an d ,as a m at t er o f pr e c au t i o n ,hi s

p eo pl e k ep t t hei r gu n s i n r ead i nes s The s o ld i er s we re not
.

s a t i s fi e d by t h i s e xpl ana t i o n Th e ch i e f wa s s ei z ed an d
.

b o u n d ,an d k e pt s o for s ever a l ho urs ,a n d r el eas ed on ly a ft er

he h ad c o n sen ted t o p ay t o h i s p e r s e cu t o r s o ne go at ,t en
fo wl s ,an d t wo s l ave gi rl s ; t h en he was s e t fr ee and t he
e i g h t gu n s we re r e t ur ne d The n t he hut of L ob an g ul a was
.

r i fled T he bru t al a c t i o n o f t he s o ld i e r s s o t e rr i fi e d t he
.

p eo pl e t hat m an y fl ed i n t o h i d i n g an d h ave no t ret ur ned .

L ob an g ula s ay s t h a t i n fu t ur e, wh en he h ea r s o f t he
a ppr o a ch o f a p a r t y o f s o ld i e rs w i t h o u t wh i t e m e n , h e

a n d h i s p eo pl e w i ll g o i n t o h i d i n g t i ll t h ey h ave p as se d ,
“
as h e i s a fr a i d o f t h e m .

T he n e x t d ay s n arr at i ve i s :
’
Aft e r five h o ur s h ard
“ ’

m arch i n g fr o m L oban g ul a s I r ea ch ed B wan a Ms a s pl ac e,

’ ’

i n a h o ll o w s urr o u n d ed on a ll s i d e s by woo d e d h i ll s Aft e r .

t h e fi g h t w i t h t h e wh i t es he re m ai n e d qu i et ,an d wh en t he
wh i t e m en c a m e t o K ab a mb are h e a s k e d fo r a C on go Free
S t at e fl ag After r e ce i v i n g i t he t h o u g ht he wo uld b e free
.

fr o m at t ack b ut a p ar t y o f bl a ck s o ld i e rs ,u n d e r a headm an ,
F u ra h an i ,a tt a ck e d t he V i ll a ge ,l oo te d t he pl a c e,an d k i ll ed
t hr ee o f h i s p eo pl e . S i n ce t h en t he S t at e s o ld i e rs h av e
i n fl i c te d re p eat e d p e rs e cu t i on on h i m ,s t eal i n g e very t h i n g
he h as . H e h as g i ven t h e m foo d e a ch t i m e t h ey h ave
p asse d No t c on t en t wi t h t hi s , t hey s t eal ev ery t h i ng o n
.

t he pl an t a t i on a n d i n t he h o u s es I f the r i gh t ful o wne rs

.

o bj e c t , t h ey a re b e a t en ; t he w o m en are t a k e n by fo rc e .

Ms a s ays h e i s a fr a i d t o c o mpl ai n t o K ab a mb a re for

fe ar t h at o ut o f reven ge t he s o ld i e rs wi ll i n fl i ct p ers e
c u t i on w o r se t h an e ve r .T h e wh o l e c o u n t ry i s b e i n g up set
Cen tu ry M agazi n e,Vol L I I I ,p 8 1 0
. . . .
 186 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

m as t er ; b ut wi t ho u t t h at t he s p i r i t o f t h i s b i g ho rd e o f
m en wo uld b e d e c i d e dly
I d o n ot t h i n k t he n a t i ve s ar e m ak i n g much o u t o f t h i s
”
p a r t i t i on o f Afr i c a, Gl ave r e m a rk e d
Th e Ne w S l a very i n
on t h e s a m e d ay S o m e t h i n g s h o uld
Op e r a t i o n
.

be d one t o p e rm i t t h e i r e a r n i n g a
l i v i n g , t o gi ve t he m c o mfo r t an d c o n t e n t F o rm e rly an .

o rd i n a ry wh i t e m an was m er e ly c a ll ed bwan a or
‘
mzun g u ; n ow t he s m a ll e s t i ns e ct o f a p al e fac e ear n s
'

t he t i t l e o f bwan a mkubwa ( bi g m as t e r ) D ur i n g t he
‘ ’
.

c a mp ai g n a gai n s t t he Ar ab s by t h e s o ld i e rs o f t he C on go
Fr ee S t at e m an y c an n i b a l s we r e t o b e s een —s o o ffic er s
t e ll m e—pro v i s i on i n g t h e m se lves fro m t he k i ll e d Th i s an t i .

s l a ve ry m o ve m en t h as i t s d ark s i d e a l s o T he n a t i ves
.

s u ffe r . I n s t at i ons i n ch arg e o f wh i te m en ,Go ver n m en t

o ffic e rs , on e s ees s t rin g s o f p oo r e m a c i a t e d O ld w o m en ,

s o m e o f t h e m m e r e s k e l et on s , w o rk i n g fr o m s i x i n t he
m o r n i n g t i ll noon ,an d fr o m h a lf p as t t wo t i ll s i x ,c arryi ng
-

cl ay wat e r j a r s ,t ra mp i n g ab o u t i n g an gs wi t h a r o p e r o u n d
t he ne ck , a n d c o n n e c t e d by a r o p e o n e a n d a h alf y a rd s
a p ar t . Th ey ar e pr i so n e rs o f wa r I n war t h e o ld wo m en
.

are a lw ay s c a u g h t ,b u t s h o uld r e c ei v e a l i tt l e hum an i t y .

They ar e n a k ed ,e xc ep t for a m i s e r a bl e p at ch o f cl o t h o f
s eve r a l p ar t s , h e ld i n pl a c e by a s t r i n g r o u n d t he w ai s t .

They are n o t l o o s en e d fro m t he r o p e fo r a n y purp os e .

They l i ve i n t he g u ardho u s e u n d e r t he ch a rge o f bl ac k

n at i ve s en t ri es ,wh o d e l i h t i n s l a pp i n g a n d ill -u s i n
g g t hem ,
fo r p i t y i s no t i n t h e h ea r t o f t he n at i v e S o m e o f t he
.

wo m en h av e b a b i e s , b ut t h ey g o t o wo rk j us t t h e s a m e .

Th ey fo rm i n d ee d a m i se ra bl e s p ec t a cl e ,an d o n e wo n d e rs
t h at o ld wo m en , a l t h o ugh pr i s on e r s o f war , s h o uld n o t
re ce i v e a l i t t l e m o r e c ons i d e rat i on at l ea s t t he i r n ak ed nes s
m i ght b e h i dd e n T he m en pr i s one r s are t r eate d i n a far
.

”
b et te r w ay 1 .
’

O n 2 l s t D e c e mb e r Gl a ve s aw an O ld wo m a n pr i s o ne r ,
who h ad d i ed ,b e i n g dr agge d t o bur i a l by h er fe ll o w pr i s oner s -

Cen tury M agaz i n e,Vol LI I I ,p 9 1 2 1 ‘

. . . .
p 913
. .
 ADMINISTRATIV E ABUSES . 18 7

i n t he r o pe -g an g . On Chr i s t m as D ay he had t he m e for

reflec t i o n o n t he m i se ra bl e , ha rd -wo rk ed , h alf-s t arved
“

pri soner s , un d er c on t r o l o f bru t al s en t r i es ,who d e l i g h t i n

e ve ry o pp o r t u n i t y o f i ll -t reat i n g t h e wre t ch es pl ac e d i n
”
t h ei r c ar e.

On 2 9 t h D e c e mb e r he wa s at t he vi ll age o f Kes t ro ,
nea r t o K aso n g o ,wh e r e h e m a d e an
C a pt a i n Lo t h a i r e a n d
i n t eres t i n g n o te as t o t he pro c eed i n gs
h i s S o ld i e rs .

O f t h e a dm i n i s t r a t o r o f t h e d i s t r i c t a

fo r t n i gh t be fo re t he k i ll i n g o f Mr S t o k es . K i b on g o ,wh o.

o rd e re d t h e a s s as s i n at i on o f E m i n Pas h a, he r e p o r t e d , i s
“

b ei n g d es er t e d ,an d one o f hi s o wn pe o pl e ,i n c o n s i d e rat i on

o f cl o t h , i s l ead i n g L o t h a i re t o K i b on o s h idi n g -pl a c e
’

g .

T he d i s t r i c t o f Pi ana K i t e te ( p i an a m eans s ucc es s o r o f )

’

i s s ai d to b e full o f i n c o rr i g i bl e t h i e ves an d bra vad o s ,who

have at t a ck ed c a ra va ns se ve ra l t i m es b ut I a m as s ure d
t h at K i t et e s p eo pl e h a v e b een m os t u n m erc i fully p e r s e cu t ed
’

by t he S t at e s o ld i er s wh o a rr i ve i n t h e v i ll ag es ,an d ,w i t h o u t
an y p aym e n t s ave bl o w s an d cur ses ,t ak e fo wl s an d b anan as ,
”
d es t ro y c oo k i n g -po t s ,& c T he ne x t d ay s e n t ry i s : I ’ “
.

c a mpe d n e a r t he vi ll age o f Pi an a K i t ete t o -d ay H e i s i n .

a s a d fr a m e o f m i n d ; s ays t h at h e an d h i s p eo pl e h ave

been fo ugh t an d r ai d e d n o w fo ur t i m e s for no reas on t hat

h e k n o ws o f N early all t he wo m en an d ch i ldre n h a ve
.

b een t a k en fr o m hi s v i ll ages by K i b an gul a,K al o mb o l a,an d

F a lab i , t h e N i a m p aras o f K ason g o K i te t e s wear s he
‘ ’
.

h as d one t he wh i t es n o h a rm , n o r h ave t he C o n go S t at e
s o ld i e rs o r p o r t e r s b een m o l e s t e d by h i m O n t he c o n t r a ry,
.

he re c e i ve d t he C on g o Fr ee S t at e fl ag ,an d s en t g oat s t o
K as on go The l as t g oat s he s en t t o K i b a n gul a,a n d al s o
.

s o m e s l a ves The s l av es were a cc e p t ed an d t he gu ard i an s

.

H i s p eo pl e s
’
o f t he g o at s we re a l s o re t a i n e d as c ap t i ves .

hut s h a ve al l b een bur n t ,an d t hey h a ve b een s o hu n te d

t h a t t he y h av e n o t m a d e ne w hu t s A s o ld i e r o n t he t rai l
.

h as wo m en ,an d a lw ays a b oy s e rvan t hi s w i fe c a rr i es h i s

s lee p i n g o u t fi t ,foo d ,& c ,cl o t h ,an d s an d al s
. h i s b oy c arr i es

Cen tu ry Magaz i ne,Vol . LI I I ,p 9 1 3

. . .
188 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

his c art r i dges an d g un O fte n t he wife c arri es t he g un

.
.

S o m e o f t he s o ld i er s h av e s e ver a l wi ves Pi an a K i t ete .

s ay s a ll h i s p eo pl e wan t t o e m i g r at e t o m o re p e a c e ful
reg i on s ,b ut h e res t rai ns t he m A n at i ve a cc o mp an y i n g a .

wh i te m an , e ven a s an o rd i n ary p o rt e r, an o ccup at i on as

humbl e as t hat o f a p a ck d on k ey, c a ll s o t h er n at i ves
‘
was h e ns i , a s c o r n ful wo rd for s a v age
’
A m i l i t ary s p i ri t .

”
prev ai l s t hr o ugh t he wh o l e s et t l e m e n t o f K b mb r a a a e .

Pas s i n g t he ru i n s o f T i pu T i pu s K as on g o t he t r ave ll er
’
-

on 3 rd J an u ary , 1 8 9 5,rea ch ed N ew
B el g i an S u cc es s ors
K as on g o , o n t he Lu a l a b a r i ve r , o f
of Ar a b s .

wh i ch Li e u t en an t F ra n c k en was i n
”
ch arge The s t at i o n , he wr o t e , i s s urr o u n d ed by
“ “
.

v i ll ages t ha t p ay t r i bu te i n d i fferen t way s S o m e d o .

p addl i n g , o t he rs bu i ld , o t h ers ag ai n br i n g in w o o d for

bui ld i n g purp os es S o m e br i n g i n i v o ry an d rubb er T he
. .

pl a ce h as a p o pul at i o n o f n e a rly al l s l a ve s I l e ft .

New K as on g o a n d fo ll o wed t he r i gh t or e as t b an k o f t he
Lu al ab a t o Ny an gwe ,wh i ch i s bu i l t on a t ree l es s pl ai n all
t he t i mb e r for bu i ld i n g purp os es c o m es fr o m t h e o pp o s i t e
b an k o f t he r i ve r Le m e ry has d one g oo d wo rk he re
. .

H e s ay s Ny an gwe can b e m ad e t o pr o duc e fift ee n t ons o f

rubbe r a m on t h , wh en m o re t r i b es are bro ugh t u n d e r
c o n t ro l Al s o a g ood d eal o f i v o ry i s bro ugh t i n for t r i but e
.

an d fo r s a l e I n c on ne c t i o n w i t h t h e s t a t i o n t h e re are fi
. ve

t h o u s an d a ux i l i a r i e s ,wh o are s en t a ll o v e r t he c o u n t ry t o
b eat t he n at i ves i n t o s ubm i ss i o n t o the S t at e They go i n .

b an d s o f m en ,w o m en ,an d ch i ldren , an d al l b el o n g
i n g s ,s et t l e up on a s u i t a bl e s p o t i n a r i ch d i s t r i c t ,t h en br i n g
t he n a t i ves u n d er t h e i r c on t r o l an d pr e p a re t he way fo r t h e
wh i te m an t o es t a bl i s h a p o s t T he n a t i ves ,who are all .

c ann i b al s ,are pe rse cu t ed t i ll t h ey s ubm i t Then t here i s .

”
n o m o r e t ro u b l e T .

Gl ave s a cc o u n t o f t he c on d i t i on i n wh i ch he fo u n d every
’

Cen tm j / M ag az i n e,Vol L I I I ,p 9 1 4 . . . .

l bi afi,p 9 1 5 . Li eut en an t L em ery was

. aft er war ds app oi n ted manager for
th e Compagni e d u Lomani ,s tarted i n J uly,1 8 9 8 .
 1 90 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

pro duces s t o re s o f rubbe r a m on t h an d o ne t h o u s an d p o un d s

o f i vo ry . The re i s g o o d d i s c i pl i ne i n t he s t at i on . T he
ch ai n -g an g i s a lwa ys a d i s gu s t i n g s ig h t t o s ee i n t he
s t a t i o n s o n t h e Z one Ara b e ,as t h o s e c on fi ne d ar e g e n e r ally

o ld w o m en ,re duc e d t o s k e l e t o ns by w a n t o f l i b e r t y , h ard

t r ea t m e n t by t he n eg r o s e n t r i e s ,a n d hu n ge r . T he p o l i cy
o f t h e Ar a b s i s b ei n g r at h e r t o o cl o s e ly fo ll o we d ,a n d t he

n a t i ve s a re t reat e d w i t h t h e u t m os t s e ve r i t y
. F i ve wo m en
wh o h a d d es e r t e d we re i n ch a i n s a t Ri b a -R i b a ; al l w er e
c ut v e ry b a dly , h av i n g b e en m o s t s e ve r e ly c h i co tt ed , o r

fl o gge d L e m ery d o es n ot fl o g much , an d u s es o n ly t he

.

b as t i n ad o fo r wo m en .
”
Th i s o ffic i al s c on duc t t o wa rd s
’

n a t i v es ,cru el a s i t was ,app ea r s i n d ee d t o h a v e b een b et t e r

t h an t h a t o f s o m e o f h i s c o ll e a gu e s fur t h e r e as t
. H an g i n gs
a re no w qu i t e fre qu en t on t h e S t a t e s t a t i o n s i n t h e Z on e

Ara-b e ; t he a dm i n i s t r at i on i s qu i t e d i ffer en t fr o m t he
t r e at m en t o f t h e n at i ve s o n t h e C o n g o . At K ab a mb ar e
t h e re i s a t r e e up o n wh i ch a lo t o f p eo pl e h a ve b een h an ge d
— n at i v es ,Wan g wan a,an d s o ld i e rs . A t Kas on go I s aw no
c ons t ruc t i o n for t h i s purp os e . At Ny an gwe an d Ri b a
Ri b a t h e r e i s a woo d e n fr a m e wh i ch has o ft e n s e rve d t he
purp ose . H ere at Ri s ari s t he re i s one o f t hos e ugly
’

c ons t ruct i o n s for h an g i n gs I t i s s ai d t hat t hree n at i ves

.

we re h an ged by Rue b e c a u s e t he y wo uld n o t wo rk s a l t fo r

t h e C on g o Fr ee S t at e . T he n at i ves h ave n ot a ve ry g ay
t i me o f it B e fo r e t he wh i t es c a m e t he Wan g w an a an d
.

Ar ab s we re t he i r m as t er s b ut n o w t he C on g o Fre e S t ate
a u t h o r i t i es fa v o ur t h e Wan g wan a e l e m en t fa r m o re t h an

t he n at i ve s , a n d t he Wan g wa n a a n d t he Ar a b s h a v e
a cc o rd e d t o t h e m t h e a u t h o r i t y o f byg one d ay s , wi t h
t re m e n d o u s p o we r , wh i ch i s m o s t u n m e rc i fully e mpl o y ed .

Wh en a v i ll age d oes n o t c o n s e n t to m a k e rubb e r, t he

m gwana o f t h at p ar t i c u l a r d i s t r i c t i s e mp o we r e d t o figh t
t he o ffe n d i n g v i ll a ge ,a n d t o k i ll a n d t a k e pr i s o n e r s ,wh i ch
i s qu i te g e ne ra l . K i b an g ul a h ad j u s t r et ur ne d t o K as o n go
at t he t i m e o f my a rr i v a l , h a v i n
g been e n g age d on a
d evas t at in g e xpl oi t,bur n i n g, k i ll i n g,an d t a k i n g pri s on e rs ,
 ADMINI S TRATIVE ABUSES . 19 1

t wo hun dre d o f wh o m were br o ugh t t o K as o n go s t at i o n ,

bei ng pr i n c i p ally t he peo pl e o f Pi a n a K i t e te , who at t he
t i m e o f my v i s i t t o h i s v i ll a ge , j u s t a ft e r a fi g h t ,c a m e a n d
gave me a go at ,an d as k e d me why he was at t ack ed , h i s
v i ll ages burn ed ,h is peo pl e ren d e re d h o m e l es s ,s o m e k i ll ed ,
o t h e rs l i k e h i m s e lf dr i ven t o h i d i n g i n t h e m o u n t a i n s
“
.

T h e chi cotte o f r aw h i pp o h i d e ,es p e c i a lly a n ew one ,

t r i mm e d l i k e a c o rk s cr e w ,w i t h ed ge s l i k e k n i fe-bl a d es ,an d
as h a rd a s w oo d , Gl ave e xpl ai ned , i n t e rm s a ll t he m o r e

n o t abl e b e c a u s e h i s o w n v i e w s a s t o c o rp o r a l pu n i s hm en t

c an n o t b e r ega rd ed as o ver -l e n i e n t , i s a t e rr i bl e wea p o n ,

“

a n d a few bl o ws br i n g bl oo d ; n o t m o r e t h a n t we n t y -fi ve

bl o ws s h o uld b e g i ve n u n l es s t he o ffen c e i s ve ry s e ri o u s .

Tho ugh we p er s u ad e o ur se lves t hat t h e Afr i c an s s k i n i s ’

very t o ugh ,i t nee d s an ex t rao rd i n ary c ons t i t u t i o n t o w i t h

s t an d t he t e rr i bl e pu n i s hm en t o f o n e hu n dr ed bl o ws

g ene r a lly t h e v i c t i m i s i n a s t at e o f i n s en s i b i l it y a ft e r
t wen ty -fi ve o r t h i r t y bl o ws . A t t he firs t bl o w he y ell s
ab o m i nably t h en he qu i e t s d o wn ,a n d i s a m er e g r oa n i n g ,
qui ve ri n g b o dy t i ll t he o p e r at i on i s o ve r ,whe n t he culpr i t
s t u mbl es a w ay , o ft en w i t h gas h e s wh i ch w i ll en dure a

l i fet i m e I t i s b ad e n o ugh t he fl o ggi n g o f m e n ,b ut far wo rs e

.

i s t h i s pu n i s hm en t whe n i n fl i c t e d on wo m en a n d ch i ldre n .

Sm a ll b oys o f t en or t we lv e ,wi t h e xc i t abl e , h ot -t e mpe re d

m as t ers ,are o ft en m os t ha rs hly t reat ed At K as o n go t he re
.

i s a g r eat d e a l o f cru e l t y d i s pl aye d I s aw t wo b o ys v e ry

.

badly c u t A t Nyang we an d Ri b a-Ri b a b oy s are pu n is he d

.

by b eat i n g o n t he h an d s I c o n s c i en t i o u s ly b el i e ve t ha t a
.

m an who r e c e i ves on e hu n dr ed bl o ws i s o ft en n e arly

k i ll ed ,a n d has h is s p i r i t bro k en fo r
B e fo r e t he a rr i v a l o f t he Ar ab s i v o ry h ad no va lu e t he
nat i ves o ft e n d i d no t s t o r e i t , we are ne x t t o ld H a vi n g
.

k i ll ed a n e l e ph an t ,t h ey t oo k on ly t he m e at an d wh en t he
Arab s c a m e an d ,p o i n t i n g t o t he i vo ry ,wi s hed t o buy , t he
nat i ves hu n t e d a b o u t i n t he w oo d s for i v o ry o f e l e ph an t s

d ead a l on g t i m e ,an d b ig po i n ts wer e s o ld for a h an dful o f

Cen t u ry M ag az i n e,Vol LI V
. .
pp .
70 1 ,702 .
1
'
m a ,p .
703 .
19 2 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND ,

b ead s ,o r a co pper or brass o rn a m e n t K i b on go was t he .

firs t t o s ettl e a ft e r S t an l ey s p as s age, he i s s ai d t o h a ve

’

b o ught i mm ens e s t o re s o f i vo ry ,b ut all s ee m t o h ave s p en t

a l l t h ey h a d . All t he n at i ve s al o n g h e re j o i ne d T i pu T i pu -

on h i s way t o S t an l ey F a ll s t o e s t abl i s h h i m s e l f, an d t h e y
”
fo ugh t an d t o o k p ar t i n r ai d s fo r hi m All Arab s , i t i s
.

a dd e d , h a ve b ee n p e rm i tt e d t o r e t a i n t h e i r s l av es
“
L as chet .

c on t e mpl at es a j o ur ney i n t o t he i n t e r i o r t o o rg an is e t he
rubb er i n dus t ry The m ark et at pre sen t i s s m all , b ut
.

”
n at i v e v i ll age s ar e bu i ld i n g i n t h e v i c i n i t y .

G l av e s n ex t s t at e m en t i llu s t r at es an ot he r o f t h e s c an d al s
’

i n c i d en t t o C o n g o S t at e rul e T wo d a ys be fo r e my
.
“

a rr i v a l , h e wr o t e at Wab u n d u , n o w k no w n as Pon t hi er
”

v i ll e , t wo S i err a Le oneans we re h an ged by L as c he t

“
.

Th ey we re s en t r i es o n g u a rd an d ,wh i l e t h e y we re as l ee p ,
a ll o we d a n a t i ve ch i e f,w h o was a pr i s one r an d i n ch a i n s ,t o

es c ap e . N e x t m o r n i n g L as chet , i n a fit o f r age,h an ged

t h e t wo m en . Th ey wer e Br i t i s h s ubj e c t s en g age d by t he
C on go Fre e S t ate as s o ld i er s I n t i m e o f w ar,I s uppo se ,
.

t h e y co uld b e e x e cu te d ,a ft e r c o ur t m ar t i a l ,by b ei n g s h o t ;
b ut t o h an g a s ubj e c t o f a n y o t h er c o u n t ry ,wi t h o u t t r i a l ,
s ee m s t o m e

Aft er a few d ay s h al t at S t an l ey F all s t he t r avell er

’

s t a r t e d on 20 t h F e bru ary for B a s o k o ,

I n t h e A r uw i m i
t h e s t at i on at t he m o u t h o f t h e Aru
D i s t r i ct .

wi m i
"
. T he n at i ves , he r e p o r te d ,
“

are c o mp e ll ed t o t r an s p o r t i n t h e i r c an oes a ll S t at e l oa d s

for n o t h i n g ; a l s o t o pro v i d e wo rk -p eo pl e fo r t he s t a t i o n ,
gener ally wo m en ; an d e ach ch ie f mu s t br i n g a c er t ai n
am o un t o f fi sh Occ as i ona lly t h ey r e c e i v e a s m all pr es en t
.

o f cl o t h . Th e S t at e c on duc t s i ts p aci fi cat i o n o f t h e c o u n t ry

a ft e r t he fa s h i on o f t he Ar ab s , s o t h e n at i ves are n ot
g a i ne rs a t a ll T he Ar a b s i n t h e e mpl o y o f t h e S t at e are
.

co mp e ll e d t o br i n g i n i v o ry a n d rubb e r ,an d are p e rm i tt ed

t o e mpl o y an y m e as ur es c on s i d e r e d n ec es s a ry t o o b t ai n
t h i s r es ul t . They e mpl oy t he s a m e m ea ns as i n d ays gon e
Centu ry M agaz i n e,Vol LI V ,pp 703 ,704 1 p 7 04
. . . . . .
1 94 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

d ay o r so . On Fe bru ary ,fro m B umb a : Fo un d t h at

2 7 th
“

t he ch i ef of t he s t at i o n , a N o rwe gi an o ffic er , S u n d t , was

aw ay o n a w ar e xp e d i t i o n i n t h e Vi ll e de Ghen t T he .

p e rs i s t en t b adger i n g o f t h e n a t i ves fo r rubb e r an d i vo ry has

A n d on ”
l ed t o t he r e vo l t All ar e a g r ee d o n t h i s p o i nt
.
.

st h M arch ,fr o m C o qu i lh at v i ll e : Fo rm e rly t he n at i ves wer e

“

we ll t reat e d ,b ut n ow e x p e d i t i o n s h a ve b een s en t i n e ve ry
d i rec t i on ,fo rci n g n at i ves t o m a ke rubb er an d t o bri n g i t t o
t he s t ati on s Up t he I ke l e mb a,a way t o La k e Mant umba,
.

t he S tate i s p e rp et r at i n g i t s fi en d i s h p o l i cy i n o rd er t o
o bt ai n pr o fi t We are t a ki n g d o wn on e hu n dred s l aves
.

m ere ch i ldren ,all t a ke n i n u n h o ly wa rs a gai n s t t he n at i ves .

Wh i l e at t he m i s s i on s t at i on I s aw a g an g of pri son ers

t ak en a l on g by th e S t at e s o ld i er s War h as been waged
.

all t hr o ugh t he d i s t r i ct o f Equ a t e ur , an d t h o u s an d s o f

p eopl e h ave b e en k i ll e d a n d h o m es d e s t roy ed I t was not .

n e c ess a ry i n t he o ld en t i m es wh en we wh i t e men had no

forc e at all Th i s fo rce d c o mm e rc e i s d ep opul at i n g t he

.

c o u nt ry . T he ne x t d ay s en t ry i s :
’
Le ft Equ ate ur at “

’
e l e v en o cl o ck t h i s m o r n i n g ,a ft e r t a k i n g on a c arg o o f one

hu n dred s m all s l aves ,pr i n c i p ally b oy s ,s even or e i ght y ears

o ld ,wi t h a few g i rl s a m o n g t h e b a t ch ,a ll s t o l en fr o m t he

n at i ves. The c o m m i s s ary o f t he d i s t r i c t i s a vi ol en t-t em

p er e d fell o w Wh i l e a rr an g i n g t o t a ke on t he hu n dred
.

s m all s l aves a w o m a n w h o h a d ch a rge o f t he yo u n gs t ers

was r at he r s l o w i n u n d e r s t an d i n g h i s o rd e r , d e l i ver ed i n
ve ry p oor Ki b anj i : he s pra n g at her,s l app ed h er i n t he
fac e,and ,as she ran a wa y,k i cke d her They t alk of phi l an .

t hro py a n d c i vi l i s at i o n ! Whe re i t i s I d o no t k n o w “ .

Arri v i n g at h i s o l d s t at i o n , Luk o l e l a ,on 8 t h M arch,

G l a ve w as st a r t l e d by t he ch an ges
Rui n i n t h e M i dd l e
t h at h a d t ak en pl a c e s i n c e he l e ft i t
Co n g o .

s o m e n i n e y ea r s b e fo r e Th ere are .

few n at i ve s now o n t h i s s i d e o f t h e r i ve r , h e wr o t e ; a ll h ave

b een dr i v en t o t he o t he r s i d e by t h e i mp at i e nt p o l i cy o f t he
wh i te man who s ucceed ed Schoen h e r e V e ry few p eopl e
.

it
Cen tu ry! Magaz i n e,VOl L I V ,pp 7 06- 08
. .

7 .
.
 ADMINISTRATIV E ABUS ES . 19 5

c a me o n t he b each t o -d ay ; i n o ld t i m es cro wd s t hron ged

'

t he pl ac e. O f t he l zber e‘s br o ugh t d o w n t h e r i ve r m an y d i e .

They are b adly c are d fo r ; n o cl o t he s t o wear i n t he r a i n y

s ea s o n ,s l ee p wh e re t h er e i s n o s h e l t e r , an d no a t te n t i o n

when s i ck T he o n e hu n dre d yo u ng s te r s on b oa rd a re i ll
.

c ared for by t he S t at e m os t o f t h e m a re qu i t e n ak ed ,wi t h

no c o v e r i n g fo r t he n i gh t They m ak e s m all fir es ,an d
.

huddl e ro u n d t hese fo r warm t h M any are get t i n g t h e

.

germ s o f d i s eas e s o w n i n t he i r l i tt l e b o d i es The i r o ffen c e

.

i s t h at t he i r fa t h e r s an d br ot h er s fo ugh t for a l i tt l e
i n d ep en d en c e . M os t wh it e officer s o u t on t he C o n g o ar e
ave r se t o th e i n d i a -rubb e r p o l i cy o f t h e S t at e,b ut t he l a ws

c o mm an d i t The re fo r e ,at ea ch p os t on e fi n d s t he n a t i ves

.

d es e rt i n g t he i r ho m e s ,a n d e s c ap i n g t o t he Fre n ch s i d e o f
t he r i v e r wh en p os s i bl e H u n dre d s o f peo pl e ar e k i ll ed i n
.

t he war s ,wh e reas i f t he S t a t e m e r e ly c on duc t e d a hum ane

adm i n i s t r at i on ,an d a ll o we d t r ad e r s gr adu a lly t o d e v e l o p e

t he rubb er i n du s t ry , t h er e wo uld b e n o fi g h t i n g Th e .

B ak on go h ave gr adu a lly t a k en t o l a b o ur ,t he n umb er o f

po rters i n creas i n g each ye ar The s a m e pr o gres s wo uld
.

have been p os s i bl e on t he Upper Ri ve r T he d e cr e ase i n .

t he n at i v e p o pul at i o n i s ve ry m ark ed a t B a n g al a,Equ at e ur ,

Luko l el a ,an d
“
Eve rywhe re , Gl ave wrot e fro m Leo po ldv i ll e,whi ch he
reached on 1 2 t h M a rch , I hear t he “

Eve ry w h e re t h e
s am e n e w s o f t h e d o i n gs o f t h e C on go
S am e New s .
”

Free S t at e rubb er an d murd e r,

'

s l avery i n i t s w o r s t fo rm I t i s s ai d t h at h alf t h e l zber es

’ ’
.

sen t d o w n d i e on t h e r oad F o ur d ays l at er h e a dd ed

.

'
'
All t he ch i ldren l zber es are h an d e d o ver to t he J es u i t
’

m i s s i o n at K i mu en z a,s o u th -eas t fo ur h o ur s fro m L eo p o ld

v i ll e A p er e t o ld M r Ro ge rs t h at s even t y-t hree d i ed
. .

duri n g t he m o n t h ,an d t h i r t y-five o n ly a m o n t h o r t wo ag o .

I n Eur o p e we u n d er s t an d fro m t h e wo rd l i b/r efs s l aves s av ed

fro m t hei r cruel m ast e rs No t at al l M ost o f t he m r es ul t
.

fr o m wars m ad e agai n s t t he n at i ves b eca use o f i vo ry or

Century Magazi ne,Vol L I V . .
p 708
. .
 1 96 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

rubb er I t i s o n ly t he S t at e o ffic i al s who m a k e war

.

s e ld o m d o t h e t r ad e rs h av e a n y t r o ubl e, an d t he
m i ss i o n ari es
Th at re m a rk , o f c o urs e , h a d r e fe re n c e t o t h e o ld
fas h i o n e d t r ad e r s , n o t t o t h e n ew ch a r t er e d c o mp a n i es .

O n t h e o t h e r s i d e o f N ki s i , wr o t e G l ave ,a ft e r h e h ad l e ft
L e o p o ldvi ll e o n 2 6t h M arch , I p as s e d five wh i t es d e s t i n ed
fo r t h e M o n ga l a r i ve r as a gen t s o f t he S o c i é t é C o mm e rc i al e
A n ve rs o i se . Th ey are a ll s ub -o ffice rs i n t he B e lg i an a rmy .

I t s ee m s t o m e r at h e r a h e a r t l es s pr o c ee d i n g t o s en d o ff
i ne xp er i en c e d m en t o a d ea dly h o l e l i k e t h e M o n g a l a,b ut
t h e S t a t e wan t s m o ne y ,an d i v o ry i s m on ey , an d i n t he
M o n ga l a t h er e i s pl en t y o f i vo ry . Thes e s ub -o fficers ar e
p o o rly p a i d i n t he a rmy,an d t h e t hree hu n dre d d o ll a rs a
y e ar , wi t h pe rc e n t ag e o f purchas es , pre s en t s t o t he m a
At Luku n gu , ag ai n , wh e n h e was
”
go ld en pros p e ct .

n e a r i n g M at a d i ,Gl a ve wro t e o n st h Apr i l , I m e t B ar on

d e Rez en ,ch i e f o f t he publ i c fo rc e at Luku n gu an d ch i e f

o f t h e s t at i o n . H e ag r ees t h at rubb e r i s t he c au s e o f all
t he t r o ubl e on t h e C on g o ,b ut e xcu s e s t h e S t a t e on t h e
gr o u n d t h at i t i s n e c es s ary for i t t o h ave fu n d s H e t h i n k s
.

t h e s m all p o s t s pl a c ed a m o n g t h e n at i v es wi t h o u t wh i t es a
m i s t a k e ; t he bl a ck s t hu s ves t ed wi t h a l i tt l e a u t ho ri t y
i m m ed i at e ly t a k e advan t ag e o f i t ,an d i l l -t r ea t t h e n a t i ves
.

“
The s e p eo pl e , i t was a dd ed t hree d ays l at e r, are a h ardy
r a ce , b ut t he c arry i n g bus i nes s i s a gr eat s t r ai n on t he
s y s t e m ,as i s a l s o t h e c o ns t an t dren ch i n g t h e y
get i n wet
s eas ons . O ft en t h ey s uffe r fr o m hu n ge r , a n d t h ere a re
n e ve r s p a re m en w i t h a c a r a v an ,s o t h a t i n c as e o f s i ck nes s

t h e c arr i e r s t i ll h as t o lug a l o n g h i s s i x t y -fi ve p o u n d s
’

we i gh t ,a h ard e no ugh t as k fo r a we ll m an ,b ut k i ll i n g for

an i n v a l i d
. O ne s ees s o m e m i se r a bl e wre t ch es dr agg i n g
a l on g i n t h e r e a r o f a c ar a v an . T o -d ay I s aw t he d ead
b ody o f a c a rr i e r lyi n g o n t h e t r ai l Th ere c o uld h ave
.

b ee n n o m i s t ak e ab o u t hi s b ei n g a s i ck m an ; he was
n o t h i n g b ut s k i n an d b o n es . Th es e p os t s o ught t o g i v e
Century Magaz i n e,Vol LI V ,p 709
. . . .
I
98 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

t h at purp os e . I n t wo ye ar s t h i s C at h o l i c m i ss i o n h as
bur i ed t hree hu n dred o f t hes e p oo r , u n fo r t u n at e l i t t l e
ch i ldren , vi ct i m s o f t he i n hum an p o l i cy o f t he C o n go Fr ee
S t at e ! On t h e Vi lle d e B r ux elles ,t he b i g S t at e b oat up on
wh i ch I d es ce n d e d t he C on g o ,we t oo k on b oard at t he
Equ at eur 1 02 l i t t l e h o me l es s ,m o t herl es s ,fat herl e ss ch i ldr en ,
va ryi n g fr o m fo ur yea rs t o s e ve n o r e i gh t ,a m on g t h e m a
few l i tt l e g i rl s . M an y o f t he m had fr i gh t ful ulc e rs wh i ch
s h o wed n o s i g n o f h avi n g b een atte n d ed t o, a l t h o ugh
t h e r e was a S t a t e d o c t o r a t t he Equ a t e ur s t at i on S o me
.

few h ad a t i n y s t ri p o f cl o t h ,t wo or t hree i n ch es w i d e ,
t uck e d i n a s t r i n g a r o u n d t he w ai s t t o h i d e t he i r n ak e d n e s s ,
b ut h alf o f t h e m we re p erfe c t ly n a k ed A s t h ey w e r e
.

huddl e d t o get her on t h e l o we r d e ck o f t he b oat o n t he

cl a mp , ch i ll m o r n i n g s , s h i ver i n g wi t h c o ld , d eat h w as
m ark i n g m an y m o re for h as t y b a pt i s m a n d a gr a v e a t
t he J es u i t m i s s i o n n ea r L eo p o ldv i ll e B y t he t i m e w e
.

r ea che d K i n s h as a, S t an l ey Poo l , t h er e wa s a great d ea l

o f s i ck nes s a m on g t he ch i ldren , pr i n c i p a lly fe v e r s an d
c o ugh s ; m an y wer e h o p el es s ly i ll . I f t he Ar ab s h ad
b een t he m as t e r s ,i t wo uld b e s t yl ed i n i qu i t o us t raffick i n g
i n hum an fl es h an d bl oo d ; b u t b e i n g u n d er t he a d m i n i s
t rat i on o f t he C o n g o Fr ee S t a t e, i t i s m e r e ly a p a r t
of t h e i r p /i il a n tnr op i c s y s t e m o f l i ber a t i ng t h e n at i v es .

T h e Wh o l e wo rld s ee m s t o t h i n k t h at t h e C on go Fr ee
S t at e i s a c i v i l is i n g i n fluen ce ,a n d t h at ph i l an t hro py an d
l o ve o f j us t i ce are pro mp t i n g e very e ffo r t o f t he ad m i n i s

Alm os t t he l as t e n t ry i n t h e t r a vell e r s re co rd w as t h i s ,
’

d ate d 2 n d May ,qu o t i n g t he i n fo rm at i o n o f hi s m i s s i o n ary

fri e n d s : Mr H arvey h eard fr o m Cl a rk e ,wh o i s at L ak e
“
.

M an t um b a,t h a t t he S t at e s o ld i er s h ave b een i n t he v i c i n i t y

o f h i s s t a t i o n re c en t ly , fi h t i n g a n d t a k i n
g g pr i sone r s ; an d
he h i m s elf h as s een s ever a l m en w i t h bu n ch es o f h an d s
s i gn i fy i n g t h e i r i n d i v i du a l k i ll
. Thes e , I pr es um e, t hey
mus t pr o duc e t o pr o ve t he i r s ucc es s ! Am o n g t he h an d s
Cen tu ry M agaz i n e,Vol L I V ,p 7 9 6
. . . .
 ADMINI ST RATIVE ABUSES . 1 99

were t h ose of men an d wo m en ,an d a l so t hose of l i tt l e

ch i ldren The m i s s i on a r i es a re s o much at t he m ercy o f
.

the S t ate th at t hey d o n o t r ep o r t t h ese b arb ar i c h app en i n gs

t o t he p eo pl e at h o m e I h a ve pr ev i o u s ly h eard o f h an d s ,
.

’
a m on g t h e m ch i ldre n s , b e i n g br o ugh t t o t he s t ati ons ,but

I was not s o s at i s fi ed o f t he t rut h o f t he fo rm er i n form at i on

as o f the r e p o r t s r ec ei v ed j u s t n o w by Mr H arvey fro m
.

Cl arke M uch o f t hi s s o r t o f t h i n g i s goi n g o n at t he

.

Equ ate ur s t at i on . The m et h o d s e mpl oyed a re no t

necessa ry Y ears ago , when I was on duty at t he
.

Equ ateur wit h o u t s o ld ie rs , I n eve r had any d ifficul ty

i n gett i n g wh at men I nee d e d , n o r di d any o t h er
s t at i on i n th e o ld , hum an e d a ys . Th e s t at i on s an d
th e b oat s t h en ha d n o d i fficul t y i n fi n d i n g men o r
l ab our, n or wi ll t he B el g i ans if t he y i n t r oduce m ore
r eas onabl e m et h o d s ” .

There was t oo much t ru t h i n t he s t at e m ent t hat the “

m i ss i on ar i es are s o much at t he m ercy o f t he S t at e t h at

t hey d o n o t r ep o r t t h es e b a rb a r i c h a pp en i n g s t o t he p eopl e
”
at h o m e . Th o ug h a g oo d d e a l o f i n fo rm at i on t ard i ly
l eak ed out , i t was ge n er a lly i n s uch c au t i o us l an gu age,
d es i gned t o c on ce al t he i d en t i t y o f t he i n form ant s ,t hat
i t was t oo v ague a n d i n co mpl ete t o b e i n any way aut hori
t ati ve Full er an d m o re t ru s t wo r t hy i n form at i on was i n
c as es — as r eg ard s l o c al i ti es i n wh i ch t hey were
.

s o me

i n t e res t ed and wi t h wh i ch t hey wer e i n t i m at ely a cqu ai nt ed

co mmu n i c ated t o t he ce n t ra l o rg an i s a t i on s by m is s i o n ari es
i n t h ei r e mpl o y .Thes e a ut hen t i c d et ai l s , h oweve r,were
as far as p os s i bl e wi t hhe ld fr o m o u t s i d e rs They were
.

u sed ,m o re or l es s s ucce ss fully ,i n s e curi n g fro m t he C on go

Go ver n m en t bette r t re at m e n t o f t he n at i ves wi t h i n t he
very l i m i t ed a re as o f the a ggr i e ve d m i s s i onary agen ci es ,
an d p erh a p s o t h e r i n d i r e c t pr o fi t r e s ul t ed fro m t h e m. B ut
th ey wer e no t a ll o wed t o r ea ch t he publ i c c ar, o r t o
a ro u se publ i c op i n i on i n fa vo ur o f chan ges t h at , i n
br i n gi ng i nc alcul abl e b ene fi t t o m i ll i ons of C ongo
Cen tu ry M agaz i n e,Vo l L I V ,p 7 1 4
. . . .
 2 00 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

nat i ves, m i ght h ave b een prej udi c ial t o t he m i s s i onary

o rg an i s ati o n s “ .

As G l ave s j o u rnal s wer e

’
publ i s he d b e fo r e t he end o f
n ot

1 8 9 6 t he fir s t r eally e ffe c t i v e fl as h o f
Th e S t o k es Affa i r
l i gh t t hr o wn on t he l awl ess n ess and
'

’
cruel t y pr eva l en t i n s o m an y p ar t s o f t he C on go S t ate s
t e rr i to ry c a m e fr o m an o ffen c e co mm i tt ed i n t he Ar a b Z one
whi l e G l ave was cro s s i n g i t ,but ,as h e was fo ur hu n dred
m i l es a wa y,n o t kn o wn t o hi m ,an d on ly i n d i re c t ly a ffect i n g
t he p os i t i on o f ei t h er n at i ve s or m i s s i onar i es Mr Ch arl es . .

