CHAPTER FOUR

4.4 b. n (mol) b
0.500 n mol N 2 28 g N 2 1 kg g 0.014 n kg N 2 b g
4.1 a. Continuous, Transient 0.500 mol N 2 mol mol N 2 1000 g
0.500 mol CH 4 mol
b. Input – Output = Accumulation
No reactions Ÿ Generation = 0, Consumption = 0
c. 100.0 g / s b g
100 x E g C2 H 6 1 lb m lb - mole C2 H 6 3600 s
b
x E g C2 H 6 gg n E
s 453593
. g 30 lb m C2 H 6 h

6.00
kg
 3.00
kg dn
Ÿ
dn
3.00
kg xP bg C H g g
3 8 b
26.45 x E lb - mole C2 H 6 / h g
s s dt dt s xB bg C H g g
4 10

c. . m3 1000 kg 1 s
100 d. n blb - mole H O sg nO 2 b
0.21n 2 lb - mole O 2 / s g
t 333 s 1 2

1 m3 3.00 kg R|n blb - mole DA sg

2 U|
S| 021. lb - moleO lb - mole DA V
FG IJ
. lb - mole N lb - mole DA|W
4.2 a. Continuous, Steady State
2
n1 lb - mole H 2 O
T 079 2
x H 2O
n1  n 2 H
lb - mole K
b. k 0 Ÿ CA C A0 k f Ÿ CA 0
FG
0.21n 2 lb - mole O 2 IJ
c. Input – Output – Consumption = 0
Steady state Ÿ Accumulation = 0
xO 2
n1  n 2 H
lb - mole K
A is a reactant Ÿ Generation = 0
FG IJ FG IJ V FG m IJ C FG mol IJ  kVC FG mol IJ Ÿ C
m3 mol 3
CA0
e. b g
n mol n N 2O 4 n 0.600  y NO 2 mol N 2 O 4 b g
V
s H K H K H sK Hm K
C A0
m3 HsK A 3 A A
1
kV 0.400 mol NO mol
b
y NO2 mol NO 2 mol g
V
b
0.600  y NO2 mol N 2O 4 mol g
4.3 a. b
 v kg / h
m g
100 kg / h 0.850 kg B / kg 4.5 a. Basis: 1000 lbm C3H8 / h fresh feed
0.550 kg B / kg Input – Output = 0 (Could also take 1 h operation as basis -
0.150 kg T / kg
Steady state Ÿ Accumulation = 0 flow chart would be as below except
0.450 kg T / kg
b
 l kg / h
m g No reaction Ÿ Generation = 0, Consumption = 0
that all / h would be deleted.) b
n 6 lb m / h g
0.02 lb m C3H 8 / lb m
0.106 kg B / kg 1000 lb m C3H8 / h b
n 7 lb m / h g 0.98 lb m C3H 6 / lb m
0.894 kg T / kg 0.97 lb m C3H 8 / lb m
Still
0.03 lb m C3H 6 / lb m
(1) Total Mass Balance: 100.0 kg / h v  m
m l
(2) Benzene Balance: 0.550 u 100.0 kg B / h  v  0106
0.850m . m l
Compressor
Solve (1) & (2) simultaneously Ÿ m
v 59.7 kg h, m l 40.3 kg h
b
n1 lb m C3H 8 / h g b
n1 lb m C3H 8 / h g
The flow chart is identical to that of (a), except that mass flow rates (kg/h) are replaced by
Reactor n blb C H / hg n blb C3 H 6 / hg
b. 2 m 3 6 2 m

masses (kg). The balance equations are also identical (initial input = final output). n blb CH / h g
3

n blb
m 4

H / hg
b
n3 lb m CH 4 / h g
4 m 2
b
n 4 lb m H 2 / h g Stripper
c. Possible explanations Ÿ a chemical reaction is taking place, the process is not at steady state, b
n5 lb m / h g
the feed composition is incorrect, the flow rates are not what they are supposed to be, other
Note: the compressor and the off gas from
species are in the feed stream, measurement errors. Absorber
the absorber are not mentioned explicitly
in the process description, but their presence
should be inferred. b
n1 lb m C3H 8 / h g
b
n 2 lb m C3H 6 / h g
b
n5 lb m oil / h g

4-1 4-2

4.5 (cont’d) 4.7 (cont’d)

b. Overall objective: To produce C3H6 from C3H8.
Preheater function: Raise temperature of the reactants to raise the reaction rate. d.
Reactor function: Convert C3H8 to C3H6. H 2O CH3COOH
Absorption tower function: Separate the C3H8 and C3H6 in the reactor effluent from the other some CH3COOH
components.
Stripping tower function: Recover the C3H8 and C3H6 from the solvent. CH3COOH
Distillation column function: Separate the C3H5 from the C3H8. H 2O Extractor C4 H 9OH Distillation
C4 H9OH CH 3COOH Column
4.6 a. 3 independent balances (one for each species)

b. 7 unknowns ( m 1 , m 3 , m 5 , x2 , y2 , y4 , z4 ) C4 H9OH
– 3 balances
– 2 mole fraction summations 4.8 a.
X-large: 25 broken eggs/min
2 unknowns must be specified 35 unbroken eggs/min
120 eggs/min
c. y2 1  x2 0.30 broken egg/egg
Large: n 1 broken eggs/min
0.70 unbroken egg/egg
FG kg A IJ
b gb g FGH kghA IJK
n 2 unbroken eggs/min
A Balance: 5300 x2
H h K  3  1200 0.70
m

F kg I F kg I b. 120 b
25  35  n1  n2 eggs min Ÿ n1  n2 g 50 U| n 11
  5300 G J m  1200  m G J V| Ÿ n 1
Overall Balance: m
H hK
1
H hK 3 5
b0.30gb120g 25  n1
W 2 39
F kg BIJ 1200 y  0.60m FG kg BIJ
  5300 x G
B Balance: 0.03m 1
H hK 2
H hK 4 5
c. n1  n2 50 large eggs min
z4 1  0.70  y4
n1 large eggs broken/50 large eggs b11 50g 0.22
22% of the large eggs (right hand) and b25 70g Ÿ 36% of the extra-large eggs (left hand)
4.7 a. 3 independent balances (one for each species) d.
are broken. Since it does not require much strength to break an egg, the left hand is probably
b.
400 g 0.885 g H 2O mbg
 R g 0.995 g H O
2
Ÿm 356 g min
poorly controlled (rather than strong) relative to the right. Therefore, Fred is right-handed.
Water Balance:
min g b g
min g
R

F g CH OOH IJ FG g CH OOH IJ 4.9 a. b

m1 lb m strawberries g b
m3 lb m W evaporated g
Acetic Acid Balance: b400gb0115
. gG
H min K
3
 R  0.096m
0.005m E
H min K
3
015
. lb m S / lb m
Ÿm
E 461g min 0.85 lb m W / lb m
1.00 lb m jam
FG g IJ FG g IJ Ÿ m c
m2 lb m S sugar h 0.667 lb m S / lb m
 C  400
Overall Balance: m
H min K m R  m E
H min K C 417 g min
0.333 lb m W / lb m

c.
b0115 F g IJ b0.096gb461g FG g IJ Ÿ 44 g min = 44 g min
. gb400g  b0.005gb356g G
b. 3 unknowns ( m1 , m2 , m3 )
H min K H min K – 2 balances
– 1 feed ratio
0 DF

4-3 4-4
4.10 a. 4.12 a.
300 gal
m1 lb m b g
b
 kg / h
m g
1000 kg / h 0.960 kg CH3OH / kg
0.750 lb m C 2 H 5OH / lb m 4 unknowns ( m1 , m2 ,V40 , m3 ) ,x )
2 unknowns ( m
0.250 lb m H 2 O / lb m
b g
m3 lb m
– 2 balances 0.500 kg CH 3OH / kg 0.040 kg H 2O / kg – 2 balances
0.600 lb m C 2 H 5OH / lb m – 2 specific gravities 0 DF
0.500 kg H 2O / kg
0.400 lb m H 2 O / lb m 0 DF
b g
V40 gal
673 kg / h
m blb g
2 m
b
x kg CH3OH / kg g
0.400 lb m C 2 H 5 OH / lb m b
1  x kg H 2 O / kg g
0.600 lb m H 2 O / lb m
b. Overall balance: 1000   673 Ÿ m
m  327 kg / h
b.
m1
300 gal 1ft 3 0.877 u 62.4 lb m
2195 lb m
Methanol balance: 0.500 1000 b g b g b g
0.960 327  x 673 Ÿ x 0.276 kg CH3OH / kg
7.4805 gal ft 3 Molar flow rates of methanol and water:
Overall balance: m1  m2 m3 (1) 673 kg 0.276 kg CH3OH 1000 g mol CH3OH
5.80 u 103 mol CH3OH / h
C2H5OH balance: 0.750m1  0.400m2 0.600m3 (2) h kg kg 32.0 g CH3OH
Solve (1) & (2) simultaneously Ÿ m2 1646 lb m, , m3 3841 lb m 673 kg 0.724 kg H 2 O 1000 g mol H 2 O
2.71 u 104 mol H 2 O / h
1646 lb m ft 3 7.4805 gal h kg kg 18 g H 2O
V40 207 gal
0.952 u 62.4lb m 1ft 3 Mole fraction of Methanol:
5.80 u 103
0176
. mol CH3OH / mol
4.11 a. 3 unknowns ( n1 , n2 , n3 ) 5.80 u 103  2.71 u 104
b
n1 mol / s g – 2 balances
0.0403 mol C3H 8 / mol 1 DF c. Analyzer is wrong, flow rates are wrong, impurities in the feed, a reaction is taking place, the
0.9597 mol air / mol b
n3 mol / s g system is not at steady state.
0.0205 mol C3H 8 / mol
4.13 a. Product
b
n 2 mol air / s g 0.9795 mol air / mol
Reactor effluent 1239 kg
Feed Reactor Purifier
0.21mol O 2 / mol R = 583
0.79 mol N 2 / mol 2253 kg 2253 kg W aste
R = 388
b g
m w kg
b. Propane feed rate: 0.0403n1 150 Ÿ n1 3722 mol / s b g R = 140

Propane balance: 0.0403n1 0.0205n3 Ÿ n3 7317 mol / s b g

Overall balance: 3722  n2 7317 Ÿ n2 3600 mol / s b g Analyzer Calibration Data

c. ! . The dilution rate should be greater than the value calculated to ensure that ignition is not 1

possible even if the fuel feed rate increases slightly.

1.364546
x p = 0.000145R
xp 0.1

0.01
100 R 1000

4-5 4-6

4.13 (cont’d) 4.15 a.

b
 kg / s
m g
b. Effluent: x p b g 0.494 kg P / kg
0.000145 388
1.3645 100 kg / s
0.600 kg E / kg
0.900 kg E / kg
0100
. kg H 2 O / kg
0.000145b583g
1.3645
Product: x p 0.861 kg P / kg 0.050 kg S / kg , xE , xS )
3 unknowns ( m
– 3 balances
0.000145b140g 0.350 kg H 2 O / kg
1.3645
Waste: x p . kg P / kg
0123
b g
 kg / s
m
0 DF
0.861b1239g
Efficiency
0.494b2253g
u 100% 95.8% b
x E kg E / kgg
x b kgS / kg g
S

c. Mass balance on purifier: 2253 1239  mw Ÿ mw 1014 kg 1  x  x b kg H O / kg g

E S 2

P balance on purifier:
b gb
Input: 0.494 kg P / kg 2253 kg 1113 kg P g b. Overall balance: 100 2m Ÿ m 50.0 kg / s b g
b gb
Output: 0.861 kg P / kg 1239 kg  0123
. g b
kg P / kg 1014 kg gb g 1192 kg P S balance: 0.050 100 b g x b50g Ÿ x
S S . b kgS / kgg
0100
The P balance does not close . Analyzer readings are wrong; impure feed; extrapolation E balance: 0.600 100 b g b g b g
0.900 50  x E 50 Ÿ x E 0.300 kg E / kg
beyond analyzer calibration data is risky -- recalibrate; get data for R > 583; not at steady
kg E in bottom stream 0.300b50g kg E in bottom stream
state; additional reaction occurs in purifier; normal data scatter. 0.25
kg E in feed 0.600b100g kg Ein feed
4.14 a.
b
n1 lb- mole/ h g c. x aRb Ÿ ln x b g lnbag  b lnbRg
.
00100
.
09900
lb- mole H2O/ lb- mole
lb- mole DA/ lb- mole
b
n3 lb- mole/ h g b g
ln x2 / x1 lnb0.400 / 0100
. g
. lb- mole H2O / lb- mole
0100
. lb- mole DA/ lb- mole
0900
b
b g lnb38 / 15g 1491
ln R2 / R1
.

b
n2 lb- mole HO/
2 h g lnbag lnb x g  b lnb R g lnb0100
1 . g  1491
1 . lnb15g 6.340 Ÿ a 1764
. u 103
d i
v2 ft 3 / h .
x 1764 u 103 R1.491

FG x IJ FG 0.900 IJ
1 1
b 1.491
4 unknowns ( n1 , n2 , n3 , v ) – 2 balances – 1 density – 1 meter reading = 0 DF R
H a K H 1764
. u 10 K 3
.
655

Assume linear relationship: v aR  b

d. Device not calibrated – recalibrate. Calibration curve deviates from linearity at high mass
v2  v1 96.9  40.0
Slope: a 1.626 fractions – measure against known standard. Impurities in the stream – analyze a sample.
R2  R1 50  15 Mixture is not all liquid – check sample. Calibration data are temperature dependent – check
Intercept: b va  aR1 40.0  1.626 15 b g 15.61 calibration at various temperatures. System is not at steady state – take more measurements.
v2 b g
1.626 95  15.61 170 ft 3 / h c h Scatter in data – take more measurements.

n 2
170 ft 3 62 .4 lb m lb - mol
h ft 3 18.0 lb m
b
589 lb - moles H 2 O / h g
DA balance: 0.9900n1 0.900n3 (1)
Overall balance: n1  n2 n3 (2)
Solve (1) & (2) simultaneously Ÿ n1 5890 lb - moles / h, n 3 6480 lb - moles / h

b. Bad calibration data, not at steady state, leaks, 7% value is wrong, v  R relationship is not
linear, extrapolation of analyzer correlation leads to error.

4-7 4-8
4.16 a.
4.18 a. b gb
m1 kg H 2O 85% of entering water g
4.00 mol H 2SO 4 0.098 kg H 2SO 4 L of solution
L of solution mol H 2SO 4 1213
. kgsolution
b
0.323 kg H 2SO 4 / kgsolution g 100 kg
0.800 kgS / kg
b. 5 unknowns ( v1 , v2 , v3 , m2 , m3 ) 0.200 kg H 2 O / kg
v1 L bg – 2 balances b g
m2 kgS
100 kg
bg
v3 L – 3 specific gravities b g
m3 kg H 2 O
m b kg g
0.200 kg H 2SO 4 / kg 0 DF
3
0.800 kg H 2 O / kg
SG 1139.
0.323 kg H 2SO 4 / kg 85% drying: m1 b
0.850 0.200 100 gb g 17.0 kg H O 2

bg
v2 L
0.677 kg H 2 O / kg
SG 1.213
Sugar balance: m2 0.800 100 b g 80.0 kgS
Overall balance: 100 17  80  m3 Ÿ m3 3 kg H 2O
m b kg g
2
3 kg H 2 O
xw 0.0361 kg H 2O / kg
0.600 kg H 2SO 4 / kg
0.400 kg H 2 O / kg
b
3  80 kg g
SG 1.498 m1 17 kg H 2O
0.205 kg H 2O / kg wet sugar
Overall mass balance: 100  m2 m3 UV Ÿ m 2 44.4 kg m2  m3 b80  3 kg g
Water balance: 0.800 100  0.400m2 b g 0.677m W m 3 3 144 kg
b. 1000 tons wet sugar 3 tons H 2 O
100 kg L 30 tons H 2 O / day
v1 87.80 L20%solution day 100 tons wet sugar
1139
. kg
1000 tons WS 0.800 tons DS 2000 lb m $0.15 365 days
44.4 kg L $8.8 u 10 7 per year
v2 29.64 L 60% solution day ton WS ton lb m year
1498
. kg
v1 87.80 L 20%solution
v2 29.64
2.96
L 60% solution
c.
xw
1
10
b
xw1  x w 2 ... xw10 0.0504 kg H 2 O / kg g
c. 1250 kg P 44.4 kg 60%solution L
SD
1
9
b 2
g
xw1  xw ... xw10  x w
2
b
0.00181 kg H 2 O / kg g
h 144 kg P 1498
. kgsolution
257 L / h Endpoints 0.0504 r 3 0.00181 b g
Lower limit 0.0450, Upper limit 0.0558
4.17 b g
m1 kg @$18 / kg
0.25 kg P / kg d. The evaporator is probably not working according to design specifications since
100
. kg x w 0.0361  0.0450 .
0.75 kg H2O / kg
b g
m2 kg @$10 / kg 017
. kg P/ kg
4.19 a. c h
v1 m 3
0.83 kg H2O / kg
012
. kg P / kg
b
m1 kg H 2 O g 5 unknowns ( v1 , v2 , v3 , m1 , m3 )
0.88 kg H 2O / kg
SG 1.00 d i
v3 m 3
– 1 mass balance
m b kg suspension g – 1 volume balance
Overall balance: m1  m2 100
. (1) 3
– 3 specific gravities
Pigment balance: 0.25m1  012
. m2 b g 017
. 100
. (2) d i
v2 m 3
SG 1.48
0 DF
Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously Ÿ m 0.385 kg 25% paint, m 0.615 kg12% paint 400 kg galena
1 2

Cost of blend: 0.385b$18.00g  0.615b$10.00g $13.08 per kg SG 7.44

. b$13.08g $14.39 per kg

Selling price: 110
Total mass balance: m1  400 m3 (1)

4-9 4-10

4.19 (cont’d) 4.21 (cont’d)

Assume volume additivity:

b g
m1 kg m3

400 kg m 3 b g
m3 kg m3
(2) 500  150
1000 kg 7440 kg 1480 kg
b.
 A  150
m
70  25
RA  25 Ÿ m b
 A 7.78 RA  44.4 g
Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously Ÿ m1 668 kg H 2 O, m3 1068 kg suspension
800  200
v1
668 kg m 3
0.668 m 3 water fed to tank
mB  200

60  20
RB  20 Ÿ m b
 B 15.0 RB  100 g
1000 kg ln 100  ln 20
ln x  ln 20
10  4
b
Rx  4 Ÿ ln x 0.2682 Rx  1923
. g
Ÿ x 6.841e0.2682 Rx
b. Specific gravity of coal < 1.48 < Specific gravity of slate 300  44.4 400  100
mA 300 Ÿ RA 44.3, mB 400 Ÿ RB 333
.,
7.78 15.0
c. The suspension begins to settle. Stir the suspension. 1.00 < Specific gravity of coal < 1.48
1 55 FG IJ
4.20 a.
x 55% Ÿ Rx
0.268
ln
6.841
7.78
H K
b
n1 mol / h g b
n2 mol / h g c.  A  m B
Overall balance: m m C
0.040 mol H 2 O / mol b
x mol H 2O / mol g b0.75  0.01xgm
0.960 mol DA / mol b
1  x mol DA / mol g  A  0.90m B
H2SO4 balance: 0.01xm 0.75m C b
0.75 m A  m B Ÿ m B g 0.15
A

b
n3 mol H 2 O adsorbed / h g Ÿ 15.0 RB  100
0.75  0.01 6.841e d 0.2682 Rx
i b7.78 R A  44.4 g
.
015
97% of H 2O in feed
Ÿ RB d2.59  0.236e 0.2682 Rx
iR A . e0.2682 Rx  813
 135 .
b g b g  813
Adsorption rate: n3
b354
.  3.40g kg mol H 2O
.
1556 mol H 2 O / h
Check: RA 44.3, Rx 7.78 Ÿ RB e2.59  0.236e 0.2682 7.78
j44.3  135
. e
0.2682 7.78
. .
333
5h 0.0180 kg H 2 O
97% adsorbed: 156
. b g
0.97 0.04n1 Ÿ n1 401
. mol / h
4.22 a.
Total mole balance: n1 n2  n3 Ÿ n 2 .  1556
401 . 38.54 mol / h b
n A kmol / h g
Water balance: 0.040 401
. b g 1566
. b
 x 38.54 Ÿ x 12
. u 10g 5
bmol H O / molg
2 . kmol H 2 / kmol
010 100 kg / h
0.90 kmol N 2 / kmol b
n P kmol / h g
b. The calcium chloride pellets have reached their saturation limit. Eventually the mole fraction 0.20 kmol H 2 / kmol
will reach that of the inlet stream, i.e. 4%. b
n B kmol / h g 0.80 kmol N 2 / kmol
4.21 a. 0.50 kmol H 2 / kmol
300 lb m / h
0.50 kmol N 2 / kmol
0.55 lb m H 2SO 4 / lb m
0.45 lb m H 2 O / lb m
b
 C lb m / h
m g MW b g
0.20 2.016  0.80 28.012 b g 22.813 kg / kmol
m b
 B lb m / h g 0.75 lb m H 2SO 4 / lb m 100 kg kmol
0.90 lb m H 2SO 4 / lb m Ÿ n P 4.38 kmol / h
0.25 lb m H 2 O / lb m h 22.813 kg
010
. lb m H 2 O / lb m
Overall balance: n A  n B 4.38 (1)

Overall balance: 300  m

B m C (1)
. n A  0.50n B 0.20 4.38
H2 balance: 010 b g (2)
Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously Ÿ n A
H2SO4 balance: 0.55 300  0.90m B b g 0.75m C (2)
3.29 kmol / h, n B . kmol / h
110

Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously Ÿ m

B 400 lb m / h, m
C 700 lb m / h

4-11 4-12
4.22 (cont’d) 4.23 (cont’d)

b. m P
c. b 2.7  11
. mg removed g 1 min 10 3 ml 5.0 L
206 min (3.4 h)
n P ml 38.8 mg removed 1L
22.813
Overall balance: n A  n B
m P 4.24 a. b
n1 kmol / min g
22.813
H2 balance: x A n A  x B n B
x P m P
20.0 kg CO 2 / min
b
n3 kmol / min g
b
 P xB  x P
22.813
g b
 P xP  x A g b
n 2 kmol / min g 0.023 kmol CO 2 / kmol
m m 0.015 kmol CO 2 / kmol
Ÿ n A n B
b
22.813 x B  x A g b
22.813 x B  x A g
20.0 kg CO 2 kmol
c. Trial XA XB XP mP nA nB n1 0.455 kmol CO 2 / min
1 0.10 0.50 0.10 100 4.38 0.00
min 44.0 kg CO 2
2 0.10 0.50 0.20 100 3.29 1.10 Overall balance: 0.455  n 2 n3 (1)
3 0.10 0.50 0.30 100 2.19 2.19 CO2 balance: 0.455  0.015n 2 0.023n3 (2)
4 0.10 0.50 0.40 100 1.10 3.29 Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously Ÿ n 2 55.6 kmol / min, n3 561
. kmol / min
5 0.10 0.50 0.50 100 0.00 4.38
6 0.10 0.50 0.60 100 -1.10 5.48
7 0.10 0.50 0.10 250 10.96 0.00 b. 150 m
u 8.33 m / s
8 0.10 0.50 0.20 250 8.22 2.74 18 s
9 0.10 0.50 0.30 250 5.48 5.48
1 2 . kmol
561 m3 1 min s
10 0.10 0.50 0.40 250 2.74 8.22 A SD Ÿ D 108
. m
11 0.10 0.50 0.50 250 0.00 10.96 4 min 0123
. kmol 60 s 8.33 m
12 0.10 0.50 0.60 250 -2.74 13.70
4.25 Spectrophotometer calibration: C kA
A 0.9
! C Pg / L b g 3.333 A
The results of trials 6 and 12 are impossible since the flow rates are negative. You cannot C 3
blend a 10% H2 mixture with a 50% H2 mixture and obtain a 60% H2 mixture. Dye concentration: A . ŸC
018 b3333
. gb018
. g 0.600 Pg / L
d. Results are the same as in part c.
0.60 cm 3
1L 5.0 mg 10 P g 3
Dye injected 3.0 P g
4.23 Venous blood 103 cm 3 1L 1 mg
Arterial blood
195.0 ml / min
200.0 ml / min
190
. mg urea / ml
175
. mg urea / ml b
Ÿ 3.0 P g V L g bg 0.600 P g / L Ÿ V 5.0 L

Dialysate 4.26 a. 1000 L B / min b

n3 kmol / min g
Dialyzing fluid
b
v ml / min g b
 2 kg B / min
m g b
y3 kmol SO 2 / kmol g
1500 ml / min
b
c mg urea / ml g V d m / min i 3 b
1  y3 kmol A / kmol g
a. Water removal rate: 200.0  195.0 5.0 ml / min 1

. 200.0  175
Urea removal rate: 190 . 195.0 b g b g 38.8 mg urea / min n b kmol / min g b
 4 kg / min
m g
x b kg SO / kgg
1

y b kmol SO / kmolg 4 2

1  x b kg B / kg g
1 2

b. v 1500  5.0 1505ml / min 1  y b kmol A / kmolg

1
4

38.8 mg urea / min

c 0.258 mg urea / ml
1505 ml / min

4-13 4-14

4.26 (cont’d) 4.26 (cont’d)

A balance: 1  0.0702 95.34 b gb g b1  0.00100gn Ÿ n 88.7 kmol min 3 3
8 unknowns ( n1 , n3 , v1 , m
– 3 material balances
 2 , m 4 , x4 , y1 , y3 )
SO2 balance: 0.0702 9534 b
. ( 64.0 kg / kmol) gb g b0.00100gb88.7g(64)  m x 4 4 (1)
– 2 analyzer readings B balance: 1300 = m  4 (1  x4 ) (2)
– 1 meter reading Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously Ÿ m
 4 = 1723 kg / min, x4 = 0.245 kg SO2 absorbed / kg
– 1 gas density formula
– 1 specific gravity SO2 removed = m
 4 x4 422 kg SO 2 / min
0 DF
d. Decreasing the bubble size increases the bubble surface-to-volume ratio, which results in a
higher rate of transfer of SO2 from the gas to the liquid phase.
b. Orifice meter calibration:
A log plot of V vs. h is a line through the points h1 100, V1 142 and h2 d i d 400, V2 i
290 .
ln V b ln h  ln a Ÿ V ah b
4.27 a. d
V2 m 3 / min i b
n 3 kmol / min g
d h b
ln V2 V1 g 0.515
ln 290 142 b
 2 kg B / min
m g b
y3 kmolSO 2 / kmol g
b
lnbh h g lnb400 100g b
1  y3 kmol A / kmol g
d i
2 1
V1 m 3 / min
ln a ln V  b ln h lnb142g  0.515 ln 100
R3
2.58 Ÿ a e 2.58 13.2 Ÿ V 13.2h 0.515
n b kmol / min g
1 1
1 b
 4 kg / min
m g
y b kmolSO / kmolg
Analyzer calibration:
ln y bR  ln a Ÿ y aebR
1 2 b
x 4 kgSO 2 kg g
1  y b kmol A / kmol g b g
b
b
ln y 2 y1 g lnb01107
. 0.00166g U| 0.0600
1

P1 , T1 , R1 , h1
1  x 4 kg B / kg

R2  R1 90  20 ||
ln a ln y1  bR1 lnb0.00166g  0.0600b20g 7.60V Ÿ y 5.00 u 10 4 e 0.0600 R b. 14 unknowns ( n1 ,V1 , y1 , P1 , T1 , R1 , h1 ,V2 , m
 2 , n3 , y3 , R3 , m
 4 , x4 )
E || – 3 material balances
a 5.00 u 10 4 |W – 3 analyzer and orifice meter readings
– 1 gas density formula (relates n1 and V1 )
– 1 specific gravity (relates m  and V ) 2 2

c. h1 210 mm Ÿ V1 13.2 210 b g 207.3 m h 0.515 3 6 DF

U feed gas
b12.2g b150  14.7g 14.7 batmg 0.460 mol / L = 0.460 kmol / m 3 A balance: 1  y1 n1 b g b1  y gn (1)
b75  460g 18. bKg
3 3

x4 m
4
SO2 balance: y1n1 y3n3  (2)
E 64 kgSO 2 / kmol

n1
207.3 m 3 0.460 kmol
. kmol min
9534
B balance: m
2 b1  x gm
4 4 (3)
min m3 Calibration formulas: y1 5.00 u 104 e0.060 R1 (4)
. u 104 exp 0.0600 u 82.4
R1 82.4 Ÿ y1 500 b g 0.0702 kmol SO2 kmol y3 5.00 u 104 e0.060 R3 (5)
. u 104
. Ÿ y3 500
R3 116 expb0.0600 u 116
. g 0.00100 kmol SO2 kmol V1 13.2h10.515 (6)

m
1000 L B 130
. kg
1300 kg / min Gas density formula: n1
b g
12.2 P1  14.7 / 14.7
V1 (7)
2
min LB bT  460g / 18.
1

. Ÿ V2
Liquid specific gravity: SG 130
 2 kg
m b g
m 3
(8)
h 1300 kg

4-15 4-16
4.27 (cont’d)
4.29 a. 100 mol / h g b
n 2 mol / h b
n 4 mol / h g
c. T1
P1
75 °F
150 psig
y1
V1
0.07 kmol SO2/kmol
207 m3/h
0.300 mol B / mol b g
x B 2 mol B / mol 0.940 mol B / mol
0.250 mol T / mol Column 1 x b mol T / molg Column 2 0.060 mol T / mol
h1 210 torr n1 95.26 kmol/h T2

R1 82.4 0.450 mol X / mol 1  x  x b mol X / mol g

B2 T2

Trial x4 (kg SO2/kg) y3 (kmol SO2/kmol) V2 (m3/h) n3 (kmol/h) m4 (kg/h) m2 (kg/h) n b mol / h g
3 b g
n5 mol / h
1
2
0.10
0.10
0.050
0.025
0.89
1.95
93.25
90.86
1283.45 1155.11
2813.72 2532.35
0.020 mol T / mol b g
x B5 mol B / mol
3 0.10 0.010 2.56 89.48 3694.78 3325.31
0.980 mol X / mol x b mol T / molg
T5
4 0.10 0.005 2.76 89.03 3982.57 3584.31 1  x  x b mol X / mol g
B5 T5
5 0.10 0.001 2.92 88.68 4210.72 3789.65
6 0.20 0.050 0.39 93.25 641.73 513.38
7 0.20 0.025 0.87 90.86 1406.86 1125.49
8 0.20 0.010 1.14 89.48 1847.39 1477.91 Column 1 Column 2:
9 0.20 0.005 1.23 89.03 1991.28 1593.03 4 unknowns ( n2 , n3 , x B 2 , xT 2 ) 4 unknowns ( n3 , n4 , n5 , y x )
10 0.20 0.001 1.30 88.68 2105.36 1684.29 –3 balances – 3 balances
– 1 recovery of X in bot. (96%) – 1 recovery of B in top (97%)
V2 vs. y3 0 DF 0 DF