H en ry S t o k es , form erly a m i s s i onary i n Ugan d a ,h ad for

s o m e y ear s b een t r ad i n g i n i v o ry an d o t h er ar t i cl es ,wh i ch

he ch i e fly p ai d for i n arm s an d a mmu n i t i o n ,an d h a d m ad e

h i m se lf o b n o x i o u s t o t he C on g o a u th o ri t i es by hi s p art ner
s h i p wi t h Germ an t r a d e rs , wh en , by o rd e r o f C ap t ai n

L ot h ai re , t h en i n ch arge o f t he S t an l ey Fa ll s d i s t r i ct ,he
was en t r a pp e d at K i l on g al on g a, b et ween t h e F a ll s an d
L ak e Alb e r t Ed ward ,on t h e 9 t h J an u ary,1 8 9 5,t ak en t o
L ot h ai re s c a mp at L i n d i ,an d ,after a s h am t r i a l ,i ll eg al i n
’

e very p a r t i cul ar , h an ged o n t h e 1 4th i t was a ll ege d by

Lot h ai r e s own h an d Th i s e x e cut i on n at ur ally aro us ed
’
.
“

much i n d i gnat i on when i t was re p ort e d i n Euro pe ,an d t he

e xp os t ul at i o ns a n d t hr eat s o f t h e Br i t i s h Go ve r n m e n t so

far pre vai l e d o ver o r var i e d t h e prev ar i c at i ons an d e vas i ons

o f t he C on go Go ve r n m en t t h at i t s p e rp et r at o r w as
p ut
t hrough a s e c o n d an d m or e s c an d a l o u s s h a m t r i a l at B o m a
i n Apr i l ,1 8 9 6 ,an d,as t he r es ul t o f a p erfu n c t o ry a pp eal ,
t hr o ugh a t hi rd s h a m t ri al , et m o re s c an d a l o u s an d farc i c al
y ,
i n Brus s e l s i n Augu s t ,
T he pr o fes s ed o bj ec t o f t h e B o m a t r i a l ,t he pr o ceed i n gs
o f wh i ch a V i c e-C ons ul was s en t o ut t o w at ch on b e h a lf o f

I mak e thi s s t temen t delib erat ly s th e esult of admi ssi ons mad e t o m e
a e a r

b y sev er l C on g mi ss i onari es, i ncl udi g t wo m emb ers of th Nati v es Pro

a o n e

t ecti on C m mi i n to b e resen tl
o ss o fe ed t o,an d by m nag e s f P o testan t
p y re rr a r o r

and Cath oli c m i ssi onary organi sati on s b oth i n L ondon an d i n B russels .

1 All the fa cts,o r v

materi als a ai lab le for ascertai ni ng th em,are exhaus ti vely
set forth i n a
‘
Parl iamentary Paper ’ ( C . Afri ca, No 8 . of
1 88 fool sm p pages .
2 02 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

t i c al res ul t wi ll b e o b t a i ne d by c o n t i n u i n g t h e c o rre
”
s p o n d en ce

I t was e vi d en t ly as a s o p t o E uro p e a n o p i n i on —wh i ch ,

.

b es i d es b ei n g o ut r ag e d by t he S t o k es
Th e Na t i ves Pr o t e c =

a ffa i r , wa s b eg i n n i n g t o b e fur t he r
t i on C o m m is s i on .

a ro u se d by full e r a n d m o r e p a i n ful

re po r t s co n ce r n i n g t he t re at m en t o f bl ack m e n—t h at on
1 8 t h S e p t e mb e r,1 8 9 6 ,l es s t h an s i x wee k s a ft e r t he fi n al

ve rd i c t on o n e wh i te m an s d eat h for wh i ch C a p t ai n ’

L o t h a i re had b een pro m ot e d , a p erm an e n t C o mm i s s i on “

cha rg e d wi t h t he pro t e c t i on o f n at i ve s t hro ugh o u t th e

”
t e rr i t o ry o f t he S t a t e was a pp o i n t e d The C on go Go ver n .

m e n t , n e ve r n e gl ect ful o f an o pp o r t u n i t y for m a k i n g

pre te n ce o f ph i l an t hro py, s h o we d re m ark abl e s hrewd n ess
i n t he m et h o d an d o cc as i on ch ose n for t h i s n e w p i e c e o f
hyp o cri s y T he C o m m i s s i oner s we re i n v i te d t o n o t i fy t o
.

t he j ud i c i al a u t h o r i t i es a c t s o f v i o l en ce o f wh i ch n a t i ves
“

m ay b e v i c t i m s, an d ea ch was at l i b e r t y, on hi s own
”

res p on s i b i l i t y, t o e x e rc i s e t h i s r i gh t o f pro t e c t i on an d t o
“

”
c o mmu n i c ate d i re c t ly wi t h t he Go ve r no r -Gener al M o re .

o ve r,i t was an n o u n c e d t h at t he C o mm i s s i on wi ll p o i n t o u t
“

t o t he Go ve r n m en t m eas ur es t o b e t ak en t o pr ev en t s l ave
t ra d i n g , t o r e n d e r m o re e ffe c t i ve t he pro h i b i t i on o r
res t ri c t i on o f t he l i quo r t r affic, an d t o gra du a lly br i n g
a b o u t t h e d i s a pp earan c e o f b a rb a r o u s cu s t o m s , s uch a s
”
c an n i b al i s m ,hum an s acr i fice s ,an d o rd e a l by p o i s on I ts .

firs t m e mb e rs , a pp oi n t ed fo r t wo yea rs , we re Mgr V a n .

Ro ms l e, t he V i c a r Ap os t o l i c o f t h e C o n g o ,as Pres i d e n t ;
F at he r V an H en c x t h o ven ,S up er i o r o f t he J es u i t M i s s i o n
F at h e r d e C leen e,o f t he Sche u t C on g reg at i o n ; Dr A S i m s , . .

of t h e Am e r i c an B ap t i s t M i s s i on ary U n i on ; an d t he

Reve r en d s W H o lm an B en t l e y an d Geo rge G re n fe ll , o f

.

t h e E n g l i s h B a pt i s t M i s s i on a ry S o c i et y , t he l as t n a m e d
’
as S ec ret ary r .

The s e six co mm i s s i oners were d o ub t l es s wo r t hy rep re

Par li am en tary Pa pers , Af r i ca,N o 8

‘ ’
.
p . 1 8 3 ,1 8 4 .

1 B ul l eti n Offici el
’
p . 2 53 .
 ADMINISTRATIV E AB USES . 2 03

s en t at i ves o f th e 1 40 Ro m an C at ho l i c an d 2 2 0 Pro t est an t

m i ss i onar i es , or t hereab o u t s ,“ o f b o t h s e x es a n d e i g h t een

s e p ar a t e o rg a n i s at i on s , t h en wo rk i n g i n v a r i o u s p a r t s o f

B elg i an C o n go l a n d b ut a ll a pp ea r t o h ave b ee n ge n e ra lly

s t a t i one d i n o r near L eo p o ldv i ll e , an d fe w o f t h e i r c o mr a d es

had penet ra t e d i n t o r eg i on s re m o t e fr o m t h e C on g o r i ver

an d i t s pr i n c i p a l affl uen t s . I t w as i n t he o ut -o f— t he -way
d i st ri c ts ,i n wh i ch t h e on ly wh i t e r es i d en t s o r v i s i t o rs were
m i l i t ary men an d t r ad ers agen t s , t h at t he re wa s s pec i al
’

”
d an g e r o f a c t s o f v i o l en c e , an d o f s uch a c t s i t c o uld n o t
b e e xp e c ted t h at t he m i s s i o n ar i es wo ul d h av e s u ffic ien t
co gn i s an ce for any repo r ts t hey m ig h t s e n d i n t o re ce i ve,or
perh ap s t o b e rega rd e d as d es e rvi n g,much atten t i on The .

c o mm i ss i one rs fu n c t i ons ,i t mu s t b e n ot e d , m o reo ve r,we re

’

l i m i t ed t o re p o r t i n g an d s ugges t i n g They were n o t t o

.

h ave any e x e cu t i ve p o we r s They c o uld n e i t her i ns t i t ut e

.

o ffic i al i n qu i r i e s no r t ak e pr e ve n t i ve o r pu n i t i ve m eas ure s ;

an d h o w much a tt en t i on w o uld b e p ai d a t B o m a t o re p o r t s

o r c o mpl a i n t s m ad e by t he m i n t he i n t e res t s o f bl a ck
peo pl e m ay b e i n fe rre d fro m t he p at ron ag e a cc o rd e d t he re
t o t he e x e cu t i on e r o f Mr S t o k es
. . I t i s i n n o w ay s urpr i s i n g
’
t h at ,a l t h o ugh i t h as b een rea pp o i n t e d fo r fo rm s s ak e,t h e
N at i ve s Pro t e c t i on C o mm i s s i o n h as fro m t he firs t b een o f
n o pr a c t i c a l u t i l i t y
.

A s u s e l es s w o uld s ee m t o h ave b een t he n o m i n at i on at

t h e s a m e d at e o f M . M i che l as a
Ot h er Ref or m
S t at e I n s pe c t or , wi t h d i s c i pl i n ary
Pr op os a l s
.

po we rs , t o s ee t h at t he i ns t ruc t i on s
o f t he G o ve r n m en t we r e c arr i e d o ut i n t h e Upp e r C o n g o ,

es p e c i a lly as r e g a rd s t h e t r e a t m e n t o f n at i ve s ,an d t o r e p o r t

e very t hree m on t h s up o n t he r es ul t s o f h i s i n s p e c t i o n also

t he e l ab o r at e d i re c t i o n s s i mul t an eo u s ly pr o mul g a t e d for

t he g u i d a n c e o f h e a d s o f e xp e d i t i o n s an d c o mm i s s a r i e s o f
d i s t ri ct s i n t h e i r d eal i n gs wi t h n at i ve s . T he d e cl ar ed
purpo rt o f t h es e d i re c t i ons w as t h at hum an e an d con
c ili at or
y t ac t i c s s ho uld b e pur s u ed ,an d n eedl ess qu arrel s
Th e ab ov e numb ers are from the returns for 1 8 9 7 .
 2 04 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

an d dl ess s ever i ty av o i d ed , s o t h at the nati ves m i ght

ne e

n o t m i s t ru s t t he i n t en t i o n s an d s e n t i m en t s o f t he S t at e

regard i n g t hem , a m i s un d er s t an d i n g t h at mu s t i n ev i t ably

b e pr o vo ked by o ve r -h as t y r es o r t t o e x t r e m e m eas ur es .

The t erm s o f t he i n s t ruc t i on s ,i n d ee d ,s h o w,not t h at t he

Gover n m en t s e ri o u s ly d es i r e d or exp e c t e d t he r edr es s o f
grave abu s es and s c an d a l s ,b ut t hat i t was well a ware of
t he ex i s ten c e o f s uch a bus es an d s c an d a l s . They m ad e i t
cl ear,for i ns t an ce,t hat t he agen t s o f t he S t ate had hi t her to
been l ack i n g i n t he t a ct n e ce s s ary for avoi d an ce o f con
fl i c ts wh i ch may ar i se fr o m m i s appr e hens i ons an d pr a ct i ces
”
t oo much a t v a r i an ce wi t h n at i ve u s ages an d cu s t o m s ,
and t h at t h ey had no t , b e fo r e c o m i n g t o bl o ws wi t h t he
‘

”
nat i ves , r e c o gn i s e d t h at i t i s m o r e a dvan t ag eou s t o
“

o b t ai n r e p a r at i on fo r i nj ury by p a c i fic a ct i on t h an by r esor t
”
t o a rm s . The a gen t s wer e urged t o r em e mb er t h at ,
wherever e mpl oym en t o f fo rc e s ee m ed nec es sary , t he
Govern m en t ough t fir s t t o b e i n fo rm ed on t he s ubj ec t and
i t s s an c t i on o b t a i n ed ; t h at t h e o p er at i on s s h o uld th en
b e so c on duc t ed t h a t ,as far as p os s i bl e,on ly t h os e r eally
at fa ul t wo uld b e att a ck e d ; an d t h at ,i n t i m e o f war ,t he

pr op er ty o f n at i ves mu s t n ot b e d es t r oyed ,t h ei r vi ll ages

bur n t ,or t h ei r wo u n d e d t o r t ured Al on g wit h much el s e,
.

t h ey we re enj oi ned no t t o a w a rd o t h e r d i s c i pl i nary pu ni s h

m en ts t h an are app oi n t e d for br each o f d i s ci pl i ne,or t o

p ervert l ega l form s for t he re pres s i on o f offen c es o f wh i ch
s e rvan t s o f t he S t at e m ay b e gu i l t y , an d t o b ea r i n m i n d
”

t h at pu n i s hm en t s fo r br ea ch o f m i l i t ary d i s c i pl i n e we re
o n ly appl i c a bl e t o n a t i ve s o ld i e r s u n d e r c on d i t i on s d i s

t i n c tly l ai d d o wn , an d we re n o t a ppl i c able, u n d er any

prete x t ,t o n on -m i l i t ary s ervant s o f t he S t at e or t o nat i ves ,
whet her or n o t t he l at te r we re i n r e be ll i on ag ai ns t t he
”
S t at e.

O f t he m on s t r o u s d e fi an c e o f t h e pr i n c i pl es l ai d d o w n i n
t h ose an d s uch l i k e i n s t ruc t i on s ev i d e n c e h ad by t h at t i m e
c o m e t o be avai l abl e .

B ulleti n Ofl‘i ci el ’ pp . 2 55-9 .

2 06 CIVILISATI ON IN C ONGOLAND .

on th e K as ai Th i s t i m e i t was a revo l t o f t he S t ate

.

t r oo p s ag ai n s t t h e i r o wn o ffic e rs T h e s o ld i er s k i ll ed
.

one a n d w o u n d e d a no t h e r , l ea v i n g h i m fo r d ea d up on
t h e fi e ld . They t hen l o o t ed t he s t a t i o n a n d e s c ap ed
i n t o t h e i n t eri o r Al t h o u g h t he a u t h o r i t i es s en t up a
.

s tro n g d et a chm en t o f fo rces fr o m S t an l ey Poo l , a n d

c o mm e n ced h o s t i l i t i e s on a l a rger s c a l e , m os t o f t he
fug i t i ves are s t i ll a t l ar g e . I was n ear t he m o u t h o f
t h e K as a i when th e n e ws o f t he r ev o l t c a m e d o wn .T he
wo un d ed o ffice r , a l t ho u g h he l ay e xpo s ed t o t he s un
for m an y h o ur s , fi n a lly r ea ch ed t he Ro m an C at h o l i c
m i s s i on s t at i on , wh ere hi s wo u n d s we re dres s ed The
,

a t t i t ud e o f t he n a t i ve s o f t h e C o n g o Fr ee S t a t e i s
e v e rywh e re u n fr i e n dly , an d if t h e p eo pl e d o n o t u n i v e r

s ally r eb e l a ga i n s t a u t h o ri t y i t i s b e c a u se t hey are

re duce d t o a s t at e o f d e s p ai r I f pos s i bl e t h ey l eave
.

t h e t e rr i t o ry T wo o f t he m os t fl o ur i s h i n g t o wn s i n
.

Mr H M S t an l ey s t i m e , s i t u at ed at S t an l ey Po o l
’

vi z , Ki n t a m a an d K i n s h a s a—a r e n o w n o m o r e,an d t h e
. . .

p eo pl e h ave g on e o ve r t o t he Fren ch C on go B es i d es .

t h e n at i v es o f t h e t o wn s I h av e n a m ed , m a n y p e o pl e
h ave l e ft t he m a i n r i ver an d go n e i n t o t he i n t e r i o r i n
o rd e r t o e s c a p e t he arb i t r a ry d e m a n d s o f t h e S t at e .

D i fficul t i es h ad a r i se n , t oo , b et wee n t h e S t at e an d t he
p o rt er s , an d as t he r equ i s i t e n umb e r o f c arri er s we re
n ot fo rt hc o m i n g d e t achm en t s o f s o ld i e rs we re s en t wi t h
o rd e r s t o c a p t ure all t h e wo m en t h ey c o uld fi nd S e v er a l
.

Chr i s t i a ns we r e arrest e d i n t h i s m an ne r The n at i ves an d

.

m i s s i o n a ri es r e m ons t rat ed , a n d pres en ted a l e tt e r t o t h e

Go ve r n o r,wi t h o u t ge tt i n g an y r e dr es s T he p eo pl e wer e
.

s o e n r ag e d a t t h e s e o u t r a g es t h a t t h ey t oo k m a t t e r s i n

t h e i r o wn h an d s Th ey k i ll e d t hree wh i t e m en ,a nd m et
.

an d d e fe at e d t h e S t at e fo rc es i n m o re t h an on e p i t ch e d

en g ag e m en t O n t he Lo we r C o n go t he n at i ves h ave g oo d
.

S n i d e r r i fles ,an d t h e i r m an y c on fl i ct s wi t h t h e S t at e h ave

t a ugh t t h e m t he a r t s o f war I n m an y o f t h es e figh t s t he
.

S t ate sold i er s c o uld not s ee t hei r foes ,as the l at ter were i n
 ADMINISTRATIVE ABUSES . 2 07

a mbu s h The res ul t was t h at t hey we re j u st m o wed d o wn

.

by th e i r o pp o n en t s g u n s “ ’
.

Sp ea k i n g m o re pa r t i cul a rly o f a t ro ci t ie s i n ci d en t t o t he
c o lle c ti o n o f rubb er i n t he wes te r n p a r t o f t he Equ at e ur
d i s t r i c t ,n ear t he j u n c t i o n o f t he Ub an g i wi t h t he C o n go ,
a n d a r o u n d L ak e Tumb a o r M an t u m b a ,s t r e t ch i n g t o w ard s

t he s o u t h -eas t ,Mr M urphy a v erre d : I h ave s een t hese

“
.

t h i n gs d o n e,an d h av e re m o ns t r a te d w i t h t he S t at e i n t he
years 1 8 8 8 ,1 8 8 9 ,an d 1 8 9 4 , b ut n eve r g o t s at i s fact i on I .

have b een i n t he i n t er i o r an d h ave s een t he r av ages m a d e

by t he S t a t e i n purs u i t o f t h i s i n i qu i t o u s t r a d e I n o n e .

pl ace I s t o o d by t he s i d e o f th e r i ver an d h ea rd a l i tt l e b oy
d es cr i b e ho w h e h ad se en t he B e l g i an s s h o o t p eo pl e for n ot
fet ch i n g rubb e r , an d at t he s a m e t i m e h e p o i n t ed t o t he
fl ags t aff t o wh i ch t he poo r vi ct i m s h ad b een t i ed ,an d wh i ch
s t i ll b o re t he bull et an d bl o o d m a rk s L e t m e g i ve an
.

i n c i d en t t o s h o w h o w t h i s u n r i gh t eo u s t r a d e a ffe c t s the
peo pl e O n e d ay a S t at e c orp o ra l ,who was i n cha rge o f
.

t h e p os t o f S o l i fa ,was g o i n g r o u n d t he t o wn c o ll e c t i n g
rubb er M eet i n g a p oo r wo m an wh os e hu s b an d was a way
.

fi s hi n g , h e as k e d , Wh ere i s yo ur hu s b an d ? S he
’

a n s we re d by p o i n t i n g t o t h e r i ver H e t he n a s k e d , Wh e r e
.
‘

i s h i s rubb e r ? S he ans we red , I t i s r e a dy for y o u

’ ‘ ’
.

Whe re up o n he s ai d , Y o u li e , an d ,l i ft i n g up h i s g un ,s h o t
‘ ’

her d ea d Sh o r t ly a ft e rwa rd s t he hus b an d r et urn e d an d

.

w a s t o ld o f t he murd e r o f h i s w i fe H e we n t s t r a i g h t t o
.

t he c o rp o r a ! , t a k i n g w i t h h i m h i s rubb er ,an d as k e d why

he had s h ot hi s wi fe The wret che d m an t h en r a i s ed h i s
.

g un an d k i ll ed t h e c o rp o r a l T he s o ld i e r s ran a way t o t he
.

he adqu a r t er s o f t h e S t at e ,an d m ad e re pr es en t at i on s o f t h e
case ,wi t h th e res ul t t h at t he c o mm i s sary s en t a l a rge fo rc e
t o s upp o r t t he a u t h o r i t y o f t he s o ld i e r s ; t h e t o w n wa s
l oot ed ,bur n t ,an d m an y peo pl e we re k i ll ed an d wo u n d ed .
”

Agai n , I n N o ve mb e r l as t ( 1 8 9 4) t h er e was h eavy fight i n g

on t he B o s i r a , b e c a u se t he p eo pl e r e fu se d t o g i ve rubb e r ,

A r eport b y Re ut e r s Agency,publi shed

’
i n the Ti mes and other papers of

1 8 th No vember ,1 8 9 5 .
2 08 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

an d I was t o ld up on u t ho r i t y o f a S t ate offic er t h at

t he a

n o l es s t h an p eo pl e we r e k i ll e d U p o n a no t h e r .

o cc a s i o n i n t h e s a m e m o n t h s o m e s o ld i e r s r a n a w ay fr o m

a S t a t e s t e a m e r , a n d , i t was s a i d , w e n t t o t h e t o w n o f

B o m b u m b a T he o ffic e r s e n t a m es s ag e t e ll i n g t he ch i e f o f
.

t he t o wn t o g i ve t h e m up H e a n s we re d t h at h e c o uld not ,
.

a s t h e fugi t i v es h a d no t b ee n i n hi s t o w n T h e o ffic er s ent

.

t he m es sen g e r a s e c on d t i m e w i t h t he o rd e r , C o m e t o m e
a t on c e ,o r w ar i n t h e m o r n i n g T he n e x t m o r n i n g t he
’
.

o l d ch i e f wen t t o m ee t t h e B e l g i a n s a n d w as at t ack e d

wi t h o u t pro vo c at i on H e h i m s e lf was w o u n d ed , hi s wi fe
.

was k i ll ed b e fo r e hi s ey es , a n d h er h ead c ut o ff i n o rd er
t h at t h ey m i gh t p os ses s th e br as s n e ckl et t h at s he w o re .

Twen ty -fo ur o f t he ch i e f s p eo pl e were a l s o k i ll e d an d all

’

fo r t he p a l t ry r e as on g i v en ab o ve Ag ai n ,t h e p eo pl e o f
.

L a k e Ma n t um b a r an a way on a cc o un t o f t he cru el t y of
t he S ta t e ,an d t he l a t t er s en t s o m e s o ld i er s i n ch a rge o f a
c o l o ure d c o rp o r a l t o t reat wi t h t he m an d i n duc e t h e m t o
r et ur n O n t he w ay t he t roop s m et a c anoe c on t ai n i n g
.

s ev e n o f t h e fugi t i v es U n d e r s o m e p al t ry pr e tex t t hey

.

m ad e the p eo pl e l an d ,s h ot t h e m , c ut o ff t hei r h an d s an d
t oo k t h e m t o t h e c o m m i s s ary T he M an t um b a p eo pl e
.

c o mpl ai n ed t o t he m i ss i o n a ry a t I r ebu ,an d h e wen t d o wn

t o s e e if th e s t o ry was t ru e H e as ce r t ai ne d t he c as e t o b e
.

j u s t as t h ey h ad n arr ate d ,an d fo u n d t h at on e of t h e s ev en

was a l i tt l e g i rl , who was n o t qu i t e d ead T h e ch i ld .

r ec o v er e d ,an d s he l i v es t o -d ay ,t he s t ump o f t he h an dl es s
a r m w i t n ess i n g ag a i n s t t h i s h o rr i bl e pr a c t i c e Th ese are .

on ly a few t h i n g s o f m an y t h at h a v e t a k en pl a c e i n o n e

“
S o m e rad i c al ch an g e i n go ver n m en t , Mr M urphy .

i n s i s t e d , mu s t t ak e pl a c e b e fo r e t h e re can b e an y h o p e
“

o f pr o s p e r i t y . I t m ay we ll b e s upp o s ed t h a t t he c o u n t ry
i s i n a d i s t urb ed s t a t e The p eo pl e o f t h e d i s t r i c t o f L a k e
.

M a n t u m b a, o f I r ebu ,an d L ok o le la,an d a ll t he M o b an gi

t o w ns ,h a ve cr os se d o ve r t o t he Fr en ch s i d e T he Fr en ch .

Ti mer,1 8 th No v emb er ,1 8 9
5 .
 2 10 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

so t he c o mm issar i es a n d pett y go ve rn o r s o f the i n t e r i o r d i s

t ri ct s h a v e al m o s t u n l i m i t e d p o we r T he office rs o f t he S t ate
.

a re y o u n g an d i ne xp e r i e n c e d ; t h ey d o n o t c o m e Ol l t as

c o l o n i s ts t o d eve l o p t he co un t ry, b ut i n o rd er t h at t hey

m ay re ce i ve qu i ck pr o m o t i o n , t h e C on go d e c or at i on , an d ,
a b o ve all ,t o g et m on e y . O f c o ur s e t h er e are s o m e n o bl e
e xc e p t i on s ,b u t i t i s o n ly t h e fe w wh o h av e an i n t e re s t i n

t h e c o u n t ry an d t he we ll -b e i n g o f t he p eo pl e . I h a ve b een
t o ld by n av al an d ot h e r o ffic e rs o f t h e S t a t e t h at a c e r t ai n
s um
p er h ead i s p ai d by t h e Go ve r n m en t t o t he c o m
m i s s ari es o f d i s t ri c t s fr o m wh i ch s l ave s are r e cei ved , an d
t o n av al ofli cers who br i n g t he m i nt o c a mp . These
wr et che d s l aves s oon fin d t hat t hey hav e on ly cha n ged
”
m as t e rs . T he rubb e r qu es ti o n , s ai d Mr Murphy, i n
“
.

c on clu si on , i s a cc o u n t able for m o s t o f the ho rr o rs

“

pe rpe t rat ed i n t he C on go I t h as re duced t he p eo pl e t o

.

a s t at e o f u tt er d es p a i r . E a ch t o wn i n t he d i s t ri c t i s
fo rc e d t o bri n g a c er t a i n qu an t i t y t o t he headqu ar te rs
of t he c o mm i ssary e v e ry Su n d ay . I t i s c o ll ec t ed by
fo rc e ; t h e s o ld i ers dri ve t he peo pl e i n t o the bu s h ; if t hey
wi ll n o t g o t hey are s h o t d o wn ,t he i r l e ft h an d s b ei n g cut
o ff a n d t a k en as t r o ph i es t o t he c o mm i ssary T he
.

s o ld i er s d o n o t c ar e wh o m t h e y s h oot d o wn
, an d t hey
mos t o ft en s hoot p oo r he lpl es s wo m en and h arml ess
chi ldren Th ese h an d s — t he h an d s o f m e n ,wo m en ,an d
chi ldren—are pl a ce d i n r o ws b e fo re t he c o mm i ssa ry,who
.

c o u n t s t he m t o s ee t he s o ld ie r s h ave n ot was ted t he

c a r t r i d g es . T he c o mm i ss ary i s p ai d a c o m m i s s i on o f
a b o u t a p enn y
p er p o u n d up on a l l t h e rubb er he g et s ; i t
i s t h e re for e t o hi s i n t e r es t t o g e t as m uch as he c an ” .

T o t he s a m e e ffec t , b ut m o r e d et ai l ed , an d t h e re fo re
m o re c on v i n c i n g was t he t es t i m on y
M r S i o b l om s
.
’ ,
g i ven by t he Rev E V S j ob lo m ,a
Te s t i m on y . . .
.

Swe d i s h m i s s i on ary , a n d on e o f Mr .

’
Murphy s c o ll eagues o f t he Am e ri c an B a pt i s t M i s s i on ary
U n i o n ,at a m eet i n g i n L on d on ,c o n ven e d for t he purpos e
Ti nt er,i 8 th Novemb er,1 8 9 .
5
 ADMINISTRATIVE ABUSES . 211

by t he Abo ri g i nes Prot ec t i on S o c i et y ,on 1 2 t h May ,1 8 9 7 .

Mr S j oblo m was t hen p as s i n g t hro ugh E n gl an d ,app ar en t ly

.

a lm o s t a dy i n g m a n ,fo r re s t i n h i s o w n c o u n t ry ,wh e r e

ha pp i ly hi s he al t h was so far rest o re d t h at he was a bl e i n

t he fo ll o w i n g y e ar t o r e n e w h i s l ab o ur s i n C on go l an d .

Wh en he m ad e t he s t at e m en t he s p o ke wi t h br o k en vo i c e ,
b ut i n tense ea r n e s t n es s ,i n s i mpl e l an gu ag e , t h a t l e ft n on e
o f h i s h e are rs i n d o ub t a s t o t he a b so lu t e t ru t hful n es s w i t h

whi ch he re c o u n t e d t he e xpe ri en ce s o f five year s res i d en c e ’

i n t he Equ at e ur d i s t r i c t , an d es p ec i a lly o f e ven ts i n t he

c o urs e o f
I n g en er a l e xpl a n a t i on o f t he s y s t e m o f ubb er -c o ll e c t i n g
r
ad o p t e d no t o n ly i n t he p o r t i on o f t h e Equ at e ur d i s t r i c t

i n wh i ch he ha d b ee n wo rk i n g ,b ut e l s e wh e r e as w e ll ,Mr .

S j ob lo m s ai d The n a t ives i n i n l an d to wns are ,as a m at te r

o f cu s t o m , as ke d wh et h e r t h e y are wi ll i n g t o g at h er i n d i a

rubbe r T he qu es t i on p ut t o t he m i s n o t , Wi ll y o u l i ve
.
‘

at p e a c e t o ge t h e r ? Wi ll y o u a ck n o wl e dge t he C on g o
Gover n m en t P I t i s , W i ll y o u wo rk i n d i a-rubb er We ll ,
’

m an y o f t he p eo pl e are k i ll ed ,an d t hey t ry s udd en ly t o

d i s ban d , an d re fu s e t o bri n g t he i n d i a rubb e r Th en war
- .

i s d ecl a r e d The s o ld i e r s are s e n t i n d i ffe re n t d i r e c t i on s

. .

The pe o pl e i n t h e t o wns are att a ck e d ,an d wh en t h e y are

ru n n i n g a way i n t o t he fores t ,an d t ry t o h i d e t he m se lve s ,
an d s a ve t h e i r l i v es , t h ey are fo u n d o ut by t he s o ld i e rs .

Then t h ei r gard en s o f ri ce ar e d es t r oye d ,an d t he i r s uppl i es

t ak en . The i r pl an t ai n s ar e cut d o wn wh i l e t hey are
yo un g an d no t i n fru i t ,an d o ft en t h e i r hu ts are burn t ,an d ,
o f c o urs e , e ve ry t h i n g o f v a lu e i s t ak e n Wi t hi n my o wn
.

k no wl edge fo rt y -five v i ll ag es wer e a l t oge t he r burn t d o wn .

I say a l t oget he r , b e c a u se t here we re m an y ot he rs p art ly

bur n t d o wn I p as sed t hr o ugh t wen ty -ei ght a b an d o n e d
.

vi ll ages T h e n a t i ve s had l e ft t h ei r pl a c es t o g o fur t her

.

Th e ex t ra c ts v v
here gi en are fr om a erbati m r eport of Mr Sj ob lom ’ s .

address, ubl is h ed i n t h e A bor i i n esJ F r i en d for

p g July ,1 8 9 7 ( pp 2 1 4
. Wi th
a few ad di ti ons fr o m an i n t e rv
i ew wi th hi m i ssued o n th e fol lowi n g day by
Renter’s Agen cy Th ough Mr Sj oblom s poke fl uent En l i sh,some fo ei n
. .
g r g
idi oms are not i ceabl e i n hi s language
.
2 12 CI VILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

i n l an d . In rd er t o s e p ar at e t h e m s elves fr o m t h e wh i te
o

me n t h ey g o p ar t o f t he way d o wn t he r i ver,o r e l s e t h ey
cr os s t he r i ver i n to Fre n ch t e rri t o ry . S o m e t i m e s t he
n at i v es are o bl i ge d t o p ay a l arge i n d e m n i t y T he chi e fs
.

o ft en h ave t o a w i t h br as s w i re an d s l a v es , an d i f t he
p y
s l av e s d o n o t m ak e up t h e a m o u n t t h e i r wi v e s are s o ld

t o p ay I was t o ld t hat by a B e lgi an ofli cer N at i ve

—
.
.

sen t i ne l s who ,o f c o ur s e,are t he s ent r i es r e ferr e d t o by

C ons ul Pi ckers gi ll are pl a ce d i n t he vi ll ages T he .

s en t i ne l s s ee t h at t he o t h e r n at i ves wo rk . They are fo rced

to bu i ld l a rge h o u s es for t he s e s en t i ne l s , an d h ave t o l eave
t h ei r pl a c es an d t ry t o fi n d o t h e r pl ac es fur t h e r a w ay The .

s e n t i n e l s t h e m se lv es h av e t o ld m e t h i s
. I h av e b een i n the
t o wn s a n d s een i t mys e l f . I n t he m o r n i n g t h e s en t i ne l s
wi ll go t o an d fro i n t he t o wns t o see t h at n o m an s t ays
be h i n d On ly a few s l aves are all o wed t o s t ay at ho m e
.

b esi des th e wo m en and ch i ldre n O ft en t h ey s ay t h at

.

t h ey h av e b een t o ld by a c o mm i s s ary t h at i f t hey saw a

m an s t ay i n g beh i n d i n t he v i ll age t h ey mu st s h o ot hi m .

“
I wi ll g i ve y o u, Mr S j obl o m c o nti n u ed , an i n st an c e
”
.
“

o f a m an I s aw s h ot r i gh t b e fo r e my ey es I n on e o f my
.

i n l an d j o ur n eys ,when I h ad g one a l i tt l e fur t h e r ,p e rh ap s ,

t h an th e c o mm i ssary exp e c t e d me t o go ,I s aw s o m et h i n g
t h at p e rh a p s h e wo uld n o t h ave l i k e d me t o s ee I t was
.

at a t o wn c a ll ed I b er a,o n e o f t he c ann i b a l t o w ns t o w h i ch

n o wh i t e m an h ad ev er b e en b e fo re . I r each ed i t a t s u nset,
a ft er t h e n a t i ves had r et ur ne d fr o m t he v ar i o u s pl a c e s i n

wh i ch t hey had b een l o o k i n g for i n d i a-rubb er They .

g at her ed t o get her i n a gr e at cr o wd ,b ei n g cur i o u s t o s ee a

whi te m an B es i d es , t h ey had h eard I had s o m e go od
.

n e ws t o t e ll t h e m ,wh i ch c a m e t hr o ugh t he Gos pe l When.

t h at l a rge cro wd ga t h ere d ,an d I was j u s t r eady t o pr ea ch ,

t h e s en t i ne l s rus hed i n a m on g t h e m t o s ei z e an o ld m an .

They dr ag ge d hi m asi d e a l i t t l e fr o m t he cro wd ,an d t he

s en t i ne l i n ch arg e c am e t o m e an d s ai d
, I w an t t o s h o ot
‘

t h i s man ,b e c a u s e he h as b een i n t he r i v er fi s h i n g t o -d a
y .

He h as no t b een on t he ri ve r fo r i n d i a-rubb er .I to ld hi m,
’
 2 16 CIVILI SATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

h an d i ns t ead I f s uch pun i s hm en t i s ,in any c ase,r i ght ,

.

why not t ry t o fin d o ut t hos e who are really gu i l t y,an d

who fai l ed t o g at h er t he full a m o u n t o f rubb er ? B ut t o
a t t ack n ot on ly on e v i ll a ge , b ut a wh o l e s et o f v i ll ages ,

b e c au se one or t wo h ave fai l e d t o g i ve t h ei r am o u nt—t hat

i s one o f t he t h i n g s we o bj e c t t o Th e s o ld i e rs are s en t out
.

t o att a ck a wh o l e v i ll a g e,i n s te a d o f fi n d i n g an d pu n i s h i n g
t h e gu i l t y ,i f any are g u i l t y A t th e e n d o f 1 8 9 5,t he com
m i ss ary—all t he peo pl e we re ga th eri n g t he rubb er—s ai d
.

h e h ad o ft en t o ld t h e sen t i ne l s n o t t o k i ll t he p eo pl e B ut
.

on 1 4 t h D e c e mb er a s en t i n e l p a s se d our m i ss i on s t at i on

an d a wo m a n a cco mp an i e d h i m ,c a rryi n g a b as k et o f h an d s .

M r an d Mrs B an k s ,b es i d es myse lf,wen t d o wn th e r oad ,

. .

an d t hey t o ld t he s en t i n e l t o p u t t h e h an d s on th e r oad

t h at t h ey m i gh t c o u n t t h e m We c o u n t ed ei gh teen ri gh t
.

h an d s s m o k ed ,an d fr o m t he s i ze o f t he h an d s we c o uld
j udge t h at t h ey b el o n g ed t o m en , wo m en,an d ch i ld ren .

We c ould not u n d er s t an d why t hes e h an d s had been

c o ll ec te d ,as t he c o mm i s s ary h ad gi ven ord ers t h at no
m o re n at i ves wer e t o b e k i ll e d fo r t h ei r h an d s On my l ast
.

j o ur ney I d i s c o ve r ed t he s e cr et On e M o n d ay ni gh t, a
.

s en t i nel wh o ha d j u s t r e t ur n e d fr o m t he c o m m i ss ary ,s ai d

t o me, Wh at are t he s en ti ne l s t o d o ? Wh en all t he

‘

p eo pl e are gat her ed t o get h e r,t he c o mm i ss a ry o p en ly te lls

us n ot t o k i ll any m o r e p eo pl e,b ut wh en t he p eo pl e h ave

go ne he t ell s us pri v at ely t h at i f t he y d o n ot bri n g pl enty

o f i n d i a-rubb e r we mu s t k i ll s o m e,b ut n o t br i n g t he h an d s

to hi m S o m e sent i ne l s , he t o ld me , h ad b een p ut i n
’
.

ch ai ns b ec au s e t h ey k i ll e d s o m e n at i ves who h appened

t o b e near a m i s s i on s t at i o n ; b ut i t wa s on ly b ec au s e he
t h o ugh t i t m i gh t b e co m e k n o wn t h a t t he c o m m iss a ry ,t o
j u s t i fy h i m self,h ad p u t t h e m en i n ch ai ns I s ai d t o t he
.

s ent i nel , Yo u s h o uld o b e y t h e fir s t c o m m an d ,n ev e r t o k i ll

T he p e o pl e, h e a n s we r e d , u n l es s t h ey are
’ ‘ ’

y m ore
‘
an .

fri ght ened ,d o n ot bri n g i n t he rubb e r, a n d t h en t he com

m i ssary flogs us wi t h t he h i pp o p o t a mu s h i d e,o r el s e he
put s us i n ch ai ns ,or s en d s us t o B o m a The s enti nel .
’
2 18 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

p os t s p ay a cer t ai n n umb er o f br as s r o d s t o t he s o ld i ers for

a n umb e r o f h an d s t h ey h a d br o ugh t O n e o f t h e s o ld i e r s
.

t o ld m e t he s a m e . Th at w as a b o u t t he t i m e I s aw t he
’

n at i ve k i ll e d b e fo r e my o wn ey es T h e s o ld i e r s a i d , D on t
.

t a k e t h i s t o h ea r t s o much . Th ey k i ll us i f we d o n ot
br i n g rubb er . Th e c o mm i s s ary h as pr o m i s ed us i f we
br i n g pl en t y o f h an d s he wi ll s h o rt en o ur s e rvi c e I h ave .

bro ught i n pl e n t y o f han d s a lready ,a n d I exp e c t my t i m e

’
o f s e rvi ce w i ll s oon b e fi n i s h e d .

O f i l l-t re at m en t o f n at i ves n o t d i r e c t ly i n c i d en t t o rubb er

c o ll e c t i n g Mr S j ob lo m ga ve s o m e i llus t r at i o n s
. There .
“

i s , h e s a i d , a lo t o f l a b o ur b es i d es T he p eo pl e a re
” “
.

c o mp ell e d t o br i n g i n a c er t ai n a m o u n t o f fis h an d ot h er
t h i n gs . I t i s n ot o n ly on a Su n d ay t h at t he y br i n g t h ei r
fish an d rubb e r ,but t hey h av e t o br i n g i t ,a cco rd i n g t o t he
n e w o rd e rs ,s o m e t i m e s e ve ry s e c on d ,s o m e t i m es e v ery t h i rd

or fo ur t h d ay . Whe n e ve r t h ey are t o ld t o d o an yt h i n g
t h ey mu s t d o i t ,as t he s o ld i e r s o rd er t h e m Th e fi . s h t h ey

o ft en buy t h e m se lves ,b ec a u s e a l l o f t h e m a r e n o t fi s h er

m en . S o m e vi ll ager s d o n ot fish at al l They buy a.

bu n dl e o f fis h,and p ay five brass ro d s for i t When t he .

fis h i s s c arce t h ey p ay fift een bras s ro d s When t hey h an d .

i t i n p e rh a p s t h ey r e c e i ve o n ly one br as s r o d for a bu n dl e .

I h ave s een t hat o v er an d o v e r agai n I n d o i n g t h i s ,the

.

c o mm i s s ar i es s ay t h ey buy t he fish an d d o n o t t a k e i t for

n ot hi n g . A g a i n ,p eo pl e ab o ut t he t o wns are o ft en t o ld t o
br i n g a c e rt ai n n umb e r o f b a mb oos fr o m each v i ll age .

Pe rh ap s a m an has t o g o fa r i n l an d ,o r t o cr os s t o t he o t he r
s i d e o f t h e r i v e r ,a n d t o s p en d a wh o l e d a
y i n ge tt i n g a b i g
bu n dl e o f b a mb oos Then t he fo ll o wi n g d ay h e has t o
.

br i n g i t t o t he c o mm i s s ary,an d wh en h e bri n g s a l arge

bu n dl e he get s on e br as s r o d for t wo d ays l ab o ur I t i s ’
.

t h e s a m e wi t h m an y o t h e r t h i n g s Th ey are t o ld t o br i ng
.

a k i n d o f c a n e w i t h wh i ch t h e y m a k e b as k e t s t o t a k e t he

rubb e r d o wn t o B o m a,an d a l s o t o m a k e t h e b as k e t s for

t h e c o ffe e pl an t at i ons T h e wo m en are o ft en c all ed o ut t o
.

c u t gr as s for n o t h i n
g .
 AD MINISTRATIVE ABUSES . 2 19

I n t he rly p ar t of 1 8 9 5 Mr S j oblom had p ut fo rward a

ea .

s t at e m en t o f s o m e o f t he cru e l t i e s h e
Th e G o ver n o r
h ad s een ,a n d t h i s was s ubm i tt ed by
G en e r a l s Ac t i o n ’
.

hi m t o M D e L an c ker , o n e o f t h e
.

C on go S t at e s j udges ,wh o was s en t up i n Febru ary ,1 8 9 6 ,

’

t o m a ke i n v es t i gat i on s as t o t he t ru t h o f t h e a ll eg at i ons by
Mr Murphy wh i ch h ad b een publ i s hed i n th e Euro p ean
.

ne ws p a p e rs o f t h e prev i o u s N o ve mb e r , an d wh i ch h ad
c aus ed great an n o y an ce t o Go ver no r-Gen er a l Wahi s Mr . .

S j oblo m was c o n s equ en t ly s umm on e d a s a w i t ne s s at Judge

D e L a n c k er s i n qu i ry i n t o Mr Murphy s ch a rges , a n d h i s
’ ’
.

ev i d en ce t h e re o n , s uppl e m e n t e d by h i s o w n c o mpl a i n t s ,

app ea r s t o h a ve i n cr ease d t h e Go ve r n o r — Gener al s i n d i g n a

’

t i on . I n t h e c o urs e o f a j o ur ne y up t he ri ver ,M W ab i s .

call e d at Eq u ate urville i n J u n e, 1 8 9 6 , and s en t for Mr

B an k s —t h e o t he r Am e ri c an m i s s i o n ary , an d ch i e f o f t he
.

gro up ,wh o had j oi n ed i n t he c o mpl ai n t s—as we ll as fo r

Mr S j obl o m ,t o b e t alk e d t o on t he s ubj e ct
. Acc o rd i n g .

t o t h e l att e r s r e p o r t o f t he i n t e rv i e w, he s a i d , I t h as
’

b een pro ved by t he i n ve s t ig at i on s t h at wh at Mr Murphy

Oh , I s ai d —I l o o k ed
.

to ld i n h i s r e cen t a r t i cl e was fa l s e
’ ’
.

a l i tt l e d o ub t ful Th en he s ai d , Ab o u t t h i s affai r at
.
‘

B o mab u mb a, for i n s t an c e : Mr M urphy s ai d m o r e t h an

.

t wen ty p eo pl e h ad b een k i ll ed Th at was i mpos s i bl e ,

.

beca u s e o n ly fo ur s o ld i e rs an d gu ns we re s e n t d o wn Th ey .

rece i v ed t en ca rt ri dges a n d bro ugh t b ack s ev en I s ai d , .

’

Oh ,t her e mu s t b e s o m e m i s t a k e a b o u t t h at Th e s o ld i er s .

p ass ed d o wn at s i x o cl o ck i n t h e m o r n i n g Wh e n t h ey
’
.

were go i n g a cro s s I s aw e i gh t s o ld i e rs wi t h gu n s , an d
s e ver al we r e d i s ch a rg i n g t h ei r gu n s The v i ll age i s v ery
.

cl o s e t o o u r s t a t i o n ,an d t h er e wer e m o r e t h an t wen t y s h o ts

fired H e d i d n ot t ry t o g i ve ano t h er i ns t an ce ab o u t t he
’
.

i n ves t i g at i o n , an d wh at Mr M urphy h a d s a i d
. B ut h e .

t o o k t h e c ha rg es wh i ch ha d been m a d e a s t o wh a t I ha d
s een ,an d h e h e ld t h e m i n h i s h an d wh en he b e gan t o cr os s

quest i on m e H e t ri e d i n eve ry p os s i bl e way t o en t an gl e

.

me,an d ,if an E n gl i s h wo rd had t wo d i ffe ren t m ean i n gs ,he

220 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

wo uld t ake t h e m ean i ng t h at s u i ted h i m, an d p o i n t t o

d ifferen t d o cum ent s as t h o u g h h e wo uld s ay , Y o u c o nt ra
d i c t t hes e ? ’
I s ai d , Excu s e me ,I h ave a r i gh t t o p u t t he
‘

m ean i ng as I l i k e Th en he went on t o s o m e t h i n g el s e,
.
’

an d s o h e wen t o n t he wh o l e a ft e r n oo n A t l as t he s ai d , .

Ye s ,y o u m ay h ave s een all t he se t h i n gs t h at y o u h ave

’
s t a t e d ,b u t n o t h i n g i s pr o ve d I s a i d , I t i s n o t my fa ul t
.
’
.

Whe n t h e j udge h ad fi n i s he d wi t h me h e s ai d he co uld not

c o m e d o wn t o t he m i s s i on s t at i on t o t h e men who h ad
w i t n es s ed t h i s an d t he o t h e r m at t er s s t at ed t o h i m I p ut .

t h e n a m es d o w n on t he l i s t a n d s en t t h e m all up t o Co q ui l
h at v i ll e Th e firs t d ay t h e c o m m i ssary c all ed h i s s o ld i er s ,
.

p ut a c a r t r i dg e i n a g un an d p o i n t ed i t t o t h e wi t n esses .

Th e ne x t d ay t he w i t n es ses wo uld no t g o Th ey were .

a fr a i d t o g o I s ai d t o t he Go vern o r, I t i s n ot my faul t
.
’

t h a t i t i s n o t pro v e d , an d h e j ump e d up an d s ai d , Yo u
’ ‘

m a k e t hes e ch arges I s ai d , E xcu s e me, I m a k e no

.
’ ‘

ch arges Thi s i s o n ly an e xpl anat i on fi rs t g i ven by wi t

.

n ess e s t o me B ut t h ey w er e a fr a i d t o c o m e t he fo ll o wi n g
.

d ay t o t e ll t he s t o ry no w r e p eat ed by me N o wi t nes ses .

we re h eard On t he fo ll o wi n g d ay , Mr S j oblom c on
’
. .

t i n ue d , I a g ai n saw t he Go v e r n o r T he s un w as s et t i n g,
“
.

an d h e s a i d , I wi ll c o m e d o wn ,an d see y ou at yo ur s t at i on

ne x t Su n d ay a ft e rn oon H e c a m e d o wn ,an d he be g an
’
.

a gai n . D uri n g t he S at urd ay I h ad alrea dy t aken d own

t he n a m e s o f w i t nesses t o t h e d i fferen t ch a rges I drew .

t h e l i s t fr o m my p o ck et a n d as k ed , Wh en wo uld i t be
‘

c on ven i en t fo r me t o pr o ve my ch a rges ? H e s ai d , Wh at
’

d o y o u wan t ?
’
I ans we re d , I h ea rd fr o m y ou t h at my
‘

ch arges we re not pr o ved , an d I wan t t o pro ve t h em I .

o n ly as k wh en i t w i ll b e c o n v en i e n t H e r e pl i e d , I d on t
’ ‘ ’
.

wan t t o hea r any wi t ness es T h e m an has l e ft t h e co u n t ry

.
.
’

I s ai d , Yes ,t he man has l e ft t he co u n t ry,b ut my charge

i s d i s pu t e d , an d I c o n t en d t h at my wi t ness es s h o uld b e
h eard H e sai d , W ell ,i f y o u c o n t i n u e t o d e m an d i n ves t i
’
.

g a t i o n i n t h es e m att ers ,we w i ll m a ke a ch a rg e ag a i ns t y o u .

T he n at i ves s ay t h at y ou on y o ur i n l an d j o ur n ey s h ave
 222 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

c o u n t e d by a nat i ve s e rgean t A few d ays l at e r Go ver no r .

Wa bi s ,o n h i s ret urn d o wn t h e ri ve r ,c a ll e d i n a t o u r s t at i on
an d as k e d Mr B an k s i f a n y fur t h e r a t r o c i t i e s h ad t a k e n
.

pl a ce s i n ce h i s l as t v i s i t M r B an k s d e t a i l e d wh at he had
. .

heard ,an d M Wahi s an s we re d t h at i t w a s i mp o s s i bl e He

.
.

t h e n t o ld t he Go ve r n o r t h at h e h ad s ee n i t h i m s e lf,wh ere
up on M Wahi s s umm o ne d t h e c o mm an d an t i n ch arge
.

t h e o ffic e r wh o h ad o rd e r e d t he r a i d h a d a lr e ady g on e e l s e
wh e re — an d as k e d h i m i n Fr e n ch i f t h e s t o ry we re t ru e .

Th e B el g i an offic e r as s ur e d M W a b i s t h at i t was ,b ut t he .

l att e r ,t h i n k i n g M r B an k s d i d n o t u n d e r s t an d Fre n ch ,sai d ,

.

‘
Aft e r all, y o u m ay h ave s ee n t h i s ; b u t y o u h ave no
wi t n e s s es O h , s ai d Mr B an k s , I c an c all t he co m
’ ‘ ’ ‘
. .

m an d an t ,who h as j u s t t o ld y o u t h at i t i s t rue M Wab i s .

’
.

t h en t r i e d t o m i n i m i s e t h e m at t e r, wh en , t o hi s great
s urp ri se ,M r B an k s a dd e d , I n an y c as e ,I h a v e ,at h i s o wn
‘
.

re qu es t , fur n i s h ed t o t he Br i t i s h C o ns ul , who p as sed

t hr o ugh h e re l at e ly , a s i g ne d s t a t e m en t c o n c e r n i n g i t
’
.

M Wahi s ro s e fr o m hi s ch ai r,s ayi n g , Oh ,t hen ,i t i s all

.
‘

o ve r E ur o p e ! Then ,for t h e firs t t i m e ,he sai d t h at t he

’

res p on s i bl e c o mm i s s ary mu st b e pu n i s h ed S o me ti me .

a ft e r t h e Go v e r n o r s d e p a r t ur e we we re s urpri s e d t o h ear
’

t h a t t he gu i l t y o ffic e r h ad b een s en ten c ed t o fi ve y ears

’

i mpr i s o n m en t A s t he o ffic e r was all t h i s t i m e w ag i ng

.

wa rfa re i n t h e i n t e ri o r ,w e fai l e d t o u n d ers t an d wh at i t

m ean t . We a ft erward s l ear n t t h at he had b een s en ten c ed
t o r e m a i n fo r fi ve ye a rs o n t he C o n go wi t h o u t furl o ugh .

Th es e c as e s are s u ffic i e n t t o s h o w t h e wo rk i n g o f t he n ew
r egu l at i on s o n t h e
Mr S j ob lo m s e xp er i en c es we re o f e arl i e r d at e t h an t he
.
’

a pp o i n t m en t o f t he s o -c a ll e d N at i v es
Th e V al ue o f t h e
Pr o t e c t i o n C o mmi ss mn 1 n S e p t e mb e r ,
Nat i ves Pr o t ec t i o n
1 8 9 6 ; b u t b e fo r e h e l e ft t h e c o u n t ry
C o m m i s s i on .

fo r a l o n g re s t i n M arch ,1 8 9 7 ,h e was
a bl e t o r e c o g n i s e t h e w o r t hl es s n es s o f t h i s pret en c e o f

ph i l an t hr o py T h e a pp o i n t m en t o f t he C o mm i s s i on ,
.
“ ”

Ti mer,1 4th May,1 8 9 7 .

 AD MINISTRATIVE ABUS ES . 22 3

he s tat ed i
pl a n ly , was
“
on ly for t he purpos e o f t hr owi ng
dust i n t he ey es o f p eo pl e a t h o m e . I c o m e fr o m a l arge
and i mp or t an t d i s t r i c t i n t h e fa r i n t e r i o r ,s o I c an not ,fr o m

p erson al o bse rv ati on ,t e ll y o u o f wh at h as gon e on o n t he

l ower ri ver,al t ho ugh I b e l ie ve t h at s o m e s l igh t att empt
was m ad e a t firs t o n t h e m ai n r i ve r, by th e Gov er n o r,t o
re m edy m att ers I c an on ly s ay t h at gen er ally,and i n my
.

own d i s t r i c t p a rt i cul a rly ,t h i n gs a re a s b ad as ev e r . N one

o f the m e mbe rs o f t h e C o mm i ss i o n i s abl e t o s ee v e ry

much of t he r ea l s t at e o f t h i n gs . I n t he fir s t pl a ce t h ey
are i n po s i t i on s wh er e t h e r e i s l eas t n e e d o f t hei r s e rvi ces .

They are t i ed t o t he i r o wn d i s t ri c t s t o a l arge ex t en t .

M oreover ,t he S t at e au t ho ri t i es hav e a mpl e o ppo rt un i t y for

t ak i n g c ar e t h at t he wo rs t c as e s s h a ll n o t c o m e u n d e r t h ei r
not i ce. A few c as es h av e b een d eal t wit h ,owi ng t o t he
ene rget i c re pr es en t at i o n s o f m i s s i ona r i es o r o t h e rs b ut ,as
a wh o l e,t h e re i s a gene ra l i n d i s p os i t i on e i t h er t o hear
evi d en c e o n t he s ubj e c t o f t h e bru t a l t re at m en t o f t he

peopl e,or t o d eal e ffe c t u a lly wi t h i t . Much m o re m i ght

be s ai d on t h i s s ubj e c t ; b u t I wi ll o n ly add t h at t he
count ry i s r ap i dly b e c o m i n g d e po pul ate d by t h i s mi s
gov er n m ent , an d i mp o ve r i s h ed i n st ead o f b enefi ted ,t h at
peopl e are e n s l ave d i n s t e ad o f b ei n g freed fro m s l avery,
and t h at t h i s fa l s e p o l i cy an d cru e l t reat m en t cr eate h at r e d

an d d i s t ru s t ,a n d t hu s o n e v e ry h a n d fres h o b s t a cl es are

added t o t he pro gres s o f t ru e c i v i l i s at i o n . S o m et h i n g mus t

be d on e s o on , an d d on e e ff e c t u a lly,if Eur op e i s t o fr e e
hers elf fro m bl oo d g ui l t i n es s i n r e fe ren ce t o t h es e d o wn
tr o dd en p eo pl e . May th e d ay s p e ed i ly co m e wh en the
quest i on wi ll c eas e t o be as k e d , wi t h a curse, Why d i d ‘

t he wh i t e m an e v e r fi n d hi s w ay t o my c o u n t ry ?

The revel at i o n s o f M r S j oblo m i n May ,1 8 9 7 ,a mpl i fy i n g

.

th ose o f Mr M urphy i n N o v e mbe r ,

.

En g l i s h Pr ot es ts an d
1 8 9 5, ar ou se d c on s i d e r a bl e i n t e r es t
Off i c i a l Con t r adi ct i ons
.

i n Euro p e,es p e c i ally as publ i c att en

t i on had b een c a ll e d t o t he wh o l e qu est i on of C on go

Ti mes,1 4th May,1 8 9 7 .

2 24 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

m i s rul e i n an i mp or t an t d e b at e wh i ch S i r Ch arl es D i lk e
r ai s ed i n t he H o u se o f C o mm ons o n z ud Apri l ,1 8 9 7 ,an d
by a s c arce ly l e s s i mp o r t an t m eet i n g c on ven ed by t he
Ab or i gi nes Pr o tect i o n S o c i et y o n t he fo ll o wi n g 7 th Ap r i l
o v er wh i ch Mr L eon ard C o ur t n ey pre s i d ed ,an d at wh i ch
.

t he pri n c i p a l s p e ak e r s we re Mr J o h n M o rl ey an d S i r
.

Charl es D i lk e * I n t h e ho pe o f all ay i n g t h i s ag i t at i on a
.

l en g t hy c o mmu n i c at i on was m ad e t o t h e B elgi an pres s by

M V an E et veld e ,t he pri n c i p al S e cret ary o f t he C o n go
.

S t at e,who d e cl a re d t hat i t s o bj e c t i s t o creat e di fi

“
i cu lti es
for t he C o n go S t at e ,t o d i s cred i t i t by m ag ni fyi n g i sol at ed
fac t s ,an d,u n d er c over o f phi l an t hro py ,t o pre pa re the way
for t he fi n an c i al an d t e rr i t o r i a l a mb i t i on s wh i ch m as k
”
t he m se lv es b eh i n d t h i s c a mp a i g n , b u t wh o att e mp t ed no
j u st i fic at i on at all o f hi s t u guogue ass e rt i on ,an d ,i n an s wer
t o t he s p e c i fic ch arges ag a i n s t t h e a g en t s o f t he S t at e,
o ffe red no m or e t h a n v agu e g ene r a l i s at i ons an d app eal s

t o i t s p o mp o u s pr o fe s s i o n s o f d i s i n t er es t ed n ess an d hum an e
i nt ent io n s f B e fo r e t h at ,m o r eo ver ,M Jul es H o ud ret ,as
.

C ons ul -Ge ner al i n L o n d on for t h e C on g o S t at e,had i n

s i m i l ar t e rm s d eno u n ce d , i n t he Ti mes o f l ot h Apr i l ,
t he att e mp t t o pr o cure s o m e a ppr oach t o ward s j u st
t reat m en t o f C o n g o n at i ves I n t he c o rr es p on d en c e t h at
.

en s u ed i t d ev o lv e d o n m e ,w i t h s upp or t fr o m S i r Ch arl es

D i lke and o t h ers , t o rebu t o fli ci al c on t ra d i ct i on s an d

d eni al s wh i ch be c a m e m o re a u t ho r i t ati ve wh en Go vernor
Gen e r al W ab i s ,who i n t he i n t e rva l had a rri ve d i n E uro pe
on a v i s i t ,t oo k p a rt i n t h e c on t ro ve rs y W i th o u t repro
.

d uci n g t h ese l en g t hy as s er ti ons an d c o u n t er -asse r t io n s ,i t

m ay b e s ufli ci en t t o qu o t e h e re t h e c a u t i o u s r e m a rk s of t he
Ti mes t h at ,on th e qu es ti on s at i ss u e , M Wah i s s d e fen c e .
’

v
On this occasi on,referri n g to th e An gl o -C on gol ese Con en ti on of 1 2th
May,1 8 9 4, gran ting to Ki n g L eop old a l eas e of th e Lado encl ave ” or “ l e
”
terri t oi re pri s ab ai l , whi ch w as ag reed t o b y Earl Roseb er ’ s Cabi net , Mr
y .

Morl ey,wh o had b een a m emb er of that Cabi net,frankly remark ed, I can
only say that,in th e l igh t of wh at I n ow k n ow,i t seems to me
perfectly clear
v
that i n making thi s l eas e we ma d e a ery grea t m i s tak e ” .

1 L
’
Eteile B elge,2 3 rd May,1 8 9 7 .
226 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

by hi m self,t h at t he a ct u al t hreat was u tt ered ,s eei n g t h at

Judge Dr H egé re , who w as pre s en t at our i n t ervi e w,
.

e xpr es sed hi s o p i n i o n t h a t t h i s fa c t m i gh t m ak e h i m l i abl e

to fi
’ “
ve y ea r s p en a l s e rvi t u d e .

I n t he c o urs e o f t he c on t ro ve r s y t he Go ver n o r -Gen er al

h ad r e ferred t o a l e tte r fr o m Mr G ren fe ll ,t h e Pr o tes t an t
.

m ember o f the n ew N at i ve s Pro t e ct i on C o m m i ss i on , i n

as s um ed re fut at i on o f o n e o f M r S j obl om s all egat i on s
.
’
.

Mr S j oblo m was a bl e t o quo t e t he foll o wi n g fro m Mr

. .

Gr en fell ,d at e d 1 3 th Fe bru a ry ,1 8 9 7 : I am v ery s o rry t o

“

l ear n t h at my l et te r t o B a ro n Dhan i s o f ab o u t a year ago

has been u s ed t o t hro w d i s cr ed i t up on y o ur c o mmu n i c at i on
t o t he Press i n wh i ch y o u d et ai l s o m e o f t he i n c i d en t s o f
yo ur exp er i en ce at B oleng i —t he n a m e o f t he m i ss i on
”

s t at i on a n d i n l an d fr o m t h at pl a c e I f I h ad seen y o ur
.

l ett er b efore I wr ot e t o B ar on Dh an i s , I s ho uld c er tai n ly

h ave wr i t t en d i ffe re n t ly fr o m what I d i d ,for I c o uld n ot
t ak e t he s am e e xc ep t i o n t o y o ur fa c t s t h at I fel t j u s t i fi e d
i n t ak i n g t o t he pr evi o u s ly -publ i s h e d s t at e m en ts S o far .

as I am awar e,t he S t at e h as n o t s e r i o u s ly d en i ed t he t ru t h

o f th e st at e m en t s y ou m ad e i n t h e l ett e rs r e fe rr e d to ,an d

I i m agi n e i t i s o wi n g ve ry l arge ly t o t he i mpress i on c aused

by t he m t h at t he recen t ene rget i c a ct i on o f hi s Excell en cy
t he Gov e rn o r -Gen er a l m ay b e t ra ce d ,an d I t h in k y o u may
c on gr at ul ate yo urself for havi n g ve ry e ffe ct i ve ly d i s ch arged
a v e ry on er o u s r es pons i b i l i t y a n d fo r h a vi n g m ate ri ally
c o nt ri but ed t o the c o mm en ce m en t o f a new an d bet ter
gi me ?
”
re

Th e new regi me may fo r a t i m e h a ve b een s o m e wh at

b et t er t han t he o ld as r egard s t he t reat m ent o f n at i ves ;
b ut , as we s h a ll see,abu s es c on t i n u e d ,an d s oo n b ec a m e
m or e app all i n g th an e ve r .

Ti mer,3 l s t May and 2 3 r d S ep temb er,1 8 9 7 .

1 1 0th S eptemb er ,1 8 9 7 .
 RAIDS AND REBELLI ONS . 22 7

C H A PTE R X I .

RA I D S AN D REB EL L I O N S [1 89 5
THE n at i ve r i s i n gs i n t h e Equ ate ur d i s t r i c t ,o f wh i ch Mr .

G l ave s aw s o m e t h i n g an d h eard m o re o n h i s p as s ag e d o w n
th e C o n g o , we r e fo ll o we d i n t he s a m e y ea r by g r a ve r
d i st urb a n c es fur t h er s o u t h , i n t he L u luab a d i s t r i ct a n d
e l s e wh e re . B e fo r e r ev i ew i n g t h es e t r o ubl e s , h o weve r ,
m en t i on mus t b e m a d e o f pro cee d i n gs i n t he n o r t h ,
on e n o t a bl e i n c i d e n t i n wh i ch gr eat ly i n creas ed t he
C on go S t at e s d i fficul t i es i n t he att e mp ted s uppres s i on
’

o f r e b e ll i on .

The qu es t i o nabl e s ucc es s of t he V an K erckhoven e x p ed i

t i on , a ft e r t he d eat h o f i t s l e a d e r ,i n
Th e D h an i s an d
reachi n g t he N i l e va ll ey i n O ct o b er ,
C h a l t i n Ex p ed it i on
.

1 8 9 2 , pro cur e d r e c o g n i t i on by t he
Fren ch an d B r it i s h G o v e r n m en t s o f t h e S t at e s cl a i m t o
’

s upr e m a cy o v e r t h e Ub an g i an d W e ll e d i s t r i c t s an d t h e L ad o

en cl a ve,as d e l i m i t e d by t h e Fr an c o -C o n go l es e C o n v en t i o n

o f Augu s t ,1 8 9 4 . I t a l s o r es ul t ed i n d e s p er at e e ff o rt s n ot on ly
t o m a k e e ffe c t i v e t h e S t a t e s s upr e m a cy i n t h ose d i s t r i c t s ,
’

b ut i n add i t i on ,an d i n s p i te o f t h e c on v en t i on , t o o b t ai n
foo t h o ld y et fur t h e r n or t h N eces s i t y fo r a c t i on o f s o m e
s o r t a r o se o u t o f t h e r e fu s al o f t h e N i a m —
.

N i a m ,o n b o th
s i d es o f t he Upp e r We ll e ,t o c o n s i d e r t h e m s e lv es c o n qu e re d ,

an d , i t w a s a ll e g e d , o u t o f t h e en croa chm e n t s o f t he

M ahd is t s fro m t he B ahr -el -Gh a z al c o u n t ry o f wh i ch t he y

wer e i n p os s ess i o n At Mun du , i n t he far e as t ,an d n ear
.

t o t he L ad o en cl a ve,a s o -c a ll e d D e rv i s h fo rc e was d e feat ed

by C a pt ai n s D el anghe an d B o n v all e t i n M arch , 1 8 9 4 ,
t h o ugh i n t h at en c o u n t e r , o r i mm ed i at ely a ft e r i t , t he
l atte r o ffice r a n d s o m e o f hi s m en we re k i ll ed by Mb i l i , t he
N i am -N i a m s ul t an o f t he d i s t r i c t Mb i l i was pu n i s h ed ,
.

an d t he D erv i s hes wer e ag ai n repul sed , by C a p tai ns

22 8 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

Fran cqu i an d Chr i s t i aen s i n th efo ll o wi n g D ece mb er ,an d

i n t he i n t erva l s m a ll v i c t o r i es h ad b een won t o wa rd s t h e
wes t , o n t he D a rfur fr on t i e r , by Li e u t en an t s Ge r a rd an d
D o n c ki e r . B ut a g ra ve r a ffa i r wa s t h e s l a ugh t e r o f C a p t a i n
J ans sen s an d a b o u t s i x t y o f h i s t ro o ps by Nd o rum a,an o t he r
N i am -N i a m s ul t an ,i n F ebru a ry ,1 8 9 5 .

I t wa s o s t e ns i bly wi t h a Vi e w to t h e es t abl i s hm en t o f t he
S t at e s aut h o r i t y i n i t s as s um e d t erri t o ry, an d at t h e s a m e
’

t i m e t o t he re n d e r i n g o f s o m e a ss i s t an c e t o t h e A n gl o
E gypt i an exped i t i o n agai ns t t he M a hd i s ts wh i ch was
ab o u t t o b e e n t e r ed u p o n , t h a t i n No v e mb e r, 1 8 9 5,B a ro n

Dh an i s was s en t b a ck t o t he C on g o ,wh e re a lre a dy C a p t a i n

Ch a l t i n was g ett i n g ready t o co -o p er at e wi t h h i m C o mpl i
.

c a ti on s n ea re r t he c e n t re o f C on g o S t at e a dm i n i s t ra t i o n ,
h o wev er , app ea r t o h ave d el ay e d t h e c o mm en c e m en t o f
o p e r at i on s , a n d s ub s e qu en t c o mpl i c at i o n s bro ugh t a b o u t

r es ul t s whi ch h ad n ot b een c on t e mpl at ed .

C apt ai n Ch al t i n arri v e d wi t h a s t r on g fo rc e at N i am p ara,

on t h e Upp er W e ll e , a n d ,m a k i n g i t
Th e W e l l e C a m p a i g n
t he b as e o f a c a mp ai g n a g ai n s t t h e
t urbul en t N i a m N i a m , i n F e bru ary , 1 8 9 6 ,h e pr o c ee d e d t o
-

d e m o l i s h Mbi li s po we r Mb i l i wen t o ut t o m eet t he

’
.

i n v ad ers , an d ,wi t h a ch i v a lry a lm os t p e cul i a r t o Afr i c an

s av ag es ,s en t n o t i c e t h at h e i n t en d e d t o a t t ack t h e m ,as he

d i d , o n 1 7 t h M a rch . The re by he h as t en e d hi s o v er t hro w .

Afte r a ho t en co u n t er n e a rly all hi s fo ll o we r s wer e ei t h e r

k i ll ed o r d i s pe rs ed , an d h e h ad t o m a k e hi s es c ap e,
a cc o mp an i e d on ly by a few s t urdy w a rr i o rs . N d o rum a was
n e x t a tt a ck e d ,an d as s i g na lly d e fe a t e d a ft e r t wo b a tt l es
,
i n t he firs t o f wh i ch t he fo rc es we re c o mm an d e d by h i s
brot he r Mbi m a , wh i l e i n t he s e con d he was h i m se lf
e n g a g ed. H a v i ng t hus m ad e h i m s e lf t e mp o ra r i ly m ast er
o f t h e s i t u at io n ,C ap t ai n Ch al t i n s p en t s e v e r a l m o n t h s i n

s e tt i n g up fo r t s an d g a rr i s on s , i n clud i n g on e a t D o n gu
,i n
t h e c en t r e o f wh at i s n o w t h e W ell e d i s t r i ct pr o v i d ed w i t h
,
s i x gu ns a n d a cc o mm o d a t i on for 8 00 so ld i er s an d
, an o ther at
D i rfi ,on the edge o f t he L ad o encla ve .
2 30 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

th e l
s ai n was C apt ai n Le ro i ,wh os e a dv an c e guard of ab o u t
was t hu s bro k en up “ .

B a ro n Dhan i s was i n n o w ay per s onally res p o ns i bl e for

t h i s o u t br ea k ; an d wh en he a rr i ve d a t D i rfi , i f h e g ot s o
far, he app e ar s t o h ave fo u n d i t d e ser te d T he re b e l s,
.

h avi ng ch os e n as thei r k i n g Mlumb a,a M any e m a ch i e f,

”

h ad wan d e re d d ue s o ut h fo r ne arly 2 00 m i l es ,fi n d i n g v i c t i m s
an d s ymp at h i ser s on t he way , b e fo r e t h ey we re o ver t a k en

by Dhan i s ,wi t h hi s a rmy o f o r m o re,ch i efly M a n y e m a,

at Ek wan ga,n ear t h e so urc e o f t h e I t ur i , on 1 8 t h M a rch Th en .

”
a secon d an d gre at e r mu t i n y bro k e o u t F o r t hr ee ye a r s ,
.

Mlumb a s ai d t o t he Wh i te F at he r , I had s t o red up i n my

hear t hat re d for t he B el g i ans Wh en I s aw Dh an i s , face
.

t o fa c e wi t h my mu t i n o u s c o u n t rym e n ,I t re mbl e d wi t h j o y ;
t he m o m en t h a d c o m e for l i b er ty a n d r e v en ge Dh an i s .

had,i n t he even i n g,fo rme d h i s army i n r a n k an d fi le, an d

pl aced sen t i nel s T he E urop ean s ,s ure o f t h ei r v i c t ory on
.

t he fo ll o wi n g day , s l e p t T o ward s t wo i n t he m o rn i n g
.

t he mu t i n eer s ,who h ad a lr ea dy co m e t o a n u n d e r s t an d i n g
wi t h t he M a ny em a i n Dhan i s s c amp ,we re n ot i ce d by t he
’

sen t i ne l s a n d s h o t at .Gen er al fir i n g began , an d t he

B elgi ans ru s h ed o ut o f t h e i r t en t s t o g i ve o rd e r s B ut .

t he i r who l e c a mp was i n rev o l t When th e s un rose ,o ne

.

s aw s ev er a l hu n dr ed c o rp s es o f bl ack s o ld i er s an d s e v en

d ead B el g i a ns All t he ot he r B elg i an s fl ed ,on ly es ca p i n g

.

wi t h t he i r l ives .Dha n i s s o wn r i fle , ei gh teen gu n s ,wi t h

’

a mmu n i t i o n an d a ll t h e o t h e r s uppl i es ,a s we ll as t h e wh i t e

m en s t en t s an d k i t s ,we r e c ap t ure d
’
.

B a r on Dh an i s an d h i s d epu t i es w er e, as we s h all s ee,

o ccup i e d for fo ur ye a r s i n v ai n a tt e mp t s t o cru s h t he

reb ell i on wh i ch h as l as te d t o t h i s d ay ,an d C a pt ai n Ch al t i n

M Ach te s i nform ati on
.
’
was pub l i sh ed i n B erli n , an d extens i el re ro
y p v
duced i n th e Engl i sh an d oth er p a p e rs,i n D ecemb e r ,1 8 9 7 As i n ear li e
. r
chap ters ,I d o n ot t ro ubl e t h e r ead er wi th r efer en ce t o m
y au th or i ti es for ea ch
i tem i n facts b ri efly s ummari sed S uch scan ty o ffici al reports as ha e b een
. v
v r
p ri n ted b ei ng sham el essly mi sl eadi ng,I ha e h ad to c or ect and suppl em en t
them by as car eful exami nati o n as I c ould ma k e of th e n ume ous sta temen ts r
appeari ng i n cu rrent newspape s and other publi cati ons
r .
 RAIDS AN D REBELLIONS . 23 1

h ad t o c a rry on t he N i l e e xp ed i t i o n wi t h ou t h i s s uperv i s i o n
o r as s i s t a n c e
.

W i t h a fo rc e o f ab o u t 8 00 t roo ps ,h av i n g a wh i te o fficer
o ve r ea ch hu n dr e d o r s o ,a c on t i n gen t
C ap t a i n C h a lt i n s
’

o f s o m e 500 N i a m -N i a m u n d er t h ei r
Op e r a t i o n s .

o wn ch i e fs , Re n z i a n d B as uk a , an d

c arr i ers an d o t h er s wh o s well ed t he t o t a l to n e a rly

C ap tai n Ch al t i n h ad l e ft D o n gu o n 1 4th D ec e mb er ,1 8 9 6 ,
t wo m on t h s b e fo r e t h e mu t i n y o f L e r o i s p ar t y On
’
.

I s t J an u ary ,1 8 9 7 ,h e w a s a t Surur ,t h e l a s t p o i n t r e a ch e d

by V an Kerc kho ven ,i n whos e m e m o ry i t h a s b ee n re

n a m ed V an K e rc k ho ve n vi ll e ,an d ,go i n g o ut o f hi s way t o
”
o ccupy p ar t o f t he B ahr - e l - Gh aza l , h e r e ach ed
Kadu ru m a ,one o f i t s ch i e f to wn s,on 1 3 t h J an u ary Th er e , .

as h e wr o t e i n hi s o ffic i a l r e p o rt , we we re s urpr i se d a t t he

s i gh t o f t h e pl an t at i o n s , a v e r i t abl e o cean o f s o rghum ,

”
e x t en d i n g a ll a r o u n d a s far as t he h o r i z on wh at weal t h !
Th en ce he hurr i e d o n t o t h e N i l e , wh i ch h e s ight ed on
1 4t h Fe bru ary ,t he d ay o f Le r o i s d i s as t er ,a n d a ft e r on e
’

pi t ch ed b att l e wi t h ab o u t D e rvi s hes ,wh i ch h ad b een

pre ced e d by a few s k i rm i s hes ,h e t oo k p o s sess i on o f Rej a f
on 1 7 t h F e bru a ry . S i n ce t hen ,wi t h L ad o for t he c en t r e
”
o f l o c a l a dm i n i s t r a t i o n ,t he t e rr i t o i r e pri s a b ai l h as b een
“

m o re or l e s s e ffe ct i ve ly c on t ro ll ed by t he C o n go S t at e ,wi t h
a n o m i na l g arr i s on o f t r oo p s an d a gu n b o at on t h e
N i le.

T o t h e B ri t i s h Go v er n m en t t h i s a rr an ge m en t app ear s t o
have b een for t he m ost p a r t s at i s
Th e La d o Oc c up a t i on
fact ory ,as i t purp o r ted t o b e h elpful
.

t o t h e A n gl o E g yp t i an re c o n qu es t o f t he E as t e r n Sud an ,
-

b e fo r e an d s i n c e t he d ec i s i v e b at t l e o f O mdurm an on
2 n d S e p t e mb e r ,1 8 9 8 . M uch a l arm was c au se d i n En g l a n d
a s w e ll as i n Fr an c e by t h e r a i d s i n t o t h e B ahr e l -Gh a z a l -
,
n o t o n ly fr o m L a d o , u n d e r C a p t a i n C h a l t i n s s u cc es so r ,
’

C ap t ai n H ano let ,b ut al s o fro m t he W e ll e s t at i on s E n g l i s h .

o bj e c t o r s ,h o w e v e r ,h ad n o s upp o r t fr o m t h e i r Go v e r n m en t ,

whi ch was ha mpere d by i ts u n fo r t u n ate C on ven t i on o f

2 32 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

M arch ,I 8 9 4,wi t h t he C on go S t at e ; an d Fren ch o bj ectors

wer e hum o ured by t h e c ons i d er abl e as s i s t an c e t h at the
S t at e gav e t o M L i ot ard ,t he Go ve r no r of Fr en ch Ub angi ,
.

an d t o o t h e r o rg an i s er s o f Fr en c h e xp e d i t i o n s i n t h e N i l e

d i r ect i on ,e sp ec i ally t o M aj or M archan d i n h i s t e mporary

’
o ccup at i on o f F ash od a c on curr en t ly wi th L o rd K i t ch ener s

cap t ure o f O mdurm an .

I t may be r eas on a bly as s um e d t h at ,had B aron Dhan i s

b een a bl e t o foll o w up C a pt ai n
Th e B at et e l a M ut i n y
Ch a l t i n wi t h t he much l arger fo rce
.

i n t en d ed for m i s c ell an eo u s r ai d i n g wi t hi n an d b eyon d th e

no r t h -eas t er n b o u n d a ry o f t h e C o n go S t at e s t err i t ory ,th e
’

pr o ceed i n gs t here wo uld h av e b een far m or e i mp o rt ant

t h an t h o se ac t u ally c on duc t e d , w i t h th e u t m o s t p os s i bl e
s ecre cy . A s i t h a pp en ed ,B ar on Dh an i s h ad a t as k b eyon d
h i s p o wer i n en d eavo ur i n g t o s t a mp o ut t h e r eb ell i on
s t ar t ed ,or r ev i v e d ,by t h e N i am -N i a m mu t i ny o f F ebru ary ,

1 8 9 7 ,wi t h en c o ur ag e m e n t an d v i g or o u s co -op er at i on fr o m

t h e t wo ot h er gr eat c an n i b al c o mmu n i t i es i n eas t ern and

s o u t h er n Co ng ol an d ,t h e M an y e m a an d t he B atet el a .

The or i gi n o f t h i s t r o ubl e d at es b ack t o t h e l a wl ess

k i ll i ng o f Gon go Lu t et e at Gan du ,on
Its Or i g i n
.

the Lo m an i , i n S ep t e mb er, 1 8 9 3 ,
a ft er he h ad r en d er ed a ll t h e s erv i c e r equ i r ed fr o m hi m i n

d efeat i n g t he Arab m as t e rs o f t he c ou nt ry eas t o f t he

”
C g nd Lu a l ab a Gon go L ut et e s b o dygu ard ,
’
on o a .

a cco rd i n g t o Dr H i n d e , con s i s t e d o f ab o u t 600 men ,who

.
,
as t he on ly m e mb e rs o f a ll h i s p eo pl e i n wh o m he c o uld

pl ace t ru s t ,held s pe ci a l pri v i le ges A d ay or t wo afte r th e

.

e x e cu ti o n o f Go n go t h es e m en ,wh o were d evo t ed t o t h ei r

chi ef,s howed a d i s pos i t i on t o aven ge hi s d eat h F or hi s .

own s a fe t y , an d t he great e r s e curi t y o f th e s t at i on

,
Li eu t enan t S ch erl i n k d es p at che d t he m t o Lu s a mbo,an d
fro m t hen ce t o L ulu a burg ,s i n ce i t was t ho ugh t t hat o ut s i d e
t h ei r o wn d i s tr i c t t h e y wo uld b e l e ss l i k ely t o c au s e t r o ubl e.

I arri ved a t Gan du fr o m Nyan gwe o n t he d a on wh i ch

y
t h ey wer e ord ered t o l eave ,an d ,angry at t h ei r p ower b ei ng
2 34 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

h i m self t o br i n g up add i t i o n a l fo rces i n t he foll o wing

J an u ary . Aft e r t h at , t h o ug h t he a u t ho r i t i es res olv ed t o
adher e m o r e s t ri c t ly t h an pr e v i o u s ly t o t h e i r rul e t hat

nat i v e t roo ps s h o uld o n ly b e en gag ed i n fight i n g wi t h

t ri b es a l i en t o th ei r o wn an d a t a d i s t an c e fro m t hei r
ho m es , co n fid en ce i n th e B at et el a was s o far r est o re d
t hat l a rge n umbe rs o f t he m we r e e mpl o y e d b ot h i n
L eroi s an d i n Dhan i s s po rt i on s o f t h e fo rc e d es t i ned for
’ ’

crus ad i n g i n the n o rt h .

There we re at l eas t 500 wi th Dh an i s i n M arch, 1 8 9 7 ,

whe n h e o ve rto o k t he muti n ee rs who
l ts Devel op m en t
.

h ad wr e cked L e ro i s a dvan c e gu ard

’

i n F ebru ary ,an d t o t hei r presen ce w as pr i n c i p ally d ue t h e

e t gr av e r wr e ck i n g o f h i s m a i n a rmy I n t h e t urm o i l
y .

h i s brot h er , L o u i s Dh an i s , an d s e ver a l o t h er B elg i an s

wer e k i ll ed ,an d h e c o uld h i m s el f d o n o m o re t h an ,wi t h
a few fai t hful bl a ck s a n d t h e wh it es wh o h ad s urv i v ed ,

es c ap e t o Av akub i , wh i ch he l e ft L i e u t en an t H en ry t o

d efen d whi l e he went t o S t an l ey F a ll s t o o rg an i se a fres h

army for purs u i t o f t h e i n s urg en t s , who we r e l ei s urely

c on t i n ui n g t hei r j o ur ney so u t hwa rd .

The mu t i n eer s had r ea ch ed t h e S e ml i k i v all ey ,b et ween

Lak e Alb ert Nyan z a an d L ake Alb er t Edward ,an d ,i f n ot
a c t u ally wi t h i n B r i t i s h t e rr i t o ry, we r e on t he b o rd e rs o f

t h e T o ru d i s t r i c t o f t he B ri t i s h pr o t ect or at e o f Ug an d a
when,on 2 0t h Apri l ,M Acht e fe ll i n t o t h ei r h an d s as h e
.

was m ak i n g o n e o f hi s m i s s i ona ry t o urs T aken t o the

.

pri n ci p al t en t , whe re h e s aw m an y o f t he reb el s weari n g

t he un i fo rm o f Euro p ea n o fli c er s ,m os t o f h i s cl ot h es an d
‘

all h i s o t h e r pr o pe r ty we r e t a k en fro m h i m,an d h e was

t hr eat en ed wi t h d eat h . We h a ve ki ll ed t he B elgi an s who

c all e d us b east s ,an d wh o k i ll e d o ur ch i e fs and our brot h ers
”
l i ke g oat s , s ai d h i s c a pt o r s ; why s ho uld we n ot k i ll
“

you ? B u t on M Ach t e as s ur i n g t h em t h a t h e was

.

n ot a B e lg i an , b u t a Fr en ch pr i es t , wh o h ad i nj ur ed n o

bl ack men ,an d on s o m e o f t h e wo m en i n t erced i n g for hi m ,

he was t ak en t o Ml u m ba,t he k i n g , who o rd ered t h at he
“ ”
 RAIDS AND REB ELLI ONS . 235

s ho uld b e well t reat ed , an d wh o rel eas ed hi m a ft er ei g ht

d ays d eten t i o n Fr o m Ml umb a he l ear n ed t h at t he i n t en
’
.

t i o n wa s ,b e fo re g o i n g s o u t h t o K a b a mb a re ,t o d i v i d e i n to
t wo p a r t i es ,o ne t o s t i r up rev o l t i n T o m an d s l au g h t er the
E n gl i s h t h e re , an d th e ot h er t o m ak e as much h avo c as
poss i bl e i n B e lg i an t erri t o ry Th i s pl an was s o far a c t ed
.

upon t hat m an y o f t he i n s urgen t s d i d en t e r T o ru ,whe re

t h ey a l l b ut c a p t ur ed t he B r i t i s h fo r t at K at we ,an d h elp e d
t o i n cr eas e t he d i s t urb an c e t h at le d t o t he mu t i n y o f th e
Ug an d a Ri fles a few m o n t h s l at e r ,an d when c e th ey had to
b e e xp ell ed by M aj o r T er na n ,t he a c t i n g Adm i n i s t r at o r o f
Ug an d a B ut t h ey wer e soon co mpe ll ed t o r et i r e fro m
.

t h i s p a r t o f t he c o u n t ry ,an d i n a qu a rr e l t h at e n s u ed a ft e r
t h e i r d e feat a t K a t we Ml um b a wa s k i ll e d by o n e o f hi s
co mp an i on s On 1 2 t h J u ne ,m or eo v er ,L i e ut enan t H en ry ,
.

a rri v i n g w i t h 600 figh t i n g m e n wh o m h e h a d

go t t og et h e r
at Ava kub i ,j o i n e d an o t h e r fo rce u n d e r C a p t a i n S ann aes ,

wi t h whose he lp he h arr i e d t he i ns urg e n t s u n t i l 1 5t h July ,

whe n he was i n a p os i t i on t o i n fl i c t on t he m a s eve re
d efea t K i ll i n g a b o u t 400 ,he s o d i s o rgan is ed th e res t t hat ,
.

brea k i n g up i n to s e p a r a te b a n d s ,t hey wan d e red a b o u t i n

s e ve ra l d i r e c t i ons , an d fo r s o m e wh i l e c o uld d o n o m o re

t h a n pro v o k e d i s c on t en t wh e r ev e r t h e y s h o we d t he m s elv es.

The d i s t urb an c es , wh i ch a re g ene ra lly s p o k en o f as

t he B a t e t e l a mu t i n y , c on t i n u ed or
l t s S eq ue l s
.

s tead i ly fo ll o w e d one a n o t h e r fr o m

year to year ,an d h ave no t y et b een o ve rc o m e ; b ut by the

m i ddl e o f 1 8 9 7 t he p art i cul a r gr i evan ce fro m wh i ch t hey
h ad s t a r t e d a pp ear s t o h ave wo r n i t se lf o ut . Alm os t fro m
t he fir s t ,pr o b a bly ,t h e m a lc on t en t s wh o r a ll i e d r o u n d th e
res idu e o f Go n g o L ut et e s b o dy —
’
gu ard ,an d t o o k pr o mp t i n g
an d gu i d an c e fr o m i t ,o u t n umb e r ed t h e p i o n ee rs . These
p i onee r s we r e o n ly t he ch i e f pr o m ot e rs o f a re vo l t ag a i n s t
C o n go S t a t e tyra n n y fr o m wh i ch t h ey fo u n d pl en ty o f
v i ct i m s wh e re ve r t h ey wen t ,an d t he wron g s c o mpl a i n e d o f
by t he ne w r e cru i ts s c a rc e ly d i ffe re d fro m t h o se t h at t he
B atete l a fr o m L uluab urg , an d o r i g i n a lly fr o m Gan du ,
236 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

ugh v g h M y m d k i dr d t i b es ,
so t t o a en e T
. e a n e a a n n e
r n ts
i n clud i n g t he B akumu ,t he B at o k o ,an d o t h er i n h ab i t a
o e
o f r egi on s n ear e r t o S t an l ey F a ll s ,mu s t h av e b een m r
eb
n um e ro u s t h an t he a c t u a l B at e t e l a i n t h e r i s i n g s o f F
—
r u ary an d M a rch ,1 8 9 7 ,i n th e N i a m N i a m c o u n t ry ,a
n d ,i f

t he N i a m-N i a m who i mm e d i at ely i n s t i g at e d th o s e r i s i n g s

did not go far i n t he s o u t hern m a rch o f t h ei r fell o w
i ns urgen t s an d soon r et ur ne d t o k ee p a l i ve t he s p i r i t o f
i n s urrec t i o n i n t h ei r own n ei ghbo urh oo d s ,t h ei r pl a c es wer e
ev i d en t ly t ak en ,i n e v e r i n creas i n g n umb e rs , by fr es h i n

s urgen t s gat h er ed fro m ea ch l o c a l i ty t h a t t h e r e b e l l ea d er s

vi s i ted T he l ead e rs ,as we ll as t he ra n k an d file,d o ubt l ess

.

h ad n ot h i n g i n c o mm o n but d es i r e for re ven g e an d plu n d e r .

Tri b al j eal o u s i es aggr av at e d t he i r qu a rre l s ,and th ey were

eas i ly d i s p e r s ed aft e r s uch d ec i s i v e v i c t o ri es as th e one
i n J uly,1 8 9 7 ,for wh i ch L i eu ten an t H en ry was p ro m ot ed
an d d e c o r at ed . B ut t he v i c t o r i e s we r e e ph e m era l an d
d e c i d ed not h i n g The very l a ck o f c o hes i on an d c orp orat e
.

v it al i ty a m on g t he i n s urgen t s ,wh i ch m ad e i t easy t o d efeat

an d d i s p e rse t h e m , m ad e i t as ea s y fo r t h e m t o c o m e

t o g et h e r ag ai n i n n ew s h ap es ,l i k e t h e d es p i se d an d i nco m

p let e o rg an i s m s o f s o m e l o we r fo rm s o f an i m al l i fe wh i ch
t h e i r very i n fer i o r i ty r en d er s i t a ll t h e h a rd er t o d est ro y .