3 .5 0 Column 1
3 .0 0
2 .5 0
b
96% X recovery: 0.96 0.450 100 gb g 0.98n3 (1)
V 2 ( m /h )

2 .0 0 Total mole balance: 100 n 2  n3 (2)

3

1 .5 0
1 .0 0 B balance: 0.300 100 b g x B 2 n 2 (3)
0 .5 0
0 .0 0 T balance: 0.250 100 b g xT 2 n 2  0.020n3 (4)
0 .0 0 0 0 .0 2 0 0 .0 4 0 0 .0 6 0
y 3 ( k m o l S O 2 / k m o l) Column 2
97% B recovery: 0.97 x B 2 n 2 0.940n 4 (5)
x4 = 0 .1 0 x4 = 0 .2 0
Total mole balance: n2 n4  n5 (6)

For a given SO2 feed rate removing more SO2 (lower y3) requires a higher solvent feed B balance: x B 2 n 2 0.940n 4  x B5 n5 (7)
rate ( V2 ). T balance: xT 2 n 2 0.060n 4  xT 5 n5 (8)
For a given SO2 removal rate (y3), a higher solvent feed rate ( V2 ) tends to a more dilute
SO2 solution at the outlet (lower x4). b. (1) Ÿ n 3 44.1 mol / h (2) Ÿ n 2 55.9 mol / h
(3) Ÿ x B 2 0.536 mol B / mol (4) Ÿ x T 2 0.431 mol T / mol
d. Answers are the same as in part c.
(5) Ÿ n 4 30.95 mol / h (6) Ÿ n5 24.96 mol / h
4.28 Maximum balances: Overall - 3, Unit 1 - 2; Unit 2 - 3; Mixing point - 3 (7) Ÿ x B5 0.036 mol B / mol (8) Ÿ x T 5 0.892 mol T / mol
Overall mass balance Ÿ m 3 Overall benzene recovery:
g
0.940 30.95 b
u 100% 97%
Mass balance - Unit 1 Ÿ m1 b g 0.300 100
A balance - Unit 1 Ÿ x1 0.892b24.96g
Overall toluene recovery: u 100 89%
Mass balance - mixing point Ÿ m
2 0.250b100g
A balance - mixing point Ÿ x2
C balance - mixing point Ÿ y2

4-17 4-18

4.30 a.
100 kg / h b
 3 kg / h
m
b
g
g
b
 4 kg / h
m g b
 10 kg / h
m g 4.31 a.
2n1 mol b g
0.035 kg S / kg
1 x3 kg S / kg
4 b
x4 kg S / kg g 10 0.050 kg S / kg
0.97 mol B / mol Condenser
0.965 kg H 2 O / kg b
1  x3 kg H 2O / kg g b
1  x4 kg H 2O / kg g 0.950 kg H 2O / kg
0.03 mol T / mol

b
 w kg H 2O / h
m g
0100
. m b
 w kg H 2O / h g 0100
. m b
 w kg H 2O / h g 0100
. m b
 w kg H 2O / h g b g
n1 mol b g
n1 mol (89.2% of Bin feed )
0.97 mol B / mol 0.97 mol B / mol
100 mol
b. Overall process 0.03 mol T / mol 0.03 mol T / mol
0.50 mol B / mol
Still
100 kg/h m 10 ( kg / h) 0.50 mol T / mol
b gb
n 4 mol 45% of feed to reboiler g
0.035 kg S/kg
0.965 kg H2O/kg
0.050 kg S/kg
0.950 kg H2O/kg b
y B mol B / mol g
1  y b mol T / mol g
B
m w ( kg H 2 O / h)
b g
n3 mol
b g
n 2 mol
Reboiler b
x B mol B / mol g
b g z b mol B / molg
Salt balance: 0.035 100 0.050m 10 B
1  x b mol T / molg
1  z b mol T / molg
B
B
Overall balance: 100 m w  m 10

H2O yield: Yw
m b
 w kg H 2O recovered g Overall process: 3 unknowns ( n1 , n3 , x B ) Still: 5 unknowns ( n1 , n2 , n4 , y B , z B )
b
96.5 kg H 2 O in fresh feed g – 2 balances
– 1 relationship (89.2% recovery)
– 2 balances
3 DF
0 DF
First 4 evaporators
Condenser: 1 unknown ( n1 ) Reboiler: 6 unknowns ( n2 , n3 , n4 , x B , y B , z B )
100 kg/ h m b
 4 kg / h g – 0 balances – 2 balances
0.035 kg S/ kg g b
x 4 kg S/ kg 1 DF – 2 relationships (2.25 ratio & 45% vapor)
0.965 kg H2 O / kg b g
1  x4 kg H2 O / kg 3 DF
Begin with overall process.
4 u 0100
. m  b kg H O / hgw 2
b. Overall process
89.2% recovery: 0.892 0.50 100 b gb g 0.97 n1

Overall balance: 100 b

4 0100
. g
m w  m 4 Overall balance: 100 n1  n3

Salt balance: 0.035 100 b g x4 m 4 B balance: 0.50 100 b g 0.97 n1  x B n3

c. Yw 0.31 Reboiler

x4 0.0398 e
yB / 1  yB j 2.25
Composition relationship:
b
xB / 1  xB g
Percent vaporized: n 4 0.45n 2 (1)
Mole balance: n2 n3  n 4 (2)
(Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously.)

B balance: z B n2 x B n3  y B n 4

4-19 4-20
4.31 (cont’d) 4.33 a.
c. B fraction in bottoms: x B 0100
. mol B / mol m b
 4 kg Cr / h g
Moles of overhead: n1 46.0 mol Moles of bottoms: n3 54.0 mol
b1  x gn u 100% b1  010
. gb54.02g
m b
 1 kg / h g m b
 2 kg / h g m b
 5 kg / h g m b
 6 kg / h g
Recovery of toluene: B
0.50b100g
3
0.50b100g
u 100% 97% 0.0515 kg Cr / kg 0.0515 kg Cr / kg Treatment b
x5 kg Cr / kg g b
x6 kg Cr / kg g
0.9485 kg W / kg 0.9485 kg W / kg Unit b
1  x5 kg W / kg g b
1  x6 kg W / kg g
4.32 a.
b
m3 kg H 2O g m b
 3 kg / h g
0.0515 kg Cr / kg
0.9485 kg W / kg
Bypass Mixing point

100 kg b g
m1 kg Evaporator b g
m4 kg m5 kg b g
. kg S / kg
012 012
. kg S / kg
0.88 kg H2O / kg
0.58 kg S / kg
0.42 kg H 2O / kg
0.42 kg S / kg
0.58 kg H2O / kg
b. m 1 6000 kg / h Ÿ m  2 4500 kg / h maximum allowed value b g
0.88 kg H2O / kg  3 6000  4500 1500 kg / h
Bypass point mass balance: m
95% Cr removal: m b
 4 0.95 0.0515 4500 220.2 kg Cr / hgb g
m2 kg b g Mass balance on treatment unit: m 5 4500  220.2 4279.8 kg / h
012
. kg S / kg
0.88 kg H2O / kg Cr balance on treatment unit: x5
0.0515 4500  220.2 b
0.002707 kg Cr / kg
g
4779.8
Mixing point mass balance: m  6 1500  4279.8 5779.8 kg / h
Overall process: 2 unknowns ( m3 , m5 ) Bypass: 2 unknowns ( m1 , m2 )
– 2 balances – 1 independent balance Mixing point Cr balance: x6
b g
0.0515 1500  0.0002707 4279.8 b g 0.0154 kg Cr / kg
0 DF 1 DF 5779.8

Evaporator: 3 unknowns ( m1 , m3 , m4 ) Mixing point: 3 unknowns ( m2 , m4 , m5 )

– 2 balances – 2 balances c. m 1 (kg/h) m 2 (kg/h) m 3 (kg/h) m 4 (kg/h) m 5 (kg/h) x5 m 6 (kg/h) x6
1 DF 1 DF 1000 1000 0 48.9 951 0.00271 951 0.00271
2000 2000 0 97.9 1902 0.00271 1902 0.00271
Overall S balance: 012
. 100 b g 0.42m5 3000
4000
3000
4000
0
0
147
196
2853
3804
0.00271
0.00271
2853
3804
0.00271
0.00271
Overall mass balance: 100 m3  m5 5000 4500 500 220 4280 0.00271 4780 0.00781
6000 4500 1500 220 4280 0.00271 5780 0.0154
Mixing point mass balance: m4  m2 m5 (1) 7000 4500 2500 220 4280 0.00271 6780 0.0207
8000 4500 3500 220 4280 0.00271 7780 0.0247
Mixing point S balance: 0.58m4  012
. m2 0.42m5 (2)
9000 4500 4500 220 4280 0.00271 8780 0.0277
Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously 10000 4500 5500 220 4280 0.00271 9780 0.0301
Bypass mass balance: 100 m1  m2

b. m1 90.05 kg, m2 9.95 kg, m3 . kg, m4

714 18.65 kg, m5 28.6 kg product
m2
Bypass fraction: 0.095
100

c. Over-evaporating could degrade the juice; additional evaporation could be uneconomical; a

stream consisting of 90% solids could be hard to transport.

4-21 4-22

4.33 (cont’d) 4.34 (cont’d)

Overall mass balance: m 1 175  10m 2  m 2 U|

m 1 vs. x 6 V|
Overall K balance: . m 1 10m 2  0.400m 2
0196
W
0.03500 Production rate of crystals 10m 2
0.03000
45% evaporation: 175 kg evaporated min 0.450m 5
x 6 (kg Cr/kg)

0.02500
0.02000
W balance around mixing point: 0.804m 1  0.600m 3 m 5
0.01500
0.01000 Mass balance around mixing point: m 1  m 3 m 4  m 5
0.00500
0.00000 K balance around evaporator: m 6 m 4
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 W balance around evaporator: m 5 175  m 7
m 1 (kg /h )
m 4
Mole fraction of K in stream entering evaporator =
m 4  m 5
d. Cost of additional capacity – installation and maintenance, revenue from additional
recovered Cr, anticipated wastewater production in coming years, capacity of waste lagoon, b. Fresh feed rate: m
1 221 kg / s
regulatory limits on Cr emissions.
Production rate of crystals 10m
2 . kg K s s
416 bg
4.34 a.
b
175 kg H2O / s 45% of water fed to evaporator g Recycle ratio:
m b
 3 kg recycle s g 352.3
.
160
kg recycle
m b
 1 kg fresh feed s g 220.8 kg fresh feed
m b
 1 kg / s g m b
 4 kg K 2SO 4 / s g m b
 6 kg K 2SO 4 / s g Filter cake
0196
. kg K 2SO 4 / kg m b
 5 kg H 2O / s g Evaporator m b
 7 kg H 2 O / s g Crystallizer
Filter 10m b
 2 kg K 2SO 4 / s g c. Scale to 75% of capacity.
0.804 kg H 2O / kg  b kgsoln / sg
m2 Flow rate of stream entering evaporator = 0.75(398 kg / s) = 299 kg / s
RS0.400 kg K SO / kg UV
2 4
Filtrate T0.600 kg H O / kg W
2 46.3% K, 537%
. W
m b
 3 kg / s g
0.400 kg K 2SO 4 / kg
0.600 kg H 2 O / kg d. Drying . Principal costs are likely to be the heating cost for the evaporator and the dryer and
the cooling cost for the crystallizer.
Let K = K2SO4, W = H2 Basis: 175 kg W evaporated/s

Overall process: 2 unknowns ( m 2)

 1, m Mixing point: 4 unknowns ( m
 1, m
 3, m 5 )
 4, m
- 2 balances - 2 balances
0 DF 2 DF

Evaporator: 4 unknowns ( m 4, m
 5, m 7 )
 6, m Crystallizer: 4 unknowns ( m
 2, m
 3, m 7 )
 6, m
– 2 balances – 2 balances
– 1 percent evaporation 2 DF
1 DF

Strategy: Overall balances Ÿ m 1, m

2 U| verify that each
% evaporation Ÿ m 5 |V chosen subsystem involves
Balances around mixing point Ÿ m  3, m4 || no more than two
Balances around evaporator Ÿ m 6, m7 W unknown variables
4-23 4-24
4.35 a. Overall objective: Separate components of a CH4-CO2 mixture, recover CH4, and discharge 4.35 (cont’d)
CO2 to the atmosphere.
Absorber function: Separates CO2 from CH4. Total molar flow rate of liquid feed to stripper and mole fraction of CO2:
Stripper function: Removes dissolved CO2 from CH3OH so that the latter can be reused. n3
n3  n 4 680 mol / h , x3 0.0478 mol CO 2 / mol
n3  n 4
b. The top streams are liquids while the bottom streams are gases. The liquids are heavier than
the gases so the liquids fall through the columns and the gases rise.
e. Scale up to 1000 kg/h (=106 g/h) of product gas:

MW 0.01b44 g CO / molg  0.99b16 g CH / molg 16.28 g / mol

c.
1 2 4
b
n1 mol / h g b g
n 5 mol N 2 / h bn g d10. u 10 g / hib16.28 g / molg 6142
1 new
6
. u 10 mol / h 4
0.010 mol CO 2 / mol
n b mol CO / h g bn g b100 mol / hg (6142. 4
u 10 mol / h) / (70.71 mol / h) 8.69 u 10 4
mol / h
0.990 mol CH 4 / mol 6 2
feed new

100 mol / h
0.300 mol CO 2 / mol
0.700 mol CH 4 / mol
f. Ta  Ts The higher temperature in the stripper will help drive off the gas.
Pa ! Ps The higher pressure in the absorber will help dissolve the gas in the liquid.
Absorber b
n 2 mol / h g Stripper
0.005 mol CO 2 / mol b
n 5 mol N 2 / h g g. The methanol must have a high solubility for CO2, a low solubility for CH4, and a low
0.995 mol CH 3OH / mol volatility at the stripper temperature.

b
n 3 mol CO 2 / h g 4.36 a. Basis: 100 kg beans fed
e j
b
n 4 mol CH 3OH / h g m kg C H
5 6 14
Condenser

Overall: 3 unknowns ( n1 , n5 , n 6 ) Absorber: 4 unknowns ( n1 , n 2 , n3 , n 4 )

– 2 balances – 3 balances e
m kg C H j 300 kg C 6 H14 b g
m2 kg b g
m4 kg b
m6 kg oil g
1 DF 1 DF
1 6 14
Ex b
x 2 kg S / kgg F b
y 4 kg oil / kg g Ev
b
y2 kg oil / kg g b
1  y 4 kg C 6 H14 / kg g
Stripper: 4 unknowns ( n2 , n3 , n4 , n5 ) 1  x  y b kg C H / kg g
2 2 6 14
– 2 balances 13.0 kg oil m3 kg b g
– 1 percent removal (90%) 87.0 kg S
0.75 kg S / kg
1 DF b
y3 kg oil / kg g
b
0.25  y3 kg C 6 H14 / kg g
Overall CH4 balance: b0.700gb100g bmol CH / hg 4 0.990n1
Overall: 4 unknowns ( m1 , m3 , m6 , y3 ) Extractor: 3 unknowns ( m2 , x2 , y2 )
Overall mole balance: 100b mol / h g n  n 1 6 – 3 balances – 3 balances
Percent CO2 stripped: 0.90n3 n 6 1 DF 0 DF
Stripper CO2 balance: n3 n 6  0.005n2 Mixing Pt: 2 unknowns ( m1 , m5 ) Evaporator: 4 unknowns ( m4 , m5 , m6 , y4 )
Stripper CH3OH balance: n4 0.995n 2 – 1 balance – 2 balances
1 DF 2 DF
Filter: 7 unknowns ( m2 , m3 , m4 , x2 , y2 , y3 , y4 )
d. n1 70.71 mol / h , n2 . mol / h , n3
6510 32.55 mol CO 2 / h, n 4 647.7 mol CH 3OH / h ,
– 3 balances
n6 29.29 mol CO 2 / h – 1 oil/hexane ratio
30.0  0.010n1 3 DF
Fractional CO2 absorption: f CO 2 0.976 mol CO 2 absorbed / mol fed
30.0
Start with extractor (0 degrees of freedom)
Extractor mass balance: 300  87.0  13.0 kg m2