Th e s o-c all e d B at et el a mu t i nee rs , at any r at e, h o wever

o fte n an d h o we v e r s ev er ely s t a mp ed up on , c o uld n ot b e

cru s he d o ut .

Leav i n g hi s s ubo rd i n at es t o d eal as t hey co uld w it h t he

i ns urgen t s on the ro a d t o wa rd s K ab a mb ar e,B a ro n Dh an i s
a ppea r s t o h ave go n e t h i t h e r as s oon as h e fo u n d i t con

ve n i en t an d t o h av e c on c en t r at e d h i s e n erg i es i n atte mpt ed

s t r en g t h en i n g o f i t s d e fen c e s an d t h o s e o f K ason go , i n

an t i c i p at i on o f t h e av o w e d d e s i g n o f t he i n s urg en t s t o

c apt ur e t h e m ,wi t h a ll t he i r a rs en al s an d arm o ur i es , and

t o m ak e t h e m t h e c en t r e o f a d o m i n io n at l e as t a s
amb i t i o u s an d p o we rful as t h at wh i ch h ad b een o v e r t hro wn
’
u n d er Dh an i s s d i r ec t i on i n 1 8 9 3 .

K ab amb are was n ot att ack ed t i ll N ovemb er ,1 8 9 8 ,and

 238 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

F or awh o l e year, C a pt ai n B os h art ,a Ge rm an o f l on g

e xp e r i en c e i n t h e f orcep u bl i q u e,wr o t e
Th e C on s e q ue n t
i n 1 8 9 8 , t he mu t i nee r s h a ve , a ft e r
Ch aos .

t he m as s a cre o f t h e i r o fli c e rs ,w a n d e r e d
a b o u t t h e c o u n t ry ,murd e r i n g , bur n i n g ,an d r av a gi n g ,an d t he
C o n go S t at e i s ab s o lut ely i n c a pabl e o f pu tt i n g a n en d t o t he -

s c an d a l . I n s p i t e o f t he v i c t o r i es s o p o mp o u s ly an n o u n c ed
fro m t i m e t o t i m e ,t h e S t at e t r o o ps h a ve n ot ,up t o t he p r e
s e n t d ay ,s ucc ee d ed i n br i n g i n g i n a s i n gl e d e s e r t e r I n st e ad .

o f t h i s , all s o ld i e rs o f t h e B a t et e l a t ri b e s e rv i n g w i t h o t h e r

con t i ng en t s h ave b ee n d i s arm e d ,p u t i n i r on s ,an d s en t

wi t h t he i r wi v es t o B o m a ,wh ere t h ey h ave b ee n i mmure d
i n t h e S h i n ka k as a F o r t a n d c on d e m n e d t o h a rd l a b o ur at
t h e fo r t i fic a t i o n s fo r an i n d e fi n i t e t i m e Am on g t h e m we re
.

so m e vo lu n t ee rs wh o se rv e d br a v e ly an d d ev o t edly t o t he

s at i s fa c t i on o f t h e i r o ffic e rs , an d wh o s e t i m e had n ea rly

”
e xp i r e d wh e n t h ey w e r e m a d e pr i sone r s .

A n Am e r i c an Pr es by t er i an m i s s i onary , t he Rev S P . . .

W e r n er ,a t o l er an t an d al m os t a dm i ri n g cri t i c o f t h e C o ngo
S t at e s a dm i n i st r at i on , was i n E n gl an d a t t he e n d o f
’

J an u ary , 1 8 9 9 , a ft e r fo ur y ea rs r es i d en c e i n t h e c o un t ry
’
.

Wh en i t i s r e m e mb ere d , he s t at ed , t h at B a ron Dhan i s “

i s o ve r t hr ee hu n dre d m i l es fro m hi s n ear es t bas e,wi t h o n ly

a h an dful o f wh i t e m e n an d a p e rc en t ag e o f u n r e l i a bl e

t roo p s ,i t wi ll o cc a s i o n n o s urpr i s e i f fur t h e r d i s as t e r a wa i t s

t h e B e l g i ans Acc o rd in g t o my l at est i n fo rm at i on , t he
.

mu t i n o u s n at i v es are pra c t i c ally o n a ll s i d es o f Dh an i s s ’

pr esen t pos i t i on Th e h o m e o f t he B at et e l a i s on the wes t

.

o f t h e Lu a l a b a ,a n d t h e mu t i n o u s t r oo p s who h av e c a p t ur ed

K ab a mb a re are o n t he east an d no rt h t hu s he i s pra c t i c ally

”
s urro u n d e d 1
’
.

M o re a l a rm i ng was t he re po rt o f L i e u t en an t Fran k J .

A n dre w,a B ri t i s h s ubj ec t i n t h e C o n go S t at e s s erv i c e ,who ’

c a m e t o E n gl an d o n s i ck l eav e i n t he fo ll o wi n g May .

Z ehn J ah r e Af ri k an i sch en Leb en s,

’
p . 1 57 .

1 A R en t er
’
v
s i nt er i ew i n the M a n cizester Gua r d i a n
, 3 oth J anua y,1 8 99,
r
and o ther newspapers .
 RAIDS AND REB ELLI ON S . 2 39

Fro m L eo po ldv i ll e t o t he d i s t an t s h o res o f T anganyi ka ,

he s a i d , t he wh o l e i n t er i or i s t h e s c en e o f figh t i n g i n s o m e
“

fo rm o r o t he r The re i s ,p e rha ps , s c arce ly a s i n gl e p o st on

.

t he wh o l e C on g o at wh i ch a p o r t i o n o f t he ga rr i s on i s no t
s en t on e xp e d i t i on s ag a i n s t n a t i v es J u s t b efo r e I l e ft t he
.

upp er r i v e r — h i s s t a t i o n b ei n g at B a rumb a , o pp os i t e t o
B as o k o ,at t he o u t l e t o f t he Aruw i m i n e ws c a m e d o w n

o f t h e c a p t ure by re v o l t e d t r oo p s o f t h e l a rge s t at i o n o f

K ab a mb a r e ,i n t he T a n ga n yi k a reg i on At t he t i m e t h e re .

we re so m e t we lv e wh i te offic ers on t h e s t at i on ,an d five o f

t h e m we re k i ll e d o r w o u n d ed ,t h e r e m a i n d e r es c a p i n g i n t o
t h e bu s h . Th e mut i neer s ,a ft e r c ap t ur i n g a ll th e b aggage
an d a mmu n i t i on , ev a cu at e d t h e pl a c e ,wh i ch was ,i n d ee d ,

u s el ess t o t h e m T h e fall o f t h i s p o s t was no d o ub t ch i e fly

.

d ue t o t h e d ea t h o f C a p t ai n Sv ens on ,a Sc an d i n av i an ,o ne
o f Dh an i s s m os t t ru s t wo r t hy o ffice rs F o r s o m e t i m e
’
.

previ o u s ly h e h ad b ee n d an g e ro u s ly i ll, an d he d i ed on
t he n i gh t b e fo r e t h e att ack B a ro n Dh an i s an d h i s
.

e xp e d i t i on w e r e s t i ll figh t i n g i n t he S tan l ey F a ll s d i s t ri c t

whe n I l e ft i n Fe bru a ry ” .
e

S i m i l a r t es t i m on y i s fr o m Mr Ewart S Gr og an,a yo u n g
. .

E n gl i s hm a n ,who t r av e ll ed fr o m t he C a pe t o C a i ro i n 1 8 9 9 ,
a n d wh o ,o n 5t h Apr i l ,wa s a t M t o a ,o n L a k e T an g an y i k a,

a b o u t I 50 m i l es t o t h e n o rt h -e as t o f K a b a mb a r e ,an d t he
” ”
chi e f C on go s t at i on o n t he l a k e H er e , h e re c o rd ed ,
.
“

a ll t h e o ffic i a l s i n t he d i s t r i c t ha d c o ll e c te d , h av i n g
i g n o m i n i o u s ly fl e d fr o m t he r e b e l s O ne gen t l e m an ,who
.

had r et i r ed fr o m a s t at i on fur t h er up t he l a k e,h ad t hr o wn

a l l t h e s t a t i on a mmu n i t i on an d i vo ry i n t o t h e l a k e,s o l e ly

o n a r e p o r t t h a t t h e r e b e l s w e re w i t h i n a hu n dr e d m i l e s .

The re b e l s ,h e a r i n g o f t he act i on , wen t t o t he pl a c e an d

‘

qu i et ly p i ck e d up b o t h t h e i vo ry an d t he c ar t ri dges ,t he r eby
g ai n i n g a n ew l e ase o f l i fe At M t o a t he B elgi ans h ad
.

bui l t e l a b o r ate d e fen ces , an d h ad pro te c te d all t h e

a pproa ch es w i t h b a rb e d w i re ; an d , i n c ase t he r eb e l s

AR euter s
’
rvi ew
i nt e i n the Mancli ester Gu ar di an ,2 6th May,1 8 99 ,and
other n ews a
p pers .
2 40 CIVILISATION IN CONGO LAND .

s ho uld co m e ,t h ey h ad c ut d o wn all t he b an an as an d we r e
c o n s e qu en t ly s ho rt o f fo o d Th er e we re o n e o r t wo
.

u n fo r t u n ate Sc an d i n av i an s i n t he s e rv i ce wh o we re b e i n g
t hro wn o ut a s p i ck e t s . O ne o f t h e s e g en t l e m en c a m e a n d
as k e d u s fo r s o m e p o i s o n i n c a se h e s h o uld b e c a ugh t by

t h e r e b e l s wi t h h i s t o t a lly i n ad e qu at e fo rc e . Th i s ch aot i c
c o n d i t i on ha s n o w l ast e d for five years ,a n d t he re app ear s
t o b e n o m a n c ap abl e o f gra ppl i n g w i t h t h e
Th e ch aos c o n t i n u ed . On 2 0t h J uly , 1 8 9 9 , B ar o n
Dh an i s ,i t w as av erre d ,won a no t h e r o v e rwh el m i n g v i ct o ry
o v e r t he r e b e l s t he b att l e fi e ld b ei n g n ea r S an g ul u a g a i n ,
’
a n d t h e anno u n c e m e n t was t h at i n s i x h o ur s figh t i n g a

S t at e fo rc e o f 500 h a d k i ll e d at l eas t 3 00 an d wo u n d ed
m an y m o r e o f t he e n e my B ut i n s o far as t h ere wa s t rut h
.

i n s uch s t at e m en t s , i s s u e d fr o m t i m e t o t i m e,t h e i r ch i e f
s i g n i fic an c e w a s i n s h o wi n g t h at e a rl i er a ch i ev e m e n t s h ad

b een by n o m ean s s o s ucc es s ful as t hey wer e all ege d t o b e ,

an d t h a t t hro ugh o u t n early a ll t h e e as t an d s o u t h of

B el g i an Co n go l an d n ot h i n g b ut fur t h er h a vo c r es ul ted
fro m t he effo r t s o f the S t at e an d i t s a g en t s t o ob t ai n
m ast ery o v e r t h e i n h ab i t an t s
.

From th e Cape to Cai ro, 1 9 00,p

’
.
90 .
2 42 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

B an ga l a, M ayo mb e ,an d ot h er v es ,a n d a n i mpr o vi s ed

n at i

s t a t i on o f t h e f or ce p u bl i q u e ; an d t h e r e w er e i n d o o r d i s

pl ays o f t he i v o ry , rubb e r ,t i mb e r , an d o t he r pro duc t s o f

t h e c o u n t ry. G r o t e s qu e fet i s h fig u res ,a n d ar t i s t i c c a rv i n gs
-

a n d fa br i c s e x e cu t e d i n B e l g i um fr o m t h e raw m a t er
i a l s of
wh i ch u n l i m i t ed s uppl i es wer e d e cl are d t o b e av a i l abl e,
wer e t h e re i n a bu n d an ce , b u t n o s p ec i m en s o f t he elei cotte
o r o t h e r i n s t rum en t s o f t o r t ure , n o r we r e t h e c a r e fully

po l i c ed s l a ve s i n t he e n cl o s ures a ll o we d t o i n dulge i n
c a n n i ba l o rg i e s T he wh o l e c o ll e c t i on was an e ffe c ti ve
.

a dj u n c t t o t h e v i go r o u s e ffo rt s t h a t w e r e b ei n g m a d e at t h e

s a m e t i m e to a t t r a c t c a p i t a l an d a dv en t ure r s t o t h e l a rge r

s ch e m e s for C on go e xpl o i t at i on wh i ch w e re t h e n on foo t ,

a n d wh i ch we r e e xp e c t e d t o d e r i v e e n o rm o u s b en e fi t s fr o m

t he r a i lwa y b et ween M at ad i an d L e o p o ldv i ll e,s oon t o b e

c o mpl et e d an d o pene d for t raffic .

B efo r e 1 8 9 7 all th e co mp an i es s t a r t e d i n B elg i um fo r

pro m ot i n g c o m m e rc i a l en t e rpr i se i n
t h e C on g o—ev en t he Ab i r an d t he
Ne w a n d Rec o n =

s t r uc t e d C om p a n i es
S o c i é t é A n vers o i s e—wer e ost en s i bly
.

i n t er n at i on a l i n ch a r a c t e r an d s c o p e,an d t h e S t at e,t h o ugh

i t m i ght b e a s h ar eh o ld e r o r p ro fi t S h a r er ,had n o a v o we d
-

c on t ro l o ve r t he m ,e xc e p t as p ar t s o f t he wh o l e c o mmu n i t y
wh ose we l far e an d g o o d b eh av i o ur i t was b o un d t o s e cure
as far as i t c o uld . M o re o ve r , i t d ev o lve d o n t he m t o
c o n fo rm t o B elg i an , n ot t o C on g o law,wh i ch m a k es no
pr ov i s i o n t h at every l i m i t ed l i a b i l i t y c o mp an y s h all c on s i s t
o f a t l eas t s e ven m e mb e r s , s h all s ubm i t i t s a cc o u n t s fo r

o ffic i a l i n s p e c t i on ,an d s h a ll c o mply w i t h o t h e r r e gul at i on s

d es i gne d t o s a feg u ard i n d i v i du a l an d publ i c i n t eres t s T he .

firs t l i m i t e d l i ab i l i t y c o mp an y t o b e c ons t i t u t e d u n d e r
C on go law was t he S o c i é t é Gé n éral e Afr i c ai n e ,s t ar t ed i n
t h e a u t um n o f 1 8 9 7 ,w i t h a c a p i t a l o f fran c s ,an d
w i t h p o we r t o a cqu i re c on ces s i on s ,l e a s es ,an d pro p er t i es
“

o f e v e ry d es cr i p t i o n , an d t o e x e rc i s e a ll t he r i gh t s o f
po l i t i c al a dm i n i s t rat i on ar i s i n g out o f t he m . I t was
fo un d ed by r oyal d e cree On the S o ver ei gn d e vo lved the
.
 MONOPOLIST PE RSECUTI ONS . 243

a pp oi n t m ent o f all i ts m anage r s an d agen t s , u n l es s he

ch os e t o d e l eg at e any o f hi s pr i v i l ege s t o t h e pre s i d e n t
”
s e l e c t e d by h i m. I t was ,i n fa c t ,i n e very r es p e c t a S t a t e
i n s t i t u t i o n ,c o mp et en t t o c arry on i t s wo rk a s s ecre t ly as i t

The m o re i mp o r t an t o f t he o ld er c o mp an i es pr o mp t ly
fo u n d i t c o n ve n i en t o r ne ce ss a ry t o fo ll o w s u i t . T h e
S o c i é t é An vers o i s e an d t he Ab i r we re d i s s o lved u n d e r
C o n g o l aw an d r e co n s t ruc t e d i n J an u ary ,1 8 9 8 — t he fo rm e r
wi t h s h a r es an d t he l a t t e r w i t h s h a res In .

ne i t h e r c a s e w as t h e n o m i n a l v a lu e o r t h e o w ne rs h i p o f

t he s h a re s s t at e d ; b u t t h er e c an b e n o d o ub t t h at t h ey
re m ain e d as b e fo re ,t h e S t at e b e i n g i n ea ch c as e o wne r o f
ha l f o f t he t o t a l s h are s at 500 fran cs ap i e ce At t he s a m e .

d ate a s m a ll er ,b u t v e ry i n flu en t i al c o mp an y ,t he C o mp t o i r
C o mm e rc i a l C o n go l a i s ,o r i gi n at ed i n 1 8 9 5,an d h avi ng i t s
pri n c i pa l s e at a t Fa ya l a, i n t he Kwan go d i st ri c t ,was a l so
re con st ruc t e d I n i t s c ap i t a l o f
. fran cs t he S t ate
h eld n o s h ares ,but i t cl ai m e d 50 p er c e n t o f t he pro fi t s as .

paym en t fo r i t s cre at i on o f t he m on o po ly Y et an o t her .

c o mp an y,a n d a n ew o n e ,avai l i n g i t se lf o f C o n g o law ,wa s

th e S o c i é t é d es Ch e m i n s d e F e r v i c i n a ux d e M ay o mb e,
fo u n de d i n S e p t e mb e r , 1 8 9 8 , w i t h a c ap i t a l o f
fran cs , o f wh i ch t he S t at e he ld h alf, t o bu i ld a r ai lway
run n i n g n o rt hwa rd fro m B o m a as a n a ux i l i a ry t o t he l i n e
fro m M a t ad i t o Leo p o ldvi ll e wh i ch h ad at l eng t h b een
c o mpl et e d ,an d i n t er e s t i n g i n con ne c t i on wi t h c o nte mp o r ary
e x t en s i on s o f B e l g i a n o p e ra t i o n s i n Fren ch C o n go wh i ch

t he new r a i lwa y m i g h t b e e x p ec t e d t o a s s i s t i
‘

T he c on clu s i o n o f t he l a rge r r a i lway ,a ft e r m o re t h an t en

years o f a rdu o u s an d c os t ly e n t er
Th e Lo w e r C on g o
pr i s e, gav e o cc as i o n fo r gr eat an d
Rai l w ay .

n o t u n r eas on abl e r ej o i c i n g s I t was

.

exp ec t ed t o o p en ,as i t d i d t o s o m e e x t e n t ,a new era i n

t he p o l i t i c a l as we ll a s i n t he c o mm erc i a l d eve l o pm en t

Wauters, L
’
Etat I n dépendan t d a Congo, p p 3 9 8 ,3 9 9
’
. .

1 M . 9 9 3 9 5. 3 9 8
2 44 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

of Co n go lan d ,not ly by en abl i n g a l l t h e pr o duc e o f t he

on

i n t e r i o r wh i ch c o uld b e bro ugh t by wat er d o w n t o S t a n l ey

P001 t o b e c a rr i e d o v e rl a n d p as t t he l o n g s er i es o f r o ck s
a n d r a p i d s a s far as M at ad i , a n d t h en c e s h i pp e d d i re c t
for fo re i g n p a r t s ,b ut a l s o by a ffo rd i n g e qu a l fa c i l i t i es fo r
t h e c o n v ey a n c e o f t r o o p s ,m i l i t ary a ppl i an c es ,a n d t he l i k e
b et wee n B o m a an d ev ery p ar t o f t he Upp e r C o n go .

Alm o s t the firs t u s e t o wh i ch t h i s r ai lway wa s p ut ,i n d eed ,

five week s b efo re t h e fo rm a l o p en i n g , was , by w ay o f
c o n ci l i at i n g Fr en ch cr i t i c s ,t he c arr i ag e o f m en an d s t o r es
t o ward s t he Fren ch s e t t l e m e n t o f B r a zz a v i ll e for M aj o r
M arch an d s e xp ed i t i on t o F as h o d a *
’
F o r t h e fo rm al
.

o p e n i n g o n 2 n d J uly r epr es e n t a t i v es o f s e v e r a l E ur o p ean

n a t i o n s w er e es c o r t ed t o B o m a by M aj o r Thys i n a
s p ec i al s t ea m e r , a s gu est s o f t h e C on go S t at e , an d t he
r ep o r ts o f t wo o f t he Fren ch gu est s ,M Pi e rr e M ille l an d .
'‘

B a ro n E de M an d a t -Gr an c ey ,1 t hr ew s erv i c ea bl e l i gh t o n
.

much b es i d es t he a c t u al c ere m on y .

A n ea rl i e r v i s i t o r ,M Ed o u a rd Pi c ard ,a m e mb er o f t he
.

B elg i an S en at e, h ad pr e c ed e d t h e m
I nc i d en t s of i t s
a l on g m os t o f t h e s a m e gr o u n d by
C o n s t r uc t i on .

nearly t wo years He r ea ch ed
.

B an an a at t he e n d o f Augu s t ,1 8 9 6 ,an d j o ur n eye d t h en c e

by ri v e r an d r ai l as far as Tumb a , at t h at t i m e th e
t e rm i n u s o f t he l i ne ,an d fr o m Tu mb a h e s urvey e d t h e
d es o l at i o n c on s e qu en t up on t h e e n g i n eer i n g e xpl o i t s .

T h e cru e l i mpr es s i o n c o n vey ed by t h e mu t i l at e d fo r es t s , ”

h e wr ot e , i s h ei gh t en e d i n t h e pl a c es wher e ,t i ll l a te ly,
n a t i ve v i ll age s n es t l e d , h i dd en a n d pr o t e c t e d by t h i ck

a n d l o ft y fo l i a ge .T h e i n h ab i t an t s h av e fl ed Th ey h ave .

fl ed i n s p i te o f e n c o ur agi n g p al av ers an d ro m i s es o f p eac e

p
an d k i n d t reat m e n t . Th ey h av e bur n t t h e i r hu t s , an d
great h eaps of c i n d er s m ark t he s i t es ,a m i d d es er t e d p al m
gro ves an d t ra mpl ed -d o w n b an an a fi eld s T h e t err o r s .

D a i ly Chr on icle,sth May an d 1 7 th Ju n e,1 8 9 8 .

Au C ongo B elge
it
‘
Au Congo : I mpressi ons d’ un T ouri ste ’
2 46 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

m an y o f t he s m all t ri b es i n t h i s regi o n ha ve m i gr at e d t o
Po r t uge s e p oss e ss i on s t o a Th ey prefe r
” “
v o i d t he cor vee ’
.

s l ave ry , h e cy n i c a lly r e m a rk e d
”
. I ha ve a lways he ld t h at
t he r a c e wh i ch ha s s urv i v ed t hr ee c en t ur i es o f t he s l av e
t ra d e w i ll b e d es t r o ye d by fift y y ea r s o f ph i l an t hr o py If .

t h i s v o lu n t a ry m o ve m en t o f C o n g o l e se t ri be s t o wa rd s a
c o u n t ry i n wh i ch s l ave ry fl o uri s h es ,i n o rd e r t o es c ap e fr o m
l i be r t y ,i s pr o ve d ,i t wi ll be a fin e a rgu m en t i n s upp o r t o f
”
my t hesi s . I a m c o n v i n c ed , he wro te o n ano t he r p a ge,
t ha t , o wi n g t o t h ei r s y s te m o f r e qu i s i t i o n i n g c a rr i er s ,
“

s ys t e m a t i c a lly an d v i o l en t ly pur s u e d dur i n g t he p as t t en

yea rs, o ur g oo d fr i en d s t he B e lgi ans h a ve d es t r oy e d

i n fi n i t e ly m o re N e gr oe s t h an t he Po r t ugu ese s l a ve tra d e
d i s p ose d o f i n t wo or t hree ce n t uri es I a m i n duce d t o
.

t h i n k s o by t h e e v i d en t fa c t t h at t hi s c o u n t ry wa s i n fo rm e r
d ays much m o re p eo pl e d t h an i t i s n ow All al on g t he .

rai lway l i n e I s aw a b an d o n e d b an an a fi e ld s N o w a .

b an an a t ree ne ver g r o ws o f i t s o wn a cco rd ,an d i t qu i ckly

d i s app ears if i t i s n ot cul t i vat e d A d eser t ed b anan a fi e ld ,
.

t h er e fo re,a lw ay s i n d i c at es t he s i t e o f a ru i ne d v i ll a ge The .

t h o u san d s o f s k e l e t o n s t h at b ord e r t he o l d c a r a v an r o u t e,
wh i ch we cros s ed t wo o r t hree t i m es , are t ho se o f fo rm e r
i n ha b i t an t s o f t h ese v i ll a g es
. I t i s p os s i bl e ,n o w t h at t h e re
wi ll b e l es s n eed o f c arr i e rs , t h an k s t o t he ra i lway,t h at
t h os e wh o s urv i ve w i ll h a v e qu i e te r t i m es , an d t h a t t h e
po pul at i on wi ll i mpr o ve b u t I d o n ot e xpe c t
The m o s t s t r i k i n g ch a r a c te ri s t i c o f t h i s c o u n t ry , wr ot e
M M i ll e , a ft er j o ur n ey i n g fr o m
.

Lo w e r C on g o
M a t ad i t o S t an l e y Poo l , i s t he
“

D es ol at i on
.

a b s e n c e o f hum a n l i fe I t i s n o t ,
.

a ft e r y o u h ave p as s e d t h e a r i d m o u n t ai n s o f Pal a b al a p oo r
,
o r u n fe r t i l e ; b ut i t i s e mp t y . T he Po r t ugu es e o rg an i ze d
t he s l av e t r a d e t h e m o d e r n d e m an d for i v o ry a n d rubb e r
h as o rg an i ze d t he c a rry i n g s y s t e m ; an d I fee l s ur e t hat
t he l o t o f t h e s l a v e wa s much h app i e r t h an t h a t o f t he
c a rr i er I o ught t o o b se rv e t h at t h e r oad s are n ot h ard er
.

A“ Congo,
’
PP 7 : ' I 7S
°
 MONOPOLIST PERSECUTIONS . 24 7

an d t h at t he burd ens are l i ght e r i n t he C on go t h an i n

M ad agas c a r B ut I h ave n eve r h ea rd o f a po r t e r dyi n g o f
.

m i sery an d fat igue u n d er hi s l o ad b et wee n T a m at ave an d

An t an a n ari va Th i s i s a c o mm on i n c i d en t i n t he C on go ,
.

i n s pi te o f wa g es h i gh e n o ugh t o pro cur e goo d

B o th t r a vell ers fo u n d m o re t o d epl o r e an d c o mpl a i n o f
i n t he m an age m en t o f a ffai r s i n t he i n te r i o r ,wh i ch i t was
t he o bj e c t o f t h e M a t a d i -to -L eo p o ldv i ll e r ai lwa y to o p en
up, an d wh i ch n o w b ega n t o b e m o re ene rge t i c ally an d
lucr at i vely e xpl o i t e d t h an h e ret o fo re by t he C on go Go ve rn T
m en t i ts el f,a n d by t he g reat c o mp an i es pr i vi l ege d t o c arry
”
on t r ad e i n t he i r s e ver a l a r ea s ,a s p a r t ne rs o f t he S t at e
an d w i t h i t s a s s i s t an c e T he b as i s o f K i n g L eo p o ld s
“ ’
.

po l i t i cal e c o n o my , M M i ll e po i n t e d o ut , h as b een t o
.
“

fo rm an army s t ron g e no ugh t o c o mp el t he n ati ves t o

prov i d e t he i v o ry an d rubber re qu i re d fro m t he m N o w .

t he M o h a mm e d an bl a ck s a re i n t e ll e c t u ally s up er i o r ,fai t h
ful to t he i r wo rd an d t he i r fl ag ; b ut t h ey c o s t t o o much
when a r e wa n t e d The C on go S t at e , t h e re fo re ,
.

r ecru it e d i t s t roo p s at h o m e I t t oo k ch i efly t he B an ga l a

.

an d t h e B at e t e l a ,m e mb e r s o f t h e t wo gre a t figh t i n g t ri b es

o f E qu a t o r i a l Afr i c a I t h a d n o t —or i t h ad n o t s u ffic i en t ly

—t he wi t s h o wn by t he C ar thag i n i an s ,who e mpl oyed t h ei r
.

m e rcen ar i es a ga i n s t on e a n o t h er Gro up e d i n co mpan i es

.

a nd b a t t a l i o n s ,t he B at e t e l a an d B an g a l a h a v e t a k en t h o u g h t
fo r t h e m s e lve s I n t he s e rvi c e o f t h e B e lg i an s ,a rm ed wi t h
.

weap on s o f pre ci s i o n an d k no wi n g how t o u se t he m ,s ub

j c et t o a d i s c i pl i n e qui te n ew t o t he m ,an d u n d e r s t an d i n g
for t he fir s t t i m e t he p o we r t h a t o b ed i e n c e g i ves t o a ch i e f,
p erh ap s t h ey dr ea m t t ha t ,a ft e r ha v i n g u se d t he i r n ew arm s
an d d i s c i pl i ne a g a i n s t t h e e n e m i es o f t h e B e l g i a n s , t h ey
”
wo uld us e t h e m ag a i n s t t he B e lgi an s t he m s elve s That
.

was a lr ea dy h a pp en i n g i n p a r t s o f t he S t at e s t e rri to ry
’
.

I n o t h e r p a r t s t he s av ag e t r o o p s s e rve d t h e i r o r i g i na l
purp o s e M M i ll e t e ll s o f on e fo rm e r m i l i t a ry fu n c t i o n a ry
. .

o f t he S t a t e , n o w b e c o m e t h e a g e n t o f a gr e a t pr i v i l ege d

Au C
’
ongo B elge , p .
49 .
2 48 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAN D .

at
c o mp any , who one d ay l e ft S t an l e y Poo l for a gre
i xp d i t i t a k i n g W i t h hi m
plu n d eri n g and c o n qu r g e n e e on ,
c ar t ri dges,wh i ch he s ai d re pres en t ed k i l os o f
rubb er,and who k ep t hi s
y ur k i g i t h b i gg t i v o ry an d rubb er
“
Yes ,s i r, o n s e e s

m erchan t i n t he wo rld , an E ngl i s h

”

I t ” C auses a n d t h e i r f ll w-p
e o a ss e n g e r s ai d t o M Pi c ard o n
.

Wo r k i n g
hi s vo y ag e h o m e fr o m t he C o ng o o n
.

of
’
a s t ea m e r l a d en wi t h m o re t h an a m i ll i o n fr an c s wor h
t

i vory an d m o re t han a m i ll i on fran c s wo r th o f r ubbe r fro m

’

t he doma i ne p r i ve ; a n d M Pi c ard h as br i e fly e xpl ai n ed

’
.

the way i n wh i ch t h e doma i ne p r i ve i s u t i l i se d i n t he

i n t er es t s o f i ts s elf-m a d e pro pri et o r . H e o bt ai n s fro m
t h es e t e rri t o r i es t he t r i bu t e s an d p aym e n t s i n k i n d wh i ch
app ea r as re c ei p t s i n t h e S t at e s
’
budget s , after h avi ng
d ec i d ed , p art ly t o c o ve r c e r t ai n e xpen s es , p ar t ly fro m a
d esi re t o get b a ck t he c on s i d e rabl e a m o u n t s drawn from
hi s p erso nal r es o urc es for t he fo u n d at i on an d o rgan i s at i on
o f t he S t ate,t o b ec o m e hi s o wn fa c t o r an d ne go t i at o r a ft er

t he fas h i on o f t he c o mp an i es , an d t o c o ll e c t t he rubb er
an d i vo ry on i t s d o m a i n . Th i s was eas i ly d one,t han k s to
t he p o s t s s c at te r ed a b o u t by t he S t a te , t o t h e t er ro r of
i t s n am e t o t he n at i ves , a n d t o t he f orce p ubli que at i t s
d i s p os al Th es e fac t o r s pl a ce d i t i n a c o mm an d i n g p osi t i on
.

for r ecru i t i n g rubbe r -co ll e ct o r s an d o b t ai n i n g i vo ry The

.

r es ul ts are m agn i fice n t ,an d c ann o t fai l t o i n crease They .

are t he e xpl an at i on o f t h e v a s t qu a n t i t i es o f m erch an d i se

sen t t o Euro p e fr o m t h e d om a i n e p r i ve,wh i ch a lr eady mu st

y i e ld an ann ua l reven ue o f m an y m i ll i on fran cs ,ap art fro m

t he r e l a t i ve ly s m a ll s um s h o wn i n t he budget . Th i s co m
merci al en t erpr i se i s , h o we ve r, at ten d ed by so m e abu s es .

T he agen ts o f t he S t at e ch a rge d wi t h wat ch i n g an d

c o ll ect i n g the pro duc t s ,each a ro u n d t he p os t as s i gned t o
h i m ,are i n te re s t ed i n t h i s a ffa i r , i f no t by d i re c t c o mm i s
‘ ’

s i o n , at an
y r ate by b o u n t i es pro p o r t i onat e t o t he r es ul t s
ob t ai ned . Th ey are t hu s i n duce d t o us e t he l as h wit h o u t
Au CongoB elge,
’
p . 187 .
2 50 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

n umb er o f B an g al a, pro v i d e d on ly wi t h a rr o ws , an d a l s o
t h a t t h e re wo uld be n o d a n ge r o f a n y d e se r t i n g ,a s a ll wh o
l e ft t he fo r t wo uld at on c e b e e at en Th i s o rg an i s at i o n .

o n c e s e t up ,t h e S t at e was a b s o lu t e m a s t e r o f t he c o u n t ry ,

an d t h e t i m e fo r m a k i n g pr o fi t o u t o f i t h a d a rr i v e d E a ch
.

v i ll age was t a x e d I t was r e qui re d t o furn i s h s o m an y

.

k i l og ra mm es o f rubb er I f t h e se we r e n o t pr o duc ed ,all t he

.

wo m e n wer e sei ze d . I f, on t he o t h e r h an d , t h e ch i e f
br o ugh t m o re t h a n was o rd ere d ,he w as p ai d for t h e s ur
plu s at t he rate o f t wen t y c en t i m es t he k i l o —t h at i s , ”

a b o u t a p en n y a p o u n d .

T he s ta te m en t t h at by s uch m e t h o d s t he C on go Go v er n
m e n t m ad e i t s e lf a b so lut e m a s t er o f
S t at e B u dg et s a n d
t h e c o u n t ry i s n o t c o rr e c t , a s t he
C o m p an y Pro f i t s
.

p o l i cy a d o p t e d t o wa rd s t he n at i ve s
pr o duc ed n umb erl es s s m a ll e r r i s i n gs i n n e arly ev e ry d i s t r i c t ,
i n a dd i t i o n t o wh a t are c all e d t he B a t et e l a mu t i n i e s ; b ut t h a t
t h ey we re pro fi t a bl e t o t h e m on o p o l i s t s i n who s e i n t er es t s
t he y we r e r e s o r te d t o c an no t b e d o ub t e d T he publ i s h e d
.

bud g et s o f t he S t at e s h o w,e xce p t fo r 1 9 0 2 ,a s m a ll l os s e a ch

ye ar T he con fe s s ed re ce i p t s an d e xp en s es s ev er a lly es t i
.

m ate d for we re,fo r 1 8 9 7 ,t he y ea r i n wh i c h t h e r ai lway was

o p e n ed , an d fr an cs ; for 1 8 9 8 ,
an d fran c s for 1 8 9 9 , an d

fr an c s ; fo r 1 9 00, an d fr an cs ; fo r
1 9 01 , an d fr an c s ; a n d fo r 1 9 02 ,
an d fr an c s B ut , t hro ugh o ut , t he
.

i n c o m e d e r i ve d fr o m t r i bu t e an d t a x es l ev i e d i n t he
d orn a i ne, an d a p a r t fro m cu s t o m s d u e s , l i c en c es , s t a mp s ,
an d s o fo r t h ,h a s b een m o re t h an h a lf o f t h e wh o l e F or.

1 9 0 1 i t was r e ck on e d at fr an c s , an d for 1 9 02
at fr an c s I t was l a rge ly i n exc es s , m o reo ver ,
.

o f t h e ch a rg es fo r t h e f or ce p u bl i u e an d o t h e r a dm i n i s t r a
q
t i ve s e rvi c es w i t h i n t he c o u n t ry i t s e l f,s h o w i n g a c o n s i d er
a bl e pro fi t ,e v en if i t i s as s um e d t h a t a ll t h es e a ppl i an c e s

were d ev ot ed to t r i bu t e -c o ll e ct i n g an d t ax -r ai s i n g a m on g
Au Congo,
’
p . 2 75
.
 MON OPOLI S T PERSECUTI ONS . 2 51

'

t he nat i ves . The es t i m ated exp en ses o f t he f or ce p ubl zgue

were fr an c s for 1 9 0 1 , an d fran cs for
1 9 02 ; t ho s e of t he
dm i n i s t rat i v e s erv i c e s
a we r e
fran c s for 1 9 0 1 ,an d fr an c s for
Th e pr o fi t s o f s o m e o f t he pr i v i l ege d c o mp an i e s i n wh i ch
t he S t at e wa s a p a rt ne r are much m o r e cl e a rly s h o wn a n d
m o re s t a r t l i ng Th os e,for i ns t an ce ,o f t he S o c i é t é A n ve r
.

s o i s e,w i t h a c a p i t a l o f fr an c s ,were fra n cs

in 1 8 9 7 ; fran c s i n 1 8 9 8 ,th e year o f t he o pe ni n g
o f th e r a i lw ay fr an c s i n 1 8 9 9 ; an d fr an c s
i n 1 9 00— o r m o r e t h an 7 0
p er c en t i n 1 8 9 7 ; m o r e t h an .

2 3 0 p er c e n t i n 1 8 9 8 ; m o r e t h an 1 8 0 p er c en t i n 1 8 9 9 ;
. .

a n d nea rly 50 p er c en t i n 1 9 00 Agai n ,t he pro fi t s o f t he

. .

Ab i r ,wi t h a c ap i t a l o f fr an c s , we re
fran cs ,o r n ea rly 2 70 p er c en t , i n 1 8 9 9 ; . fr an c s ,
or m o re t h an 47 0 p er cen t ,i n 1 9 00 ; a n d . fran c s ,
or m o r e t h an 2 4 5 p er c en t ,i n 1 9 0 1 a n d , t o b e c on t en t
.

wi t h on e o t h e r i llu st rat i on , t h os e o f t he C o mpt o i r C o m

merci a l C on go l ai s , w i t h a c ap i t al o f fr an c s , we re
fr an c s i n 1 8 9 9 ,o r m o re t h an 52 p er c en t .

B o t h t he gre at r i s e i n t he pro fi t s o f t he S o c i é t é A n ve r
s o i s e i n 1 8 9 8 ,a s c o mp a re d w i t h 1 8 9 7 ,
M aj or Lot h ai r e s ’

an d t h e i r s ub s e qu e n t l o weri n g m ay
Ne w U n d e rt a k i n g .

b e i n p a r t att r i bu t abl e t o M aj o r
Lo t h ai re s e mpl oym en t as m anag i n g d i r ec t o r o f t h at
’

c o mp an y s a ffai rs i n Afr i c a fr o m t he en d o f 1 8 9 7 , hi s
’

headqu art e rs b ei n g at M o b ek a , on t he j u n c t i on o f t he
M o n ga l a wi t h t he C o n go ,an d con t r o ll i n g t he B an g al a
d is t ri ct .

Ther e h ad b een fre quen t an d s eri o us t ro ubl es t h ere i n

fo rm er d ays , an d i t was ev i d en t ly wi t h a v i e w t o s t ron g
m eas ures b ei n g t a k en t h at M aj o r L ot h ai re was s e n t o ut .

H i s pro ce dure much i n cr eas ed t h e e vi l s i t w as o s ten s i bly

i n t en d e d t o s uppr e s s I n N o ve mb e r, 1 8 9 8 , he h ad t o
.

The a bo v
follo wi ng figures are chi e fly tak en fro m the B ulleti n
e an d

v
O fli ci el , bu t som e are from al uab l e ar ti cl es by M r E D M orel i n the Sp eaker
’
. . .

of i 8 th J uly ,4th an d 2 5th Augus t,I s t S ept ember ,an d xst D ecember ,1 9 00,

and th e Con tempor a ry Revi ew of March ,1 902 .

 2 52 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

ob t ai n t he as s i s t an c e o f C ap t ai n D oorme ,wi t h abo u t 7 00

nat i ve t r oo p s a n d a ux i l i a r i es ,i n an e xp e d i t i o n t o aven ge

s o m e exc ep t i onally gr ave d i s t urb an c es i n h i s d i s t ri c t , wh ere,

acc o rd i n g t o r ep o r t ,s i x wh i t e m e n , b es i d es 3 00 o r m o re

bl ack men,had b ee n at t a ck e d ,de fe at e d ,an d eaten W i t h .

t h i s fo rc e , i t was re p o r te d n e x t m o n t h , M aj o r Lo t h ai re
”
was k i ll i n g t he n at i ves by hu n dre d s
“
Th e wo rk o f
.

s l a ugh t er wen t o n t hro ug h 1 8 9 9 ,1 9 00,an d 1 9 0 1 ,an d so m e

l i ght was t hro wn on i t s c a u s es an d an t e ce den t s by s wo rn

e v i d en c e g i ve n at a t r i a l i n B o m a, t h e d et ai l s o f wh i ch

reached Euro pe i n Apri l ,1 9 00 .

I n t h i s evi d en ce a s ubo rd i n a t e ag en t o f t he S o c i é t é
A n vers oi s e n a m e d M o r ay, ag ai ns t
who m M aj o r L ot h ai re h ad t ak en
pro cee di n gs on a ch arge o f d i s
o b ed i en c e,d i s cl o s e d t h e n a t ur e o f t h e t as k ass i g n e d t o hi m

an d hi s c oll e agu es ,u n d e r t h e i mm e d i a t e s up e r i n t en d en c e

o f one V an Eyck e n , i n
”
t r ad i n g wi t h a M o n g a l a t r i b e
“

k nown as t he Budj a . When n at i ves bri n g rubbe r t o a

”
c o mm erc i al s t at i on , M o ray a ve rre d , t he y are recei ved by
“

t he agen t s an d s urr o u n d e d by s o ld i e rs The b as k et s are

.

t h en weigh ed , a n d i f t h ey d o n o t c on t ai n th e r equ i r ed
we i ght of five k i l ogra mm es t he o wn e r re c ei ves a hun dre d
l as hes wi t h t he clzzcotte Suppos i n g a vi ll age c on t ai ns a
’

hu n dred men an d o n ly fift y o f t he m pres en t t h e m selves at

t he s tat i on ,t he s e a re d e t a i n e d a s h o s t age s ,a n d so ld i e rs are
s e n t t o s h oot th e r e m a i n i n g fift y an d bur n t h e en t i r e

vi ll age N ati ves who h ave s ubm i t t e d an d who have b een

.

i n duc ed t o fight i n t h i s l o c a l s t r i fe are en ro ll ed as

’
a ux i l i ar i es , a rm e d wi t h s p e a r s , a n d e xp e c t e d t o pur s ue
‘

t hei r u s u a l m od e o f wa rfa r e—p i t i l es s m a s s a cr e,fo ll o we d by

Wi th reference to th ese pr o ceedi n gs Ki n g L eopold caused a co mmuni ca

ti o n to b e m ade i n hi s n am e t o th e Emi l e B elg e of I st D ecemb er ,1 8 8 9 ,i n
whi ch i t was sai d,
“
Th e S ta te woul d b e maki n
g b ut a p oor retu n for the r
con fi den ce whi ch th e Powers pl a ced i n i t b o th a t B erli n and at B russels i f

v v
did not e erywhere promptly tak e s tep s t o o ercom e barb a i sm r
I t i n ten ds to
.

v
ri se to th e h eight of i ts mi ssi o n ,an d i s c on i nce d th a t wi th
, the means at i ts
di sposal ,i t wi l l be i n a posi ti on to meet all con ti n en ci es ”
g .
2 54 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

ho rro rs of wh i ch M aj o r L ot hai re was pr i m ari ly res p on s i bl e .

T he a ccur acy o f th e r e p o r t wa s v i r t u a lly adm i t t e d by t h e

B elgi an Go vern m en t wh en a qu es t i o n was a ddr ess e d t o i t
o n t he s ubj e c t o n l g th Apri l i n t he Ch a mb e r o f Kepre

s en tat i ves . Th e Fo r ei g n M i n i s t e r , wh i l e i nsi s t i n g t h at

B elg i um was i n no way a ns we r a bl e for an y t h i n g t h a t m i gh t
b e d one i n the C on g o , t h en an n o u n c e d t h at t h i s m at t e r
w as b ei n g i n qu i r e d i n t o by t h e pr o p e r a ut h o r i t i es ; an d
hi s s t at e m en t was c o n firm e d by t he fa c t th a t M Wa bi s , .

who wa s on h o l i d a y a t t h e t i m e, h a d hurri e d o ff fro m

A n t we rp on 1 6 th Apri l t o res um e h i s p os t as Go ve r nor
Gener a l . I t w as a l s o anno u n c e d o n I s t May by t he C on go
Govern m en t t h at v i go ro u s s t e ps w ere b ei n g t ak en by t he
a c t i n g Ad m i n i s t r at o r ,who h ad a lrea dy c a u s e d one o f t he
*
B e lgi a s i mpl c ate d
n i t o b e rr e e d
a s t . Thi s pe rson , Lo u i s
L acroi x by n a m e,a ppe a rs t o h ave b een pro mp t ly re l eas ed ,
hi s d e fen c e b ei n g t h at a ll he h a d d o ne was d o ne u n d er t h e
o rd er s o f C o n go S t a t e o ffic i a l s . B ut M o ra y an d o t h ers
wer e t r i e d at B o m a on a ch arge o f murd er,an d s en t e n ced
t o v a ri o u s t erm s o f i mpr i s on m en t M o r ay s s en t en ce was
’
.

for t en year s t e n m on t h s a fterward s i t was re port ed t h at he

h ad es c a p ed fr o m pr i so n an d was s upp osed t o h ave t ak en
r efug e i n Po r t uguese t erri to ry B efor e th e t ri al M aj or
.

L ot hai re, h ast i ly r es i gn i n g h i s m an a gi n g d i rect o rs h i p o r

b ei n g r ec all e d fr o m i t ,r et ur ne d t o A n t werp i n t i m e t o b e
m arri e d t o a s i s ter o f B aron Dh an i s i n S ep te mb er, an d t o
wr i t e t o t he B elgi an n ews p ap e rs i n N o ve mb e r,s ub s t an t i ally
a dm i tt i n g t h e t ru t h o f M o r ay s s t at e m en t s as t o t he wa
’

y in
whi ch rubb e r— c o ll e ct i n g was c arri ed o n ,b ut t hro wi n g the
wh ol e bl a m e for i t on M o r ay h i m self, and o n ot h e rs who
had b een pu n i s h ed for t h ei r m i s d eed s ?

r
Ti mes , 2 0th Ap i l , 1 9 00 ; D aily Chr on i cle, and May,1 9 00 T he b i ef
. r
s umma ry of a pain fi r
i l sto y whi ch i s v v
gi en ab o e i s b ased on such r ep o ts a s r
r r j r
we e all owed to app ea i n th e B el gian an d o th er ou nal s of th e time .

Maj o r L othai re was r v

d to h a e l e ft Antwer p for th e C ongo on
epor te
“
v
l oth Octob er,1 8 9 1 , in th e ser i ce o f an other fi ”
n an ci al grou , a
p p parentl y
i n conn ecti on wi th one of the Fran co -B el gi an com ani es to b e referred to
p
hereafter ; b ut he was i n Europe agai n wi thin two months A curious attem t
.
p
 MONOPOLIST PERSECUTI ONS . 2 55

T he p er se cu t i on o f n ati ves i n c ide n t to t he co ll ect ion o f

rubb er an d t he t ro ubl es c o n s equen t
T r ou b l e s i n t h e
t he reo n we r e by n o m e an s l i m i t ed to
I nt e r i o r .

t he B an g a l a d i s t r i c t, w he re t h ey h a ve
l asted t o t h i s d ay ,al t h o ugh i t was an no u n ce d i n Oc to b er ,
1 9 00 , t h a t t he B udj a r i s i n g h a d b een d e fi n i t ely s up “

pres sed t hro ugh t he k i ll i ng o f 3 00 o f t he i ns urgen ts by

400 nat i ve t ro o p s s en t ag ai n s t t h e m Exclud i n g t he “
.

”
s e c t i on b e t ween t he c o as t an d L eo p o ldv i ll e , L ie u t en an t

A n dre w h ad re p o rt ed as t o t he s tat e o f a ffai rs when he l e ft

t he C o ng o i n F e bru a ry ,1 8 9 9 , i t i s well wi t h i n t he m a rk
to s ay t h a t t he z on e o f s a fe ty an d s o -c a ll ed c i v i l i s at i o n
d oes n o t e x te n d a m i l e b ack fr o m t he Equ at e ur ,B an ga l a ,
Aruwi m i ,an d S t an l ey F all s d i s t r i c ts T o ven t ure a l o n e a .

m i l e fro m t he r i v er wo uld pr o b ably m ean m as s acre Even .

i n t he c as e o f s tea m e r s t yi n g up fo r t he n i gh t t o c ut wo o d
t he n at i ve cre ws s e n t as h o re for t h i s purp o s e are fr equ en t ly
fall en up on an d s p eared When I went up t he r i ver I s aw
woo d —
.

at l e as t fi ve B e lg i an p o r t s burn i n g , h av i n g b een
”
att ack e d an d d es t r o ye d by i n t e r i o r c ann i b a l t r i b es .

L ie u tenan t A n dre w s c o ll eag u e , C ap t ai n M a ur i ce B ell ,

’

a B r i t i s h m i l i t i a o ffic e r i n t he C on go
C a p t a i n B e l l s Fa t e ’
.

S tate s se rvi c e, had l os t hi s l i fe

’

a few week s b e fo re u n d er c on d i t i on s p ai n fully i llu s

t rat i ng t he ge n era l t urm o i l t h en pr ev al e n t On
“
.

1 8 t h J an u a ry , a cc o rd i n g t o L i eu ten an t A n dr e w, C ap t ai n

B ell ,h av i n g b een o rd e re d d o wn t he r i ve r fr o m hi s p os t a t
Y ambuya t o B a so k o ,l e ft t he l att er pl ac e o n an e xpe d i t i on
aga i ns t c e r t a i n Aruwi m i t r i b es l i v i n g fo ur d ays j o ur ney
’

fro m t he r i v e r The e xp ed i t ion was c o mm an d ed by C o m

.

at an ex
planat i o n o f hi s re t u rn , apparen tly i ns pi red , was pub li shed i n the
Met r op ole o f t ath Decemb er,1 9 0 1 “
Aft er th e ex ped i ti on to May om b e , we
.
”

are to l d , M aj or Lo thai re d em an ded to b e freed by th e C ongo C our t ,b ut hi s

a pp l i cat i on was j
re ec ted . He t hen l eft fo r Euro pe ; b ut when h e ar ri ed at v
B anana the j udg e ca m e on b oard an d req ues ted hi m t o r eturn to B om a .

Maj or Loth a ire wen t as far as S an T hom e and returned t o B oma . H e then
”
t e-embark ed fo r Europ e . T hat i s t he l a test news about hi m .

Manchester Guar di an ,a6th May,1 8 9 9 .

2 56 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

m an d an t V an Wert,wh o was acc o mp an i ed by L i eut enan t

Gi ert sen , a Sc an d i n avi an , C ap t ai n B ell , an d 1 50 bl ack
t roo p s. I t s o bj ec t was t o prev en t the t ri b es d es c en d i n g
up on p ea c e ful v i ll ag es o n t h e mai n C on go r i v er The .

fo rce l e ft B as o k o i n can o es i n th e m o rn in g , an d r eached

B o p a mba t he s am e n i ght Th en t h ey l e ft the r i ve r an d
.

’
s t ru ck i n t o t he bu s h Aft e r t wo d ays m arch C o mm an d ant
.

Van We rt d i vi d ed t he e xp e d i t i o n i n t o t hree s ec t i on s ,e ach

o f wh i ch c o ns i s t ed o f fi ft y s o ld i e r s c o m m an d e d by o n e o f

the wh i t e men L i e u ten an t Gi ert sen was s en t i n an

.

eas t e rly d i rect i on , and C a pt ai n B ell to t he s o ut h , the

c o mm an d an t rem ai n i n g wh e re he was C ap t ai n B e ll an d .

h i s s m a ll fo rc e pro c eed e d i n t he d i r ec ti o n o f a v i ll age c all ed

Mon d i m be Wh i l e m a rch i n g i n s i ngl e file t hro ugh a de nse
.

fo res t t he y were s udd en ly s urro u n d ed by 3 00 s pea rm en .

Th e s o ld i ers , who we re m e re b oy s , an d , l i ke al l t h ei r
c o mra d es , a rr ant co ward s , n o soone r s aw t h e n at i v es
a ppr o a ch i n g t h an t h ey t hre w d o wn t h ei r r i fl es an d c a r t r i dge

b el t s an d cl eared i n t o the bus h ,l eav i n g B ell ,hi s s ergean t,

an d on e b o y t o res i s t t h e a tt a ck A i d ed by hi s b oy ,B ell
.

l oad ed an d fired h i s r i fl e agai n an d agai n ,an d wh en at

cl ose qu a r te rs u sed i t w i t h s uch effe c t t h at he acc o un t ed
for fully t en n at i ves b efo re t he en d c a m e T h e c an n i b al s ,
.

ho we ver, i n the en d nat ur ally o ve rc am e B ell an d h i s t wo

co mp an i on s Fi rs t h e was s pe are d , t hen c ut up , an d
.

a ft e rw a rd s e at en I n a cc o rd an c e w i t h t h ei r u s u al cu s to m ,
.

wh en a wh i te man i s k i ll e d , p i eces o f t he b o dy we re
d es p at ch ed t o all t he s urro u n d i n g v i ll ages t o i n fl a m e the
n at i v es . When t he n ews o f t h e t r agedy r each ed th e m ai n
ri ver a pu n i t i ve exped i t i on w as s en t fro m B aso k o ,a l s o a
fo rc e fro m C o mm an d an t V a n Wer t I n the pu n i t i ve .

e xp e d i t i o n a hu n dr ed nat i ves w e r e k i ll e d an d a n umb er

t ak en pr i so ner s “ .

L i ke pun i t i ve e xped it i on s we r e pl ent i ful all o v er t h e

“

Pas s i n g t hro ugh th e S e ml i k i

’
C on go S t at e s t err it o ry .

vall ey an d by t he s i d e o f L ak e Alb ert Ny an z a,s o m e 3 50

Ma m fiester Gua r di an ,2 6th May,1 8 99 .
 2 58 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOL AND .

p ack of u n pri n c i pl ed o ut c as t s an d u n t ut o red s co u n dre l s .

T he few s o u n d m en i n t h e c o u n t ry ar e p o werl es s t o s t e m

t he t i d e of

O ne of t heb es t rubb e r— yi e ld i n g d i s t r i c ts a fe w years

ag o n o t l e as e d t o a n y c h a r t e r e d
Th e Kas a i M as s a c r es
c o mp an y , b u t rese rve d for S t at e
.

m an ag e m en t ,a n d appa r en t ly wi t h s o m e t ac t ,as n o r e p o r ts
a pp e a re d as t o g r av e s c an d al s o r d i s t urb a n c es i n i t — wa s

t he wes t e r n p o r ti o n o f t h e K as ai c o u n t ry ,far en o ugh a wa y

fro m Lulu ab urg t o e s c a pe t he t ro ubl es t he r e i n c i d en t t o t he
B at et el a mu t i n i es . I n t h e early d ay s o f e ffo r t t o s uppr es s
t h o s e mu t i n i es , h o we ve r , e ffic i en t h e lp h a d b een gi ven t o
t h e S t at e by a s e c t i on o f t he B a s o n go t r i b e ,t o t he n o r th
e a s t o f t he S an kuru ,k n o w n by t h e n a m e o r n i ck n a m e o f

t h e i r ch i e f Z a po -Z ap Wh e n t he B a t e t e l a w e r e e xp e ll e d fr o m
.

L u lu ab ur g l arg e n umb er s o f t h e Z ap o -Z ap s we r e l o dged

t h e re i n s tea d ,as s o ld i e r s o r v ass a l s o f t h e S t at e ,an d a ll o wed
t o gra t i fy t h ei r o wn c a n n i b al i s t i c an d o t he r s a v age t as tes
on c o n d i t i on of m eeti n g t h e requi r e m en t s o f t h e i r e m
p lo y ers
”
.
“
These Z ap o Z a p s , t he Re veren d W M . .

M o rri s on ,i n ch arge o f t he Am er i c an Pres byt eri an C on go

M i s s i on st at i o n at Lu eb o, ab o u t 1 2 0 m i l es n o r t h-eas t o f
L ul uab ur g , s a i d i n a p et i t i on t o K i n g L eo p o ld , d ate d
2 1 5 t O c t o b e r , 1 8 9 9 , a rm e d as t he y a re a n d s en t o ut by
“
,
th e S t at e t o c o ll e c t t r i bu te fo r t h e Go ve r n m en t an d o t h e r
purp oses ,are a t err o r t o the wh o l e r eg i o n Th ey are t he
g r eat s l ave d ea l e r s o f t h i s s ec t i o n —a t r afi
.

i c wh i ch t h e
S t at e i s s uppo se d t o b e m a k i n g e ffo r t s t o s uppr ess .
”
Th e
Am e r i c an m i s s i o n ar i e s ,wo rk i n g at Lu e b o s i n c e 1 8 9 0,had
heard o f at ro c i t i es i n t he s urr o u n d i n g re gi o n ,b ut h ad n o
p e rs on al e xp er i en ce o f t h em u n t i l S e p t e mb e r ,1 8 9 9 ,when ,
as M r M o rr i s on r e p o r t e d , a r a i d i n
g p a r t y o f Z ap o -Z a p s ,
.

who for t wo m on t h s h a d b ee n plu n d er i n g , murd e ri n g,

bur n i n g n e ig hb o uri n g vi ll age s ,a n d c a p t ur i n g s l a ves , c a m e
wi t h i n a few h o ur s wa lk o f t h e i r s tat i o n at B on gad i or
’

I b an che Th er e up on o ne o f the m i s s i on ar i es t he R v r d
,
.
e e en

From the Ca e to Cai r o,’

p p . 22
7 .
 MONOPOLIST PERSECUTIONS . 2 59

H W She ppard ,wen t on a t o ur o f i n s pec t i o n

. . Wi t h i n .
“

”
a d i s ta n ce o f t e n o r t w e lv e h o ur s , a cc o rd i n g t o Mr .

'
M o rr i s o n s co n d en s ed re po rt o n t he s ubj e c t , t h i r tee n “

v i ll ag es h a v e b een d es e r t e d a n d plu n d e re d ,an d s i x o t h e r

v i ll a g es bur n e d M r Sh eppa rd wen t to t he c a mp o f t he
. .

Z apo -Z ap s ,wh ere he fo u n d ab o u t 500 o f t he m ,w i t h one

o f t h e i r o wn n umb e r as l ead e r The re was n o whi te o ffice r
.

i n ch arge H er e t he Z a p o -Z a p s h ad m a d e a l ar g e s t o ck ad e ,
.

i n t o wh i ch ,a fe w d ay s b e fo r e,t h ey h a d i n vi t ed a l l t he ch i e fs
an d s ub -ch i e fs o f t h e n e i ghb o ur i n g v i ll ag es an d t h e i r w o m e n .

When t h ey we re a ll i n s i d e t r i bu t e o f rubb e r , i vo ry , an d
s l a ve s was d e m a n d e d , wh i ch t h ey w ere u nabl e t o p ay There .

upon t he y w er e fire d upon by t he Z ap o Z a p s , a n d m an y -

wer e s h o t d o w n ,o n ly a few es c ap i n g t o t e ll t he t a l e ” .

Mr She pp a rd s o wn a cc o u n t o f hi s v i s i t t o t hi s s t o ck ad e ,
.
’

t he fat a l t r a p , as h e c a ll e d i t ,m ay b e qu o t e d fr o m
“ ”
or .

H e was ad m i tte d t o i t by t he Z ap o ch i e f M lu m b a Nk us a .

”
T o en t er t he fat a l t r a p , he wr ot e , y o u mu s t g et d o wn
“ “

o n yo ur k n ees A m an bro ugh t m e a k i n d o f dr i n k i n a

.

p o t an d pl a c e d i t b e fo r e m e ; b ut I r e fu s e d , as k i n g for
wate r i n s t ead , wh i ch I c o uld h ardly dr i n k be c a u se t he
m an s h an d s were e ven t hen dri ppi ng wi t h t he cr i m son
’

bl oo d o f i nn o cen t m en , wo m en ,an d ch i ldr en T he c a mp .

or t r a p i s e i gh t y y a rd s l on g by fo r t y w i d e , an d full o f t h e

o d o urs o f t he d e a d ly i n g a b o u t T he ch i e f r e m a rk e d , Y o u
.

d on t l i k e my t reat m en t o f th e B a kub a peopl e ,do y o u P

’ ’

I re pl i e d Th at i s n o t my p al ave r T he S t at e has s en t
‘
.

y o u,an d s o y o u h a ve t o g o by y o ur i ns t ruc t i o n s b u t was

t he p a l a ve r a s t r on g o ne ? I as k e d i n s uch a w ay as
’

t o dra w th e gr ea t ch i e f o u t H e r e pl i ed , I h a ve b een h er e
.

nearly t wo m on t h s I d e m an d e d t h i r t y s l a v es fro m t h i s
.

s i d e o f t h e r i v er ,t h i r t y fro m th e o t h e r s i d e , rubb er , goa t s ,

an d goo d s Th ey o n ly gave me ei ght s l av es ,t wo p o i n t s o f

.

Th ese an d th e fo llo wi n g detai ls ar e q uot ed from the A bor igi n es" F r i en d,

Ap ri l , 1 9 00, p p 500 -508 , emb odyi ng reports pri n t ed i n th e New
. ork Y
I n dep en den t and the magazi n e of the Ameri can Presbyteri an Mi s si on ary
S oci ety .
 2 60 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

i vo ry , rubb er , a few g oat s an d fo wl s , an d

b all s of

s o m e c o r n an d c h u m b y I t h e n i n qu i re d t o wh at t r i b es
.
’

t he S t at e h a d s en t h i m H e r epl i e d , T o t h e B a k et e ,t o t h e
‘
.

a n d es p e c i a lly t o L uk u n g a s
’
B e n a Pi an a , a n d t o t h e B a kub a ,
’ ’
peo pl e Are y o u g o i n g t o L uk u n g a s p eo pl e ? I a s k ed
’ ‘
.
.

H e e v ad e d ,b ut on e o f h i s m en e ag e rly s ai d , Y es ,an d we
a re g o i n g t o k i l l t h e m a ll I t he n i n qu i re d , H ow m an y .
’ ‘

gu ns h ave y ou P H e an s were d , On e hun dr e d a n d t h i r t y

’ ‘

c ap -gu n s an d e i gh t S t at e r i fl es ,an d pl e n t y o f p o wd e r ,a b i g

b o x full , wh i ch t h e S t at e g a ve m e , an d pl en t y o f c ap s
’
.

‘
H o w d i d t he figh t c o m e up ? I as k e d Ml u m b a r epl i e d , ’
.

I s en t for a ll t he ch i e fs , s ub ch i e fs , an d m en an d wo m en , -

t o c o m e on a c e r t a i n d ay t o fi n i s h t he p a l a v e r Wh en .

( he p o i n t ed t o t h e
’
t h ey h a d en t e r e d t h e s e s m a ll g at es
'

fe n ce r o u n d t he s p o t ) , I d e m an d e d all m y t ri bu t e and
t hr eat ene d d eat h if t h ey r e fu s ed They d id re fu s e,an d I .

o rd e re d t h e g at es t o b e cl o s e d ,an d k i ll e d t h e m h e r e i n s i d e

t he fen c e H ow m an y d i d y o u k i ll ? I as k e d H e r e pl i e d
’ ’
. .

We k i ll ed pl en ty ; wo uld y o u l i ke t o s ee s o m e o f t he m
H e t h en add e d , I t h i n k we k i ll e d b et we en e i gh t y an d
‘

n i n et y , b e s i d e s t h os e i n o t h er v i ll ages t o wh i ch I s en t

my peo pl e The ch i e f an d I t he n walk e d o u t on t he pl ai n

.
’

n ear t h e c a mp Th e re wer e t hr ee p eo pl e ly i n g n ear ,wi t h

.

t he fl e s h c arv e d o ff fr o m t h e w ai s t d o w n Why are t h es e .

p eo pl e c a rved s o ,l eavi n g on ly t he b o n es I as k e d My .

pe o pl e at e t h e m , h e a n s we r e d pr o mp t ly N ea r by was t he
’
.

b o dy o f a l a rg e h e adl e ss m an Wh e re i s t h i s m an s he ad P .
’ ’

Oh , t he ch i e f r e pl i e d , t h ey h ave m ad e a b o wl
’
I as k e d .
‘ ‘

o f hi s fo r e h e ad t o rub up t o b acc o an d d i a mb a i n A s we
’
.

con t i n ue d o ur wa lk I co u n t ed fo r ty -on e b o d i es I as k ed , .

Wher e a re t h e r es t H e an s w er e d , T he r es t are eaten

by my peo pl e As we ret ur n ed t o t h e c a mp we s aw t he
.
’

d ead b o dy o f a yo u n g wo m an lyi n g ne ar ,wi t h t he r i gh t

h an d c ut o ff I as k ed wh at t h i s m ean t ,an d Mlum b a N k us a
.

e xpl ai n e d t h at t h ey a lw ay s cut o ff t h e r i gh t h an d t o g i v e i t

t o t he S t at e o n t he i r r et ur n C an y o u s h o w me s o m e o f .

H e led me t o a s h ed c overed wi t h
’
t h ei r h an d s P I as k ed .
2 62 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

I t is on ly,asrul e,th r ough the co mpl ai n t s o f m i s s i on

a

a r i es l i k e Mr Mo rr i so n i n t h e K as ai
.

Th e G en e r al Revo lt
d i s t r i c t , an d,a t an e arl i e r d at e , Mr
.

S j ob lo m i n t he Equ ate ur d i s t r i ct , wh o se m i ss i on fi e ld s
h ave b een i nt rud ed upo n by rubb er -c o ll e ct ors an d t r i bu t e
c o ll e c t o rs , o r t hro ugh t he s t ate m en ts an d a dm i s s i o ns o f
a ge n t s an d o ffic i al s , l i k e M M o r ay i n t he B an ga l a
.

d i s t r i c t , whos e s en s i b i l i t i es h ave n o t b e en s uffic i en t ly

blu n t e d for t he m t o b e wi ll i n g p erp e t r at ors o f t he cri m es
e xp e c t e d fro m t h em , t h at th e fac t s co m e t o l i gh t B ut .

t he re c an be n o d o ub t a s t o t h e t reat m en t acc o rd e d t o v as t
n umb e rs o f C on go n at i ves ,al i k e by t h e a ct u a l se rv an t s o f

t he S t a te an d by t he s e rv an t s o f t he pr i vi l e ged c o m p an i es
i n whi ch th e S t at e i s p ar t ner,w i t h as s i s t an c e fr o m t he f orce
'

publ zgue, no w n umb er i n g an d fro m s uch a rm ed

a ux i l i a r i es as t he Z ap o -Z a p s , wh o are s c arc e ly l es s
n um er o u s E n o ugh e v i d en c e on t h e s ubj e c t h as b een
.

furn i s he d “ N or i s i t n e ce ss ary h ere t o fo ll o w i n d et ai l t he

.

m i l i t ary o perat i ons o f 1 9 00 an d t he fo ll o wi n g y ear s i n

at t e mp t e d s uppress i on o f t h e B at et e l a and ot h er r i s i ngs ,

wh i ch , i n s pi t e o f all as s e rt i o ns t o t he co nt r ary , w ere

m an i fes t ly, fr o m year t o ye ar b ec o m i n g m o r e an d m ore
e x t en d e d and d i s as t r o u s .

On e o f th e m ost ch ar ac t e r i s t i c o f t he r e cen t r evo l ts ,

a lb ei t qu i t e l o c al an d s h o r t -l i v e d o ccurred i n Apr i l
, , 1 9 00
a t F o r t S hi n k a k as a,t h e s t r on gh o ld e r ec t e d o n t he L o we r

C on go for t he p ro t e ct i on of B o m a an d M at ad i ,i n wh i ch
s uch B at et e l a, M an y e m a ,an d o t he r
”
r eb el s as co uld b e
“

c ap t ure d were p ut t o con vi c t l ab o ur Th ey h ad t ak en .

p os s es s i o n o f t h e fo rt res s ,an d had m arche d ag ai ns t B o m a,

v
The Tzmes ,o f 2 nd No e mb er,1 9 0 1 ,an d o the
’

r
papers p i n te d extracts r
v v r
fr om e i d ence s ai d t o ha e b ee n tendered to the B ussels a uthori ti es b one of
y
r
t h e t u s t i es t a gen t s of t he Abi r as to wh ol esal e a t roci ti es commi tt ed i n a i o us vr
parts of th e terri t o r y l eas ed t o i t i n th e n or th er n
p a rt of th e Equateur r
di st i ct ,
one s ta te men t
b ei ng that “ i n S ep te m b er, 1 8 9 9 , th e wh ol e of th e U
pp er
B ol omb o r egi on was put to fire and s wor d b th e eo l e of the D i ki l a fac to r
y p p y,
v
to fo rce th e nati es wi th who m the Abi r had no t et come i n con tact to coll ect
y
r ubb er .
”
The Abi r v
had pre i ously b een regard ed as ,rel ati v el y,one of the
 MONOPOLIST PERS ECUTIONS . 2 63

whi ch t hey b o mb ard e d , an d t he p o l i c e s t at i on of wh i ch

t h ey d es t r oye d ,b e fo r e t h ey wer e dr i v en o ff,an d t hey we r e
on ly o v er t ak e n a n d d e fea t e d a t B ulu , wh en t h ey had
c over ed h al f th e r oad t o L eo p o ldvi ll e ’ .

Th at s m all d is t urb an c e w as e as i ly s uppressed ,as were

o t h er s i n d i ffer en t p ar t s o f th e t e rr i t o ry. B ut n early every
where s m o uld er i n g fire s we r e re ady t o burs t i n to fl am es ,
an d e xpl os i ve m at e r i a l s we re m e r e ly wai t i n g for s p ark s

t o s et t h e m al i gh t T h e an n o u n ce m en t i n J an u ary,1 9 0 1 ,
.

t h at t he Budj a r i s i n g i n t h e B an g al a d i s t r i c t had been

”
"
d e fi n i tely s uppresse d w as fo ll o we d i n July by an ot he r
adm i t t i n g t h at t he r e b e l s h a d k i ll ed 2 50 o f t he S t at e t r 00 p s

sen t t o fur t he r s uppre ss t h e m ,b ut t a k i n g cre d i t for t h ei r

s ub s equ en t r epul s e . G r eat t h i n gs we re exp e c ted i n Augu s t

fr o m t h e s ett i n g up o f s e ven n ew m i l i t ary s t at i ons i n t h i s
nei ghb o urh oo d by a fo rce sen t d o wn u n d er C apt ai n
Marduli er ; b ut i n S e p te mb e r all t hat c ould be b oast ed
o f was t h at t he re vo l t was n o t m ak i n g any fur t her
”
headway ?
M o re t ro ubl eso m e , h o weve r , to t he S t ate,i f no t t o the
‘

S oc i é t é Anversoi se ,we re t he co mpl i cat i ons on t he wes ter n

s i d e o f t h e W ell e d i s t r i c t ,wh e r e ,l at e i n 1 9 00,the Ab abu a ,

nei ghb o ur s o f t he Budj a , an d p erh ap s i n c o llu s ion wi t h

t he m , r ebe ll e d an d c u t o ff a ll c o mmu n i c at i ons wi th t he

L ad o encla ve When t he d et ai l s o f t hi s a ffai r wer e rep orte d
.

i t a ppear ed t h at s o m e 7 00 o f t h e m had c ap t ur ed th e
i mp o r tan t t rad i n g an d m i l i t a ry s t at i on at L i b ok wa,whi ch
wa s gar r i so ne d by fo r t y-five S ta t e s o ld i e r s ,an d had c a rr i ed
o ff c art ri dg e s an d a vas t s t o r e o f m erch an d i se,t hat
the offic er i n ch arge o f t h e s t ron gho ld was h i d i n g so m e

best man aged of t he Cong o com pan i es . v

I n th e sam e m on th ,moreo er,and
J v
i n th e follo wi n g an uary appeared i n t er i ews wi th Mr Ed gar Can is i us , an
.

Ameri can ci tiz en ,an d Ca pta i n Guy B urro ws ,a re ti red offi cer of th e B ri ti sh
m x r i
’
—
ar y ,as to thei r e pe en c es i n th e C on go S t at e s s erv i c e th e for mer for five

years i n th e Tanganyika an d Mon gala regi on s, and the l at ter for s i x years
i n th e Lul uaburg an d other di str i ct s
.

Tzmes ,3 rd and 2 4th M ay , 1 9 00

'
.

1 Ti mes ,8 th J an uary,1 9 th J uly ,1 2 th Augus t ,l gth September,1 9 0 1

'
.
 2 64 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

where,and t hat t he force s en t t o rel i eve hi m had h ad to

t urn as i d e i n t he h o pe o f s uppr es s i n g an o u t br ea k at
Dj ab i r I t was not t i ll S e pt e mb er an d Oc tob er ,1 9 0 1 ,t h at
.

ne ws arri ve d t h at L i e u t en an t L ah ay e, w i t h a fo r c e of
6 00,h ad c o m e t o t he r es cu e ,a n d th at, a fter s o m e figh t i n g,
n o w c o mpl ete ly p a ci fi
”E
t he We ll e c an n i b al s wer e ed,

p aci fi c ati on b ei n
g r ea lly , i t w o uld seem , a s u n at t ai nabl e

as eve r .

B ut i t was fu rt her so u t h , t hro ugho u t n early t he wh o l e

’
eas t e rn p art o f t he C o n go S tate s
Kat a n g a ExPed ’t ’ons '

t erri t o ry , t h at i ts d i fficul t i es app ear

t o h ave b een greatest at t h i s t i m e . The so-c a ll ed B atetel a
mut i n i es , i d e nt i c al i n ch a ra c te r ,t h o ugh e ve r ch an gi n g as
reg ard s pl aces and person s ,we re m o re e mb a rras s i n g i n an d
a fte r 1 9 00 t h an t he y h a d b een i n 1 89 3
. Whi l e s m all er
o p er ati o n s we re c o nduct e d wi t h v ary i n g fo r t u nes i n o t he r

d i s tri c ts ,C apt ai n de Wulf,who l e ft Lu samb o i n O ctob er,

1 9 00,o n a pun i t i v e e xp ed i t i on ag ai ns t t he m a i n b ody o f

t he r eb el s , t h en i n the K at an g a r eg i on , was r e p o r t ed i n
M arch,1 9 0 1 ,t o h ave m et an d ro u ted t hem near t he L i b udi ,
an d t o h ave , as was sai d s i x m o n t h s l ater o f t he W ell e
,
”
r egi on , co mpl etely p aci fi e d . it I n Apr i l , h o wever,
e l ab o rat e pre p arat i o ns had t o b e m ad e for fur th e r
p ac i fica
t ion ,as at l eas t a t h o usan d B at et e l a we r e re po r t ed t o b e
s t i ll at l a rge,o ccupy i n g th e m o u n t ai ns s o u t h o f L ak e K as al i

o r K i s al e , an d o ve r awi n g t he n at i v es i n t o all i a n ce wi t h

t he m . T he c o mm an d o f a fo rm i d abl e exp ed i t i on was

ent ru s t e d t o M aj o r Mal fe t ,who es t abl i s h ed h i m s e lf wi t h
y
7 00 t r oo ps at the c o n flu en ce o f t he L uk uga wi t h t he
Lu al ab a,abo ut 1 50 m i l es no r t h o f L ak e K as a l i A not her .

fo rce,1 50 s t ron g,un d e r C a pt ai n S annaes ,was s o m e s i x t y

m i l es n ea re r t o the l ak e,a n d a t h i rd ,2 00 s t ro n g, u n d e r
M aj or V an denb roc k,was at K i lwa,on L ak e M we ru ,1 60
m i l es t o the eas t I n O ct o b e r n ews arri ved t h at M aj or
.

Malfey t h ad won an ov erwh el m i n g vi c t o ry o ve r t h e m ai n

b ody o f t he r eb el s ,who wer e n ot e xpec t ed t o gi ve any
“

Ti mes,8 th January,2 7 th Ap i l,i 7 th S eptember,1 sth Oct

r ober ,1
90 1 .
 2 66 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

t h at M aj o r Malfey t had c on quere d t h e d i s t r i c t near

“

L a k e K as al i .

H ow t he n at i ve s h ave far e d u n d er t he n ew r ég zm e we
h ave y et t o l ea r n O f t h e t reat m en t
.

Th e Rab i n e k Af f a i r
a cc o rd e d t o wh i t e men n o t i n t he
.

e mpl o y o f t h e C o m i t é d u K at an g a we h ave i llu s t r at i o n

i n t he c ase o f H e rr Rab i n ek , a n Au s t r i an t r ad e r ,
ass o c i at ed w i t h i n flu en t i a l H a mburg m e rch a n t s ,wh o h ad

for s o m e y ears b een d e a l i n g wi t h th e i n h ab i t a n t s i n i vo ry

a n d rubb e r ,h av i n g hi s s t o r e a t K a z e mb e, i n t he adj ac en t

B ri t i s h C en t r a l Afri c an Pro t e c t o r a t e,wh en c e t he goo d s we re

fo r t he m os t p ar t c o n veye d by way o f B l an t yr e to t he
Germ an m ark e t s .H e was duly pr o v i d e d wi t h t h e C on go
S t ates s l i c en ses t o t r ad e an d hu n t e l eph an t s , as we ll as
’

wi t h ape r m i t t o c arry t h i r ty n i n e gu n s for hi s own an d h i s

-

p o r te rs us e for all o f whi c h pr i v i l eges he p ai d ,a pp a r en t ly ,

’

fran c s o r ab o u t 8 01 a yea r Th e se d o cum en t s we re

. .

s een a n d fo u n d s at i s fa c t o ry , i n S e p t e mb e r , 1 9 00, by M .

G u s t ave L evequ e ,a t t h at t i m e t he C o mp ag n i e d u K at an g a s
’

d i re ct o r i n Afr i c a,who a l s o s at i s fi e d h i m se lf t h at Rab i n ek

was a c t i n g wi t h i n h i s r i gh t s M Le v eque, m o reo v er ,
. .

o b t a i n e d fro m Rab i ne k i n fo rm at i o n ab o u t t h e r evo l t on

“

”
t h e Lu al ab a ,wh en c e h e h a d r et ur n e d , wh i ch ,as h e s ai d ,
“
c o n firm ed t he k n o wl e dge I a lre ady had as t o t h i s t err i t o ry
fr o m wh i ch c a m e much o f t h e rubb e r s o ld by t he n at i ves
o u t s i d e t he l i m i ts o f th e C o n o b e i n
g , g i n a cc es s i bl e t o an y
C on go S t at e o ffi ci al Ra b i n e k , he a dd e d , an d s o m e
” “
.

Po r t ugu es e h a lf-br ee d s , k n o w i n g t h e l an gu a ge o f t he
c o u n t ry an d l i vi n g w i t h t he n at i ves , a l o n e c o uld t r av el
abo u t t h e re
. The rubb e r for t he Pue t o s t a t i on c a m e
chi e fly fr o m L o w ule , t wo or t hree d ay s j o urn ey , wh i ch ’

E ur o p e an s wh o we re n o t o ffic i al s c o uld s t i ll v i s i t w i t h
c a u t i o n T he n ei g hb o urh o o d o f Pue t o , fo rm e rly a b o u n d
.

i n g i n rubb e r ,n o l on g e r pr o duc e d an , t hr o u h l a ck o f
y g
at t e n t i o n t o t h e pro p e r c o ll e c t i o n o f t h e a r t i cl e— l a ck o f

a tt e n t i on m a i n ly d u e t o t he n a t i v e s h os t i l i t y t o t h e C o n go
’

S t a t e o ffic i a l s C o n s i d e ri n g t h e he avy e xp ens e s i n curred

.
 MONOPOLIST PERS ECUTIO NS . 2 67

by th e C o mp ag n ie d u K at an g a i n pr ov i d i n g s t at i on s an d
s t ea m e rs ,c o ns i d e r i n g a l s o t h e en t i re ab s e n c e o f rubb e r o n

L ake T an g an yi k a ,an d t he d i fli c ul t y o f ob t ai n i n g i t on La k e
Mweru i n s u ffic i en t qu an t i t y t o c o v er expe n s es ,I agr ee d t o
t h e pr o p os al o f Ra b i ne k t h at I s h o uld gr a n t h i m a l i c ens e
t o c o ll e c t rubb e r i n t he r eb e l z on e, s ubj ec t t o t he p aym e n t
o f 1 01 a yea r an d o f on e fr an c
.
p er k i l o o f a ll rubb er an d
i vo ry c o ll e c te d a n d p as s ed t hr o u g h o ur h an d s b e fo r e l eav i n g
t he C o n g o he a l s o b e i n g b o u n d t o pl an t 1 50 rubb er vi n es
for e ve ry t on e xp o r te d ,i n o rd e r t o ens ure t he pr es erv at i on
o f t h e i n du s t ry Rab i ne k r e ck oned o n c o ll e c t i n g 1 00
.

t o n s o f rubb e r e ach ye a r , wh i ch wo uld h ave br o u g h t t h e

co mpan y a pro fi t o f fran cs p e r ann um , wi t ho ut
r i s k o r o u t l a y , at a t i m e when we we re n ot s u ffic i en t ly
m an n e d o r a rm e d t o go i n to t he r eg i on i n revo l t .

Acco rd i n gly, o n 2 3 rd S e pte mb er , 1 9 00, M L ev equ e .

e n t e re d i n t o an ag ree m en t w i t h Rab i ne k o n t he t erm s

pro p os e d , an d t he l att e r , s en d i n g an ag en t t o L owule to

b egi n rubbe r -co ll e ct i n g i n an h one st way , wen t h i m s e lf
t o B l a n t yre t o a rr an ge for t he go o d s wi t h wh i ch t o m a k e
hi s purch a s es “ .

Th at a t t e mp t at s t ar t i n g s o m e t h i n g l i k e res pe c t abl e an d
”
pro fi t abl e t ra d e wi t h t he n at i ves i n t he reb el zo n e o f “

K at an g a,h o we ver ,was s o on ups et ,as a con s e qu en ce o f t he

es t abl i s hm en t o f t he C o m i t é Spéc i a l d u K at an ga i n J uly ,

1 9 00 ,an d t h e s e n d i n g o u t o f M aj o r Wey n s as i t s m a nage r

i n s ucc e s s i on t o M Le vequ e T o ward s t he en d o f “

. .

”
Oc to b er , M L e vequ e re po r ts ,on ly ab o u t fo ur wee ks aft e r
.

t he d at e o f hi s a gree m en t w i t h Ra b i ne k , I r e ce i ve d co m
pl ai n t s fro m Rabi ne k s agen ts as t o i nj ur i es an d t he ft s t hey
’

ha d i n curr e d fr o m t he s o ld i e rs o f t he C o n go S t ate ; an d
”

on 7 t h N o v e mb e r t h e firs t i n t i m a t i o n r e a ch e d h i m o f t h e

set t i n g up o f t he C o m i t é Sp ec i a l I t was fo ll o we d , on .

M . L evéq ue
’
s si gn ed sta tem en t , d a t ed fro m Ab ercorn , i n N orthern
Rh od es ia ,on 1 2 th Augus t,1 9 0 1 ,fr om whi ch e xt rac ts are m ad e ab o v e ,rea c h ed

Euro pe i n J ul y , 1 9 02 . Much o th er i nfor mat i on on th e j

s ub ect h as b een
co l l ec te d by Mr E . . D . Morel ,and was publ i shed i n Wert Af r i ca o n 2 6th J ul
y
1 9 02 ,an d lat er dates .
2 68 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

1 1 th Apri l , 1 9 0 1 , by a l ett er fro m t he C o mp agn i e d u

K atan g a,d ated 1 2 th J an u ary ,i n form i n g hi m t h at i t re fu sed
t o r e c og n i s e t he b arg ai n he h a d m a d e wi t h Rab i n ek On
.

2 0t h Apr i l b o t h M aj o r Wey ns an d Rab i ne k a rri ve d a t

a s m a ll s t at i on n ear M t oa o n t he C o n go s i d e o f L a k e

T ang an yi ka,whe re M Le ve qu e was t hen s t ayi n g ,an d he

.

B e fo re
’
w as a bl e to s h o w t he m t h e C o mp an y s l et te r .

c o ns i d eri n g i t , ho weve r , M aj o r Wey n s s en t Rab i n e k t o

K as on go,t he Germ an s t at i on o n t he o t her s i d e o f t he l ake,
t h e re t o buy pro v i s i ons an d a ft e rwa rd s c o n v ey t h e m
t o s o m e o f hi s p a r t y wh o m h e h a d l e ft o n t he way
i n a d es t i t u t e c on d i t i on ; an d , wh i l e t h i s m i s s i on w as
b ei n g p erfo rm e d , t he g all an t M aj o r p ai d a v i s i t t o
M t oa, when ce he r e t ur ne d on 4t h May t o mys t e r i o u s ly
ann o u n c e t h a t a w arran t h a d b ee n r ec e i v e d fr o m B o m a

for t he a rr es t o f a m an who, a fte r b e i n g t ak en , l ui

fe rai t um s i gen t i l p et i t vo yag e q ue c el ui -ci n e rec om
-

m encera i t p as , et q ue les a u t res s en s o uv i en dr ai en t

’
.

H e s p o k e a fte rwa rd s o f Rab i n ek , a dd s M L ev equ e,

”
.

a ll eg i n g t h at he h a d , i n s en d i n g a rm e d n at i ves t o
hun t el e pha n t s i n t hat re g i o n , s uppl i e d t he re b e l s wi t h
”
a rm s .

T he bu s i n es s was s oo n d on e . Pro c eed i n g fro m M t oa t o

Pue to , wh ere h e a rr i ved o n 2 4 th May , M aj o r Wey n s
app ear s t o h a ve aw a i t e d t he a ppr oa ch o f t he Afr i c an L a k es

C o rp orat i on s s t ea m er , the S coti a , wh i ch was t rad i n g o n

’

L ak e Mwe ru , an d on wh i ch Rab i ne k w as a passen ge r ,

re t urn i n g fro m t he e rr an d en t ru s t ed t o hi m B efo re t he
pas s en ger s c o uld l an d Rab i n ek wa s a rres te d —p os s i bly i n
.

B ri t i s h w at e r s —b y o rd e r o f M aj o r We n s ,wh o t h e r e up on
y
t oo k h i m b a ck t o M t oa an d h a d h i m t r i e d u n d e r t he

warran t o ut ag a i n s t hi m I t s ee m s t h at o n 1 4t h J u ne he
.

wa s c on d e m n e d by t he o ffic i a l a c t i n g as j udge t o a fi ne of

fr an cs , t he e x t r e m e pu n i s hm e n t — wi t h o r w i t h o u t
p en a l se rvi t ud e fo r a m o n t h—wh i ch i s ass i g n ed by l aw fo r
~

i ll eg al t ra d i n g i n rubb er ,b ut t h at M aj o r We n s i n s i s t ed o n
y
t he sen ten c e i n clud i n g p en al s e rv it ud e fo r a t e rm o f t we lve
2 70 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

t h an a d e pl o rabl e cc i d en t —t hese an d ot h e r que s t i o n s

a

a ri s i n g o u t o f hi s c as e a re o f i n t e rn a t i on a l i mp o r t an d
”
m us t b e l e ft for o t he rs t o d e c i d e B ut t he c ase i s a t l e as t
.

”
a s s t r i k i n g an d s u gg es t i v e a s was t he S to k e s a ffa i r m o re
“

t han fi ve y e a rs e a r li e rfi
‘

In ans wer q uest i on ask ed i n th e H ouse of Commons by S i r Cha rl es

to a

D il k e on a7 th O ctober,1 9 0 2 ,L ord C ran b ourne r ep l i ed , I nq ui ri es are b ei ng

m ad e ,and o n r ecei pt of d e fin i t e n o
i f r m a t i on H i s M a es ty s Go ern m en t wi ll
’
j v
”
be i n a
p os i ti on t o consid er wh a t a ct on sh o uld
i b e tak en i n t h e matter .

1 Th e ann ual rep ort of th e C om pagn i e du Katan ga ,i s sued on l gth N o em v

b er,1 9 02 ,whi l e th ese pag es are p assi ng thr o ugh t h e pr ess ,m ak es n o m en ti on
of
“
th e Rabi n ek affa i r, b ut b oas ts t hat t h e occup at i on of th e t erri t ory
el p o f s i xty -fi
”
p ro cee d s w i th ou t s l ack en i n g an d i n com p l et e ca l m , b y h ve whi te

offi c i a l s a n d a we ll -t rai n ed fo rc e of p ol i ce
”
. R ela ti on s wi th th e n at i es ,
”
v
i t i s ass erted , are o f th e b es t ,an d th e c on tro l of t h e Com i t é i s e ff ecti e and v
respected by al l I ts a ssoci ati ons wi th t h e St at e authori ti es, pri at e i n d i
. v
”
vid ua l s ,and mi ss i onari es a li k e ,a r e m os t c or di al . I n th e s econ d half of 1 9 0 1 ,

we are i n fo rmed, ki los o f rubb er a n d k i l os of i v ry w

o ere co ll ec ted.
 '

B ELGIUM ’
S INH ERITANCE . 271

C H A PT E R ! III .