4-25 4-26

4.36 (cont’d) 4.37 (cont’d)

Extractor S balance: 87.0 kg S x2 m2 Balances around the mixing point involve 3 unknowns m3 , m6 , x , as do balances b g
Extractor oil balance: 13.0 kg oil y2 m2 b g
around the filter m4 , m6 , x , but the tub only involves 2 m3 , m4 and 2 balances are b g
Filter S balance: 87.0 kg S 0.75m3 allowed for each subsystem. Balances around tub Ÿ m3 , m4
Balances around mixing point Ÿ m6 , x (solves Part (b))
Filter mass balance: m2 kg b g m3  m4 Oil / hexane ratio in filter cake:
y3 y2 a. 95% dirt removal: m1 b0.05gb2.0g 010. lb dirt m

0.25  y3 1  x2  y 2 Overall dirt balance: 2.0 010 b g

.  0.92 m5 Ÿ m5 2.065 lb dirt m

Filter oil balance: 13.0 kg oil y3m3  y4 m4 Overall Whizzo balance: m 3  b0.08gb2.065g blb Whizzog
2 m 317
. lb m Whizzo

Evaporator hexane balance: 1  y4 m4 b g m5

b. Tub dirt balance: 2  0.03m3 010
.  013
. m4 (1)
Mixing pt. Hexane balance: m1  m5 300 kg C6 H14 Tub Whizzo balance: 0.97m3 3  0.87m4 (2)
Evaporator oil balance: y4 m4 m6 Solve (1) & (2) simultaneously Ÿ m3 20.4 lb m , m4 19.3 lb m
.  m6 20.4 lb m Ÿ m6 17.3 lb m
Mixing pt. mass balance: 317
b.
Yield
m6
118
100
. kg oil
100 kg beans fed
0118
. kg oil / kg beans fed b g Mixing pt. Whizzo balance:
.  x4 19.3
317 b g b gb g
0.97 20.4 Ÿ x 0.833 lb m Whizzo / lb m Ÿ 833%
. Whizzo, 6.7% dirt

Fresh hexanefeed
m1 28 kg C6 H14
100 100 kg beans fed
0.28 kg C6 H14 / kg beans fed b g 4.38 a.
2720 kg S
Recycle ratio
m5 272 kg C 6 H14 recycled
m1 28 kg C 6 H14 fed
9.71 kg C6 H14 recycled / kg C6 H14 fed b g
mixer 3
C 2L kg L
Discarded
c. Lower heating cost for the evaporator and lower cooling cost for the condenser. Filter 3 C 2S kg S
C 3L kg L
C 3S kg S F 3L kg L
4.37 b
m lb m dirt g 3300 kg S F 3S kg S
1
98 lb m dry shirts
620 kg L
3 lb m Whizzo
mixer 1 mixer 2
100 lb
m
2 lb m dirt C 1L kg L
Filter 1 Filter 2
98 lb m dry shirts C 1S kg S
F 1L kg L F 2L kg L
Filter F 1S kg S F 2S kg S
Tub
b
m lb m Whizzo
2 g b g
m lb m b g
m lb m 5b g
m lb m
To holding tank
3 4
0.92 lb m dirt / lb m
0.03 lb m dirt / lb m 013
. lb m dirt / lb m
0.08 lb m Whizzo / lb m
0.97 lb m Whizzo / lb m 0.87 lb m Whizzo / lb m

mixer filter 1: 0.01 620 F1L Ÿ b gF1L 6.2 kg L

b g
m lb m
4 balance: 620 6.2  C1L Ÿ C1L 6138 . kg L
b
1  x lb m dirt / lb m
4 g mixer filter 2: 0.01 6138 b
.  F3 L F2 L g U|
F2 L 6.2 kg L
b
x lb m Whizzo / lb m
4 g balance: 6138 V|
.  F3L F2 L  C3 L Ÿ C2 L 613.7 kg L
Strategy
95% dirt removal Ÿ m1 ( 5% of the dirt entering)
mixer filter 3: 0.01C2 L F3L
balance:
W
F3 L 61. kg L
613.7 = 6.1+ C3L Ÿ C3 L 607.6 kg L
Overall balances: 2 allowed (we have implicitly used a clean shirt balance in labeling
the chart) Ÿ m2 , m5 (solves Part (a))

4-27 4-28
4.38 (cont’d) 4.39 (cont’d)
b. nH 2
Solvent .  2.0 Ÿ H 2 islimiting reactant
15
nC2 H 2
m f 1: . 3300 C1S Ÿ
015 C1S 495 kg S b g . mol H 2 fed Ÿ 10
15 . mol C2 H 2 fed Ÿ 0.75 mol C2 H 2 required (theoretical)
balance: 3300 495  F1S Ÿ F1S 2805 kg S
. 495  F3S
m f 2: 015 C2 S C2 S 482.6 kg Sb g U| % excess C2 H 2
. mol fed  0.75 mol required
10
0.75 mol required
u 100% 333% .
balance: 495  F3S C2 S  F2 S
Ÿ
F2 S 2734.6 kg S |V
. 2720  C2 S
m f 3: 015 C3S C3S 480.4 kg S b g || c. 4 u 106 tonnes C2 H 6 1 yr 1 day 1 h 1000 kg 1 kmol C2 H 6 2 kmol H 2 2.00 kg H 2
balance: 2720 + C2S F3S  C3S F3S 2722.2 kg S W yr 300 days 24 h 3600 s tonne 30.0 kg C2 H 6 1 kmol C2 H 6 1 kmol H 2
20.6 kg H 2 / s
Holding Tank Contents
6.2  6.2 12.4 kg leaf
d. The extra cost will be involved in separating the product from the excess reactant.
2805  2734.6 5540 kg solvent

4.40 a. 4 NH 3  5 O 2 o 4 NO  6 H 2 O
b. 5540 kgS QR kgb g b g
Q0 kg
5 lb - mole O 2 react
0165
. kg E / kg 125
. lb - mole O 2 react / lb - mole NO formed
. kg E / kg
Extraction 013 Steam 0.200 kg E / kg
4 lb - mole NO formed
0.835 kg W / kg Unit 0.15kg F / kg Stripper 0.026 kg F / kg
QD kg D b g 0.855kg W / kg 0.774 kg W / kg b.
dn i 100 kmol NH3 5 kmol O 2
125 kmol O 2
QF kg F b g b g
QE kg E
b g
QB kg
O 2 theoretical
h 4 kmol NH3

Q b kg Dg
D
0.013 kg E / kg 40% excess O 2 Ÿ nO 2 d i fed
b
. 125 kmol O 2
140 g 175 kmol O 2
0.987 kg W / kg
Q b kg Fg
F

b
Q3 kg steam g c. b50.0 kg NH gb1 kmol NH / 17 kg NH g 2.94 kmol NH
3 3 3 3

1 kg D 620 kg leaf
b100.0 kg O gb1 kmol O / 32 kg O g 3125
2 . kmol O
2 2 2
Mass of D in Product:
1000 kg leaf
0.62 kg D QD F n I 3125 . F n I 5
Water balance around extraction unit: 0.835 5540 0.855QR Ÿ QR b g 5410 kg
GH n JK 2.94 106
O2

NH 3
. G
H n JK 4 125 .
O2

NH 3
fed stoich
Ethanol balance around extraction unit: Ÿ O 2 is the limiting reactant
0165
. 5540 013 b g b
. 5410  QE Ÿ QE 211 kg ethanol in extract g b g 3125
. kmol O 2 4 kmol NH3
Required NH3: 2.50 kmol NH3
5 kmol O 2
c. F balance around stripper
0.015 5410 0.026Q0 Ÿ Q0 b g b
3121 kg mass of stripper overhead product g % excess NH3
2.94  2.50
2.50
u 100% 17.6% excess NH3
E balance around stripper
b g
. 5410 0.200 3121  0.013QB Ÿ QB
013 b g b
6085 kg mass of stripper bottom product g Extent of reaction: nO 2 d i
nO 2  vO 2 [ Ÿ 0 3125
.  5 [ Ÿ [
0
b g 0.625 kmol 625 mol

W balance around stripper 3125

. kmol O 2 4 kmol NO 30.0 kg NO
Mass of NO: 75.0 kg NO
b
0.855 5410  QS 0.774 3121  0.987 6085 Ÿ QS g b g b g 3796 kg steam fed to stripper 5 kmol O 2 1 kmol NO

4.39 a. C 2 H 2  2 H 2 o C2 H 6
4.41 a. By adding the feeds in stoichometric proportion, all of the H2S and SO2 would be consumed.
2 mol H 2 react / mol C2 H 2 react Automation provides for faster and more accurate response to fluctuations in the feed stream,
0.5 kmol C2 H 6 formed / mol H 2 react reducing the risk of release of H2S and SO2. It also may reduce labor costs.

4-29 4-30

4.41 (cont’d) 4.41 (cont’d)

b. 3.00 u 10 2 kmol 0.85 kmol H 2 S 1 kmol SO 2

Rc
10
7
b gb gb g
45 0.0119 76.5  0.0605 
5
7
53.9 mV
n c 127.5 kmol SO 2 / h
h kmol 2 kmol H 2 S Ÿ n c
7
3
b g
53.9 
5
3
127.4 kmol / h

c. e. Faulty sensors, computer problems, analyzer calibration not linear, extrapolation beyond
C a lib r a t io n C u r v e range of calibration data, system had not reached steady state yet.

1 .2 0 4.42
1 .0 0 165 mol / s b
n mol / s g
b g
X ( m o l H2S /m o l)

x mol C 2 H 4 / mol 0.310 mol C2 H 4 / mol

0 .8 0

0 .6 0
b
1  x mol HBr / mol g .
0173 mol HBr / mol
0.517 mol C 2 H 5Br / mol
0 .4 0
C 2 H 4  HBr o C 2 H 5 Br
0 .2 0

0 .0 0
C balance:
b
165 mol x mol C2 H 4 2 mol C g b gb g b
n 0.310 2  n 0.517 2 gb g (1)
0 .0 2 0 .0 4 0 .0 6 0 .0 8 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 s mol mol C2 H 4
R a (m V ) Br balance: 165 1  x 1 b gb g nb0173
. gb1g (2)

X 0.0199 Ra  0.0605 Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously Ÿ n 108.77 mol / s, x 0.545 mol C 2 H 4 / mol

d.
b g
Ÿ 1 x 0.455 mol HBr / mol
b
n c kmol SO 2 / h g Since the C2H4/HBr feed ratio (0.545/0.455) is greater than the stoichiometric ration (=1),
HBr is the limiting reactant .

b
n f kmol / h g Blender bn g b165 mol / sgb0.455 mol HBr / molg 75.08 mol HBr
b
x kmol H 2S / kmol g HBr fed

75.08  b0173
. gb108.8g
Fractional conversion of HBr u 100% 0.749 mol HBr react / mol fed
n f aR f UVn 20
75.08
Flowmeter calibration:
n f 100 kmol / h , R f 15 mV W f
3
Rf dn i 75.08 mol C H
C 2 H 4 stoich 2 4

Control valve calibration:

n c 25.0 kmol / h, R c 10.0 mV
n c
UV 7
Rc 
5 dn i b165 mol / sgb0.545 mol C H
C 2 H 4 fed 2 4 / mol g 89.93 mol C2 H 4
nc 60.0 kmol / h , Rc 25.0 mV W 3 3
% excess of C2 H 4
89.93  75.08
19.8%
Stoichiometric feed: n c
1 7
n f x Ÿ Rc 
5 1 20
GFH
R f 0.0119 Ra  0.0605 JIK b g 75.08
b gb g bg
2 3 3 2 3   d
Extent of reaction: nC2 H5Br nC2 H5Br  vC2 H5Br[ Ÿ 108.8 0.517 i 0
0 1[ Ÿ[ 56.2 mol / s
Ÿ Rc
10
7
b
R f 0.0119 Ra  0.0605 
5
7
g
3
n f 3.00 u 10 2 kmol / h Ÿ R f n f 45 mV
20

4-31 4-32
 4.43 (cont’d)
4.43 a. 1
2HCl 
2
O 2 o Cl 2  H 2 O Basis: 100 mol HCl fed to reactor
O 2 : n3 b g
0.21 160.7 
1
2
[ 12.5 mol O 2

N 2 : n4 0.79b160.7g 127 mol N 2

100 mol HCl b
n2 mol HCl g Cl 2 : n5 [ 42.5 mol Cl 2
n b mol O g
3 2 H 2 O: n6 [ 42.5 mol H 2 O
b
n1 mol air g n b mol N g
4 2

n b mol Cl g
0.21 mol O 2 / mol These molar quantities are the same as in part (a), so the mole fractions would also be the
5 2 same.
0.79 mol N 2 / mol n b mol H Og
6 2 c. Use of pure O2 would eliminate the need for an extra process to remove the N2 from the
35% excess product gas, but O2 costs much more than air. The cheaper process will be the process of
choice.
100 mol HCl 0.5 mol O 2
bO gstoic
2
2 mol HCl
25 mol O 2 4.44 b g
FeTiO3  2H 2SO 4 o TiO SO 4  FeSO 4  2H 2 O

35% excess air: 0.21n1 mol O 2 fed b g . u 25 Ÿ n1 160.7 mol air fed
135 b g
Fe2O3  3H 2SO 4 o Fe2 SO 4 3  3H 2O
bTiOgSO  2H O o H TiO bsg  H SO
4 2 2 3 2 4

85% conversion Ÿ 85 mol HCl react Ÿ n2 15 mol HCl H TiO bsg o TiO bsg  H O
2 3 2 2

85 mol HCl react 1 mol Cl 2

n5 42.5 mol Cl 2 Basis: 1000 kg TiO2 produced
2 mol HCl
1000 kg TiO 2 kmol TiO 2 1 kmol FeTiO 3
n6 b85gb1 2g 42.5 mol H 2 O
79.90 kg TiO 2 1 kmol TiO 2
12.52 kmol FeTiO 3 decomposes

N 2 balance: b160.7gb0.79g n4 Ÿ n4 127 mol N 2 12.52 kmol FeTiO 3 dec. 1 kmol FeTiO 3 feed
14.06 kmol FeTiO 3 fed
O balance: 0.89 kmol FeTiO 3 dec.
b160.7gb0.21g mol O 2 2 mol O
2 n3 
42.5 mol H 2 O 1 mol O
Ÿ n3 12.5 mol O 2
14.06 kmol FeTiO 3 1 kmol Ti 47.90 kg Ti
. kg Ti fed
6735
1 mol O 2 1 mol H 2 O 1 kmol FeTiO 3 kmol Ti
Total moles: 673.5 kg Ti / M kg ore b g 0.243 Ÿ M 2772 kg ore fed
5
¦nj 239.5 mol Ÿ
15 mol HCl
0.063
mol HCl
, 0.052
mol O 2
, 0.530
mol N 2
, Ore is made up entirely of 14.06 kmol FeTiO 3 + n kmol Fe2 O3 (Assumption!) b g
j 2 239.5 mol mol mol mol
14.06 kmol FeTiO 3 151.74 kg FeTiO 3
mol Cl 2 mol H 2 O n 2772 kg ore  . kg Fe2 O 3
6381
0177
. , 0177
. kmol FeTiO3
mol mol
638.1 kg Fe 2 O 3 kmol Fe2O 3
4.00 kmol Fe2O 3
b. As before, n1 160.7 mol air fed , n2 15 mol HCl 159.69 kg Fe2 O 3