'
B E L G I U M S I N H ERI T AN C E [1 9 0 1
B Y t he t e rm s of t he C on ven t i o n of J uly , 1 8 9 0,
3 rd
b et we e n K i n g L e o po ld an d t he B e lgi an Go ve r n m ent ,
B el g i um h a d t he o pp o r t u n i t y ,s i x m on t h s a fte r t he e xp i r a
t i on o f t h e t en an d a h alf y ea rs o ve r wh i ch t he l o an o f
2 fr an c s w i t h o ut i n te r es t was
Ki n g Leop o l d 's
s pr ead ,o f an ne x i n g t h e C o n g o S t at e ,
B a r g ai n .

wi t h all i t s pos s es s i on s an d r i g ht s ,
an d a l s o w i t h all i t s du t i es an d l i ab i l i t i es I t w as pr o vi d e d ,
.

m o reo ve r ,t h at i f t h i s was n ot d one t he d eb t s ho uld o n ly

b e re c o ve r abl e a ft er an ot h e r p e r i o d o f t en year s ,b ut t h at
i n te re s t s h o uld b e p ai d on i t at t h e r at e of 3 p er
cen t p er an n um The act u al d e b t h ad by t h at t i m e
. .

s wo ll en t o fran cs ,by t he add i t i on of a l oan o f

6, fr an cs , b ear i n g i n t e res t ,wh i ch had b een i ll eg ally
con t ra ct ed by t he C on go Go vern m en t wi t h a s yn d i cat e o f
A nt werp b an k e rs i n M arch ,1 8 9 4, an d for wh i ch t he
B elgi an Pa rl i a m en t h ad b een i n duce d i n J u ne , 1 8 9 5, t o
m ak e i t s elf res p on s i bl e .

T h e t i m e -l i m i t e xp i r ed on 2 n d J an u ary ,1 9 0 1 , b ut , by
gen er al a gree m en t ,publ i c d i s cu s s i o n as t o t he c o ur se t o be
t ak en w i t h r e fe ren c e t o i t was p os t p one d u n t i l a ft e r E as t e r ,
an d on ly a c t i ve ly b e gu n i n M ay .

Am on g t ho s e wh o t oo k c o mm on gro un d i n c on d e m n i ng
t he p o l i cy o f t he C on go Go ve r n m en t an d d es i ri n g a
t h o r o ugh ch a n ge i n i t t h ere wa s w i d e d i ffer en c e o f o p i n i on
as t o t h e e xp e d i en cy o f t h e B e lg i an n at i on as s um i n g d i r e c t

an d a dm i tt e d res p o n s i b i l i t y fo r t he m an ag e m en t o f an

en o rm o u s t e rr i t o ry i n Afr i c a , s even t y t i m es as l ar g e as
B elg i um i t s e lf ; an d u n fo r t u n a t e ly t h i s d i ffe r en c e o f o p i n i o n
great ly s t r en g t h ened t he h an d s o f t hose wh o favo ure d t he
co nt i n u an ce o f e x i st i ng i nst i t ut i ons ,wi t h all t h ei r ab uses
an d ab o m i nat i o ns .
2 72 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

I t was at t he s ugges t i on o f i n flu en t i al m e m be rs o f t he
B elg i a n Pa rl i a m e n t ,an d i n t he h o p e
B e l g i um s
’

of s upp o r t i n g t h e i r a c t i on , t h at an
Re s p on s i bi l i t y
a pp e a l , d a t e d Apr i l , an d i n
.

2 9 th

clud i n g t he n am es o f S i r Ch a rl e s D i lk e , Mr Le o n a rd .

C o ur t ney , an d Mr Fre d e r i c H a rri s on a m o n g i t s e i ght

.

re pre sent at i ve s ig n at ures ,was a ddres s e d t o b ot h Ch amb ers

o n b eh alf o f t he Ab o ri g i nes Pro t e c t i o n S o c i e t y . I n t hi s
d o cum en t t he Cha mb e r s wer e urge d t o t ak e a d e qu at e
pre c au t i o ns t o wa rd s s e curi n g “
hum ane an d equ i t abl e
t re at m en t o f t he n at i ve p o pul at i o n s wh o are pl ac ed u n d e r
”
t he a u t h o r i t y o f t he C o n g o S t at e , an d w e r e r e m i n d e d t h at ,
by p art i ci p at i n g i n th e Ge n er al Act s o f t h e B e rl i n an d
B ru s s el s C o n fe re n c es , an d by en t e r i n g i n t o t reat i es w i t h
t hat S t at e , B e lg i um h ad pl a c e d i t s e lf u n d e r a m o r al
“

o bl i g at i o n as reg ard s t he pres erv at i on o f t he n at i ve

po pul at i on s en t ru s te d t o t he C o n go S t at e, and was
alr ea dy i n v o lv e d , at an y r at e t o t h e e x t en t o f r es p onsi
“

bi li ty for i n ac t i o n , i n wh at ever d i s cre d i t an d d an ger

m ay r es ul t fr o m an y t r eat m en t o f n at i ves by t he S t at e
wh i ch i s c on t ra ry t o t he hum ane i n t en t i ons o f t he
”
C on feren ces o f B erl i n an d B ru s se l s . W i t h r e fe ren ce
t o t he C on v en t i on s o f 1 8 8 5 an d 1 8 9 0,i t was p o i n t e d o ut,
t he obj e c t i on t h at B e lg i um m ay no t i n t e rfe re i n an y way
“

wi t h t he adm i n i st r at i on o f t he C o n go Fr ee S t at e, an d t h at’

t he u n i on b et ween t he t wo Cr o w ns i s s t r i c t ly p e rs o nal ,
‘ ’

c ann o t prev ai l agai n s t the a c t u al fa c t—k nown t o the whol e

wo rld an d a ck n o wl e dge d i n o ffic i a l d o cum e n ts—t hat t he
S t at e i s an o u t c o m e o f t h e e n t e rpri s e o f t he B e lg i an n at i on ,
an d t h a t a ll i t s e x t en s i on s a n d a ll i t s pr o gr ess h a v e m ad e

m o re d i rec t a n d m o re i n t i m at e t he t i e wh i ch u n i t es i t t o
B elg i um ,go ver n e d a n d a dm i n i s t e r e d as i t i s by B elg i an s ,
a fi eld o f B e l g i an e n t erpr i s e, a n d a s o urc e o f pr o fi t t o
”
B e l g i an c ap i t a l i s t s Th e p ar t n er s h i p b e t ween t he t wo
“
.

S t at es app ear s t o h ave b een o ffic i ally s e al ed by t he fac t

t h at s i n c e 1 8 8 9 B e l g i um h as b een r e c o g n i s e d h e i r t o t he
”
S o vere i gn o f t he S t ate , i t was add e d ,an d , so l o n g as t h i s
 2 74 CIVILISATIO N IN CONGOLAND .

se r i o u s ly whet her i t wo uld b e e xped i en t t o mo di fy t he .

i m u d r w h i ch t h e S t a t e was o rg an i s e d an d h as S i n c e
re g e n e

fl o uri s h ed .
C o uld any ot h e r a rr an ge m en t b ett e r s at i s fy
t he r e qu i re m en t s o f t h e C on g o a n d o ur o wn n a t i o n a l
i n t e r es t s P
I t was as an al t e r n at i ve t o C o u n t d e S m e t de N aey e r s
pro p os al t h at , at t he en d o f May ,
M B ee r n ae rt s
’
M B ee rn ae rt , t he fo rm e r Pri m e
A l t er n at i ve
.

M i n i s t e r wh o h ad b een l a rg e ly res p on
s i bl e fo r t h e C o nv en t i on o f 1 8 8 5, as we ll as f o r t he
C on ve n t i on of 1 8 9 0,an d w ho w as n ow l ead e r of t he L i b e ra l
O pp os i t i o n i n t he B e lg i an Ch a mbe r, i n t r o duc e d a B i ll
d e cl ari n g t he t e rr i t o ri es o f t h e C o n g o S t at e t o b e,by vi rt ue
of t h e se c on d C on ven t i o n , h en ce fo rt h t he pro pe r ty of
“

B elg i um , an d t a k i n g o ve r a ll pr e r o g a t i ves ,r i gh t s ,a dvan t

” “

ages , an d s o ve re i g n t y at t a ch i n g t h e re t o , t o ge t h e r w i t h all

t he r e s p on s i b i l i t i es o f t h e s a i d S t at e t o w a rd s t h i rd p ar t i es ,
b ut a ll o wi n g t wo ye ar s fo r t h e pr e p a r at i o n o f a s p e c i al
“

'

g zm e,i n i t s l eg i s l at i ve,adm i n i s t r a t i ve ,an d j ud i c i a l as p e c ts ,

r éf
”
fo r th e n ew B elgi an p os s e s s i on s , an d d i re c t i n g t h at ,
“
dur i n g th e s ai d t wo ye ar s , t h e Go ve rn m en t o f t he
t e rr i t o r i es s h all b e c arr i e d on u n d e r t he s a m e c on d i ti o ns as
”
at presen t .

Ad o p t i on o f M B eern ae rt s m eas ure wo uld h ave affo rd e d

.
’

o pp o r t u n i t y for t h e gr a du a l c on t r i v i n g
Ki n g Leo p o l d s ’

a n d ul t i m at e c a rry i n g o ut of an y
Ul t i m at u m .

re fo rm s i n t he m an age m en t of C on go
a ffai r s wh i ch t h e B e l i an Pa rl i a m en t m i gh t h av e t h e w i ll o r
g
t he p o w e r t o i n s i s t up o n b u t ,b es i d es b e i n g d i s t as t e ful t o
t h os e Ra d i c al s w ho o bj e c t e d t o t he c on ve rs i on o f K i n g
’
L eop o ld s Afr i c an real m i n t o a B elg i an p os s es s i on ,i t was
r es en t e d by K i n g Le op o ld h i m s e lf, who , i f he ha d e ve r
t h o ugh t s e r i o u s ly o f m ak i n
g t he s urr en d e r i n h i s l i fet i m e,
w as n o w d e r i v i n g fr o m hi s s p e cul a t i o n pr o fi t s t o o we lc o m e
t o b e r ea d i ly p ar t e d w i t h Acc o rd i n gly ,t he pro c ee d i n gs o f
.

t he Sp e c i a l C o mm i s s i o n wer e i n te rrup t e d on 1 1 t h J u n e by
t he r ead i n g o f a l e t ter fr o m H i s Ma es t y t o M W oes te th e
j .
,
 B ELGIUM
’
S INH ERITANCE . 2 75

l ead e r o f t he C ath ol i c p ar t y I f annex at i o n i s a c t u ally

.

vote d b e fo re t he t i m e arri ves wh en t he S t at e i s abl e t o

as s ur e t o B e lgi um al l t h e a dv an t ages wh i ch I d es i re s h all

a ccru e t o i t , t he K i n g wr o t e , as S o v e rei g n o f t he C o n g o

S t ate , t he C on go Adm in i s t rat i o n wi ll nat ur ally re fuse t o

pa rt i c i pate i n a hybri d go ve rn m ent whi ch can on ly pro duc e ,
b ot h i nt e rnally an d e x t e rn a lly, fr i ct ion an d l os s I s i t .

c on cei vabl e t h at a S tate can b e anne xe d an d y e t c o mpell e d

t o c arry o n i t s g ov e rn m en t a d i n ter i m P F o r i t mu s t b e
ack n o wl e dge d t h at B elg i um i s n o t r ea dy fo r s uch a s t e p ,

an d i s at t he m o m en t u n abl e t o pr ov i d e a s ub s t i t u te for t he
”
pres e n t A d m i ni s t r at i on .

Th e e ffr on t ery of t h i s m es s ag e was a m az i n g ,an d n o one

can h av e b ee n d e cei v e d by t he qu i bbl e r ai s e d i n i t . H ad
t he C on go S t at e b een at w a r w i t h B elg i um an d i n d an ge r o f
con ques t by i t ,t here m i ght have b een reason i n th e t hreat t h at
all t he e x i s t i n g m ach i n e ry fo r k ee p i n g o rd er i n t h e t e rr i t o ry

wo uld b e brok en up u n l es s fai r t erm s , accept abl e t o t he

c on quered ,wer e o ffered B ut t h er e was no s e mbl an ce of
.

con ques t i n t h i s c ase K i n g Leo p old was m ere ly as k e d t o

.

comply wi t h t he c on d i t i on s pro pose d by hi m self i n hi s wi ll

of 2 n d Au g us t , 1 8 99 ,a n d i n h i s l e t te r o f t he s a m e m on t h t o M
.

B eern ae rt ,a n d wi t h t he o bl i g at i o n s hi s C on go Go ve rn m ent
h ad ta k en up on i t self i n t he C o n ven t i on o f 3 rd J uly ,1 8 9 0,
an d h ad en d o rs ed by l at e r d o cum e nt s . B elgi um ,b esi d es
b ei n g h ei r t o t he K i n g,w as i n t he pos i t i o n o f a cre d i t o r
ent i t l e d t o r e c ei ve fr o m h i m e i t h e r t he m oney l en t an d n ow
”
ove rdu e o r ,as a goi n g c on ce rn , t he pro per ty t e n d e red as
'
secur i t y fo r t he l oan . Th e K i n g s att i t ud e was n o m o re
h ones t t han wo uld h av e b een t h at of a humbl e r m o rt
gager wh o ,wh en i n vi ted t o fulfil hi s b on d ,t hreat en e d t o
des t roy t he t hi n g he had mo rt gage d rat he r t h an g i ve i t up .

H i s h i gh -h an d e d p ro cedure ,h o we ver ,a ch i e ve d i t s i m m e
d i at e o bj e c t M B eer n ae rt s s che m e ,rega rd ed by h i m s elf
. .
’

an d h i s fr i en d s as an equ i t abl e an d s t ates m an l i k e c o m

pro m i se,by wh i ch t wo year s wo uld h ave b een all o wed for

set t l i n
g t he d etai l s of t he t rans fer w i t h ou t i nj ury ei t her to
2 76 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

the o ut go i n g or t o the i n co m i n g ho ld er s o f t he C on go
S t at e s t e rri t o ry , h ad t o b e wi t hdr aw n , an d a ll he c o uld
’

pro cure was i n s e rt i o n i n C o u n t de Sm et de Naey e r s B i ll

’

o f a cl a u se d e cl ar i n g an d c on firm i n g t he r i gh t o f B e lg i um
’
t o t ak e p o s s es s i on o f t he pr o p er ty on t he k i n g s d eat h ,if
”
n o t at a n ea rl i e r d a t e . I f y o u d o no t anne x to -d ay ,
h e s ai d wh en t h e B i ll was p as se d by a m aj o r i t y o f s even ty
on e v o t es t o t h i r t y -on e i n t h e Ch a mb e r o f Re pres en t at i v es

o n 1 7 th July , I fe a r t h at y o u w i ll n e v e r anne x ,an d t h at

“

i n ter n at i o n a l c o mpl i c at i on s m ay ar i se wh i ch w i ll r en d er
i mp os s i bl e t he anne x at i on o f t he C on go a t an y t i m e by
”
B el g i um . I t was a t t h e s a m e s i t t i n g t h at M V an d e ve ld e,
.

who wi t h M Geo rges L o r an d t o o k t he ch i e f p a r t i n o pp os

.

i n g the proj e c t , qu o t e d t h e fo ll o w i n g s en t en c es fro m a

l e ad i n g C at ho l i c j o urn al : Grat i t ud e i s n o t a royal v i rt ue
“
.

Th at i s s ho wn on ce a g ai n by t h e c on duc t o f Leo p o ld I I .

t o wa rd h i s e m i n en t ,o l d an d fai t hful se rv an t , M i n i s te r o f
S t at e B eern aer t The K i n g has alre ady fo rgot ten t h at t o
.

M B ee rn aer t he o wes hi s pos sess i on o f t he C o n go I f i n

. .

1 8 8 5,at t he t i m e o f th e B erl i n C on fer en c e, Fr er e -Orb an

h ad b een i n p o we r ,L eo p old I I wo uld n e ver h av e b ec o m e

.

S ov ere i gn o f t he C on go Free S t ate I t was M B eer naer t

. .

who , by h i s h ea te d d i s c o ur s e t o t he Ch a mb er an d the
S en ate,bro ugh t the m aj o r i ty ,an d a ft erward s t he n at i on ,i nt o
t h e i r pres en t l i k i n g for a c ol o n i a l p o l i cy
. An d ,for r ew ard ,
we n ow see t h e K i n g i n l e agu e w i t h h i s m ost vi o l en t
a dve rs a ry ag a i n s t h i m ! Al as ! Alas l The adver sary ,
o f c o urs e,w as M W o es t e a Ge rm an
.
, J ew by b i r th ,n ow t he
zeal o us ch a mpi on o f t he C at ho l i c p ar ty i n B elgi um ,an d,
i t i s n o t o r i o u s , h avi n g a c o mp a c t w i t h K i n g L eo p o ld i n
,
a cc o rd a n c e w i t h wh i ch e ve ry t h i n g d o ne o r d es i r e d by t e
h
C on go Gove r n m en t wi t h i n i ts o wn a r ea recei ves the
u n ques ti o n i n g an d u n t i r i n g s uppo r t of t he C at h o l i cs ,
i n r e t ur n fo r a l i k e s upp o r t g i ven to t h ei r r es i s t an c e o f
S o ci al i s t s ,Rad i ca l s ,an d L i b er al s i n h o m e affai rs .

Th e up s h o t o f t h e c on t r o ve r s y o ve r C o u n t de Sm et de
Naeyer s B i ll , wh i ch t he B elg i an S enat e s an cti oned on
’
2 78 CIV ILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

publ i c fi nan ces ,o r may a ffe ct i n d i v i du al i n t ere s ts ,are o n ly

”
val i d after re ce i vi n g t he as se n t o f t he Ch amb ers , an d t hat
t he M i n i s te r for F o r ei g n A ffai rs c on t ro l s i n h i s d e p ar t
“

m en t the rel at i o n s o f t he c o l o n i a l p os s es s i ons wi t h Fo r ei gn

B ut,as r eg ard s t he g en er a l i n t erest s al i k e of the
”
Po wer s .

C on go n at i ves ,o f t he B elg i an publ i c ,an d of ot her E uro p eans ,

i t i s i n ten d ed t h at t he re s h all b e pr a c t i c ally n o r es t r ai n t on
t he d es p oti c a u t h o r i t y o f t he S o ve re i g n o f t he S tat e,o r o n
t he t yr ann y o f h i s p o l i t i c a l a ge n t s an d c o mm erc i al p art n er s.

' '

I f ever t he l oz org a n zque o f 1 9 0 1 c o m es i n t o o perat i on the

C on go S tat e may t hro w on t he B e lgi an p eo pl e far great er
ri s k s and burdens t han t he y h ave y et i n curred but all i ts
profi t s wi ll s ti ll b e rese rve d fo r i t s S o verei gn an d hi s
favo uri t es .

As B elgi um ,wh i l e a cc ep t i n g,as i t was c on s t rai ned t o d o,

t h e r en e we d pr o m i s e or pr eten c e t hat
Th e i nt e r n at i on al
t he C on g o S t at e s h o ul d ul t i m at ely b e
i s s ue s.

ann e x e d t o i t ,h as a l s o c on s ent ed t o

ab s t ai n fr o m all c on t r o l o ve r i t s i n h e ri t an c e,t he du t y o f

i n s i s t in g on pr op er m an age m e n t o f t he S t at e s a ffai rs
’

re m ai ns wi t h t he ot he r Po wer s res p ons i bl e for t he vi ol ated

pres cr i pt i on s of the B erl i n an d B rus s e l s General Act s .

I t was i n the h o p e o f a ro u s i n g t he Bri t i s h Go ver n m en t

t o a sense of i t s s h a re i n th e r es p ons i b i l i t y,an d i n c on t i n u
an c e o f a pp ea l s t o t he s a m e i n t en t i n pre v i o u s yea rs , t h at t he
Ab ori gi nes Prote ct i on S o ci e t y,i n a l e tt e r dat ed 2 n d August ,
1 9 0 1 , urge d i t t o t a k e m eas ures t o wa rd s se cur i n g t he
co -o p erat i on o f t he o t h e r s i gn at o ry Po we r s i n uph o ld i n g

th e pro v i s i ons o f t he Ac t s i n ques t i o n ,i f ne c es sary by ro

p
p osi ng t h at anot he r I n te r n at i on al C on fe ren ce s h all b e
”
c on vened at an ea rly d a te . M o re d e t ai l ed was y et a not her
a pp eal fr o m t he S o c i et y d a t e d 2 7 t h M a rch 1 02 i n clud i ng
, 9 ,
a v ery br i e f r ev i e w o f t h e p o l i cy h i t h er t o purs u e d by the
“

a dm in i st r at o rs o f the C on o S t a t e
g , by l egi s l at i on an d i n
pra ct i c e,an d of t he c on s e quen t d i s as t ers t o i t s C on go l ese
”
s ubj e c t s.
“
Sure ly , i t was urged , i n t he c on clud i ng
sen t en c e of t h i s r ev iew, t he t i m e has a r ri ve d for i n qu i ry
 B ELGIUM ’ S INHERITANCE. 2 79

to be i n s t i t u t ed ,a n d for u i t abl e re m ed i al m e as ures t o b e

s
t a k en , by t he c i v i l i s e d Po we rs who a s s i g n at o r i es t
, o t he
B erl i n Gen er al A c t , wh i ch pr o vi d ed th e C o n g o S t ate w i t h
i ts o pp o r t u n i ti e s for wr o n g -d oi n g are s h ar e rs i n i t s r es p on s i
,
b ili ti e s a n d ,s o l o n g as t h ey k n owi n gly t o l e rate t h at wron g
d o i n g, mus t be regard ed as a cco mpl i ces i n i t .
“
The
o ffen c es c o mpl ai n e d o f a pp ea r t o b e no w gr at e r a n
e d m ore
wi d es prea d t h at fo rm e rly , i t wa s poi n t ed o ut , m o reove r ,
”

an d , a s a n a rr a n ge m en t was c o m e t o l as t y ea r by t he
“

Go ve rn m en t o f t h e C on g o S t ate wi t h t he Go ve r n m en t an d
Pa rl i a m en t o f B e lg i um , by wh i ch t he e x i s t i n g re l ati on s
b et ween t he m we re c on t i n ue d i n d e fi n i t ely , b ut wi t h an
i n creas e d pr o s p ec t o f the C o n o S t at e b ei n g b e fo r e l o n g
g
con ver te d i n t o a B el g i an p os s es s i on ,t he re m i gh t b e gre at
a dva n t age i n t h e n e c es s a ry r e fo rm s i n t h e a dm i n i s t ra t i on o f

n at i ve a ffa i r s b e i n
g e ffe c t ed ,if p o s s i bl e ,b e fo r e t h e pro b abl e
chan ge t ak es pl a ce .
”

I n s upp o r t of t h at a pp eal ,i n res p on se t o wh i ch t he B r i ti s h

Go vern m en t has pro m i s e d t o t a ke s uch a c ti on as i t m ay
fin d pra c t i c a bl e , an d whi ch re ce i ve d c o n s i d erabl e b ack i n g
on c o mm e rc i al gr o u n d s fr o m s eve r a l Ch a mb e rs o f C o mm e rc e,

as we ll as fr o m i n flu e n t i a l ne ws p ap e rs , n o t o n ly i n G re a t

Bri t ai n ,b ut a l s o i n Germ an y ,t he U n i t ed S t at es ,an d e l s e

where , a publ i c m eet i n g was h eld i n t he Lon d on M an s i on
H o u s e o n 1 st h May At t h i s m eet i n g, pr es i d e d o v er by
.

Mr Alfre d E Peas e , t he wei g h t i es t s pee ch was m ad e by

. .

S i r Ch a rl es D i lk e ,wh o wa s fo ll o w ed by S i r M ark S t e wa r t ,
by Mr J o h n H o l t an d Mr F Swan zy ,as represen t at i ves of
. . .

t he L i v e rp o o l an d L on d on Ch a mb e r s o f C o mm e rce ,an d by
ot he rs . I t s i mp o r t an c e was n o t l es sene d by t h e pr ese n c e
o f t wo s e lf-i n v i t e d d e l eg a t es fr o m t h e C on g o G o v e r n m en t
,
o n e o f wh o m ,M r R D L M o hu n ,a D i s t r i c t C o mm i s s ary o f
. . . .

var i e d e xper i e n c e on t he C on go ,cl ai m e d t o b e t he b e are r

o f a m e ss ag e fro m K i n g L e o p o ld t o t he e ffe c t t h a t t he
“

Go ver n m en t o f t h e C o n g o S t at e w i ll o p en an i n qu i ry i n t o
an y o f t he ch a rges wh i ch m ay b e br o ugh t s p e c i fic a lly b e fo r e

i t by th e Ab o ri g i ne s Pr ot ec t i on S o c i et y ,an d wi ll as s i s t i n
2 80 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

v ry p wh t t h y c i d r t o b e t he b ad t h i n gs
e e way t o s t o a e o n s e
”
goi n g o n i n t he C o n g o Free S t at e .

I t i s n ot ne es s c a ry h e r e , i n s o fa r as fa c t s c o n c e al e d as

p i bl h v c m t l i gh t t o s e t fo r t h t he e v en t s
far as o s s e a e o e o ,
C g S h i ry i 2 Th e y h a v e b een s ub
of on o t a t e s t o n 1 9 0 .

s t an t i a lly l i t t l e m o re t h an r e p et i t i on s ,
Th e Lat es t wi t h v ar i at i on s i n t i m e an d pl ace,o f
Deve l op m en t s
t he o ccurre n c e s o f pre v i o u s yea rs ,
.

wh i ch h ave b een s uffic i en t ly n arrat e d Th e re h ave b een .

fit ful r i s i ngs an d c ons t ant o ppress i on s o f n at i ves i n n early

al l p o r t i o ns o f t he t e rr i t o ry . Th er e h av e b een fur t her
e x t en s i o n s o f t he doma zn e p r i m s y s t e m ,an d t h e gr an
ting
' ’

o f m o no p o l i es u n d e r i t ,e s p e c i ally i n t he K as ai d i s t ri c t ,an d

t he en t e rpr i s e o f t h e pr i v i l ege d c o mp an i e s ,o ld an d n ew,

h as c er t ai n ly n ot s l a ck ene d , a l t h o ugh , t hr o ugh i n creas i n g
d i fficul t i es i n the c o ll ec t i on o f rubb e r ,wh i ch n ow c ons t i t ut es
i n v a lu e nearly s even — e i g h t h s o f all t h e pro duc e e xp or ted ,

t h ei r pr o fi t s h ave b een n o t ably r e duc e d H en ce t he

.

s p e cul at i v e v a lu e o f t he s h ares i s s u e d by t he pr i v i l ege d

c o mp an i es h as ,i n s o m e c ases ,fa ll en t o l ess t h an h alf the

a m oun t reache d i n t he i r p alm i er d ays F or all t h at , .

however , i t was re ck one d i n Augus t , 1 9 02 , t h at t he

aggreg at e o f t h e s h ares h eld by t h e S t a t e al o n e i n t hose

c o mpan i es m ig h t h ave b een so ld for fr an cs ,

o r n early t hri c e t he fr an c s es t i m at ed for t he
en t i r e r ev en u e o f t he S t at e i n I 9 02 The S t at e i s s t i ll
.

a v alu abl e ass et t o i t s S o v e rei g n an d h i s p ar t n er s ; an d

o t h e r s b es i d es fi nan c i e r s an d fi n an c i a l g a mbl e r s h ave b e en

en r i ch e d by i t . Thro ugh o ut t he p as t d ec a d e an d m o r e i t
h as vas t ly a ugm en t ed t he c o mm erc e o f A n t w erp an d t he

The actual tel egram wa s q ui t e differen t i n i ts pur po rt . Mr Mohun ’ s

.

i n a ccuracy was i n k eepi n g wi th th e usual tacti cs of th e C ongo S tate an d of i ts

h i rel i ngs
. T h e m ess ag e was a d efi an ce,n o t a p r omi s e,an d ran as fol lo ws z
v v v
Pou ez d écl arer q u e Gou ern em en t C ongo ou ri ra e n q u ét e udi ci ai r e s e ere j v
s ur tou t d el i t p or t é a s a c onnai ss a nc e .L oi C on go lai s e, p as pl us q ue l oi
au tr e p ays ,n e p er m et i n gér en ce d e ti er s d an s a cti on udi ci ai re j C oun t d e S met
.

de Naeyer h ad , i n l i k e m an n er , th rown d own an e asi e chall en e i n v v g

addressing the B el ian Chamb er i n
g J ul y, 91 0 1 -“ U n d e vos auteurs ” he
,
282 CIVILISATI ON I N CONGO LAND .

C HA PTE R X I V .

'
THE C ON GO S TAT E S N EI GH B OURS .

T H E pr oc eed i n gs of t h e C o n go S t ate i n t h e m ai n p ort i on of

C
t he on o g B as i n ent ru ste d to i t s c a r e a—b o u t t wo -t i
h rd s o f
—
t he whol e h ave b een far m o r e m o m en t o u s t h an t h os e o f
i ts Br i ti s h , Fren ch, Germ an , an d Po rt ugu es e nei ghb o ur s
an d p ar t ner s or ri v a l s wi t h i n th e s a m e vagu ely d efi ned

r
a ea . Bri ef m ent i on o f t h es e con t e mp o rary m ove ments ,
an d of t he qu es t i ons i n c i d en t t o t he m ,ho we ve r ,mu st now

b e m ad e .

The C ongo S t at e had b een i n e x i s ten c e fo r s i x years

b e fo re Great B ri t ai n acqu i red any
B r i t i s h Cong ol an d
foot i n g i n t he C o n g o B as i n , apart
.

fro m t he t r ade an d ot he r re l at i o ns t h at had b een

u noffici ally es t abl i s h ed by B ri t i s h s et t l e r s or vi s i t ors
n ear t he m ou t h o f t he gre at r i ve r . I t was on ly i n 1 8 9 0
t h at Ge rm an ent e rpr i s e ,m o r e o r l es s c onnec t ed wi t h or
c onsequent upon th e pret en d e d r es cue o f E m i n Pas h a,
i n duc ed t he Br i t i s h E as t Afr i c a C o mp an y t o e nt er on
eno ugh e ffe c t i ve o ccup at i o n of Ugan d a t o sati s fy
i nt er n at i on al r equ i r e m en t s
. Even a ft e r t h at d ate C apt ai n
La g ard an d s ub seq u en t a dm i n i s t rat o rs were s uffic i ent ly
eng ag e d i n s et t l i n g an d u ns ett l i n g m att ers i n Ug an d a

i ts elf,wi t ho u t t r o ubl i n g t he m s e lves ab o ut t h e wes t er n part s

o f the pr ote c t o r at e wh i ch we r e wi t h i n t he C o ng o B as i n,

u nti l co mpl i cati on s a rose i n t he A n ko l e and T o ru d i s t ri cts,

b et ween Lak es V i ct or i a Nyan z a an d Albe rt Edward ,and
no r t hward t hro ugh t h e S e ml i k i v a ll e y up t o L ak e Alb ert

Nyan z a,as a res ul t o f B a ron Dhan i s s rai d i n g an d c ru s ad i ng

’

i n t he Arab Z on e i n 1 8 9 2 an d 1 8 9 3 . U n abl e or n ot c ar i n g
t o d i s cr i m i n at e b et wee n B e lgi an s an d Bri t i s h ,t he n at i ves
were en co uraged i n d e fi a n ce o f all whi t es by the n ews t hat
reached t hem as to the d oi n gs o f t he C ongo S t ate s forces ’
 THE CONGO S TATE S NEIGHBOURS ’
. 28 3

on th e eas t o f the Lu al ab a These c o mpl i c ations l ast ed t i ll

.

1 8 9 7 , a n d t h ey we re t hen r e v i ved by C apt ai n Ch ai t i n s

’

s ucces s ful m arch t o L ad o ,an d

y e t m o re by B ar on Dhan i s s
’

uns ucces s ful at t empt t o fo ll o w hi m The s upp osed ex

.

p e d i en c y o f C on g o S t at e c o -o pe r at i on wi t h Gr eat Br i t ai n

i n o pp os i n g t h e M ahd i s t s o f th e no r th , as w ell as t he
s ymp at h i se rs w i t h t h e m a m o n g t he B at et el a, M an y e m a ,

an d o t h e rs ,if no t al so t h e i r Ar a b t each er s an d o ppress o r s ,

in t h e s o u t h ,was one o f t he gr o u n d s for L ord Ros eb ery s

’

i ll-a dvi s e d l ease o f t he L ad o encl a ve t o K i n g Leo p o ld i n

1 8 9 4 , an d c on duc e d t o m an y s ub s e qu e nt e mb arr as s m en ts .

Wi t h t h e e xpul s i on o f s o me o f t h e B ate tel a or M an ye m a

mut i nee rs fro m T o m by M aj o r Te rnan i n J une,1 8 9 7 ,an d
th e es t abl i s hm en t o f firm e r B r i t i s h rul e wh i ch fo ll o we d ,t he
d i ffi cul t i es c on sequ ent t hereon o n t hat s i d e o f t he Ugan d a
Prot e c t o r at e pr ac t i c ally en d e d . B ut l i k e d i fli c ult ies ha ve
b een growi n g ever s i n ce i n t he no rt h-wes t .

Wh at ever faul t s may b e fo u n d i n Bri ti s h m et ho d s o f

con qu es t an d adm i n i s t ra t i on , as s hown i n Ugan d a an d
o t h er p a r t s o f Br i t i s h E as t Afr i c a an d al s o i n the E gy p t i an

Sud an ,t h ey are by n o m ean s o p en t o equ al c ens ure wi t h

th e m eth o d s o f t he C o n g o Go ver n m e n t . I t i s o n eve ry
gro u n d d epl orabl e , t he re fo re , t h at by blu n d eri n g s t at es
m an s hi p and i n e xpl i c abl e s ubm i s si on t o t he ve rs at i l e
re qui re ment s o f t he B e lgi an K i n g, i n hi s c ap aci t y o f
C on go S ove rei gn , t he B ri t i s h a u t h o ri t i es s ho uld h ave
en abl e d s o much con fu s i o n t o b e c au s ed an d s o m an y

s ee d s o f m i s ch i e f t o b e pl an t ed dur i n g t he p as t fe w y ear s

i n th e B ahr -el -Gh a z al r egi on an d t h ereab o u t s . B u t ,t he

s c en e o f t h es e e rr or s b e i n g o u t s i d e t h e C on go B as i n ,b are

re fere n ce t o t h e m ,i n i n c i d en t a l i llu st r ati on of the g ene r al

co urs e o f Congol and wro n g-d o i ng , i s all th at wo uld b e
pro pe r here .

H avi n g Great Bri t ai n fo r a n ei ghb o ur and an ally o ve r

a l o n g s t r et ch o f i ts n o r t h eas t e rn
- t err i tory , fro m L a k e
Albe r t Edward up t o an d ro un d the L ad o en cl a ve,t he
C on go S tate i s i n c ont act wi t h t he sam e nei ghb our agai n
28 4 CIVILI S ATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

on the uth -east ,fr om t he e x t re m i t y of L ak e T angan yi k a

so

r ou n d t o t he sou t her n fron t i e r o f t he K at an g a an d K asai

d is t ri c ts, whi ch i n 1 8 9 1 M r C ec i l Rh o d es was foi l e d i n
.

an at te mp t t o acqu i re V e ry l i t t l e, h o wever , has s in ce,

.

t i ll l at ely ,b een d on e i n t he s m all se c t i o ns o f Br i t i s h C en t r al

Afri c a un d er t he rul e o f t he B r i ti s h S o u t h A fr i c a C o mp any
whi ch fo rm par t o f Con go lan d I t w as o n ly i n 1 9 0 1 t h at
.

Mr Rob ert Co dri ngt on , t he C o mm i s s ione r for N o r t h ern

.

Z ambe z i a,ent ere d o n pre l i m i n a ry arran ge m en t s for t urn i ng

t h i s r eg i o n t o acco u n t ,a n d fo u n d i n t h e chao t i c co n d i ti on
o f t he co u n t ry on t h e o t her s i d e o f t he bo rd e r grave

o b s t acl es t o b e o ve rco m e The re i s no t r ad e,pro perly

.

”
s o c all ed ,on t he C o n g o c oa s t o f T an g an yi k a, h e r ep o r te d

i n 1 9 02 ,on r et urn i n g fro m a t o ur o f i n s pe c t i o n , b ut all

“

rubb er and i vory are reg ard e d as th e pro p erty o f t he S t ate,

an d h av e t o be s urr e n d e re d by t h e n at i v es i n fi x e d qu an

t i t i es ann u ally .The n at i ves are , h o we ver , c o nt i n u ally i n

r eb ell i on,and t he c o u n t ry i s u n s afe e xcep t i n t he i mm e
d i ate v i c i ni ty of t he m i l i t a ry g arr i so ns and wi t hi n the
”
s ph ere o f th e i n flu en ce o f t h e m i s s io r
na i e s .Perh ap s
”
t he r evel at i o n s gr o wi n g out o f t he Rab i ne k a ff ai r wi ll
“

l ead to som e i mpro v em en t i n adm i n i s t r ati ve i nst it u t i ons

affec ti n g t h e p os i t i on o f n at i v es ,as we ll as o f wh i t e t r ad ers ,

on b ot h s i d es o f L ak e Mw eru an d t h rough o u t t h i s p ar t o f

Congoland .

B et ween t he s o ut he rn m ost po i nt s o f L ak es T angany i k a

a n d Alb e rt E dw ard ,t he l i m i t s o f t he
Ge r m an Co ngo l an d
t wo B r i t i s h pro t e c t o rat es ,an d c o ns t i
.

t u t i n g t he wes t ern m os t po rt i o n o f Ge rm an E as t Afr i c a,i s

Ge rm an Con golan d , chi e fly s e p ar at e d fro m t he C on go
’
S t at e s t erri t o ry by wat e r, b ut n ot o n t hat acco unt free
fro m d i s putes as t o fro n t i er The con t rovers y as t o the
.

r igh ts o f t he t wo S t at es i n res pe c t of L ak e K i vu has not

y et b een en d ed ,an d no t re at i es c an b e e xp ec te d t o l es s en
the i ne v i t abl e ri v alry t h at h as he re gr ow n up .T he earl i es t
E uropean t r ad er s t hr o ugho u t t he s o ut her n h alf of the
f ou m al ,May,1 9 02 ,p 601
'

Geogr ap lzzcal . .
 286 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

The re i s y et m o re ne e d re fo rm , b ot h p arti es bei n g

for
al i k e t o bl a m e, a l o n g th e z i g z ag
s t re t ch of t e rr i t o ry t h at i n clud es
Po r t u g u e s e Co n gol an d an d t he C on go
S t ate as ne i ghb o urs Exce pt as regard s the s m a ll K abi n da
.

en cl a ve,t o t h e n o r t h o f t he C o n go r i v e r,Po r t ugu es e C on go

l an d i s n ow l i m i t e d to t he bl o ck o f t e rr i t ory, a l s o
c o mp arat i vely s m all ,wh i ch has i t s s ea fr on t age b et ween
Ambri z an d t he m o u t h o f t he C on go an d e x t en d s i n l an d t o
t he C on g o S t a te s Kwan go d i s t r i c t Alb e i t t he s i t e o f t he
’
.

”
an c i en t k i ng d o m o f C on g o , t h i s fragm e n t o f t he
u n pro fi t abl e an d i l l - m an ag e d A n go l a p os s ess i on of
Po r t ug al i s even l es s pr o fi t abl e an d a pp ea rs t o be e ven
wo r s e — m an ag e d t h an are t he much l arge r pro vi n ces i n th e
s out h. Wh at eve r pr os p e ct t here m i ght h av e b een o f
heal thy rev i va l fo r Po r t uguese Afr i c a,an d heal th y d e ve l o p
m en t o f ot he r Eur o pean i n t erco ur se wi t h t he C on go B as i n,
fro m ad o pt i on o f t he pro p o s ed A n gl o -Po r t ugu es e Con ven
t i on o f 1 8 8 4 — wh i ch was a b an d one d i n fa v o ur o f t h e

pr o pos al s p ut i nt o s hap e by t he B erl i n C on fe re n ce , wi t h

s uch fo rce as a Gen e ra l Ac t c o uld g i ve t he m —t he
wo rk i ng o r the perve rs i o n o f the B erl i n A c t h as b een fat al
t o A n go l a .

U n t i l t he C on go S t at e r ai lway fro m M at a d i t o L eo po ld
vi ll e was c o mpl ete d i n 1 8 9 8 ,as has already b een m en t i one d ,
t he re app ears t o h av e b ee n a c o n s t an t m i gr at i on o f B ak on g o
an d o t h e r n at i ves a cr os s t he fro n t i e r i n t o Po rt ugues e
t e rr i t o ry,i n o rd e r t h at t hey m i gh t t hu s
es c ap e fr o m t he

k i ll i n g t yran n y t o wh i ch t hey were s ubj e c t e d by t h ei r n ew

m as t ers H e re ,h o weve r,i t i s t o b e fea re d ,t h ei r t ro ubl es
.

wer e n ot much l i gh t en e d Tho ugh s c arc e ly any at t e mpt

.

has e ver b een m a d e t o es t abl i s h i n t h i s d i s t r i c t e ven so

much ci vi l i sat i o n as i s t o b e fo u n d fur t h e r s o u t h at
“

,
S an Pao l o d e L o an d a an d B en ue la t he i n h ab i t an t s —k n o wn
g ,
as Mu s h iko n o - a
g h ve fo r g en er at i ons b een e xpose d t o t he
I n flu en c es a
, g gra v at i n g t h e i r s av ag ery ,wh i ch h av e c o m e t o
them fr o m t he s u pl
p y o f rum , t he s t apl e c o m m o di t y o f
 T HE CON GO STATE S N EI GHBOURS
’
. 28 7

A n go l a,a n d t he pro curi n g o f s l aves for t he m an ufac t ure o f

t h at pr o duc t as we ll as fo r s a l e a br oad .

T he Tr an s at l an t i c s l ave t r ad e was pro h i b it e d an d well

n i gh a b o l i s h e d l o n g a o an d s l av e ry n o l on ge r e x i s t s u n d e r
g ,
t h at n am e b ut fo rc e d l a b o ur ,e qu i v al en t t o s l a ve ry ,i s s t i ll
the rul e ,a n d i s abu n d a n t ly e mpl oy e d b o t h i n t he cul t i v at ed
port i ons o f A n go l a an d i n t he m o re pros pe ro u s S t Th o m as s.
’

I s l an d an d Pri n ce s I s l an d , Po r t ugu ese p os sess i o n s i n the

’

At l an t i c ,t o t he wes t o f Fr en ch Co n g ol an d Th i s l ab o ur
.

fo r s o m e t i m e o b t a i n ed ch i e fly by t he c o mpul s o ry e n g age
m en t of s er v i ea es , u n d e r c on t ra c t s fo r five year s ,and al so
by v esg a tes , o r r an s o m s , p ai d t o s l ave — d e al e rs who had
br o ught n at i v es fro m t he i n teri o r—was i n 1 8 9 9 s uppl e
men t e d by m ean s o f a Roy al D e cree , u n d er wh i ch , as
Mr N i gh t i n ga l e , t he B ri t i s h C ons ul at L oa n d a , r epo r ted
.

i n t h at y ea r , v agr an t n at i ves ,an d s uch as c anno t pr o ve

t h at t h e y h ave an y m eans o f l i v el i h o o d as l a b o ure r s
c arri e rs , art i s an s , & c , r en d er t he m s elves l i abl e t o b e
.

s ent en c e d t o a t e rm o f c o rr e c t i ve l ab o ur
( tr a ba l/za
”
f i en d ) The re a pp ear s t o b e n o d i fficul t y i n pr o cur i n g
s uch c o rr e ct i ve l ab o ur s ee i n g t h at , t o en s ure t he b ett er
" “

c arry i n g o ut o f t h i s l aw,a gr at u i t y i s o ffer ed t o all per s o n s ,

i n clud i n g n at i ve ch i e fs a n d h e a d s o f v i ll ages , fo r e ach
vagran t o r v agab on d pres en t ed t o t he a u t h o ri t i es M ost
.