1 14.06 kmol FeTiO3 2 kmol H2SO4 4.00 kmol FeTiO3 3 kmol H2SO4
2HCl  O 2 o Cl 2  H 2 O  . kmol H2SO4
4012
2 1 kmol FeTiO3 1 kmol Fe2O3

ni bn g  vi [
50% excess: 15
. 4012
. kmol H 2SO 4 b g 6018
. kmol H 2SO 4 fed
i 0
60.18 kmol H 2SO 4 98.08 kg H 2SO 4
E Mass of 80% solution:
1 kmol H 2SO 4
5902.4 kg H 2SO 4
HCl: 15 100  2[ Ÿ [ 42.5 mol
5902.4 kg H 2 SO 4 / M
a bkg solng 0.80 Ÿ M
a
7380 kg 80% H 2 SO 4 feed

4-33 4-34

4.46 a. A  B ===== C + D
4.45 a. Plot C (log scale) vs. R (linear scale) on semilog paper, get straight line through
nA nA  [
dR i FH R 2.67 g m 3 IK 0
1 10, C1 0.30 g m 3 and 2 48, C2
nB nB  [
0
yA en A0 j
 [ nT
ln C bR  ln a œ C ae br nC nC  [ yB en B0 j
 [ nT

b
b
ln 2.67 0.30
0.0575 , ln a
g b g
ln 2.67  0.0575 48 b g 178
. Ÿa e 1.78 0169
. nD
0

nD  [ yC en C0  [j n T
48  10 0

. e 0.0575 R
Ÿ C 0169 nI nI
0
yD en D0  [j n T

453.6 g 35.31 ft 3 Total nT ¦ ni

d
C g m3 i C c(ftlb m)
16,020C c
3
1 lb m 1 m3
yC y D bn gb
 [ c n D0  [ c g
E At equilibrium:
y A yB bn
C0

A0 gb
 [ c n B0  [ c g 4.87 ( nT ’s cancel)

. e 0.0575 R Ÿ C c lb m SO 2 ft 3
16,020C ' 0169 d i 1055
. u 10 5 e 0.0575 R
c
. [ 2c  nC0  nD0  487
387 . nA0  nB0 [ c  nC0nD0  487 b
. nA0nB0 gh b g 0
b. d2867 ft sib60 s ming
3

138 ft 3 lb m coal
[a[ 2c  b[ c  c 0]
1250 lb m min
a 387
.
R d
37 Ÿ C c lb m SO 2 ft 3 i 1055
. u 105 eb gb g
0.0575 37
8.86 u 10
5
lb m SO 2 ft 3
?[ c
1
e j
b r b2  4ac where b  nC0  nD0  487
. nA0  nB0 b g
2a
8.86 u 105 lb m SO 2 138 ft 3 lb m SO 2 c  nC0nD0  487
. nA0nB0
0.012  0.018 compliance achieved
ft 3 1 lb m coal lb m coal
b. Basis: 1 mol A feed nA0 1 nB0 1 nC0 nB0 nI 0 0
c. S  O 2 o SO 2
Constants: a 387
. b 1174
. c 4.87
1250 lb m coal 0.05 lb m S 64.06 lb m SO 2
124.9 lb m SO 2 generated min 1F b1174
. g
2
b gb gIK Ÿ [
min 1 lb m coal 32.06 lb m S [e
b gH
2 387
.
. r
1174  4 387
. 4.87 e1 0.496
. u 105 lb m SO2
2867 ft 3 60 s 886
s 1 min ft3
152
. lbm SO2 min in scrubbed gas b[ e2 2.54 is also a solution but leads to a negative conversion g
n A0  n A [ e1
air scrubbing fluid Fractional conversion: X A b XB g n A0 n A0
0.496
1250 lbm coal/min furnace stack gas scrubber scrubbed gas
62.5 lb m S/min 124.9 lbm SO2 /min 15.2 lb m SO2 /min c.
ash liquid effluent nA0 80, nC0 nD0 nJ 0 0
(124.9 – 15.2) lb m SO2 (absorbed)/min nC 0 0
% removal
b124.9  15.2g lbm SO 2 scrubbed min
u 100% 88%
nC 70 nC0  [ c ![c 70 mol
124.9 lb m SO 2 fed to scrubber min nA n A0  [ c n A0  70 mol
nB n B0  [ c 80  70 10 mol
d. The regulation was avoided by diluting the stack gas with fresh air before it exited from the
nC nC 0  [ c 70 mol
stack. The new regulation prevents this since the mass of SO2 emitted per mass of coal
burned is independent of the flow rate of air in the stack. nD n D0  [ c 70 mol

4.87
yC y D nC n D
Ÿ
70 70 b gb g 4.87 Ÿ n A0 170.6 mol methanol fed
y A yB n AnB b
n A0  70 10 gb g

4-35 4-36
4.46 (cont’d) 4.47 (cont’d)
Product gas n A 170.6  70 100.6 mol yA U| 0.401 mol CH3OH mol
nB 10 mol
Ÿ
yB |V 0.040 mol CH3COOH mol d. T (K)
1223
x (CO)
0.5
x (H2O)
0.5
x (CO2)
0
Keq
0.6610
Keq (Goal Seek) Extent of Reaction
0.6610 0.2242
y (H2)
0.224
nC 70 mol yC
|| 0.279 mol CH3COOCH 3 mol 1123
1023
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0
0
0.8858
1.2569
0.8856
1.2569
0.2424
0.2643
0.242
0.264
nD 70 mol yD W 0.279 mol H 2 O mol 923
823
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0
0
1.9240
3.2662
1.9242
3.2661
0.2905
0.3219
0.291
0.322
ntotal 250.6 mol 723 0.5 0.5 0 6.4187 6.4188 0.3585 0.358
623 0.5 0.5 0 15.6692 15.6692 0.3992 0.399
673 0.5 0.5 0 9.7017 9.7011 0.3785 0.378
d. Cost of reactants, selling price for product, market for product, rate of reaction, need for
698 0.5 0.5 0 7.8331 7.8331 0.3684 0.368
heating or cooling, and many other items. 688 0.5 0.5 0 8.5171 8.5177 0.3724 0.372

4.47 a. CO  H 2 O m
o CO 2  H 2 1123 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.8858 0.8863 0.1101 0.110
1123 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.8858 0.8857 0.1100 0.110
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1123 0.3 0.3 0 0.8858 0.8856 0.1454 0.145
1123 0.5 0.4 0 0.8858 0.8867 0.2156 0.216

. mol
100 b
n A mol CO g The lower the temperature, the higher the extent of reaction. An equimolar feed ratio of
0.20 mol CO / mol b
nB mol H 2O g carbon monoxide and water also maximizes the extent of reaction.

n b mol CO g
. mol CO 2 / mol
010
C 2 4.48 a. A  2B o C
0.40 mol H 2 O / mol
n b mol H g
D 2 ln K e ln A0  E T K b g
0.30 mol I / mol
n b mol Ig
b g lnd10.5 / 2.316 u 10 i
I 4
ln K e1 / K e 2
Degree of freedom analysis: 6 unknowns ( n A , nB , nC , nD , n I , [ ) E 11458
1 T1  1 T2 1 373  1 573
– 4 expressions for ni [ bg
– 1 balance on I ln A0 ln K e1  11458 T1 ln 10.5  11458 373 28.37 Ÿ A0 4.79 u 1013
– 1 equilibrium relationship
0 DF Ke c
4.79 u 10 13 exp 11458 T K atm 2 Ÿ Ke (450K) 0.0548 atm1 b gh
b. Since two moles are prodcued for every two moles that react,
b. nA n A0  [ U| b
y A n A0  [ nT 0  2[ gb g
b g b g
ntotal out ntotal in 100
. mol b g nB nB 0  2[ |V Ÿ
b
y B nB 0  2[ nT 0  2[ gb g
n A 0.20  [
nC nC 0  [ | b
yC nC 0  [ nT 0  2[ gb g
 2[ |W
(1)
nB 0.40  [ (2)
nT nT 0 bnT 0 n A0  nB 0  nC 0 g
nC 010. [ (3) At equilibrium,
nD [ (4) yC 1 bn C0 gb
 [ e nT 0  2[ e g
2
1
bg bg
Ke T (substitute for K T from Part a.)
n I 0.30
ntot 100
. mol
(5) y A y B2 P2 bn A0 gb
 [ e nB0  2[ e g 2
P2 e

yC y D nC nD b010
.  [ gb[ g FG 4020 IJ Ÿ [
At equilibrium:
y A yB n A nB b0.20  [ gb0.40  [ g 0.0247 exp
H 1123 K 0110
. mol c. Basis: 1 mol A (CO)
n A0 1 nB 0 1 nC 0 0 Ÿ nT 0 2, P 2 atm , T 423K
yD nD [ 0110
. b
mol H 2 / molg
b
[ e 2  2[ e g 2
1
b g
K e 423 0.278 atm Ÿ [  [ e  01317
-2
. 2
0
c. The reaction has not reached equilibrium yet. b1  [ gb1  2[ g
e e
2
4 atm 2
e

4-37 4-38

4.47 (cont’d) 4.48 (cont’d)

CON = EKPI/YA0
(For this particular set of initial conditions, we get a quadratic equation. In general, the WRITE (6, 3) YA, YB, YC, CON
equation will be cubic.) STOP
4 WRITE (6, 5) INMAX, EKPI
[e 0156
. , 0.844 Reject the second solution, since it leads to a negative nB . 3 FORMAT (' YA YB YC CON', 1, 4(F6.3, 1X))
yA b1  0156
. g c2  2b0156
. gh Ÿ y 0.500 A
*
FORMAT ('DID NOT CONVERGE IN', I3, 'ITERATIONS',/,
'CURRENT VALUE = ', F6.3)
y B c1  2b0156
. gh c2  2b0156
. gh Ÿ y 0.408 B END
y C b0  0156
. g c2  2b0156
. gh Ÿ y 0.092 C $DATA
0.5 0.5 0.0 423. 2.
n n [
Fractional Conversion of CO b Ag A0 A
0156
. mol A reacted / mol A feed
n n A0 A0 RESULTS
d. Use the equations from part b. YA YB YC CON
0.500 0.408 0.092 0.156
i) Fractional conversion decreases with increasing fraction of CO.
Note: This will only find one root — there are two others that can only be found by
ii) Fractional conversion decreases with increasing fraction of CH3OH.
choosing different initial values of [ a
iii) Fractional conversion decreases with increasing temperature.
iv) Fractional conversion increases with increasing pressure.
4.49 a.
CH 4  O 2 o HCHO  H 2O (1)
e. REAL TRU, A, E, YA0, YC0, T, P, KE, P2KE, C0, C1, C2, C3, EK, EKPI,
* FN, FDN, NT, CON, YA, YB, YC CH 4  2O 2 o CO 2  2H 2O (2)
INTEGER NIT, INMAX
TAU = 0.0001
100 mol / s
INMAX = 10
A = 4.79E–13 0.50 mol CH 4 / mol b
n1 mol CH 4 / sg
E = 11458. 0.50 mol O 2 / mol b g
n 2 mol O 2 / s
n b mol HCHO / sg
READ (5, *) YA0, YB0, YC0, T, P
3
KE = A * EXP(E/T)
P2KE = P*P*KE n b mol H O / sg
4 2
C0 = YC0 – P2KE * YA0 * YB0 * YB0 n b mol CO g
5 2
C1 = 1. – 4. * YC0 + P2KE * YB0 * (YB0 + 4. * YA0)
C2 = 4. * (YC0 –1. – P2KE * (YA0 + YB0)) 7 unknowns ( n1 , n 2 , n3 , n 4 , n5 , [ 1 , [ 2 )
C3 = 4. * (1. + P2KE)
EK = 0.0 (Assume an initial value [ e 0. 0 )
– 5 equations for n [ , [ i e 1 2 j
NIT = 0 2 DF
1 FN = C0 + EK * (C1 + EK * (C2 + EK * C3))
FDN = C1 + EK * (2. * C2 + EK * 3. * C3) b. n1 50  [ 1  [ 2 (1)
EKPI = EK - FN/FDN
NIT = NIT + 1 n2 50  [  2[ 1 2 (2)
IF (NIT.EQ.INMAX) GOTO 4 n3 [ 1 (3)
IF (ABS((EKPI – EK)/EKPI).LT.TAU) GOTO 2 n4 [  2[ (4)
1 2
EK = EKPI
GOTO 1 n5 [ 2 (5)
2 NT = 1. – 2. * EKPI
YA = (YA0 – EKPI)/NT
YB = (YB0 – 2. + EKPI)/NT
c.
Fractional conversion:
b50  n g 1
0.900 Ÿ n1 5.00 mol CH / s
50 4
YC = (YC0 + EKPI)/NT
n
Fractional yield: 3 0.855 Ÿ n3 42.75 mol HCHO / s
50

4-39 4-40
 4.49 (cont’d) 4.50 a. Design for low conversion and feed ethane in excess. Low conversion and excess ethane
Equation 3 Ÿ [ 1 42.75 U|
y CH
4
0.0500 mol CH 4 / mol make the second reaction unlikely.
Equation 1 Ÿ [ 2 2.25 yO
2|| 0.0275 mol O 2 / mol
b. C2H6 + Cl2 o C2H5Cl + HCl, C2H5Cl + Cl2 o C2H4Cl2 + HCl
V|
Equation 2 Ÿ n 2 2.75 Ÿ y HCHO 0.4275 mol HCHO / mol Basis: 100 mol C2H5Cl produced
Equation 4 Ÿ n 4 47.25 2 ||
y H O 0.4725 mol H 2 O / mol
n1 (mol C2H6) 100 mol C2H5OH 5 unknowns
Equation 5 Ÿ n5 2.25 y CO
2 W0.0225 mol CO 2 / mol
n2 (mol C2H6) n3 (mol C2H6) –3 atomic balances
42.75 mol HCHO / s n4 (mol HCl) 2 D.F.
Selectivity: 19.0 mol HCHO / mol CO 2 n5 (mol C2H5Cl2)
2.25 mol CO 2 / s
c. Selectivity: 100 mol C 2 H 5 Cl 14n5 (mol C 2 H 4 Cl 2 ) Ÿ n5 7.143 mol C 2 H 4 Cl 2
13% conversion: 1  015
. n1 b g n U| Ÿ n 714.3 mol C H in
C balance: 1
V 3

2n 2b100g  2n  2b7.143gW| n 114.3 mol C H out

3
1

3
2

2
6

H balance: 6b714.3g 5b100g  6b114.3g  n  4b7.143g Ÿ n 607.1 mol HCl

4 4

Cl balance: 2n 100  607.1  2b7.143g Ÿ n 114.3 mol Cl

2 2 2

Feed Ratio: 114.3 mol Cl 2 / 714.3 mol C2 H 6 016

. mol Cl 2 / mol C2 H 6
Maximum possible amount of C2H5Cl:
114.3 mol Cl 2 1 mol C 2 H 5 Cl
n max 114.3 mol C 2 H 5 Cl
1 mol Cl 2
nC2 H5Cl 100 mol
Fractional yield of C2H5Cl: 0.875
n max 114.3 mol

d. Some of the C2H4Cl2 is further chlorinated in an undesired side reaction:

C2H5Cl2 + Cl2 o C2H4Cl3 + HCl

4.51 a. C2H4 + H2O o C2H5OH, 2 C2H5OH o (C2H5)2O + H2O

Basis: 100 mol effluent gas

100 mol
0.433 mol C 2 H 4 / mol
n (mol C H ) 3 unknowns
1 2 4 0.025 mol C 2 H 5 OH / mol -2 independent atomic balances
n [mol H O (v)]
2 2 0.0014 mol (C H ) O / mol -1 I balance
2 5 2
n 3 (mol I)
0.093 mol I / mol 0 D. F.
0.4476 mol H O (v) / mol
2

(1) C balance: 2n1 b

100 2 0.433  2 0.025  4 0.0014 g
(2) H balance: 4n1  2n2 b
100 4 0.433  6 0.025  10 0.0014  2 0.4476 g
(3) O balance: n2 b
100 0.025  0.0014  0.4476 g
Note; Eq. (1) 2  Eq. (3) 2 Eq. (2) Ÿ2 independent atomic balances
(4) I balance: n3 = 9.3

4-41 4-42

4.51 (cont'd) 4.53 a. C 6 H 6  Cl 2 o C 6 H 5 Cl  HCl

b. C 6 H 5 Cl  Cl 2 o C 6 H 4 Cl 2  HCl
(1) Ÿ n1 46.08 mol C 2 H 6 U| C 6 H 4 Cl 2  Cl 2 o C 6 H 3 Cl 3  HCl
V|
(3) Ÿ n2 47.4 mol H 2 O Ÿ Reactor feed contains 44.8% C 2 H 6 , 46.1% H 2 O, 9.1% I
Convert output wt% to mol%: Basis 100 g output
(4) Ÿ n3 9.3 mol I W
species g Mol. Wt. mol mol %
46.08  43.3 C6H 6 65.0 78.11 0.832 73.2
% conversion of C2H4: u 100% 6.0%
46.08 C 6 H 5 Cl 32.0 112.56 0.284 25.0
If all C2H4 were converted and the second reaction did not occur, nC2 H5OH d i max
46.08 mol C 6 H 4 Cl 2 2.5 147.01 0.017 1.5
C 6 H 3 Cl 3 0.5 181.46 0.003 0.3
Ÿ Fractional Yield of C2H5OH: nC2 H5OH / nC2 H5OH d i max
b2.5 / 46.08g 0.054
total 1.136
Selectivity of C2H5OH to (C2H5)2O:
2.5 mol C 2 H 5 OH Basis: 100 mol output
17.9 mol C 2 H 5OH / mol (C 2 H 5 ) 2 O
0.14 mol (C 2 H 5 ) 2 O
n 4 (mol HCl(g ))
n1 (mol C6 H6 ) n 3 (mol I) 4 unknowns
c. Keep conversion low to prevent C2H5OH from being in reactor long enough to form -3 atomic balances
significant amounts of (C2H5)2O. Separate and recycle unreacted C2H4. 65.0 mo l C6 H6 -1 wt% Cl 2 in feed
n2 (mol Cl 2) 32.0 mo l C6 H 5 Cl 0 D.F.
4.52 bg bg
CaF2 s  H 2 SO 4 l o CaSO 4 s  2HF g bg bg n3 (mol I) 2.5 mo l C 6 H 4 Cl 2
1 metric ton acid 1000 kg acid 0.60 kg HF 0.5 mo l C6 H 3 Cl 3
600 kg HF
1 metric ton acid 1 kg acid b. C balance: 6n1 6b65.0  32.0  2.5  0.5g Ÿ n 100 mol C H 1 6 6

Basis: 100 kg Ore dissolved (not fed) b g 6b65.0g  5b32.0g  4b2.5g  3b0.5g  n Ÿ n 38.5 mol HCl
H balance: 6 100 4 4

Cl balance: 2n 38.5  32.0  2b2.5g  3b0.5g Ÿ n 38.5 mol Cl

2 2 2
100 kg Ore d issolved
n1 (kg CaSO4) Theoretical C H 38.5 mol Cl b1 mol C H 1 mol Cl g 38.5 mol C H
6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6
0.96 kg CaF 2 /kg
Excess C H : b100  38.5g 38.5 u 100% 160% excess C H
n2 (kg HF)
0.04 kg SiO 2/ kg (kg H 4SiF6 ) 6 6 6 6
n3
nA (kg 93% H2 SO4 )
0.93 H2 SO4 kg/ kg
n4 (kg H 2SO 4)
Fractional Conversion: b100  65.0g 100 0.350 mol C H react / mol fed 6 6
0.07 H2 O kg/ kg n5 (kg H2 O)
Yield: (32.0 mol C 6 H 5 Cl) (38.5 mol C 6 H 5 Cl maximum) = 0.831

Atomic balance - Si: Gas feed:

38.5 mol Cl 2 70.91 g Cl 2 1 g gas
2091 g gas g gas
U|
b g
0.04 100 kg SiO 2 28.1 kg Si n3 (kg H 4 SiF6 ) 28.1 kg Si
mole Cl 2 0.98 g Cl 2 Ÿ 0.357 V|
60.1 kg SiO 2 146.1 kg H 4 SiF6
Ÿ n3 9.72 kg H 4 SiF6 b gb
Liquid feed: 100 mol C 6 H 6 78.11 g C 6 H 6 / mol C 6 H 6 7811 g liquid
g liquid
g W
Atomic balance - F: c. Low conversion Ÿ low residence time in reactor Ÿ lower chance of 2nd and 3rd reactions
b g
0.96 100 kg CaF2 38.0 kg F n2 (kg HF) 19.0 kg F occurring. Large excess of C 6 H 6 Ÿ Cl 2 much more likely to encounter C 6 H 6
78.1 kg CaF2 20.0 kg HF than substituted C 6 H 6 Ÿ higher selectivity.
9.72 kg H 4 SiF6 114.0 kg F d. Dissolve in water to produce hydrochloric acid.
 Ÿ n2 412. kg HF
146.1 kg H 4 SiF6
600 kg HF 100 kg ore diss. 1 kg ore feed e. Reagent grade costs much more. Use only if impurities in technical grade mixture affect the
1533 kg ore reaction rate or desired product yield.
41.2 kg HF 0.95 kg ore diss.

4-43 4-44
 4.54 (cont’d)
4.54 a. 2CO 2 œ 2CO  O 2 2A œ 2B  C . IMPLICIT REAL * 4(N)
WRITE (6, 1)
O 2  N 2 œ 2NO C  D œ 2E 1 FORMAT('1', 30X, 'SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 4.57'///)
nA n A0  2[ e1 yA bn A0 gb
 2[ e1 nT 0  [ e1 g 30 READ (5, *) NA0, NB0, NC0, ND0, NE0
IF (NA0.LT.0.0)STOP
nB n B 0  2[ e 2 yB bn B0 gb
 2[ e1 nT 0  [ e1 g WRITE (6, 2) NA0, NB0, NC0, ND0, NE0
nC nC 0  [ e1  [ e 2 Ÿ y C bn C 0  [ e1  [ e 2 gb
nT 0  [ e1 g 2 FORMAT('0', 15X, 'NA0, NB0, NC0, ND0, NE0 *', 5F6.2/)
nD nD0  [ e2 yD bn D 0  1[ e 2 gb
n T 0  [ e1 g NTO = NA0 + NB0 + NC0 + ND0 + NE0
NMAX = 10
nE n E 0  2[ e 2 yE bn E 0  2[ e 2 gb
nT 0  [ e1 g X1 = 0.1
X2 = 0.1
ntotal = nT 0  [ e1 bn T0 n A0  n B 0  nC 0  n D 0  n E 0 g DO 100 J = 1, NMAX
NA = NA0 – X1 – X1
Equilibrium at 3000K and 1 atm NB = NB0 + X1 + X1

y B2 y C bn B0 g bn  [  [ g 01071
 2[ e1
2

.
C0 e1 e2
NC = NC0 + X1 – X2
ND = ND0 – X2
y 2A bn g bn  [ g
A0  2[ e1
2
T0 e1
NE = NE0 + X2 + X2
NAS = NA ** 2
y E2 bn  2[ g B0 e2
2 NBS = NB ** 2
NES = NE ** 2
yC y D bn  [  [ gbn  [ g 0.01493
A0 e1 e2 D0 e2 NT = NT0 + X1
F1 = 0.1071 * NAS * NT – NBS * NC
E F2 = 0.01493 * NC * ND – NES

f1 01071
. b
n A0  2[ e1 g bn
2
g b
 [ e1  n B 0  2[ e1 g bn  [  [ g
2
U|
0 Defines functions
A11 = –0.4284 * NA * NT * 0.1071 * NAS – 4.0 * NB * NC – NBS
A12 = NBS
V| b g
T0 C0 e1 e2
f 1 [ 1 , [ 2 and
f2 b
0.01493 nC 0  [ e1  [ e 2 gbn D0  [ e2 g  bn  2[ g 0
E0 e2
2

W b g
f2 [1, [ 2
A21 = 0.01493 * ND
A22 = –0.01493 * (NC + ND) – 4.0 * NE
DEN = A11 * A22 – A12 * A21
D1 = (A12 * F2 – A22 * F1)/DEN
D2 = (A21 * F1 – A11 * F2)/DEN
b. Given all nio’s, solve above equations for [e1 and [e2 Ÿ nA, nB, nC, nD, nE Ÿ yA, yB, yC, yD, yE X1C = X1 + D1
X2C = X2 + D2
WRITE (6, 3) J, X1, X2, X1C, X2C
c. nA0 = nC0 = nD0 = 0.333, nB0 = nE0 = 0 Ÿ [e1 =0.0593, [e2 = 0.0208 3 FORMAT(20X, 'ITER *', I3, 3X, 'X1A, X2A =', 2F10.5, 6X, 'X1C, X2C =', * 2F10.5)
Ÿ yA = 0.2027, yB = 0.1120, yC = 0.3510, yD = 0.2950, yE = 0.0393 IF (ABS(D1/X1C).LT.1.0E–5.AND.ABS(D2/X2C).LT.1.0E–5) GOTO 120
X1 = X1C
X2 = X2C
d. a11 d 1  a12 d 2  f 1 a 21 d 1  a 22 d 2  f 2 100 CONTINUE
WRITE (6, 4) NMAX
a12 f 2  a 22 f 1 a 21 f 1  a11 f 2
d1 d2 4 FORMAT('0', 10X, 'PROGRAM DID NOT CONVERGE IN', I2, 'ITERATIONS'/)
a11 a 22  a12 a 21 a11 a 22  a12 a 21 STOP
b[ g e1 new [ e1  d 1 b[ g e 2 new [ e1  d 2
120 YA = NA/NT
YB = NB/NT
a11 d 1  a12 d 2  f 1 a 21 d 1  a 22 d 2  f 2 YC = NC/NT
YD = ND/NT
a12 f 2  a 22 f 1 a 21 f 1  a11 f 2 YE = NE/NT
d1 d2
a11 a 22  a12 a 21 a11 a 22  a12 a 21 WRITE (6, 5) YA, YB, YC, YD, YE
b[ g e1 new [ e1  d 1 b[ g e 2 new [ e1  d 2
5 FORMAT ('0', 15X, 'YA, YB, YC, YD, YE =', 1P5E14.4///)
GOTO 30
END
(Solution given following program listing.)
$DATA
0.3333 0.00 0.3333 0.3333 0.0
0.50 0.0 0.0 0.50 0.0
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20

4-45 4-46

4.54 (cont’d) 4.55 (cont’d)

b. Mass balance on splitting point: mA0 = mB0 + f mA0 (1)
SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 4.54
NA0, NB0, NC0, ND0, NE0 = 0.33 0.00 0.33 0.33 0.00
Mass balance on reactor: 2 mB0 = m3 (2)
ITER = 1 X1A, X2A = 0.10000 0.10000 X1C, X2C = 0.06418 0.05181 99% conversion of R: xR3 m3 = 0.01 xRA mB0 (3)
ITER = 2 X1A, X2A = 0.06418 0.05181 X1C, X2C = 0.05969 0.02986 Mass balance on mixing point: m3 + f mA0 = mP (4)
ITER = 3 X1A, X2A = 0.05969 0.02486 X1C, X2C = 0.05937 0.02213
ITER = 4 X1A, X2A = 0.05437 0.02213 X1C, X2C = 0.05931 0.02086 R balance on mixing point: xR3 m3 + xRA f mA0 = 0.0075 mP (5)
ITER = 5 X1A, X2A = 0.05931 0.02086 X1C, X2C = 0.05930 0.02083 Given xRA and mP, solve simultaneously for mA0, mB0, f, m3, xR3
ITER = 6 X1A, X2A = 0.05930 0.02083 X1C, X2C = 0.05930 0.02083
YA, YB, YC, YD, YE = 2.0270E  01 1.1197 E  01 3.5100E  01
2.9501E  01 3.9319 E  02 c. mA0 = 2778 kg A/h
mB0 = 2072 kg B/h
NA0, NB0, NC0, ND0, NE0 = 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 fA = 0.255 kg bypass/kg fresh feed
ITER = 1 X1A, X2A = 0.10000 0.10000 X1C, X2C = 0.00012 0.00037
p d. mP xRA mA0 mB0 f
ITER = 7 X1A, X2A = –0.02244 –0.08339 X1C, X2C = –0.02244 –0.08339
4850 0.02 3327 1523 0.54
YA, YB, YC, YD, YE = 2.5051E  01 15868
. E  01 2.6693E  01 4850 0.03 3022 1828 0.40
4850 0.04 2870 1980 0.31
2.8989 E  01 3.3991E  02
4850 0.05 2778 2072 0.25
4850 0.06 2717 2133 0.21
4.55 a. (B) 4850 0.07 2674 2176 0.19
mB0 (kg A / h)
4850 0.08 2641 2209 0.16
4850 0.09 2616 2234 0.15
1 kg B/ kg A fed to reactor 4850 0.10 2596 2254 0.13

( A) ( P) mP xRA mA0 mB0 f

2450 0.02 1663 762 0.54
m A 0 (kg A / h) m3 (kg A / h) 2450 0.03 1511 914 0.40
m A 0 (kg A / h) R o 5 m P (kg P / h)
x RA (kg R / kg A) x R 3 (Kg R / kg) 2450 0.04 1435 990 0.31
x RA (kg R / kg A) 99% conv. 0.0075 kg R / kg P
2450 0.05 1389 1036 0.25
2450 0.06 1359 1066 0.22
f mA0 (kg A / h) 2450 0.07 1337 1088 0.19
2450 0.08 1321 1104 0.16
x RA (kg R / kg A)
2450 0.09 1308 1117 0.15
Splitting point Reactor 2450 0.10 1298 1127 0.13
4 unknowns (mA0, mB0, f, xRA) 4 unknowns (xRA, mB0, m3, xRA)
-1 independent balance (mass) -1 balance (mass)
3 D.F. -1 conversion f v s . x RA
2 D.F
f (kg bypass/kg fresh feed)

0.60
Mixing point Total process 0.50
5 unknowns (f, m3, mP, xRA, xR3) 7 unknowns (mA0, xRA, f, mB0, m3, xR3, mP) 0.40

-2 balances (mass, R) -5 relations 0.30

0.20
3 D.F. 2 D.F.
0.10
0.00
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
x R A (k g R / k g A )