”
o f t he
“
r ans o m ed l ab o ur i s bro ught fr o m d i s t an t p art s ,
es p e c i ally fr o m t h e o ld h u n t i n g g ro u n d s o f t h e o ld s l ave
~

rai d ers , t he K as ai an d K at ang a regi on s , n ow u n d e r t he

C o n go S t at e ,an d i t i s c on v eye d a cross A n go l a,by t he o ld
s l ave c a r av a n r o u t e , p as t B i h e ,t o L oan d a an d B en g u e l a .

Much o f t he c o rre ct i ve l ab o ur i s d o ub t l e s s o b t ai n e d by
“

s ei zure o f t h e luckl e s s fug i t i v es fro m C on go S t a t e o p p res

s i o n i n t h e B o m a an d M a t a d i d i s t r i c t s. O f t he qu an t i ty o f
e i t h e r,an d a l s o o f t h e c on t r ac t e d l ab o ur u s e d up i n t h e
“

co l on y i t s el f,t h e re i s n o re c o rd B u t b e t wee n 1 8 7 5 an d
.

1 8 9 6 , a cc o rd i n g t o t he B r i t i s h c o ns ul a r r e p o r t s ,

con t rac te d s er vzga es l e ft t he po r t s o f A n g o l a for t he i s l an d s

'

of S an Th o m e a n d Pr i n c i pe t o w o rk o n t he pl an t at i o n s
288 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

t h e r e, an d t h es e wer e fo ll o we d by i n 1 8 9 7 ,by
i n 1 8 9 8 ,an d by in 1 8 9 9 Th i s em i gr at i on , a cc o rd
.

in g t o C ons ul N i gh t i n g a l e, i s
“
a gr e a t dr ai n on t he
pro vi n ce, an d t he pl an t er s i n C aze n go an d ot h er p a rts
c o mpl ai n very b i t terly o f i t,as t hey are u n abl e t o o ffe r s uch
hi gh s um s fo r t he r esg a t es as t he r i che r pl an t ers i n t he
ab o ve-m en t i o ned i s l an d s A go od h eal t hy man an d wo m an
c os t at the pr ese n t t i m e —
.

t h at i s ,i n 1 8 9 9 a b o u t £ 50

s t e rl i ng, pl ac ed i n S an Th o m e Th i s s e e m s very much

.

l i k e quo ti n g for c at t l e o r any o t h er m a rk e t abl e c o mm o d i t y .

Such quot at i o n s are m ad e , an d c o n t ra c t s are s i g n e d , to

“
d el i ve r s o m an y pai rs at s much p p r
o e r a i .

I f t he re i s l e s s s l avery i n the K ab i n d a encla ve,on the

o t h e r s i d e o f t he C o n g o m o u t h ,wh e r e m o r e fl o ur i s h i n g ,if

no t l es s d egrad i n g ,t r a d e i s c a rr i e d on t h an i n o t h e r p ar ts
”
o f Po r t ugu es e C o n g o l an d , t he bl es s i n gs o f c i v i l i s a t i on
“

h ave not m ad e t he n at i ves lot h app i e r B o at m en an d

’
.

sai l or s are s uppl i e d fr o m t he Kab i n d as ,wh o h i re t he m se lves

as Krum e n d o on t he n o r t h c o as t , wr o t e C on s ul H opk i ns on
"

i n 1 8 7 4 ; t h ere i s , i n fa c t ,a grea t s i m i l ar i ty i n t hese t r i b es ,

“

”
b ot h b ei n g fe arl es s an d e xp eri en ced b oat m en C o mm en t
.

’
i n g on t h i s r em ark , C o n s ul C as e m en t , Mr N i gh t i n g al e s .

pred eces s o r ,s ai d i n 1 8 9 9 , H owever t rue of t h at d ay , t he

“

c o mp ari s on d oes n ot h o ld g ood n ow T he K ab i n das ,as a .

t r i b e, h ave r et ro gr ad e d s i n c e 1 8 7 4 , n o t on ly i n phys i c al
ch ara ct er i st i c s ,b ut m o ra lly ,an d ab ove all i n act u a l n umb ers .

A vi si t to K ab i n d a an d a wee k s s oj o ur n t h ere wo uld ’

co n v i n ce any u n prej ud i c ed o b s e rve r t h at t he d ete ri o r at i on

i s d ue ve ry l arge ly t o dr i n k S o r e c o g n i s ed i s t he e v i l
“
.

”
o f t ra d i n g i n dr i n k , h e a dd e d ,a ft e r d e s cr i b i n g o ne o f hi s

vi s i t s , t hat eve ry t r ad er wi t h who m I c am e i n c ont ac t

“

t h ey we r e b o t h Du t ch an d E n gl i s h— as s ure d me t h at a
c o mpul so ry proh i b i t i o n o f alcoh o l wo uld b e t he m os t
welco m e m eas ure the Go ver n m en t c o uld a d o pt , a n d t he
o n e b es t c a lcul at e d ul t i m at e ly t o b en e fi t t h ei r t r a d e To
.

D i pl omat i c and Consular Repo rts ,An nual S eri es,N os . an d

 290 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

i mm e di at e re s ul t s by t ho ugh tl es s m eas ur e s o f c oerc i o n ,at

v a r i an ce wi t h t he gene ro u s i deas t h a t o u r fl ag s ymb o l i s e s .

We s ho uld b e c o mm i tt i n g a g r e at m i s t a ke i n w ea k en i n g
t h a t re s ul t by ,a t t he pr e s e n t t i m e ,i mp o s i n g t a x e s o n t he
pro duc t s o f t he s o i l ,o r by c o mpe ll i n g t he n a t i v es t o wo rk
i n t h e fo rm o f fo rc e d l a b o ur o r m i l i t a ry s e rv i c e O ur .

d i gn i t y wo uld b e g reat ly i nj ur ed i f s uch l ab o ur an d s uch

' '

t a x es we r e s uppl i e d a t t he b e ck an d c all o f con ces s zon n a zr es .

’ ”
I t i s t o br i n g t h ese c on s i d e r a t i on s t o m e n s m i n d s , he
a dd ed a n d t o a ve r t t he m o r a l b a n krupt cy t o wh i ch
“

e c o no m i c an d fi n an c i a l d i s as t e r s m ay l e ad u s ,t h at I h a ve
”
e m e rg e d fr o m t h e rese rve I h ad mp i os e d up on my l se f .
e

Fr en ch Con go l an d h ad b een h appy i n h avi n g c o mp a r a

t i vely n o h i s t o ry for t h i r te en y e ar s .T he m ai n o bj e c t o f
i t s fo u n d ers h ad b een a ch i e ve d by a cqu i s i t i o n o f t he t e rri
”
t o ry ,an d t he wo rk o f exp an s i on t he re a cco mpl i s hed h ad
m ad e i t s u ffici e n t ly s e rv i c ea bl e as a g ro u n d o f v an t age fo r
fur t he r e xp an s i ons Tr ad i n g e s t abl i s hm en t s had b een se t
.

up by Fren ch m erch an t s at L i brev i ll e,th e p o l i t i c al c ap i t al

o f t he wh o l e co l o n y ,an d on t he O g ow e ,o u t s i d e t he C o n g o

l an d ar ea,an d al s o at L o an go an d e l se where wi t h i n t he
C ong o l i m i t s ; b ut far m o re e nt e rpr i se w as s ho wn by
t he t wo L i v e rp oo l firm s o f M es s r s H att on 8: C oo k s o n
.
,
an d M es s rs J o h n H o l t
. Co. Fro m t he firs t t h i s en te rpri s e
was en c o urage d an d fo u n d u s e ful by t he Fren ch a u t h o r i t i es
;
an d M de B raz z a s p o l i cy t o w ard s n at i v es t hro u g h o u t h i s
’
.

go ve rn o rs h i p appears t o h ave b een o n e o f t o l e r an c e and

pr o te c t i on , pro vi d ed t hey s ubm i tt e d t he m se lves , as was
m ai n ly t o t he i r a dv an t age ,t o t he p at e r na l s ys t e m o f Fren ch
rul e I n 1 8 9 7 , ho we ver , a ch an ge o ccurre d i n Fre n ch
.

co l on i al po l i cy , u n d e r M Gu i ll ai n , t he n ew M i n i ste r for
.

o ut re pl ac e M d e B r az z a a s C o mm i s s ary -Gen e r al
to .
.

Tho ugh o t he r c aus es con duced t o t h i s revo lu t i o n ,i t was

L e Temps,1 7th No v emb er,1 9 0 1 .
 THE CONGO STATE S NEI GHBOURS ’
. 29 1

m ani festly c on n ec ted w i t h c on te mpo ra ry d evel opm en t s

i n C on go S t a t e p o l i cy ,an d w i t h th e appr oach i n g c o mpl e
t i on o f t he M a t ad i -t o -Le o p o ldv i ll e r a i lw a y wh i ch was
o p en e d i n 1 89 8
. A ft er at t e nd i n g t h at c e re m o n y i n Ju n e ,
M Pie rre M i ll e cro ss ed o ve r t o B r a zzavi ll e,s ai d t o h ave t he
.

b est h arbo ur on S t an l ey Po o l , and he s o rro wfully con

t rast ed t he eas y -go i ng pro c e dur e t h at he s aw t he re wi t h
t he bu st l i n g pro gr ess he h ad j u s t p ar te d fr o m Am on g .
“

”
o ur p eo pl e , h e s ai d , i n d i v i du a l en te rpri se i s adm i r abl e
“
;
b ut c o ll e c t i ve e n t erpr i se a n d pr ac t i c al s k i ll i n t ur n i n g
Rec ogn i s i n g t he faul t s o f
”
ene rgy t o a cco u n t are l ack i n g .

C o ngo S t at e rul e ,he s t i ll a dm i red i t s t heo ry Adm i t t i ng .

t h a t Fr en ch m et h o d s s h o uld n ot an d c o uld not be a

cou nt erp ar t o f B elg i an m e t ho d s ,he y et en vi e d t he o ut co m e
”
o f t he l at t e r H ere , he s a i d , t he pro bl e m i s e mbarras s
“
.

in g . On t he ot he r s i d e o f t h e C on go,t he l es s o r an d t he
e xpl o i t e r h as b e e n K i n g L eo p o ld I t i s , i n fa c t , a s i n gl e
.

i n d i vi du a l wh o m an ages t he bu s i n ess A Parl i a m ent has

.

n o s uch o pp o r t u n i t i es , an d S t a te e xpl o i t a t i o n am on g us

wo uld prob ably aro u se t oo m an y s u s cept i b i l i t i es ,an d l ead

t o i n c on ven i en c es no t t o b e pl ay e d wi t h T he gravest
.

wo uld b e t he co ns t an t i n t e rfe ren ce of po l i t i ca l bo d ies at

ho me wi t h c o l on i al a dm i n i s t rati on I f t hi s d an ger co uld
.

b e avoi d ed ,I d o no t see, a ft e r all,why we s h o uld not d o

t o -d ay wh at t h e Du t ch h av e l o n g b een d oi n g i n Au st r al as i a .

At any r at e, i n t h e se ab s o lu t ely new c ou n t r i es we o ugh t

t o as s i s t an d gu i d e pri v at e i n i t i at i ve We o ugh t t o
.

co mm en ce by o rgan i s i n g a s e rvi ce o f agri cul t ure,a nd t hat

wi ll b e a s m a ll t h i n g t o d o i f t he Gove rn m ent d oes no t
t ak e on i t s e lf t he r es p on s i b i l i ty o f wh ol es al e e xpl oi t at i o n
by the S t at e F ai l i n g t h at , i t s ho uld at l eas t ent ru st the
.

res pons i b i l i t y t o o t h ers s t ron g e no ugh to b ear i t ; i t s ho uld

l ease t he s oi l t o s o ci et i es havi n g c a pi t al eno ug h t o b e abl e
t o wai t s o m e t i m e for t he i r re ward Th at i s t o s ay ,for
.

e xp e ri m ent s t oo s m a ll t o b e s ucc es s ful s h o uld b e s ub s ti t u t ed

coll ect i ve en te rpri se,wi t ho u t wh i ch not h i ng can be d one i n

re i ons s o v as t an d so n ew
g . Th at i s wh at has happ ened
29 2 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

i n th e L eop o ld i an C o n go ,an d I s h o uld l i k e t he ex a mpl e

t o b e fo ll o wed Ot h e rwi s e , i n our C on go t h e r e wi ll b e
.

n o t h i n g t o b e fo u n d i n a fe w y ear s t i m e b u t v i rgi n fo r es t s
’
.

Th at wi ll b e i n t e re s t i n g C o o k s t o uri s t s wi ll c o m e h ere ,
’
.

an d wi ll s po u t p ages fro m R us k i n con gr at ul at i n g u s o n o ur

reve ren ce fo r n at ure an d o u r reg a rd for h i pp o p ot am i ,b ut
t h ey wi ll t a k e c are n o t t o i m i t at e u s .

' '

These sen ten ces r evea l the ge nes i s o f t he con ees s zon nazr e
s y s t e m a s i t t oo k s h ap e i n o t h e r p a r t s
Th e C o n c es s i o n nai r e
o f Fre n ch Afr i c a as w e ll as i n t he
S y s t em .

Fre n ch s h are o f t he C o n go B as i n .

O n 2 8 t h M arch ,1 8 9 9 ,at t he i n s t i g at i on o f M G u i ll ai n ,t hre e

m e m o rabl e d ecrees wer e s i gn ed by Pres i d en t L o ub et —o ne
.

”
l ay i n g d o wn t he con d i t i ons d o c t ro i d e s c on c es s i on s ,
“ ’

”
an o t h e r pr o vi d i n g for t h e e xpl o i t at i on s d es fo r et s , an d
“

a t h i rd , m or e e l a b o r a t e , e s t abl i s h i n g a rég i m e fon ci er

for the Fr en ch C on g o l
‘ '
.

Lan d s v ac an t a n d wi t ho ut m as t ers , i t was l ai d d o wn

”
i n t he firs t , fo rm p a r t o f t he S t at e d o m ai n , an d ,u n l es s
“

o t h e rw i s e o rd er ed ,t h e pr o c eed s o f t h ei r a l i en at i o n ,by sal e

or l eas e u n d e r c on c es s i on ,are t o b e a ppl i e d i n d e fr ay i ng

t he exp ens es o f c o l on i s at ion , i n clud i n g t h e i n t r o duc t i on

o f s et t l ers an d o f w o rkm en , e i t h e r fr ee or s ubj e c t t o a

reg i me d e l i m m i ra t i on , an d t he r e cru i t m en t ,a rm a m ent ,

’ ”
g
an d m ai n t enan c e o f t h e p o l i c e fo rc es n e c es s ary for t he

s a fet y o f t h e s e t t l ers T he S t at e d o m a i n i n Fr en c h C on go
.

l an d co rres p on d s t o the d oma i n e p r i ve o f the C on go S t at e, ’

e xc e p t t h at i t i s r e g ard ed as t he pr o p e r t y o f t he n at i o n
,
no t o f on e i n d i v i du a l .

Of k i n dr ed pu rp o r t was t he d e cree c on c er n i n g t he
e xpl o i t a t i o n o f fo re s t s , wh i ch as s um es o w n e rs h i p by t he

S t at e , wi t h p o we r t o al ienat e t he m ,o f al l b oi s d o m ani “

”
au x , w i t h t he e xc e p t i on o f r e c o g n i se d b o i s p a r t i cul i e r s
“ ”
.

I n t hi s s ec on d d e cr ee i t i s s ti pul ate d t h at nat i ves s h all

Au Congo B elge,’ pp 1 3 5,1 40 -1 42

. .

All th ese are p ri n ted,and eas i ly accessib le,as M Mil le s

’
an a
ppendi x to .

‘
Au Congo B elge,
’
pp . 2 66 -3 03 .
2 94 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

C o mpt oi r C o l on i al Fran cai s ,wh i ch i s the p aren t o f t he C o m

n i e Fr an a i s d u C o n go a nd fi ve o t h e r o r g an i sa t i ons ,wi t h
p ga c
an a ggr eg t e
a c a p i t a l o f n e a rly fr a n c s — a re a s

much un d e r B e l g i an as u n de r Fre n ch m an age m e n t Tho ugh .

m os t o f t h e c a pi t al h as b ee n s ub s cr i b ed i n Pa r i s , gui d an ce
as t o i t s d i s p os a l c o m e s fr o m B ru s s e l s wi t h s o m e r e s t r a i n t
i t i s t ru e,s eei n g t h at t he Fre n ch Go ve r n m en t can s c arc e ly
t o l e ra t e s uch cru e l t y t o n at i ves a n d i nj u s t i c e t o o t h e rs a s
are s an c t i on e d ,i f no t pr o mp t e d ,by t h e C o n g o Go v e rn m en t ,
“
Fren ch C on g o , M J e an H es s , an e m i n e n t a u t h o ri t y on
.

Fren ch c o l on i al quest i ons , wr o te i n 1 9 0 1 , h as b een

d i vi de d i n t o a cer tai n n umb e r o f te rri t o r i a l c on cess i ons ,
' '

whi ch were g i ven t o Fre n ch conees s zon n a zr es , wh o fo rm e d

c o mpan i es t h at o ugh t t o h ave b een Fre n ch T he Fren ch .

fi n an c i al wo rld b e l i eve d t h at t he e xpl o i t at i on o f Fren ch

C on g o wo uld i mm ed i at ely re s ul t i n e n o rm o u s pro fi t s , as
i n t he c as e o f t he B el g i an c o mp an i es .B ut i t was fo rgo t t en
t h at t h e pro s p e r i t y o f t he B e l g i an c o mp an i es w as d ue t o
b arb aro u s m et h o d s ,t o s l a ve ry a n d e ve ry abu s e ,e ve ry cr i m e ,
wh i ch t h i s o d i o u s cu s t o m i n e v i t a bly en t ai l s T o -d ay t he .

k no wl e d ge i s h i s t o r i c a l I t i s pro ve d up t o t he h i l t t h at
.

t he B el g i an s ,i n o rd e r t o o b t ai n i v o ry a n d rubb e r fr o m t h e
C on g o , h ave pe rpe t r at e d a b o m i n a t i on s , an d t h at t o hi s
t i t l e o f K i n g o f t he B e l g i an s an d S o v e r e i n o f t h e C on go
g
S t at e H i s M aj est y m i ght add K i n g o f t h e Sl av e D e al e rs .

Ou r c o l o n i al adm i n i s t r at i on i s n ot a dm i r abl e ; b ut i t c o uld

n o t all o w t h e b a rb a r i t y o f K i n
g Leo p o ld s a gen t s t o b e
’

i mp o rte d i n t o t h e t e rr i t o r i e s o f t he Re publ i c Wr i t i n g .
”

wh i l e t he Fre n ch C o l o n i al M i n i s te r was M D éc rai s , i n .

M W ald eck Ro us seau s C ab i n e t , M H es s a dd ed , An

.
’
.
“

ac t i ve c a mp ai n i s b e i n
g g c a rr i ed on t o c o mp e l M D éc ra is .

t o fo rc e t he n at i v es t o c o ll e c t rubb e r an d t o br i n t h at
g
rubb er t o t he con cess zorm a zr es ,an d , as p a r t o f t he arr an ge
’ '

'

m en t , t hes e g o o d con ces s zmm a zr es wan t M D éc rai s t o

'

qu ar te r all ov e r t he C o n g o s uffic i e n t p o l i ce fo rc es t o s ee
t h at n o t a s i n gl e N e gro e s c ap e s w o rk i n g fo r t h e i r e xcl u s i ve

pro fi t F or a l on g t i m e pas t t he wo rd o f t h e agen ts o f

.
 THE CON GO STATE S NEIGHB OURS
’
. 29 5

K i n g Leo p o ld has b een law here i n Par i s ,t han k s t o t he

i n t e res t e d c o mpl i c i t y o f a few c o n t e mp t i bl e p ers on s It .

see m s t o m e t h a t t h e i r a ud ac i t y i s g e tt i n g b ey o n d b o u n d s
,
an d t h a t i t i s t i m e t o c all a h a l t
”
.

M D éc rai s ,wh i l e he re m a i n ed i n o ffice ,appear s t o h ave

.

don e a ll he fo u n d pra c t i c abl e i n l es seni n g t he h ard s h i ps of

t he n at i ves ; b ut h i s e ffo r t s i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n h av e b een o f
s m all av a i l ,an d m ean wh i l e t he E n gl i s h an d o t h e r t r ad e r s
,
who s e d eal i n gs wi t h t he n at i ves o f t he Fren ch C on go
were o f much l on ge r s t an d i n g an d far wi d e r s c o pe t han
'

th o s e o f Fren ch o r B e l g i an con cess zon na zr es , h ave b een

’

t rea t e d w i t h s h a m e l e ss i nj u s t i c e I n d e fi an c e o f i n t er
.

nat i o n a l l aw ,o r by p e rve r s i o n o f t he fo rm s o f l aw t h ey h ave

,
b een pr ac t i c ally e xclud e d fro m t he c o un t ry ,an d every t h i n g
pos s i bl e ha s b ee n an d i s b ei n g d one t o fo rce t he n at iv es o n
t he n o r t h s i d e o f t he C on go i n t o b o n d age as p i t i l es s an d
rui n o us as t h at es t abl i s h e d i n t he s o ut h .

T he d e cree o f M a rch , 1 8 9 9 , c on c e r n i n g e xpl o i t at i on s

“

”
des fo r et s , pr o m i s e d t o t he n at i ve s c on t i n u an c e o f t h ei r
cu s to m a ry r i g h t s t o us e o f t hese w oo d s an d fo res t s ,s ubj e c t
t o s u i t a bl e c an t on m e n t s or r es e rves b e i n g m a rk ed o ut fo r
t hei r e xclu s i ve e nj oym en t ; an d a s ub se qu en t d e cr ee p ro
vi d e d t h a t t he are a o f t h e l a n d s i n p e rm anen t o ccup at i on
by n a t i ve s ,o r t hose t e mp o r ar i ly an d s uccess i ve ly o ccup i e d
by t h e m ,s h all b e fix e d by t he i n s t ruc t i ons o f t he Go ver n o r
o f t h e c o l on y ,wh o w i ll al s o app o i n t t h e areas re s e rv e d fo r
”
hu n t i n g an d fi s h i n g I n a cc o rd an c e wi t h t h i s d e cr ee a
.

c i rcul a r was on 2 6 t h M arch ,1 9 0 1 ,s en t o ut by t he Go ve r no r

t o t he a dm i n i s t r a t o r s o f t he s eve r a l d i s t r i c t s u n d er h i s
co n t r o l , i n vi t i n g fr o m each o f t he m cl ea r an d prec i se “

i n fo rm at i on as t o t h e s t at e o f affa i rs i n h i s d i s t r i c t , an d

T radi ng M o nopol i es i n West

'

An i n L a Pet i te Refv
ar ti c l e zebl zq u e,ci ted i n

Af ri ca by M r E D Mo rel ,t o w h o m I a m i n d eb ted n o t on ly
’
( 1 90 1 ,p . . . .

v
for th e i n form a t i on gi en i n thi s p am ph l e t ,b ut for hi s n u m er ous com m un i
ca ti ons on Cong o af ai rs i n Wes t Af r i ca an d oth er publi c ati on s Much of thi s .

v
matt er i s emb odi ed an d suppl em en ted i n a ol um e on Affai rs of Wes t Afri ca,
’

whi ch he has ju t p
s ubl i sh ed ( D ecemb er,
296 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAND .

s ugges t i ons for t he o rd er s t o b e i s s ue d as regard s nati ve

r eserves wi t h i n i t b ut t he s a m e c i rcul ar d e cl a r ed t h at
a l l t h e pr o duc e o f t he c on c e d e d t e rr i t o ry ,wh at e ve r i t i s ,
’ '

i s t he pr o p er ty o f t he con eess zovn azr e c o mp an y , wh os e

agen t s a l o n e h ave t he r i gh t t o c o ll e c t or buy t h at pr o duc e

fro m t he n at i v es t hat t he s e n at i v es c an on ly d i s p ose

“

freely o f t he pro duc e o f t he re s erves s p ec i ally ass ig ned t o

t he m a n d t h a t , i f t h ey ar e i n p o s s es s i on o f a n y pro duc e
“

o b t ai ne d e l s e wh e r e ,t h ey mu s t s urr en d er i t t o t he conces

s zon na zr es ,wh os e i n t e r es t o f c o ur se i t w i ll b e t o r e c o mp en se
' ’

”
t h e m fo r t h e i r l a b o ur T h e pr o m i s e d r eserv es h ave n ot
6
.

b een m a rk ed o ut ; b ut t h e o rd e r o bl i gi n g t he n at i ves t o
' '

s e ll t o none b u t agen t s o f t h e con cess zon n a zre c o mp an i es any

pro duce not o b t ai ned fr o m t he r ese rv es h e re after t o be

as s i gne d t o t h e m i s i n fo rc e .

The n at i ves o f Fren ch C o n go lan d h ave t hu s b een as

co mpl et e ly d epr i ved o f t he i r l an d -r i ght s as t h ei r fe ll o w
vi ct i m s u n de r t he C o n g o S t ate,an d ,as reg ard s reco m “

p en ce for t he i r l ab o ur i n c o ll ec t i n g rubb e r an d ot he r
ar t i cl e s ,are at t h e m e rcy o f t h e on ly p eo pl e wi t h wh o m

t hey are a ll o we d t o h av e d eal i n gs They h ave n ot y et b een

.

e xp os e d t o s uch t yr an n y as t he C on g o S t a t e e mpl o ys i n

procuri n g , on i t s o wn t e rm s , t he c o mm o d i t i es i t co vet s .

B ut t he m a ch i n ery o f t yrann y i s b ei n g bu i l t up by m et h o d s
an d i n w ay s t h at s h o w ho w p e r n i c i o u s i s t he e x a mpl e s et

by t hat S t at e an d ho w d egr ad i n g i s t he r i valry i t has p ro

vo ked . I t i s a very s i g n i fic an t fac t , m o re o v er , t h at t h e
po l i cy pur s u ed i n t he Fr en ch C o n g o an d t he Fren ch
Ub an g i i s co mpl ete ly at va ri an c e wi t h t h at pur s ued by
Fran ce i n m os t o f her o t her co l on i es .

Thi s rw
ci r cul a as j
the sub ec t of r
p eal f o m th e Ab o ri gi nes Pr o tec ti on
an a
p
v
S oci ety t o th e B ri t i sh Go er n m en t on 7 th S e tem ber 1 01 i n r e l to whi ch
p , 9 , py
L or d Lansd o wn e agreed t h at “
i t i s o f th e u t mos t i m por tan ce t o s afe uard th e
g
v
n a ti e i n h abi t an ts o f r e i ons whi ch fo r m t h e
g sub e c t o f t radi njg co ncessi on s
agai n s t ab us e, an d
”
v
prom i sed t ha t th e Go e rn men t wo ul d,“ so far as thei r
op po r tuni ti es v
pe mi t ,en dea our to arra nge that s uch p rot ec ti on i s accorded ”
r .

F r zm a’,Octob er,1 9 0 1 ,
'

p p 1 05-1 08 . .
29 8 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

d i fficul t i es o f t he t as k t h at o ugh t t o be u n d e r t ak e n an d
aggr av at e s d an gers t h at a lre ady t hreat en t o b e o ve r
wh e lm i n g .

I t i s for s t at es m en t o w o rk o u t t he d e t a i l s o f t h i s t as k ,
an d t o fac e t he s e d an ge rs , w i t h a s much s k i ll an d en ergy

a n d ho n e s t y a s t h ey c an c o mm an d . H e re I at te mpt no
m o re t h an a very co n c i s e s t at e m e nt o f t he pr o bl e m t h at
aw ai t s t he i r so lu t i o n
.

T he pro bl e m really c o mpr i s es t wo pro bl e m s ,d i s t i n c t b ut

cl os e ly re l ate d an d i n te rd ep en d en t N e i t he r c an b e s o lved
.

wi t ho u t s o lu t i on o f t he ot h e r Th e s o lu t i on o f e i t he r
.

wi ll b e t he s olut i o n o f b o t h . The o n e re qu i res t h at

j u s t i ce s h a ll b e d o n e t o t he n at i ve p o pul at i ons wi t h who m
c i v i l i sed c o mmun i t i es h ave fo rc ed t he m s elves , o r b een
fo rc ed , i n t o co nt ac t The ot he r r e qu i r es t h at t he r i val ,
.

b ut no t pro p erly o r n ec es s ar i ly an t ago n i s t i c , cl ai m s an d

i n t er es t s o f t he s ev er al c i v i l i s e d c o mm u n i t i es w ho are c o n
cern ed i n t he m atte r s h all b e e qu i t ably adj us te d an d
s at i s fac t o r i ly adv an c e d
.

The nat i ve que s t i o n I ven t ur e t o pl a c e fir s t The e arl i es t

.

wh i te vi s i t o r s t o Equ at o r i al Afr i c a,
Th e Nat i ve ! ues t i o n.

whe t he r t he y wen t as m e r e t r av ell er s ,

pr o mpted by a l o v e o f adven t ur e o r a d es i r e t o a cquai n t
t he m se lves w i t h pl ac e s a n d p eo pl e h i t h e r t o u n k n o w n , a s
m i s s i on ar i es eage r to i mpr ove t he m o r al a n d m ateri al con
d i t i on s o f i g no r an t s avages wh o se w ay s o f l i fe an d r el i g i o u s
b el ie fs an d pr ac ti c es we re o b no x i o u s t o t h e m ,or as t rad er s
s ee k i n g fres h m ark e t s fo r t h e i r w a r es an d an x i o u s t o t ur n

t o acc o u n t t he as y e t w as t e d o r i n s u ffi c i en t ly d evel op ed
reso urces o f t he s o i l an d t he m i n era l weal t h b ene at h i t ,
we re,as a rul e,we lc o m e d by t he bl a ck r aces t h ey fo u n d i n
o ccup at i o n o f t he c o u n t ry . These bl ack s , wi t h a keen ,
a lb e i t a rud e ,s ens e o f t h ei r o w n r i gh t s an d p o w e rs we re
,

m at e r i al ,i f n ot i n s p i r i t u al a ffai rs — fro m t ho s e wh o m t hey

r egard ed as t hei r s up er i o rs . U n d er e n l i gh tened an d
 T H E OUTLOOK . 2 99

en l i gh ten i n g l ead e rs h i p , firm b ut gen ero u s , t h ey m i ght

have b een m ad e pro mp t d i s c i pl es an d c ap abl e p ar t n e rs ,
wi t h as m uch b en e fi t t o t h e m s elve s as t o t he ne w
co mers . Th at , i n d ee d , h as h app en e d i n o t he r p ar t s
of Afr i c a, as well as i n o t her p a r ts o f t he wo rld ,
an d e ve n , t h o ugh rare ly a n d i n a d e qu a t ely , i n p o r t i ons
o f t h e C o n go B as i n . The re , h o weve r , t he pa r t i al an d
alm o s t a cc i d en t a l s ucc es s o f c i v i l i s i n
g agen c i es h as d one
l i tt l e m o re t h an d em on s t rat e t he fo lly an d wi ck ed nes s
o f t h e o t h e r an d by n o m eans c i v i l i s i n
g ag en c ies a t wo rk.

Fro m t he firs t t he pre d o m i n at i n g i n flu en ces an d a ch i e ve

m en t s h av e b een d e gr ad i n g , n o t el evat i n g Wh ateve r.

adv a n t ages t o t he n at i ve s m ay h av e re s ul t e d fr o m m i s

s i o n ary e ffo r t s and s c i en t i fic i n qu i r i es an d t r a vell e rs

’

pas t i m es ,t he ch i e f ai m an d t he ch i e f a t t ai n m en t o f wh i t e
m en s i n t ru s io n i n Co n go lan d h ave b een n o t t he n at i ves ,
’

pro fi t , b u t t he i r o wn S o i t was i n t he early d ay s ,when

.

o n ly t h e o t h e rw i se u n i n v i t i n g c o as t s w er e s c o ure d i n o rd e r

to pro v i d e A m e r i c an a n d o t h e r s uga r pl an t at i on s an d
co tt o n fi eld s w i t h s l ave s , for wh o m t he paym e n t ,if any
was m ad e , pr i n c i p ally c ons i s t e d o f p o i s ono u s l i qu o rs an d
m o re i mm e d i at e ly d es t ruc t i v e i mpl e m en t s o f war S O i t .

i s no w , wh en a ll a cc es s i bl e re g i o ns i n t he i n te ri o r are
s c o ure d for i vo ry an d rubb e r an d s o fo r t h ; w i t h t oo l s a n d

t e x t i l e fabr i c s a dd e d t o t he rum a n d ri fl es , t he gi n an d
gu n po wd e r ,wh i ch we re t he form e r s t a pl es o f t r ad e I f t he .

o ver s ea s l a v e t r a ffic h as b een s uppr e s s ed an d t h e en s l ave

-

m en t o f on e n at i ve by ano t h er fo rb i dd en ,t he o ld fo rm s
o f s l ave ry h a ve b ee n s ucc ee d e d o r s uppl e m en t e d by n ew,

m ore gr i n d i n g an d h at e ful t o t h e v i c t i m s , an d for t he

s at i s fac t i o n o f wh i t e i ns tead o f bl a ck o ppr esso r s . S avage
cu s to m s an d i n s t i t u t i on s ha ve b een c o n d e m n e d an d i n te r
fere d w i t h i n s o fa r as t h e y pr oved i n c o n ve n i e n t t o t he
u s urp e rs o f l an d a n d i t s pro duce , b u t ,fo r t he m os t p a r t
wi t h n o t h i n g b ut i n cr e as e o f s a vage ry . U n d e r C on g o
S t at e rul e,i f n o whe re e l s e ,t he t r i b es m os t prone t o k i ll i ng
an d e at i ng t h ei r n e i ghb o ur s h av e b een all o w ed t o c o n t i n u e
3 00 CIV ILI SATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

an d e x ten d t hei r c ann i b al i s m ; and t he C ong o S t at e has

on ly b een m ore r eckl es s an d u ns crupul o u s t h an i t s Br i t i s h ,

Fr en ch,Germ an,and Po r t uguese asso c i at es i n t r ai n i n g an d

a rm i n g t he m os t w arl i k e for figh t i n g an d s l a ugh t e ri n g

purpos es of t hei r own All t hi s i s i n m ons tro u s con t e mpt

.

an d d e fi an ce of t he avo we d i n te n t i on s an d t h e e xpl i c i t

i n j u n ct i ons o f t he Bru s s e l s a s we ll as o f t h e B erl i n Co n

fe ren c e .

Nor has any m o re r es p e c t b een p ai d t o t he free t rad e

s t i pul at i o n s o f t he B e rl i n C o n fe re n c e .

Th e F r e e Trad e
Great B r i t ai n , h avi n g i t s gen eral
! ues t i on .

fi s c al p o l i cy t o upho ld , an d as y et
m aki n g n o c o mm erc i al us e o f i t s s m all p ort i on of C on go
l an d , i s not an offen d er i n t hi s res pec t ; an d i n Ge rm an y
th e re i s s uffic i en t a ppre c i at i on o f t he adv an t ages o f free
t rad e , no t at h o m e, b ut fo r i t s c o l on i al p os s es s i on s ,
t o pre ven t abu s e o f t he pr o v i s i o n s o f t he B erl i n A ct h er e
i n vo lved B ut i n the i mm ed i at ely adj o i n i n g t erri t o ry o f
Fran ce—an d al s o o f Por t ugal ,t h o ugh t he l at ter may be
.

s c arc e ly w o r t h t ak i ng acc o u n t o f—t he C on g o S t at e h as ap t

pupi l s , an d acc o mpl i ces as z eal o u s as t h ey can be I n .

Fren ch Con goland pers i s t en t e ffo rt s h ave of l ate been

m ade , an d are s t i ll bei n g m a de , to i m it ate t he rei n the
i ll eg al m ono po l i s t s ys te m t o wh i ch t he C o ngo S t at e
a n d i t s favo uri t es owe m os t o f t he s pur i o u s s uccess t h ey

enj oy . There i s i m i t at i on a l s o o f t he arb i t rary an d

e xc es s i v e t a x at i on o f t he C o n go S t at e
, i n t he s h ap e o f
l i cen ces a n d t he l i k e,wh i ch i s ,t o s ay t he l eas t ,an abu se
o f t h e pr i vi l eges acc ord e d by t h e B e rl i n C o n fer en c e as

reg ard s t he c oll e ct ion ,fro m t h ose who use ri vers ,h arb o ur s ,
an d s o fo r t h ,o f s u ffi c i en t r eve n ue t o p ay for t hei r c on
s t ruc t i on an d upk e ep .

O n t hes e p oi n t s en o u g h h as b ee n s ai d , p erh ap s , i n
previ o us p a ges but t he ve ry c a ut i o us vi ew of t he s i t u at i on
pres en t e d by C o ns ul Pi ck e rs gi ll i n 1 8 9 8 may he re b e
quot e d M at t ers h ave c er t ai n ly n ot i mpro ved i n the five
.

years s i n c e he rep or ted t h at o f t he E urop eans t hen i n t he

 3 02 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGO LAND .

t i on of the re qui re m e n t s O f t h e B e rl i n an d B ru s s el s Con

fe re n c es as r e g a rd s a l i k e t he n at i v e p o pul at i o n s an d t he
o u t s i d e w o rld .
I f B el g i um ,whe n i t h as t he ch an c e ,d e cl i nes
t o a cc e p t t h e u g ly l eg a cy , a s i t m ay r e as o n a bly d o , an d
i f K i n g Le o p o ld s s ucc e s s o r i s n o t i n a p os i t i o n t o c a rry o n
’

h i s pr oj e c t ,Fr an c e h as t he re ver s i on , an d i n t h i s fa c t i s ,
a pp ar en t ly ,t h e s t r on g es t m o t i v e an d e xcu s e ,s uch a s i t m ay

b e ,fo r r e c en t l ea n i n g s o f Fr en ch s t at e s m e n a n d a mb i ti on s
o f Fr e n ch s p e cul at or s .

I t i s fo r th e o t h er s i g n at o r i es t o t he B erl i n a n d B ru s s e l s
Gen er a l Ac t s t o d e c i d e whe t h er t hey
T h e Nee d f o r
ar e w i ll i n g t h at t h e s y s te m at i c an d
i nt e r n at i on a l Act i o n
.

d e l i b er at e perve r s i on o f po l i cy t hey s o
s t r o n gly i n s i s t e d up o n i n 1 8 8 4 ,an d a g ai n i n 1 8 8 9 ,s h all b e

fur t her d evel o pe d an d r en d er e d pe rm an en t wh et he r ,wh i l e

s o m e o f t h e m are eag e rly ai m i n g at a n d a cqu i r i n g fr es h

t e rr i to ri e s a n d m ark e t s i n o t h e r p a r t s o f Afr i c a fo r t h ei r
es p e c i al b en e fi t ,t h e y c o n s e n t t o t h e a ppr o pri at i on o f t he

v as t C o n go B as i n by t ho s e t o wh o m i t s gu ard i an s hi p an d
m an age m en t hav e b een e n t rus t ed ,n o t for t hei r o wn s elfi s h
us e o r m i s u s e, b ut for t he a dv a n t a ge o f t h e i n d i g en o u s

i n h ab i t an t s an d o f the c i v i l i s e d w o rld
. T h e ap athy s h o wn
by t hese s i g nat o ry Po we r s h i t he r to i s well n i gh i ne x
pl i cabl e Sure ly t he t i m e has fully arr i v ed for ac t io n on
.

t h ei r p a r t , if n o t on b e h al f o f t he w or s t s uffer er s , t h ei r
n at i ve cl i en t s ,at any r ate i n t he i r o wn i n t e r es t s .

T he t wo i ss u es at s t ak e c an n o t b e s e p ar a te d . I f t he
pri m ary o bj e ct fo r wh i ch t he B e rl i n C o n fe re n ce w as con
v ened ,t he as s er t i on an d att ai n m en t o f equ i t a bl e free t r a d e
wi t hi n an d t hro ugho ut t he C o n go B as i n , i s no l on ge r
c a re d for,t he i n i qu it o us an d pe ri l o u s t reat m en t t o wh i ch
t he m i ll i o n s o f i t s ab o r i g i n al r a c es are s ubj e c t ed i mp os es
m o ral obl i gat i ons o n a ll r es po ns i bl e for i t wh i ch c ann o t
hono ur ably ,an d ,m o re t h an t h at ,prud en t ly b e i gn o re d .

L et i t b e re m e mb er ed t h at i n t he hear t o f Afr i c a ,vi t ally

a ffe c t i n g t h e we l fa r e o f all t he s urro u n d i n g p o r t i on s o f t he

c ont i n en t whi ch are i n present or pros pect i ve o ccup at i on

 T H E OUTLOOK .
303

by t he E uro pean Po wer s i s a po i son o u s gro wt h o f s pur i o u s

c i vi l i s at i o n wh i c h c on t a m i n at es an d m o re t han t hreat en s
o ve rwh e lm i n g i n j u ry t o a ll i t s n e i ghb o urs . T he t err i t o ry
o f t h e C o n g o S t a t e h as b ee n c o n ve r t e d i n to a v as t fi e ld

o f h a v o c an d s p o l i a t i o n , m a i n ly t hr o u h t h e t r a i n i n g an d
g
a rm i n g o f C o n g o s a v a es fo r t h e s h oo t i n g o f o t h er s a v a ges
g .

Even t s h av e t he re pro v e d t h at ,t ho ugh t he t r ai n i n g an d

a rm i n g m ay b e o f l as t i n g e ffe c t , t he u s es t o wh i ch t h e
y
h av e b een p ut ar e t e mpo rary ,a n d c an n o t b e o t he r t h an
d an ge ro u s t o t h e a u t ho r s T he C on go S t at e has create d
.

wh at wi ll s ure ly b e i t s o wn N e m es i s , an d h as t a k en a
l e a d i n g p a r t i n t he o rg an i s a t i o n o f fo rc es o f s av age ry
whi ch ,when t h ey h ave s e rve d t h e i r i mm ed i at e purp os e ,if
no t b e fo r e , w i ll i n e v i t a bly wre ck t he m a ch i n e ry o f we ll

m ean t o r i ll - m e a n t , o r at an y r at e ill — con t ri ve d an d

T o t h os e by wh o m
”
d is as t ro us , c i v i l i s a t i o n i n Afri c a
“
.

hum an i t ari an O bl i g at io ns are s co u t ed ,con s i d e ra t i o n o f t hi s

qu es t i on o f e xped i en cy i s ear nest ly c o mm e n ded .
3 06 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

Blantyre,2 66,2 67 omi te S pécial du Ka tanga,2 65,2 67

B odson,Li eut ,1 2 7 . omm er ci al Compani es S ee Anglo .

B ol °b 01 I 9 ,9 5: I 9 5 B elgi an ,Compagni e,Co mptoir,an d

B oma, 1 9 ,34,65,67 ,1 2 1 ,1 2 2 ,1 7 5, S oci été
2 43 ,2 44 ; Com pagn i e d es Magasi ns Gén éraux,
B omak andi ,1 49 121

B omu,th e ri er,1 47 v C om pagn i e d es Produi ts du Congo,

B onny,Mr Willi am ,9 1 ,9 5
. 1 08
v
B on all et,Capt ,2 2 7 . Com pag n i e d a Chemi n de F er,1 09 ,
B oshart ,Capt August ,7 6 ,2 3 8 . 1 23 . 1 7 0. 2 43

B razza ,M de,3 6 ,3 8 ,46 ,2 8 9 ,2 9 0

. C om pagn i e d a Cong o pour le Com
r v m erce et l I ndust ri e, 1 08 ,1 09 ,1 20,
’
B azza i l le,3 7 ,46 ,2 44,2 9 1
r
B i ti sh Central Afri ca ,1 2 8 1 2 3 , 1 2 6,1 3 1 ,1 3 9
r
B i t ish Congolan d,6 1 ,2 8 2 ,2 8 3 C om pagni e d u Ka tanga, 1 09 , 1 2 6,
B ri ti sh Eas t Afri can Com pany , th e, 1 2 9 ,1 3 0,2 6 3 ,2 6 6

1 48 ,1 6 6 Com pto ir C ol on ial F ran cai s,294

B ri ti sh S outh Afr i ca Company , th e, C om p toi r Commer ci al Congolai s,243 ,
1 2 6 ,1 2 8 ,1 29 ,1 66 ,2 8 4 2 51
B rowne de T i ege,M ,1 40,1 69 . Concess i onna i r e system in F rench
B rugmann ,M Georges ,1 2 1 ,1 3 1. C ongoland,t he,2 9 2 -2 96
B russels ,King Le po s C onference
o l d
’
v
C on go, th e Con en ti onal B asi n of
at,i n 1 8 7 6 ,2 6 th e ,1 ,6 1
B russels Exhib i ti on o f 1 8 9 7 ,th e,2 4 1 C on go,th e ki ngdom of,7 ,8
r
B russels I nte na ti onal Co n fe en ce ,t h e, r v
C on go, th e ri er, 7,9 , 1 6 . S ee a lso
1 1 2 -1 1 6, 1 2 0, 1 44 , 1 51 , 1 64 , 1 7 5, L ualab a .