4-47 4-48
4.56 a. 900 kg HCHO 1 kmol HCHO
30.0 kmol HCHO / h 4.57 (cont’d)
h 30.03 kg HCHO
n4 (mol / min)
0.004 mol CH 3OH(v)/ mol
x (mol CO/ mol)
n (kmol CH OH / h)
1 3 30.0 kmol HCHO / h
(0.896 - x) (mol H 2 / mol)
Cond.
n 2 (kmol H 2 / h) Reactor
350 mol/ min n 3 (mol CH 3OH(l) / min)
n 3 (kmol CH 3 OH / h)
n1 (mol CO/ min)
0.631 mol CH 3OH(v)/ mol
30.0
% conversion: 0.60 Ÿ n1 50.0 kmol CH 3 OH / h n 2 (mol H 2 / min) 0.274 mol CO/ mol
n1
CO  H 2 o CH 3OH 0.0953 mol H / mol
2

b. Condenser Overall process

3 unknowns (n3, n4, x) 2 unknowns (n1, n2)
-3 balances -2 independent atomic balances
n (kmol CH OH / h) 30.0 kmol HCHO / h 30.0 kmol HCHO / h 0 degrees of freedom 0 degrees of freedom
1 3
n 2 (kmol H 2 / h) n 2 (kmol H 2 / h)
n 3 (kmol CH 3 OH / h) Balances around condenser
CO: 350 0.274 n x
4
n
3 U|
32.1 mol CH 3 OH(l) / min
n (kmol CH OH / h)
3 3 H : 350 0.631 n ( 0.996  x )
2 4
Ÿ n
4 V|
318.7 mol recycle / min
CH OH: 350 0.0953 n  0.004 n
3 3 4
x .301 molCO / mol
W
Overall C balance: n1 (1) = 30.0 (1) Ÿ n1 = 30.0 kmol CH3OH/h (fresh feed) Overall balances

Single pass conversion:

30.0
n1  n3
0.60 Ÿ n3 20.0 kmol CH 3OH / h C: n = n
1
n
3 Ÿ 1 U|V 32.08 mol / min CO in feed

n1 + n3 = 50.0 kmol CH3OH fed to reactor/h

H: 2n = 4n
2 2
n
2 W| 64.16 mol / min H 2 in feed

32.08  318.72 0.3009  350 0.274

Single pass conversion of CO: u 100% 25.07%
32.08  318.72 0.3009
c. Increased xsp will (1) require a larger reactor and so will increase the cost of the reactor and
(2) lower the quantities of unreacted methanol and so will decrease the cost of the 32.08  0
separation. The plot would resemble a concave upward parabola with a minimum Overall conversion of CO: u 100% 100%
32.08
around xsp = 60%.
b. – Reactor conditions or feed rates drifting. (Recalibrate measurement instruments.)
– Impurities in feed. (Re-analyze feed.)
4.57 a. Convert effluent composition to molar basis. Basis: 100 g effluent:
– Leak in methanol outlet pipe before flowmeter. (Check for it.)
10.6 g H 2 1 mol H 2
5.25 mol H 2
2.02 g H 2
64.0 g CO 1 mol CO H : 0.631 mol H / mol
2.28 mol CO 2 2
28.01 g CO Ÿ CO: 0.274 mol CO / mol
25.4 g CH 3 OH 1 mol CH 3 OH CH OH: 0.0953 mol CH OH / mol
3 3
32.04 g CH 3 OH
0.793 mol CH 3 OH

4-49 4-50

4.59 a. Basis: 100 mol fed to reactor/h Ÿ 25 mol O2/h, 75 mol C2H4/h
4.58 a. Basis: 100 kmol reactor feed/hr
n1 (mol C 2H 4 //h)
n2 (mol O 2 /h)
n3 (kmol CH4 /h)

n3 (mol C 2H 4O /h)
reactor Seperator
100 kmol /h Solvent
Reactor Cond. Absorb 75 mol C 2H 4 //h n1 (mol C 2H 4 //h)
n3 (kmol CH4 /h) nC2H4 ( mol C 2H 4 /h)
n1 (kmol CH4 /h) 80 kmol CH4 /h n3 (kmol CH4 /h) 25 mol O2 /h n2 (mol O 2 /h)
n4 (kmol HCl /h) n4 (kmol HCl/h) nO2 (mol O 2 /h)
n2 (kmol Cl2 /h) 20 kmol Cl2 /h n4 (kmol HCl/h) n3 (mol C 2H 4O /h)
5n5 (kmol CH3Cl /h) n4 (mol CO 2 /h)
n4 (mol CO 2 /h)
n5 (kmol CH2Cl 2 /h) n5 (mol H 2O /h)
n5 (mol H 2O /h)
5n5 (kmol CH3Cl /h)

Still
5n5 (kmol CH3Cl /h)
n5 (kmol CH2Cl 2 /h)
Reactor
n5 (kmol CH2Cl 2 /h)
5 unknowns (n1 - n5)
-3 atomic balances
-1 - % yield
Overall process: 4 unknowns (n1, n2, n4, n5) -3 balances = 1 D.F. -1 - % conversion
Mixing Point: 3 unknowns (n1, n2, n3) -2 balances = 1 D.F. 0 D.F.
Reactor: 3 unknowns (n3, n4, n5) -3 balances = 0 D.F. Strategy: 1. Solve balances around reactor to find n1- n5
Condenser: 3 unknowns (n3, n4, n5) -0 balances = 3 D.F.
2. Solve balances around mixing point to find nO2, nC2H4
Absorption column: 2 unknowns (n3, n4) -0 balances = 2 D.F.
Distillation Column: 2 unknowns (n4, n5) -0 balances = 2 D.F. (1) % Conversion Ÿ n1 = .800 * 75
Atomic balances around reactor: 90 mol C 2 H 4 O
(2) % yield: (.200)(75) mol C 2 H 4 u n 3 (production rate of C 2 H 4 O)
100 mol C 2 H 4
1) C balance : 80 n 3  5n 5  n 5 ½
° (3) C balance (reactor): 150 = 2 n1 + 2 n3 + n4
2) H balance : 320 4n 3  n 4  15n 5  2n 5 ¾ Ÿ Solve for n 3 , n 4 , n 5
3) Cl balance : 40 n 4  5n 5  2n 5 ° (4) H balance (reactor): 300 = 4 n1 + 4 n3 + 2 n5
¿
(5) O balance (reactor): 50 = 2 n2 + n3 + 2 n4 + n5
CH4 balance around mixing point: n1 = (80 – n3) Solve for n1
(6) O2 balance (mix pt): nO2 = 25 – n2
Cl2 balance: n2 = 20
(7) C2H4 balance (mix pt): nC2H4 = 75 – n1
Overall conversion of C2H4: 100%
b. For a basis of 100 kmol/h into reactor
n1 = 17.1 kmol CH4/h n4 = 20.0 kmol HCl/h
b. n1 = 60.0 mol C2H4/h n5 = 3.00 mol H2O/h
n2 = 20.0 kmol Cl2/h 5n5 = 14.5 kmol CH3Cl/h
n2 = 13.75 mol O2 /h nO2 = 11.25 mol O2/h
n3 = 62.9 kmol CH4/h
n3 = 13.5 mol C2H4O/h nC2H4 = 15.0 mol C2H4/h
n4 = 3.00 mol CO2/h 100% conversion of C2H4
c. (1000 kg CH3Cl/h)(1 kmol/50.49 kg) = 19.81 kmol CH3Cl/h
19.81 kmol CH 3 Cl/h
Scale factor = 1.366
14.5 kmol CH 3Cl/h
c. 2000 lbm C 2 H 4 O 1 lb - mole C 2 H 4 O h lb  mol / h
n tot 50.6 kmol/h Scale factor = 3.363
n1 (17.1)(1.366) 23.3 kmol CH 4 /h ½ h 44.05 lbm C 2 H 4 O 13.5 mol C 2 H 4 O mol / h
Fresh feed: ¾Ÿ
n2 (20.0)(1.366) 27.3 kmol Cl 2 /h ¿ 46.0 mol% CH 4 , 54.0 mole% Cl 2 nC2H4 = (3.363)(15.0) = 50.4 lb-mol C2H4/h
Recycle: n3 = (62.9)(1.366) = 85.9 kmol CH4 recycled/h nO2 = (3.363)(11.25) = 37.8 lb-mol O2/h

4-51 4-52
4.60 a. Basis: 100 mol feed/h 4.61 (cont’d)
At mixing point:
100 mol/h n1 (mol /h)
reactor cond.
n3 (mol CH 3 OH / h) N2: (1-XI0)/4 + (1-yp)(1-fsp) n1 = n1
32 mol CO/h .13 mol N 2 /mol I: XI0 + (1-yp) n2 = n2
64 mol H 2 / h
4 mol N 2 / h Total moles fed to reactor: nr = 4n1 + n2
Moles of NH3 produced: np = 2fspn1
500 mol / h
(1  X I0 ) / 4  y p (1  f sp )n 1
x1 (mol N 2 /mol) n3 (mol / h) Overall N2 conversion: u 100%
x2 (mol CO / mol) x1 (mol N 2 /mol)
(1  X I0 ) / 4
1-x1-x2 (mol H 2 / h) x2 (mol CO / mol)
1-x1-x2 (mol H 2 / h)
b. XI0 = 0.01 fsp = 0.20 yp = 0.10
Purge
n1 = 0.884 mol N2 nr = 3.636 mol fed
n2 = 0.1 mol I np = 0.3536 mol NH3 produced
Mixing point balances: N2 conversion = 71.4%
total: (100) + 500 = n1 Ÿ n1 = 600 mol/h
N2: 4 + x1 * 500 = .13 * 600 Ÿ x1 = 0.148 mol N2/mol c. Recycle: recover and reuse unconsumed reactants.
Purge: avoid accumulation of I in the system.
Overall system balances:
N2: 4 = .148 * n3 Ÿ n3 = 27 mol/h d. Increasing XI0 results in increasing nr, decreasing np, and has no effect on fov. Increasing fsp
Atomic C: 32 = n2 + x2*27 Ÿ n2 = 24.3 mol CH3OH/h results in decreasing nr, increasing np, and increasing fov.
Increasing yp results in decreasing nr, decreasing np, and decreasing fov.
Atomic H: 2 * 64 = 4*24.3 + 2*(1-0.148-x2)*27 Ÿ x2 = 0.284 mol CO/mol
Optimal values would result in a low value of nr and fsp, and a high value of np, this would
give the highest profit.
Overall CO conversion: 100*[32-0.284(27)]/32 = 76%
XI0 fsp yp nr np fov
Single pass CO conversion: 24.3/ (32+.284*500) = 14%
0.01 0.20 0.10 3.636 0.354 71.4%
0.05 0.20 0.10 3.893 0.339 71.4%
b. Recycle: To recover unconsumed CO and H2 and get a better overall conversion. 0.10 0.20 0.10 4.214 0.321 71.4%
Purge: to prevent buildup of N2. 0.01 0.30 0.10 2.776 0.401 81.1%
0.01 0.40 0.10 2.252 0.430 87.0%
0.01 0.50 0.10 1.900 0.450 90.9%
4.61 a. 2N2 + 3H2 -> NH3
0.10 0.20 0.20 3.000 0.250 55.6%
(1-yp) (1-fsp) n1 (mol N2) yp (1-fsp) n1 (mol N2) 0.10 0.20 0.30 2.379 0.205 45.5%
(1-yp) (1-fsp) 3n1 (mol H2) yp (1-fsp) 3n1 (mol H2) 0.10 0.20 0.40 1.981 0.173 38.5%
(1-yp) n2 (mol I) yp n2 (mol I)
(1-fsp) n1 (mol N2)
(1-fsp) 3n1 (mol H2)
n2 (mol I)

1 mol nr (mol) nr (mol) np (mol)

Reactor Condenser
(1-XI0)/4 (mol N2 / mol) n1 (mol N2) (1-fsp) n1 (mol N2) 2 fsp n1 (mol NH3)
3/4 (1-XI0) (mol H2 / mol) 3n1 (mol H2) (1-fsp) 3n1 (mol H2)
XI0 (mol I / mol) n2 (mol I) n2 (mol I)
2 fsp n1 (mol NH3)

4-53 4-54

4.62 (cont’d)
i - C 4 H 10 balance around second mixing point Ÿ 867.5  n6 34,700
4.62 a. i - C 4 H 10  C 4 H 8 C 8 H 18 Basis: 1-hour operation
Ÿ n6 33,800 kmol C 4 H 10 in recycle E
n 2 (n-C 4 H10 )
n 1 (C 8 H18)
Recycle E: Since Streams (D) and (E) have the same composition,
n 3 (i-C 4 H 10)
D
n 1 (C 8 H18)
P n 2 (n-C 4 H10 ) b g
n5 moles n - C 4 H 10 E
b
n6 moles i - C 4 H 10 g E
Ÿ n5 16,900 kmol n - C 4 H 10
m 4 (91% H 2 SO4 )
decanter
F
still
b g
n2 moles n - C 4 H 10 D
b
n3 moles i - C 4 H 10 g D
E n 1 (C 8 H18)
Units of n : kmol
Units of m: kg
n 2 (n-C 4 H10 ) n7 bmoles C H g n 8 18 E 6
Ÿ n7 8460 kmol C 4 H 18
n 3 (i-C 4 H 10)
n1 bmoles C H g n 8 18 D 3

reactor n 5 (n-C 4 H10) Hydrocarbons entering reactor:

n 6 (i-C 4 H 10)
n 7 (C 8 H18)
m 8 (91% H 2 SO 4 )
b347  16900gbkmol n - C H g FGH 58.12 kmol
kg I
JK 4 10
C
F
 b867.5  33800gb kmol i - C H g G 5812
kg I F . kg IJ
B
m 4 (kg 91% H 2 SO4 ) H . kmol JK  1735. kmol C H GH 5610
4
kmol K
10 4 8

40000 kg
A F
 8460 kmol C H G 114.22
kg I
J 6
n 0 kmol
0.25 i-C4 H10
n 3 (i-C 4 H 10)
H kmol K
8 4.00 u 10 kg .
18

H SO solution entering reactor 4.00 u 10 kg HC 2 kg H SO baq g

0.50 n-C4 H10 6
0.25 C4 H 8 2 4

band leaving reactor g

2 4
1 kg HC
Calculate moles of feed 8.00 u 10 kg H SO baq g 6
2 4

m b H SO in recycleg n b n - C H in recycleg
M 0.25 M L  C4 H10  0.50 M n  C4 H10  0.25 M C4 H 8 b0.75gb5812
. g  b0.25gb5610
. g 8 2 4

8.00 u 10 b H SO leaving reactor g n  n b n - C H leaving reactor g

6
5 4 10

2 4 2 5 4 10
57.6 kg kmol
Ÿ m 7.84 u 10 kg H SO baq g in recycle E
b gb g
6
n0 40000 kg 1 kmol 57.6 kg 694 kmol 8 2 4

m4 H 2 SO 4 entering reactor  H 2 SO 4 in E
Overall n - C 4 H 10 balance: n2 b0.50gb694g 347 kmol n - C 4 H 10 in product
b g
. u 10 5 kg H 2 SO 4 aq recycled from decanter
16
C 8 H 18 balance:
b gb g
0.25 694 kmol C 4 H 8 react 1 mol C 8 H 18
Ÿ 16 d ib g b
. u 10 5 0.91 kg H 2 SO 4 1 kmol 98.08 kg g 1480 kmol H SO in recycle 2 4

n1
1 mol C 4 H 8
. kmol C 8 H 8 in product
1735
d16. u 10 ib0.09gkg H O b1 kmol 18.02 kgg 799 kmol H O from decanter
5
2 2