2 7 2 ; th e General Act of,1 1 3 -1 1 5, r

Cong o F ee S tate,the,i ts origin ,
26,
1 2 0,1 3 8 ,1 3 9 ,2 8 5 29 . 4 7 . ,se . 51 . 53 . 59 i ts
j
B ud a ri sings ,the,2 52 ,2 53 ,2 55,2 63 o rgani sat i on , 64 .
66 ; i ts rel ati ons
_

B unk ei a ,1 2 7 wi t h B elgi um, 1 09 , 1 1 7 -1 1 9 , 1 68

B urrows,Ca t Guy,2 6 3 n 1 7 0, 2 7 1 -2 7 8 ; i ts domazn e
'

. .
pr i vé,
B ushmen an H otten tots,the,2 1 3 1 -1 3 9 , 2 4 8 , 2 49 ; i ts budget s,
r
B usi a,th e ri er,1 09 v 2 50 ; i ts presen t
posi ti on,2 7 7 ,2 8 1 ,
2 9 8 -3 02 .

Cabi n da S ee Kabi nda Con golan d , B ri ti sh, 6 1 , 2 8 2 -2 8 4

.

Cam,D i ogo,1 ,7 F ren ch ,6 1 ,2 8 9 -2 9 6 ; Ger man , 6 1 ,

Camb i er,Capt 2 9 ,1 09 . 1 65 2 8 4, 2 8
5 ; Port uguese, 6 1 , .

Cameron ,Commander , 1 3 ,1 6,2 6,2 7 2 8 6 -2 8 9

Cani si us,Mr Edgar,2 63 n .
Con en ti ons , Treati es, and I n ter
. v
Capello,B ri to,3 9 na ti on al A r eemen ts of th e Con o
g g
Cas emen t,Con sul ,2 8 8 S ta te w i th B elg i um i n 1 8 8 5,60,6 1 ,
Cataracts di s tr i ct of th e Congo S tate, 2 72 ; in 1 8 8 9 , 1 0 , 1 1 0 ; in 1 8 0
9 9 ,
t h e,1 22 ,1 7 8
7 ,2 7 5 3 i n i 1 8 9 51
1 1 7 ,I 4 I ) 2 7 1 ,2 2
Catti er,Prof F ,64,66,7 5,1 4 1 ,1 7 3 , 1 6 ,2 7 1 ,2 7 3 i i n 1 9 0 1 ,2 7 . 2 77
9 3
. .

—
I 74 Wi th F ran ce i n 1 8 8 5,60 ; i n 1 89 4 ,

—
Chal ti n,Capt ,1 62 ,2 2 8 ,2 2 9 ,2 3 1 ,2 8 3 1 66 , 1 6 7 ; i n 1 8 9 ,1 7 0,1 7 1 wi th
.
5
Chamberlai n ,Mr oseph,1 2 5n . J
Germany i n 1 8 8 4 ,6o wi th Great
.

Chambez i ,th e ri er,1 6 vB ri ta i n i n 1 8 8 4 ,60 i n 1 8 9 4 ,1 66,

—
—
cag ed “ ,1 7 3 ,1 7 4,1 7 9 1 68 , 2 3 1 , 2 8
3 wi th the Uni ted
Clzzeotte,the,1 9 1 ,2 52
’

S ta tes i n 1 8 8 4 ,47 ,59 wi th other

Chi le,i n th e Arab one ,1 54 Z
c o un tr i es ,60
Chri sti aens ,Capt ,2 2 8 .
of F ra n ce wi th Germany i n
Cl een e,F ather d e,202 1 8 8 4 . 50 . S I
C odri ngton ,Mr Rob ert, 2 8 4 o f Gr eat B ri tai n wi th German
y
—
.

Coi mb ra,I oureneo de S ouza,1 4 i n 1 8 8 6 , 1 6 5 ; i n 1 8 9 0, 1 65 wi th

’
s
Comi té d xtudes du H aut-Congo ,th e Po r tug al i n 1 8 8 4 ,46,51 ,2 8 6
.

S ee Congo F ree S tate C oqui lh at ,Capt ,8 7

.
.
 INDEX .
3 07

v
C oq ui lhat i l le,1 9 4 F ashoda,1 68 ,2 44
Con /( e,the ,i n t he Co ngo S tate,1 F ayala ,2 43
77
Cou rc el ,B aron de ,51 ,56 ,57 r
F e ry ,M ul es ,50
. J
Cour t n ey ,M r L eonar d ,2 24 ,2 7 2
.
F or ce Publ zque, th e, of
'

th e C ong o
S tate. 7 5. I Z S. 1 7 4 . I 7 S. 1 8 5. 2 47 .
D arfu r,2 2 8 2 48 ,2 50,2 6 2
D aumas ,B éraud e t Ci e ,1 2 1 ,1 1 F orced lab our i n Angola ,2 8 7 under
3
D ean e ,Mr Wal ter ,8 5-8 7
.
th e Con go S ta te,7 3 ,1 8 6 ,2 44 ,2 45,
B éer ai s ,M ,2 9 4 ,2 9 5
.
2 46 ,2 62
D ecr ees and Ordi n an ces of the Con o F ran ck en ,Li eut ,1 8 8
g .

S ta t e i n 1 8 8 5,69 , 1 3 3 ; 1 8 8 6 ,1 2 0 ; F ran cq ui ,C a p t , 1 2 7 ,2 2 8 .

1 8 8 7 . 70 : 1 8 8 8 .
73 . 7 s ; 1 889. 7 x F rench Congol an d ,1 0 ,2 2 ,3 6 -3 8 ,4 6,
7 3 . 1 20. 1 3 4 ; 1 8 9 0 . 1 2 5. 1 3 4 2 45,2 8 9 -2 9 6
189 1. t
3 5. 1 7 3 ; 1 8 9 2 . 1 4 1 . 1 4 2 ; Fr ench re l ati on s wi th the Congo S tate,
1 89 3 . 1 7 5 ;
50,1 46 ,1 66 ,1 67 ,1 70,2 9 3 ,3 0 2
of F rench Co n o ,2 2 ,2
g 9 95
o f Por tu uese C on o ,2 8 Gab oon,t he ,4 ,1 1 ,2 2 ,3 6,46
g g 7
D el angh e,Capt ,2 2 7 .
Gand u,1 51 ,1 54 ,1 60,1 6 1 ,2 3 2 ,2 3 3
B em o l ,M ,1 8 0,1 8 1
.
Garenganze , 1 2 8
D es cam ps ,Capt , 1 46 ,1 50 . Gel e , Capt Va n , 8 5, 1 0 5, 1 08 , 1 46 ,
.

D han is , B aron , 1 08 , 2 54 ; hi s Arab I 47

Z o n e ex edi t i on ,1
p 51 -1 6 3 ,1 77 ,1 8 2 , Gerard ,Cap t ,2 2 8 .

1 8 5, 2 8 2 hi s Wel le expedi ti on , G erman Afr i can S oci e ty ,th e ,2 7

2 28 , 23 2, 28 hi s o perati o n s German C ong o l an d,6 1 ,1 6 5,2 8 4 ,2 8 5
3 ;
aga i ns t t he B a t e tel a ,2 0,2 2 ,2 3 4 ,
3 3 r
G e man Eas t Afr i ca ,1 6 5,2 8 4
23 6 241— r
G e many s rela ti ons wi t h th e Congo
’

D h an is ,L o ui s ,2 3 4 S tate ,50,1 6 5
D i az ,Paol o ,9 Gi er tsen ,Li eut ,2 56 .

D i lk e , S i r Charl es W , 22 4, 2 70m, . Gil li an ,L i eut ,2 3 3 .

2 7 2 . 2 79 v
Gla e,M r E J ,1 2 1 ,1 7 9 -1 9 9
. . .

D irfi,2 2 9 ,2 3 0 G l oi r e,Capt ,2 3 7 .

j
D abi r , th e Niam -N ia m chi ef, 1 0 8 , Gongo L utete ,th e B ate tel a ch i ef,1 51
1 4 7 ,1 4 8 ; th e to w n ,2 64 1 56 ,1 60, 1 6 1 , 1 7 5,2 3 2
D oma i ne P ri v! of th e C ongo S tate , Gord on ,Gen e ra l ,4 3 ,1 47
t h e . 1 3 1 -1 3 9 . 1 4 1 -1 4 3 . 2 48 . 2 49 . v
G o a ,Fran cesco d e ,8
2 8 0 ,2 9 2 v
Gr an i ll e,Ear l ,51
D oncki er,Capt ,2 2 8 Gr eat B ri tai n s r elati ons w i th th e
’
.

D ongu ,2 2 8 Con go S tat e,60 ,1 66 ,1 68 ,2 3 1 ,2 8 3

D oorm e : Ca pt ” 1 6 3 ,2 2 9 : 2 3 7 1 2 52 G ren fel l,Rev George,7 8 ,2 0 2 ,2 2 6.

D uch es ne ,L i eut ,1 60 . Grogan ,Mr E S ,2 3 9 ,2 57 . . .

D ufil e , 1 50 G ui l lai n,M 2 9 0 ,2 9 2 .

v
D ut ch ad ances i n Co ngol an d,1 0
H ambursi n,L i eut ,1 8 5 .

v
Eet eld e,B aron Van ,6 5,7 2 ,1 63 ,1 7 2 H am ed -bi n -M oham med S ee Ti pu .

Egypt i a n S udan ,the , 1 66 Ti pu .

Em i n Pasha,1 8 7 H an o l et ,Ca pt ,2 3 1 .

Emi n Pash a Rel i ef Exp edi ti on,th e,8 7 , H arri son ,Mr F red eri c,2 7 2 .

1 0 3 , 1 1 7 ,2 8 2 H atton a nd C ook son , Mess rs , 1 2 1 ,

ua te ur d i st ii ct , th e, of th e Con go 290
t at e r 1 3 6, 1 7 5: I 9 3 ,I 9 4,2 55: H ausas i n t he Congo S tate ser vi ce,

2 62 n . I 7s
uat eur vi l le,1 9 5 H e nfy,Li eut ,2 3 4,2 3 7 .

tat I n dep endan t d u

’
Congo
. S ec H ess ,M ean ,2 9 4
. J
Congo F r ee S ta te . H od i s ter,M , 1 3 0, 1 53 .

H ol t ,M r ohn ,2 7 9
. J
Fans ,th e,4 H ol t C o ,M essrs ,2 90
.
 3 08 CIVILISATI ON IN CONGOLAND .

H opkin s ,Consul ,20 Ki v u,Lak e,2 57 ,2 8 4

H opki n son ,Con sul ,2 8 8 Kongo S ee C ongo . .

J
H oud re t,M ules ,2 2 4 K wan go,the Congo S tate di s tri ct,1 51 ,
th e ri ver,3 9 ,7 8
.

2 4 3 ,2 8 5

I ki lam ba ,th e r i ver ,1 9 4 Kwanz a ,th e ri ver,9 ,1 3

I n te rn a ti onal A fri can As soci ati on ,th e, Kwi lu,the r i v er,46
2 6 , 2 7 , 2 9 ,1 1 7 . S ee C ong o F ree
S t at e .
L ad o ,1 50 ,2 8 3
I nt erna ti ona l A s soci ati on of th e Con go , La d o encl a ve,the,2 2 7 ,2 28 ,2 3 1 ,2 63 ,

3 0 ,3 6 S ee C ongo F ee S tate
.
28 3 r .

I sangi , 1 9 3 L am b e rmon t,Ba ron ,56 ,57 ,1 1 3 ,1 1 5

I sang il a ,3 5 Lam oth e ,M d e,2 8 9 ,2 9 0 .

v
I ens ,Rob er to ,3 9 Lan ck er, udge d e,2 1 9 J
Las chet ,Li eut ,1 9 2 .

J ac qu es ,Ca p t , 1 3 0 ,1 4 5,1 46 ,1 53 . v
L a i g eri e ,Cardi nal ,1 1 2 ,1 3 0,1 4 5
J ames o n , M r .
J
S ,9 0, 9 1 ,9 3 ,9 7 , L ega t ,Li eut ,1 2 7
. . .

1 0 1 , 1 04 L emai re,Cap t 1 3 6 .

J v
anss en , Go ern or -General , 6 5, 6 8 , L e M ari nel ,Cap t Georges ,1 3 5,1 3 6 , .

I 47
Janss en s ,Ca p t ,2 2 8 . L e Ma i n el ,Capt Pa ul ,8 0 , 8 3 ,1 08 , r .

ephs on ,M r M o un tenay,9 0,9 1 1 2 7 -1 2 9 ,1 51

JJ
.

o h ns ton ,S i r H arr y ,2 ,1 2 8 Le m ery ,Li eut ,1 8 8 ,1 8 9 ,1 90 .

Leo X I I I ,Pop e,1 1 2

oub er t ,Ca pt , 1 4 5,1 46 ,1 53
—
. .

J uli a n ,Capt ,2 2 9 . Leop old I I ,Ki n g h is B russels Con .

fer ence of 1 8 7 6 ,2 6 hi s foun di ng of

Kaba m b a re , 1 57 , 1 6 2 ,1 63 ,1 8 1 ,1 8 2 ,
1 8 4 , 1 8 5, 1 9 0 ,2 3 6 -2 3 9
Kab i nd a , t h e n ati es of,4 ,2 8 8 ; t he
Po rtuguese i n ,1 1 ,2 2 ,2 8 5,2 8 8
Kalam ba ,th e B as hilange chi ef,7 ,8 0 ,
th e Congo S t at e, 2 9 -3 1 , 59 ; h i s
p osi ti on as i ts S o er e ign , 6 1 , 62 , v
v
2 7 2 ; hi s wi l l , 1 09 , 1 6 9 ; h i s sha re
i n th e B russels I n t ern at i on al Con
fer ence, 1 1 2 ; hi s l ett er t o M .

I 47 Woest e, 2 7 4 , 2 7 5 ; hi s messag e to
Kal i n da ,2 3 3 th e Ab ori gin es Pro tecti on S oci e ty ,
Kas ai ,th e Cong o S tate d is tri ct ,1 7 5, 2 7 9 , 2 8 01 S ee a l s o C o mpa n i e,
g .

2 3 3 . 2 58 . 2 80 ; th e ri er. 3 9 . 7 8 . v
C ongo F ree S ta t e , C on en ti ons ,
'
v
7 9 . 1 09 D ecrees ,S oci et e,& c .

Kas ai m assacres ,the ,2 58 Le opol d ,L ak e,3 9

Kasali or Ki sal e,Lake ,2 64 L eOPOId Vi ne, 3 9 , 4 3 , 6 7 : 9 2 : 9 4a
Kas ongo , 1 51 , 1 53 , 1 57 , 1 58 , 1 6 2 , 1 09 . 1 9 5. 1 9 6
1 6 3 , 1 8 7 ,1 8 8 ,1 9 0,1 9 1 ,2 3 6 , 2 3 7 , L er o i ,Ca t ,2 2 9 ,2 0
p 3 .

2 68 L e é ue ,M Gus ta e , v . v
K aso ngo ,New , 1 8 8 L i bér r i n t h e Congo S t a te ,1 77 ,1 8 0,
Kasson ,M r ,53 .
I! S
K a tanga, 3 9 , 7 9 ,1 09 , 1 2 7 -1 2 9 , 1 44 , Li b okwa ,263
1 4 5. 2 64 -2 6 9 L i b e i ll e ,1 1 ,2 9 0 rv
Ka tan ga, C om pagni e d u S ee Com L i o tard ,M ,2 3 2.
.

pag ni e .
Li i ngst one ,D r ,1 5,1 6 v
v
.

Ka ali ,2 2 9 Lo an da ,San Paol o d e ,9 ,1 0 ,1 1 ,2 86

Kaz emb e,2 66 L oan go ,1 1 ,2 2 ,2 90
Kerckh oven ,Comman dan t Van , 1 05, Lo ban gul a,1 8 3 ,1 8 4
1 46 -1 51 ,1 68 ,2 2 7 ,2 3 1 Lo m ani ,th e r i er ,7 8 ,1 45,1 51 ,1 54, v
Ki bal i ,th e ri er,1 49 v 1 6 2 ,2 3 2
Ki ban gula ,1 8 7 ,1 9 0 Lon g ,Capt ,1 46 .

Ki bon go ,1 8 7 ,1 9 2 L op ori ,th e ri er ,1 40 v

Ki lwa ,2 64 L orand ,M Geo ges ,2 7 6 . r
Ki muenza ,1 9 5 Loth ai re, Ma or , 1 6 2 , 1 63 ,1 8 7 ,2 00 , j
Ki t ete,Pi an a ,1 8 7 ,1 9 1 2 0 1 ,2 3 3 1 2 4 1 ,2 51 ,2 52 ; 2
53 ,2 54
 3 10 CIVILISATION IN CONGOLAN D .

O vi mb unda,th e ,1 3 S em i o ,th e Ubangi chi ef,1 4 7 ,1 48 ,1 49

S em l i k i V all ey ,the,2 3 4 ,2 56 ,2 8 2
Pal abal a ,44 ,1 2 4 S en egal i s i n the Congo S tate ser i ce, v
Park e . D r T H 9 0
g
. . .
I 7

Parmi n ter,Ma o r,1 2 2 ,1 3 1 -1 3 4, 1 3 7 j S en t y , or sen ti nel , sys tem , th e, i n

t h e Congo S ta te,1 7 9 ,2 1 2
9
i
1
S er mgae s ystem,th e,i n Angola,1 77
'

Par n i n t er,Mr Al fred,2 2 ,2 o 5u . .

Peas e,Mr Al fr ed E ,2 7 9 ha r pe ,S i r Al fred ,1 2 8

S heppard,Rev H W ,2 59
. .

Per es Blancs ,M i ssi on des S ee Wh i te .

. . .

F a th ers Mi ssi on . S h i n k ak asa Fort,2 3 8 ,2 62

Pet zt B lm of B russel s,2 53 n S i erra L eoneans i n the Congo S tate
'

v
.

Pi card ,M Ed ouard ,2 44,2 48

. ser i ce,1 2 5 1 9 2 .

Ponta da L enha ,20 S i m s ,Rev D r A ,2 02

. . .

Pon thi er ,Cap t ,1 48 , 1 62 ,1 8 5 . S i n ad e,M , 1 8 5

.

v
Po n thi er i ll e,1 9 2 Sj ob l o m , Rev E V , . . 2 2 5, .

Portuguese,th e,in Congolan d ,1 , 7 , 2 26

2 2 . 46 . 50. 24 5. 2 46 . 2 8 5. 2 8 6 . 2 8 9 S m e t de Naeyer ,Count de,2 7 3 ,2 74 ,

2 76
'

P r estat zom i n t h e Congo S ta te ,1 60,

I 7 4 ,I 7 9 S oci été Anonyme B el ge pour l e Com
’
Prin ce s I s lan d,1 1 ,2 8 7 m e r ce au H aut -C ongo , 1 08 , 1 2 1 ,
Pueto ,2 65,2 66,2 68 1 2 2 , 1 2 9 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 1

Pyg mi es ,t he,of Congol and ,2 ,3 ,1 8 S o ci été An ti -Escla agis te de B elgi que, v

1 3 0 ,1 4 5,1 8 0
Rabi n ek affai r,the,2 66-2 70 ,2 8 4 S oc i été An versoi se du Commerce au
Ras hid , nephew of Ti pu-Ti pu , 8 6 C on go, 1 40 , 1 4 1 , 1 9 5, 2 4 1 , 2 4 2 ,
1 00 ,1 48 ,1 6 1 ,1 62 2 4 3 ,2 51 : 2 52 1 2 53 ,2 6 3
Regi s et C i e ,1 2 1 . S o ci été d es Ch em i ns de F er i ci naux v
j
Re af,2 3 1 d u Mayom b e,2 43
Rez en ,B aron de,1 9 6 S oci ét é d u Manyema ,1 69
Rh o des ,Mr Ceci l ,1 2 6,1 67 ,2 8 4
. S oci été F ran cai se,1 3 1
'
Ri ba Ri ba,1 3 0 ,1 53 ,1 8 9 ,1 9 0,1 9 1
- S o ci ét é G en eral e Afri cai ne ,1 4 1 ,1 42
Ri sa r i ,1 8 9 ,1 9 0 S o ci été H o l l and ai se,1 3 1
Roget ,Capt ,1 08 ,1 46 ,1 47 ,1 51 . S ouza ,F er nan d e ,1 0
Ro m ,Capt ,1 9 3 . S tai r s ,Capt W G ,9 0,1 2 7 -1 2 9 ,1 4 5 . . .

Ro ub ai n ,M d e,1 3 1 . tan l ey ,S i r H M ,1 6 -1 9 , 2 8 ,3 0-45, . .

Rubi ,th e ri er ,7 8 v 8 8 -1 06 ,1 2 2 ,1 44 ,1 7 7 ,1 8 0
Rue ,Li eut ,1 8 9 ,1 9 0 . S tan ley Fal ls , the di stri ct , 1 7 5, 2 2 9 ,
Ruki ,th e ri er,7 8 v 2 3 9 , 2 55 t h e s tati on , 1 8 , 40 , 4 1 ,
Rur al iza , th e U i i ch i ef, 1 62 , 1 8 2 jj
8 47 8 7 » 9 5,9 9 ,1 04 : 1 3 0 : I 49 : 1 6 2 ,
I 5 g 1 92
S tan ley P001,1 9 1 3 5,39 ) 9 3 s 1 2 3 : 1 3 1 1
S ain t Thomas ’ s I sl and,1 1 ,2 8 7 I 44
r
S al i sb u y,th e Marq ui s of,1 1 2 S te wa t ,S i r Ma k J ,2 7 9 r r .

S al us b ury ,Capt P ,aosn S t ok es a f ai r ,the,2 00 ,2 0 1 ,2 4 1

. . .

S an Antoni o,7 ,8 S t ra uch,Col ,3 0,3 2 ,3 7 ,50,65

v
.

S an S al ado ,8 r S ud an , th e Egypti an , 1 50, 1 66,2 2 4 ,

S an fo rd , Gen eral H S ,2 7 ,2 9 ,4 7 , 2 2 7 ,2 3 1 ,2 8
.
3.

4 9 , 1 08 ,1 2 1 S u n dt ,Li eut ,1 9 3 .

S an fo rd Expl ori ng Exp edi ti on , th e, S un u la,th e Man ema chi ef 1 2 1 8

g y ,5 , 3
1 0 8 ,1 2 1 ,1 2 2 S wanz y ,M r F ,2 7 9 . .

S angeb uno ,the Mambutu chi ef, 1 49

v
S a nk uru,the ri er,7 8 ,7 9 ,8 2 ,1 2 7 ,1 6
3 T an ganyi ka, Lak e, 1 ,8 ,1 5, 1 6,2 9 ,
S annaes ,Cap t ,2 3 5,2 64 .
1 44 ,I 4 S: 1 66: 2 3 7 ,2 3 9 ,
J
S cot t, ohn,2 1 ,2 2 n 2 84 .

S efu,son of Ti pu -T ipu,8 3 ,1 51 ,1 5 , Tern an Ma o 2

3 , , 3 4,2 8 3 j r
I SS,I 7 ,I
S 59 ,1 8 2 Th omp son ,Joseph ,2 6,8 8
 IND EX .
3 1 1

Thys , C ol ,1 09 ,1 2 0, 1 3 1 , 1 3 9 ,2 44 , Van Roms le, Mgr ,2 02

. .

293 Van Wert ,C omman dan t ,2 56

Tzmer ,th e,1 50,2 2 4
'

v
V i i . 3 4 . 3 5. 40. 4 3 . 4 s. 65. 1 2 2
Ti pu -Ti pu,1 5, 1 7 , 4 1 ,8 8 , 1 44 , 1 45, Vi i an ,L ord , 1 1 2 , 1 1 7 v
Vombo,9 3
T orren s Act ,th e ,2 9 3
Tor di s tri ct of Ugand a,th e,2 3 4 ,2 8 2 , Wab und u,1 9 2
2 3 ; Wad elai ,1 4 9 ,1 50
Trea ti es , I nt ernati onal S ee Con . Wahi s,Go ernor-General , 1 7 2 , 1 7 8 , v
ven t i o n s . 2 1 9 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 4 ) 2 2 5,2 3 3 ) 2 54
Treati es , M r S tanl ey’ s , wi th Congo Wangwan a ,the,1 8 1 ,1 8 2 ,1 9 0
.

v
n at i es ,4 3 -4 5,6 8 Ward , Mr H erb ert, 8 7 ,9 1 ,9 5,9 9 , .

T ro up ,M r Ross ,7 4 ,9 0,9 4 ,9 9 ,1 00
. 1 05
T umb a ,L ak e ,1 9 4 ,2 0 7 ,2 08 ,2 1 5 Warua ,the,1 8 1
Tumb a,th e town ,2 44 Wauters,M r A J ,1 3 1 . . .

Welle,th e Congo S tate d istri ct,1 46,

Ubangi ,th e C on go S tate d is tri ct ,1 3 8 , 1 4 8 , 1 7 5, 2 2 7 , 2 3 1 , 2 63 ,2 64 ; th e
1 4 7 , 1 4 8 , 1 7 5, 2 2 7 th e r i er,1 9 , v
r i er ,1 08 ,1 49 ,1 6 3 , 1 6 7 v
7 8 . 8 5. 1 08 . 1 3 1 . 1 4 7 . 1 67 Wern er ,Li eut R ,8 6 .
J . .

Ub angi ,F ren ch ,2 3 2 ,2 8 9 Wern er ,Rev S P ,2 3 8 . . .

Ugan da , 1 66 ,2 57 ,2 8 2 ,2 8 3 Whi t e F athers Mi ssi on,th e ,1 1 2 ,1 3 0,

jj
U i i , 1 6 ,1 46 ,1 8 2 1 45
Uni ted S tates support of the Congo Wi n t on , S i r F ran ci s d e, 4 3 ,6 5,6 8 ,
’

S tat e ,4 7 ,4 8 69 . 8 5
Urban ,M ul es ,1 3 1
. J Wi ssman n,M a or von ,6 , 7 8 -8 3 ,1 03 , j
I 47 . I 7 7
Vall e Az e ed o,1 2 1 v Woeste,M ,2 74 ,2 7 6 .

Van D en B or ch ,M ,2 7 6 . Wolf ,D r L ud wi g,7 8 .

Van d en b ro ck ,M a or ,2 64 j Wulf,Capt d e,2 64 .

v
Van d e eld e ,M 2 7 6 .

v
Van Eet el d e, B ar on , 6 5,7 2 , ak a,th e,8 Y
1 72 Y
am b uya . 9 6 . 9 7 -9 9 . f o r. 2 55

Van Eyck en ,M ,2 52 ,2 53 .

Van Gel e, C apt , 8 5, 1 05, 1 08 , . ai r e,th e ri er Z

S ee C on go v . .

I 47 Z
am b ezi ,th e ri er,1 ,1 5,1 67 v
Van H en cxth oven ,F ath er,2 62 Z
amb ez i a ,N o rth ern ,2 8 4

Van K erckh oven , Capt 1 0 5, ap o - a ps ,th e,2 58 ,2 59

. Z Z
1 51 ,1 6 8 ,2 2 7 ,2 3 1 ong o ,7 8 Z
Van N euss ,M 6 5 . one Arab e,1 2 9 Z

Pr i n t e d by t he At henz um Pre ss ,B ms
r ea
‘
B ui l d i n gs ,Chancery L ane ,L on don,E C . .
 ns '
rns m s n nn 1N O RC HA RD H O U S E,
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. v
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u c a o n , a n

ar e ubli s h ed by P S KI N G 8L S ON
Ca ta logue,p ost f r ee.

p
.
. .

B OA R D FOR L O N D ON
S C H OO L
.

h o i n t ed Pub li sh ers t o t h e S ch oo
l B oard
P S
. . KI N G
8: S O N are t e a pp
h m ll li t i f R ep o ts an d Publ i cati onsr
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o s o .
 D emy 8 vo,cl oth ,4 1 4 p p .
7 s 6d . . net.

ITS ROM ANCE

ITS C OM EDY

ITS PATHO S .

M I C HAEL MA C D O N AG H,
’
Autlzor qf TIn B ook qf Pa r li a ment , an d
’
[ r i sk s e and Clzar acter .

C ONT ENTS
r
The Ki ng : H i s P erogati es an d D is ab il i ti es Th e F i rst of our Consti v —
tut i onal S o er ei gn s v —
H ow Edward VI I Open ed hi s Fi s t Parli ament Th e r —
—
.

Old H ouse of Commons an d th e N ew T he Old H ous e of Lords an d the New

v
Pri i lege ! Pri i l eg e v
- T he Great S eal o f En l and
g Th e E oluti on of — v
th e Pa rli amen tar y Oath —
Mai den S peeches T he ! uai n t S ide of Parl iament —
r
Unparl iamen ta y Expressi on s Th e Cu rr ent C oi n of Poli ti ci ans —
H ansard
The Humours of Parli am en ta y Rep orti ng L ast S peech es of G eat r r
Parl iamentari ans .

S O ME RE VI E W S .

TI MES Al t hou h a ood m a n g g yb ook s ha v e a l re a d yb

wri tt en on our le islature,
ee n g
y
.

th ere i s room for more,es pe ci a l l w h en t he w ri t er i s w el l i nformed and k nows how to i nterest

”
hi s read er .

S T J A ME S S GA Z E TTE Th e b ook i s wel l wri t t en,well i nformed,and is

'

g v
. .

al t o et her mos t a t t ract i e and r ea d a ble .

PA LL M A LL GA Z E TTE I t is t h e b e s t p i ct ur e of Parlia ment in al l i ts aspec ts

g v
.

t ha t ha s bee n g ot to et her wi t hin t h e cover s o f o n e o l ume

"
.

12A IL Y E ! PRE S S Parlia men t i s so b ri h t l wri tt en that no one wil l ski p a l i ne

. g y
of thi s pleasan t an d pr o fi ta ble com p ila t i on .

A CA D EM Y I nt o thi s w ond erful t h ea n'e of p ol i ci e s and p ass i ons ,o f end

.

g
meas ures and pass i n men ,M r M ac' Donagh ta kes us wi t h t he ski ll of a com let ely i nfor m
_

v
.

td e. g
H is chap t ers on t he Ki n s pr ero ati es , o n ! ueen Vi ct ori a s r
'
g
t i ons wi th her
ab tn et s and Par li am en ts,an d on th e Gre a t S e al of E n lan d ,are a l i t tle a si d e from t he rest g
of t he b ook,but t he y
ar e i n no wa y s up er fl uo us The e xt en d our i si on in to the hi her y v
gv We “ 3
.

parts of t he Cons ti t uti on an d i e at mos p h ere a n d e xp l i ca t i on to t h e whol e

y v
. . .

s la mmed onl a li tt l e of M r M ac D onag h s cr e am ,a n d t he t e s t we l ea e wi t h confi

'
den ce,
y
.

an d w1 t h h eart recomm en d a t i on ,t o t h e rea d ers o f t h i s m os t en t er t ai ni n book

"
g .

I LL US TRA E D L ON D ON N E WS
Z I t i s s ti ll a l e ga l maxi m th at
‘
th e Ki n. can g
g
do n o wr on ’ H i s M i ni st ers ma y err ,b u t he is i nfall i bl e
.

H e is al so deat hl ess ,for,ac cord

v g v
. .

i g t o th e law,th e S o e ei
n r n n eve r d i es M or eo er ,he i s omn is ci ent from the moment of .

hi s bi rt h , and a d esp ot i n hi s crad l e N ot hi n com es o f t hi s omni s cience and des poti sm, g
.

y
b ut that i s the beau t of t he Con s t i t u ti on M r Ma cD ona h des cri b es t hese r a e afi ai rs g v
v y l g g
.

g
.

Wi th unfai li n erudmon and a s ly hu m our whi ch i s er ta ci n N othi n bett er than his

- v g g
.

arrat i ve of the ad en t ur es of t h e Gre a t S ea l of En l an d on ce used for maki n

p ( p ancakes )
t s t o be found i n the works of M r W S Gi lbert
"
. . . .

P S
. . K I NG S ON , O RC H A R D H O U S E,WEST M I N S T ER .
 D emy 8 vo,3 56 pp ,2 6 Plates,8. Maps . 25 . 6d . net .

CA P E CO L O N Y

TH E S ETTL E R .

AN ACCOUNT OF ITS URB AN

AN D R U R AL I N D U S T R I E S,
THEI R PROB AB LE FUTURE DE
V ELOPMENT AND EXTENSI ON .

A . R . E . B U R T O N,

’
L ate Edi tor o f t ire Cap e Gover n m en t Agr i cu ltu r a l j ou r n al .

Thi s work has b een s pec i ally prepared for th e guidan ce of those who may
seek a home i n Cape Col ony . I n ord er th at th e reader may eas i ly find the
r vr v
i nfo m ati on he r equi res , e e y di i si on h u b een s e pa ra tely del i neated ,and
v
a r ranged i n al ph ab eti ca l order ,s o that e en an i n d ex is sca rcely necessary .

v r
E ery po t i on of th e work is bas ed upon a ctual Ca pe experi ence,and in
r v
gath e i ng much of the i nform ati on l e i es h a e b e en m ade u pon n ews paper v
edi tors , pos tmas ters, farm ers , C i i l v
C o mm iss i oners , Fi eld Com ets, and
v v
Go ernmen t o ffic ial s i n e e ry d epar t m en t o f th e Go ern men t S er i ce, to v v
wh om grat eful ack nowl edgmen ts
gi en
ar e v
T h e a ut hor has , mo
. reover,
v
tra ersed nea l y r v ry p rt of th
e e a e C ol ony i n q ues t of reli abl e data .

P. S . KI NG S ON,O RC H A R D H O U S E, WEST M I NST ER .

S OUT H AF RI CA :
J . C . J U TA CO .
 3 44 pp . D emy 8 vo , cloth,Num erous Di a
g rams .

Pri ce I Or 6d n et . . .

LEMENTS Arthur L Bowley, .

MA, . .

L ectu r e; i n S tat i s ti c: at t/ze L on don

S c/zool of E con omi cs a n d Pol i t i ca l
S ci en ce Cabacu a n d Ada m s
’
t /z
’

'

P r zz em a n , Ca mbr i dge
'

Guy S zl ver
M ed a ll zst of ti n Roy a l S tat i sti ca l
’

TATISTICS S oci ety ; N ew ma r c/z L ect u r er , 1 8 9 7

1 8 98 ;
Un i t ed
A n t /t or of
K i ng dom i n Me
Wages i n t lze
I gt / z
’
Cen tu ry .

T H I S B ook i s i n t end ed
an d PRI N C I PL ES of S T AT I ST I CS re co n i sed
g
t o supply a T E! T -B OOK deali n g wi th
b y s ta ti s ti ca l
th e M ET H O S
ex p er ts or used
D

by o f c i al fi st a ti s ti ci ans T h e m et ho d s b y wh i ch
. a ccura t e s ta ti s ti cs can be
c o ll ec t ed a re exa m in e d a n d i l l us t rat ed , an d t h e T EC H N I ! UE o f s ta ti s ti cal

re
pres en ta ti on D I SC U S S ED . C on sid erab le s pa ce is a l o tte
l d t o th e j
s ub ect of
A V E RA G ES an d of G RA PH I C R EPRES EN T AT I O N ,a n d m an y ex am pl es ar e
gi v en

of th eir us e an d a buse . O th er j
su b ec t s ,l i t tl e d i scussed i n an y b ook s eas i ly

a ccess ib l e
t o Eng l i sh s t ud en t s , such as t h e A CC RA C Y OF RES LT S a nd t h e U U
I N T ER POI AT I O N o r M I S S I N G EST I MAT ES ,ar e a ls o d eal t wi th i n Pa r t I ,whi l e
.
.

in Par t I I . wi l l b e foun d an E L EM EN T A RY I NT RO DU CT I O N To M O D ERN

MA T H E M AT I C A L ST AT I ST I CS ,wi th a car efu l a n aly si s of th e G RO U N D WORK OF

T H E T H EO RY OF E RRO R .

T o Go v ern m en t O ffici als,C on sul s , T o wn C l e rk s ,Medi ca l Officers ,and

o th ers en gag ed in Mun i ci pa l an d L oca l Go v er n m en t th i s b ook wi l l be
es p ec i a l ly u s efu l ,as we ll as to al l th os e M er chan ts , B ank ers , B rokers , & c , .

who i n th ei r B usi n ess c om p i l e ,us e,or ch e ck st a t i s ti cs .

E cono m i c 7 ozer n a l T he L ond on S chool o f E conomi cs ha s,si nce i t s fou n da t i on ,h ad

.

sy s t e m a ti c co urses o f l e ct ur es on t h e e le m ent s of s t at i s t i cs ,an d t h e S chool t h ere fore i s en ti t l e d

t o s hare wi t h M r owle B y g
t h e c on r a t ul a t i ons whi ch are d ue t o h i m for s u p p ly i n a l on -fe l t g g
y g
.

wan t Wi t hout furt her ado i t m a y b e p la i nl s ta t ed t ha t ,wha t ever i ts s hor t comi n s ,t hi"s boo k
.

is t he bes t on t he el em en t s of S ta t i s t i cs w ri t t en in En li sh ,F r ench,Ger ma n,or I t ali an g .

U n i ver si ty E x tens i on 9' 0u r na l T hi s i s a work for whi ch i n i t s elf we ha e concei ved v

g
.

an al m o s t u n q ual i fi e d ad m i r a t i o n I t s ab so lu t e m er i t s are rea t en ou h t o e nable i t t o

y
.

g
d i s p en s e wi t h s uch a dd ed p r ai se or mi t i at i on o f c en s ur e as p i on ee r wor m ay oft en J us t l
_

as k I t i s real l th e fi y g
r s t con nect ed En l is h t r e a t i s e wh i ch as s u m e s t h e e x s t en ce of t he
i
v y
.

n ewe st ari e t o f t he h u m a n s eci es ,t h e ser i o us an d s c i e n t i fic s t uden t o f s t a t i s t i cs T o m ee t

p y g v
.

th e comm on su p er s t i t i on t h a t an thin ma y b e p r o ed b y t h ere can b e no be t t er

m ean s t ha n t o re fe r t h e obj ec t or t o j us t su ch a w or k a s t hi s B ut i n t h e p re s en t s ta t e o f .

g g
a l knowl ed e ,or ra t h er o f s t a t i s t i cal i n ora n ce ,i t w ould b e of li t t l e u s e s o t o re fer
s t a ti s ti c
hi m if t he w ork i t s e lf we re n o t w ell an d b ri ht l wri t t en , g y
a s i s t hi s ,W i t h h er e and t h er e t hose
'

g
.

q ui et l ea ms of h u mou r t h a t m a rk t h e auth or for t h e s k i l l ed t ea ch er t ha he

t

7 ou r mz l of t lt e I n s t i t u t e of A c t u a r zcs
'
—A g“
ood En li shg t e xt -b ook on S ta t i stics ha s
gf B y
.

b een a l on - e lt w an t . an d t h ere can be l i t tle dou b t b u t t h at M r . o wle has s up pli ed t hi s

wan t i n an a dmi ra bl e wa y .

P . S . KI NG S ON , ORC H A R D H O U S E, WES T M I NS T ER .
 H I S T O RY
OF TH E

ENG L I S H PO O R L AW .

Vols 1 . . an d H ,i n . wi th t he L egi sl ati on an d ot her Ci r cu mst an ce:

connecti on
a fi
cti ng tlze Con di t i on of the Peop le .

9 2 4- 1 8 53 N ew R evi sed E di ti on ,wi t/

. t 0 B iogr ap hy an d
Por t ra i t of t he A n t/t or .

BY

S i r G E O RG E N I C H OL L S ,
Poor La w Commi ss i oner an d S ecre tar y t o the Poor La w B oar d .

I l l ,1 8 3 4 to 1 8 9 8 ,bei ngr a n I n depen den t a: wel l as 4 S upp l emen tary

Volu me to Vol s 1 a n d . .

BY

T H OM A S M A C K A Y,
Author of Th e Engli sh Poor,&c
’
.

V ol s pp Demy 8 vo Cloth 3 05
. 1 . and H ,9 40
. . . . .

V ol III 6 3 0 pp
. De my 8 vo Cloth 2 1 s
. . . . .

Or th e Thr ee V ol ume s Co m p l ete ,£2 2 s net c ash . .

V ol s1 ll . . .
—Th d eman d for th i s s tan dard work,wh i ch h as b een
e
out of p ri n t for some t i m e,s i n c t s ori g i na l p ub l i cat i o n i n 1 8 54,has
ei
b e en s uch a s t o call for a n ew e d i t i on .

D a i l N ews y I t has now been b efor e t h e world for cons i derabl more fort years y y
and h a s l on
"
g
S i nce t ak en i t s p osi t i on a s t h e s ta n dard a u th ori t on the s u bj ec t of w hi ch i t y
tr ea t s .

S p ecta tor Th is new edi ti on of a work ,w hi ch h as al mos t be come a cl assi c ,is e nri c hed
y
.

by a l i fe of t h e au th or ,and by ma n n ot e s Th e t r ea t m ent e mbraces th e w h o le of En l is h g

y v
.

H i stor ,and i t d ea l s no t on ! wi th t he ar i ous la ws on p a uperis m,but a ls o wi t h t he ca uses

whi ch p rod uced i t ,a n d whic a r a a t ed t he di s eas e
"
gg v .

Vol I l l - T h is V olume,wh i ch i s a S upp lemen tary V olum e t o S i r

. .

Georg e N i ch olls ’ s work ,has b een wri t ten b y M r T Ma ck ay ,auth or . .

of
‘
Th e En g l i sh Poor, ’
& c ,wh o i s a well -kn own a n d rec og ni z ed .

auth o r i t y o n t h e s ubj ect .

Pa ll Ma l l Gaz ette As b efi ts the s e q uel t o a c l ass i c,thi s work at once ta k es i t s p lace

.

in t h e
sp eci a i s s
fi t f
rs
o t f th
l t W ll h v t
r
i
n o
a e
elit erat ure on t he
o reckon wi th i t
"
.
s ub ect
j . T hi s has s uch s ig nal mer i ts of i ts o wn t hat

! Revi ew
ua r ter ! Mr M ackay has prod u ced a rema rkabl e book,wr i tte n in a p opular
y
. . .

y w
s t le , hi c wi ll a p pe al to a wi der Ci rcl e o f re ad ers t h an ei ther official p ubli ca t i ons or p ure l
.

screnti fic wor k s ca n hop

t him
P
. S . KI NG S ON,
O RCH ARD HOUS E, WES TMI NS T ER .
 B @G E NT P UB L I C AT I O N S B Y

P 5 KING
. . SON, Westmi nster .

E D U C AT E D W O RKI N G W O M E N . By CL ARA E .

COLLET, M . A . C l oth,2 s 6 d . . ne t pa pe r ,2 s . n et .

L ON DON W AT E R S U PPL Y . By H C RI CHARD S, . .

K C M P ,W
. . . . . H . C PAYNE, a nd
.
J . P . H S OPER S ec ond
. .

Edit ion . 69 . ne t .

MUN I C I PAL F I NAN CE AN D M U N I C I PA L

E N T E RP R I S E . B y Ri gh t H o n . S ir H H FOWLER, . .

MP . . 1s .

OU R T RE A T M E N T OF THE POOR . B y S ir
W I LL I AM CHANCE, M . A , Bar t
. . 2s . 6d .

PU B L I C H EAL T H A N D H OU S I N G . By JOHN F J . .

SYKES ,M D D S c 5s n et . . . . . .

S E W AGE W O RK S A N AL YS E S . B y GI L B ERT J .

FOWL ER . 6s . n et .

T A X A T I O N , L OC A L A N D I M P E RI A L AND
L O C A L G OV E RN M E N T . By J C . . GRAH AM . Thi rd
Ed i tion .

T HE C OM M ON W EALT H OF A U S T RA L I A .

2s . n et .

T H E C OS T OF M U N I C I P A L T RA D I N G . B y DI ! ON
H . D AVI ES . 23 .

T H E C OT T A G E H O M E S O F E N G L A N D . By W .

WAL TER CROTCH S econd Ed i ti on 2 s net . . . .

T H E G O V E RN M E N T O F L O N D O N . By J . RENWI CK
SEAGER 2 s 6d . . .

T HE P L AC E OF C OM P E N S AT I O N IN TEM
P E RA N C E RE F O R M By C P . . . SANGER, M A . .

2s . 6d .

THE LE M
P RO B IN C H I NA AN D B RI T I S H
P OL I C Y By A . . R . COL! U HO N U . 2s . ne t .

T HE S A N I T A RY I N S P E C T O R ’ S GU I D E . By H .

LEM OI N- CANNON .
3 s 6d
. . n et .