At (A), 5 mol i - C 4 H 10 1 mole C 4 H 8 Ÿ n mol i - C 4 H 10 b g b5gb0.25gb694g

A
867.5 kmol
i -C 4 H 10 at
Summary: (Change amounts to flow rates)
Product: 173.5 kmol C 8 H 18 h , 347 kmol n - C 4 H 10 h
moles C 4 H 8 at bA g and b Bg
A=173.5
Recycle from still: 694 kmol i - C 4 H 10 h
b
Note: n mol C 4 H 8 g 173.5 at (A), (B) and (C) and in feed
Acid recycle: 1480 kmol H 2 SO 4 h , 799 kmol H 2 O h
i - C 4 H 10 balance around first mixing point Ÿ 0.25 694  n3 b gb g 867.5 Recycle E: 16,900 kmol n - C 4 H 10 h , 33,800 kmol L - C 4 H 10 h , 8460 kmol C 8 H 18 h,
Ÿ n3 694 kmol i - C 4 H 10 recycled from still 7.84 u 10 6 kg h 91% H 2 SO 4 Ÿ 72,740 kmol H 2 SO 4 h , 39,150 kmol H 2 O h
At C, 200 mol i - C4 H10 mol C4 H 8
b
Ÿ n mol i - C4 H10 g b200gb1735. g
C
34,700 kmol i - C4 H10

4-55 4-56
 4.63 a. A balance on ith tank (input = output + consumption) 4.64 a. Basis: 1000 g gas
b g b g
 Ai  kC Ai C Bi mol liter ˜ min V L
v L min C A , i 1 mol L vC b gbg Species m (g) MW n (mol) mole % (wet) mole % (dry)

E y v, note V / v W C3H8 800 44.09 18.145 77.2% 87.5%

C A , i 1 C Ai  kW C Ai C Bi C4H10 150 58.12 2.581 11.0% 12.5%
H2O 50 18.02 2.775 11.8%
B balance. By analogy, C B , i 1 C Bi  kW C Ai C Bi
Total 1000 23.501 100% 100%
Subtract equations Ÿ C Bi  C Ai C B , i 1  C A, i 1 C B , i  2  C A, i  2  C B 0  C A 0
A
from balances on
Total moles = 23.50 mol, Total moles (dry) = 20.74 mol
b g st
i 1 tank Ratio: 2.775 / 20.726 = 0.134 mol H 2 O / mol dry gas
b. C Bi  C Ai C B 0  C A 0 Ÿ C Bi C Ai  C B 0  C A0 . Substitute in A balance from part (a).
C A , i 1 b g
C Ai  kW C Ai C Ai  C B 0  C A0 . Collect terms in C Ai
2
, C 1Ai , C Ai
0
. b. C3H8 + 5 O2 o 3 CO2 + 4 H2O, C4H10 + 13/2 O2 o 4 CO2 + 5 H2O
2
C Ai b
kW  C AL 1  kW C B 0  C A0  C A, i 1 g 0 Theoretical O2:
ŸD 2
C AL  E C AL  J 0 where D kW , E b
1  kW C B 0  C A0 , J g  C A , i 1
C3H8:
100 kg gas 80 kg C 3 H 8 1 kmol C 3 H 8 5 kmol O 2
9.07 kmol O 2 / h
 E  E 2  4DJ h 100 kg gas 44.09 kg C 3 H 8 1 kmol C 3 H 8
Solution: C Ai (Only + rather than r: since DJ is negative and the
2D 100 kg gas 15 kg C 4 H 10 1 kmol C 4 H 10 6.5 kmol O 2
negative solution would yield a negative concentration.) C 4 H 10 : 1.68 kmol O 2 / h
h 100 kg gas 58.12 kg C 4 H 10 1 kmol C 4 H 10
Total: (9.07 + 1.68) kmol O2/h = 10.75 kmol O2/h
c.
k= 36.2 N gamma CA(N) xA(N) 10.75 kmol O 2 1 kmol Air 1.3 kmol air fed
Air feed rate: 66.5 kmol air / h
v= 5000 1 -5.670E-02 2.791E-02 0.5077 h .21 kmol O 2 1 kmol air required
V= 2000 2 -2.791E-02 1.512E-02 0.7333
CA0 = 0.0567 3 -1.512E-02 8.631E-03 0.8478 The answer does not change for incomplete combustion
CB0 = 0.1000 4 -8.631E-03 5.076E-03 0.9105
alpha = 14.48 5 -5.076E-03 3.038E-03 0.9464 4.65 5 L C 6 H 14 0.659 kg C 6 H 14 1000 mol C 6 H 14
beta = 1.6270 6 -3.038E-03 1.837E-03 0.9676 38.3 mol C 6 H 14
L C 6 H 14 86 kg C 6 H 14
7 -1.837E-03 1.118E-03 0.9803
8 -1.118E-03 6.830E-04 0.9880 4 L C 7 H 16 0.684 kg C 7 H 16 1000 mol C 7 H 16
9 -6.830E-04 4.182E-04 0.9926 27.36 mol C 7 H 16
L C 7 H 16 100 kg C 7 H 16
10 -4.182E-04 2.565E-04 0.9955
11 -2.565E-04 1.574E-04 0.9972 C6H14 +19/2 O2 o 6 CO2 + 7 H2O C6H14 +13/2 O2 o 6 CO + 7 H2O
12 -1.574E-04 9.667E-05 0.9983
13 -9.667E-05 5.939E-05 0.9990 C7H16 + 11 O2 o 7 CO2 + 8 H2O C7H16 + 15/2 O2 o 7 CO + 8 H2O
14 -5.939E-05 3.649E-05 0.9994 Theoretical oxygen:
(xmin = 0.50, N = 1), (xmin = 0.80, N = 3), (xmin = 0.90, N = 4), (xmin = 0.95, N = 6), 38.3 mol C 6 H14 9.5 mol O 2 27.36 mol C 7 H 16 11 mol O 2
 665 mol O 2 required
(xmin = 0.99, N = 9), (xmin = 0.999, N = 13). mol C 6 H 14 mol C 7 H16
As xmin o 1, the required number of tanks and hence the process cost becomes infinite. O2 fed: (4000 mol air )(.21 mol O2 / mol air) = 840 mol O2 fed
d. (i) k increases Ÿ N decreases (faster reaction Ÿ fewer tanks) 840  665
Percent excess air: u 100% 26.3% excess air
(ii) v increases Ÿ N increases (faster throughput Ÿ less time spent in reactor 665
Ÿ lower conversion per reactor)
(iii) V increases Ÿ N decreases (larger reactor Ÿ more time spent in reactor
Ÿ higher conversion per reactor)

4-57 4-58

4.66 1 1
CO  O 2 o CO 2 H2  O2 o H2O 4.67 (cont’d)
2 2
207.0 kmol O 2 1 kmol air 1.17 kmol air fed
130 kmol/h
Air feed rate: n f 1153 kmol air h
h 0.21 kmol O 2 kmol air req.
0.500 kmol N2/kmol
x (kmol CO/mol)
(0.500–x) (kmol H2/kmol) b. na b
n f 2 x1  35
. x 2  5x 3  6.5x 4 1  Pxs 100 1 0.21gb gb g
20% excess air
c. n f aR f , ( n f 75.0 kmol / h, R f 60) Ÿ n f 125
. Rf
n a bRa , (n a 550 kmol / h, Ra 25) Ÿ n a 22.0 Ra
Note: Since CO and H 2 each require 0 .5 mol O 2 / mol fuel for complete combustion, we can
1
calculate the air feed rate without determining x CO . We include its calculation for illustrative xi kAi Ÿ ¦x k ¦A 1 Ÿ k
¦A
i i
purposes. i i i
i
A plot of x vs. R on log paper is a straight line through the points R1 b 10.0, x1 g
0.05 and
Ÿ xi
Ai
, i = CH 4 , C 2 H 4 , C 3 H 8 , C 4 H 10
bR 2 99.7, x 2 10 g
. . ¦A i
i

ln x b ln R  ln a b ln 10b g b g
. 0.05 ln 99.7 10.0 .
1303
Run Pxs Rf A1 A2 A3 A4
@ ln a ln 10 b g
.  1303
. b g
ln 99.7 6.00 Ÿ x 2.49 u 10 3 R 1303
.
1 15% 62 248.7 19.74 6.35 1.48
x a Rb a b g
exp 6.00 2.49 u 10 3 2
3
15%
15%
83
108
305.3
294.2
14.57
16.61
2.56
4.78
0.70
2.11
moles CO
R 38.3 Ÿ x 0.288
mol Run nf x1 x2 x3 x4 na Ra
1 77.5 0.900 0.0715 0.0230 0.0054 934 42.4
Theoretical O : 175 kmol 0.288 kmol CO 0.5 kmol O 2 103.8 0.945 0.0451 0.0079 0.0022 1194 54.3
2 2
h kmol kmol CO 3 135.0 0.926 0.0523 0.0150 0.0066 1592 72.4
175 kmol 0.212 kmol H 0.5 kmol O kmol O
 2 2 43.75 2 d. Either of the flowmeters could be in error, the fuel gas analyzer could be in error, the
h kmol kmol H h flowmeter calibration formulas might not be linear, or the stack gas analysis could be
2
43.75 kmol O required 1 kmol air 1.2 kmol air fed kmol air incorrect.
Air fed: 2 250
h 0.21 kmol O 1 kmol air required h
2 4.68 a. C4H10 + 13/2 O2 o 4 CO2 + 5 H2O

CH 4  2O 2 o CO 2  2H 2 O 100 kmol/h Basis: 100 mol C4H10 nCO2 (mol CO2)

4.67 a.
7
0.944 CH4 nH2O (mol H2O)
C2 H 6  O2 o 2CO 2  3H 2 O 0.0340 C2H6 nC4H10 (mol C4H10)
2 0.0060 C3H8 Pxs (% excess air) nO2 (mol O2)
C 3 H 8  5O 2 o 3CO 2  4H 2 O 0.0050 C4H10 nair (mol air) nN2 (mol N2)
13 17% excess air 0.21 O2
C 4 H 10  O 2 o 4CO 2  5H 2 O
2 na (kmol air/h) 0.79 N2
0.21 O2 D.F. analysis
0.79 N2
6 unknowns (n, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5)

Theoretical O 2 :
0.944 100 kmol CH 4 b g 2 kmol O 2 0.0340 100 kmol C 2 H 6

b g 3.5 kmol O 2 -3 atomic balances (C, H, O)
h 1 kmol CH 4 h 1 kmol C 2 H 6 -1 N2 balance


b g
0.0060 100 kmol C 3 H 8 5 kmol O 2

b g
0.0050 100 kmol C 4 H 10 6.5 kmol O 2 -1 % excess air
h 1 kmol C 3 H 3 h 1 kmol C 4 H 10 -1 % conversion
207.0 kmol O 2 h 0 D.F.

4-59 4-60
4.68 (cont’d) 387.5 mol O 2 1 kmol air 125. kmol air fed
Air feed rate: n0 2306.5 mol air
b. i) Theoretical oxygen = (100 mol C4H10)(6.5 mol O2/mol C4H10) = 650 mol O2 h 0.21 kmol O 2 1 kmol air req' d.
n air (650 mol O 2 )(1 mol air / 0.21 mol O 2 ) 3095 mol air 90% propane conversion Ÿ n1 0100
. (75 mol C 3 H 8 ) = 7.5 mol C 3 H 8
100% conversion Ÿ n C4H10 0 , nO 2 0 (67.5 mol C 3 H 8 reacts)
n N2 b0.79gb3095 molg 2445 mol U|73.1% N 2 85% hydrogen conversion Ÿ n2 0150
. (25 mol C 3 H 8 ) = 3.75 mol H 2
nCO2 b100 mol C H reactgb4 mol CO mol C H g
4 10 2 4 10 V|
400 mol CO 2 12.0% CO 2 0.95(67.5 mol C 3 H 8 react) 3 mol CO 2 generated
n H2O b100 mol C H reactgb5 mol H O mol C H g
4 10 2 4 10 W
500 mol H 2 O 14.9% H 2 O
95% CO 2 selectivity Ÿ n3
mol C 3 H 8 react
192.4 mol CO 2
ii) 100% conversion Ÿ nC4H10 = 0 0.05(67.5 mol C 3 H 8 react) 3 mol CO generated
5% CO selectivity Ÿ n3 . mol CO
101
20% excess Ÿ nair = 1.2(3095) = 3714 mol (780 mol O2, 2934 mol N2) mol C 3 H 8 react
Exit gas:
H balance: (75 mol C 3 H 8 ) 8
FG mol H IJ
 ( 25 mol H 2 )(2)
400 mol CO2
500 mol H2O
10.1% CO2
12.6% H2O
H mol C 3 H 8 K
(7.5 mol C 3 H 8 )(8)  (3.75 mol H 2 )(2)  n5 ( mol H 2 O)(2) Ÿ n5 2912
. mol H 2 O
130 mol O2 3.3% O2
mol O
2934 mol N2 74.0% N 2 O balance: (0.21 u 2306.5 mol O 2 )(2 ) (192.4 mol CO 2 )(2)
mol O 2
iii) 90% conversion Ÿ nC4H10 = 10 mol C4H10 (90 mol C4H10 react, 585 mol O2 consumed)  (101
. mol CO)(1)  ( 2912
. mol H 2 O)(1) + 2n6 ( mol O 2 ) Ÿ n6 1413
. mol O 2
20% excess: nair = 1.2(3095) = 3714 mol (780 mol O2, 2483 mol N2) N 2 balance: n7 0.79(2306.5) mol N 2 1822 mol N 2
Exit gas:
Total moles of exit gas = (7.5 + 3.75 + 192.4 + 10.1 + 291.2 + 141.3 + 1822) mol
10 mol C4H10 0.3% C4H10
= 2468 mol
360 mol CO2 9.1% CO2
101
. mol CO
450 mol H2O (v) 11.4% H2O CO concentration in exit gas = u 10 6 4090 ppm
2468 mol
195 mol O2 4.9% O2
2934 mol N2 74.3% N 2 b. If more air is fed to the furnace,
(i) more gas must be compressed (pumped), leading to a higher cost (possibly a larger
pump, and greater utility costs)
4.69 a. C3H8 + 5 O2 o 3 CO2 + 4 H2O H2 +1/2 O2 o H2O
(ii) The heat released by the combustion is absorbed by a greater quantity of gas, and so the
C3H8 + 7/2 O2 o 3 CO + 4 H2O product gas temperature decreases and less steam is produced.
Basis: 100 mol feed gas
100 mol
0.75 mol C3H8 n1 (mol C3H8)
0.25 mol H2 n2 (mol H2)
n3 (mol CO2)
n4 (mol CO)
n0 (mol air) n5 (mol H2O)
0.21 mol O2/mol n6 (mol O2)
0.79 mol N2/mol n7 (mol N2)
75 mol C 3 H 8 5 mol O 2 25 mol H 2 0.50 mol O 2
Theoretical oxygen:  387.5 mol O 2
mol C 3 H 8 mol H 2

4.69 (cont’d)

4-61 4-62

4.70 a. C5H12 + 8 O2 o 5 CO2 + 6 H2O 4.71 a. 12 L CH 3 OH 1000 ml 0.792 g mol

296.6 mol CH 3 OH / h
Basis: 100 moles dry product gas h L ml 32.04 g
CH3OH + 3/2 O2 o CO2 +2 H2O, CH3OH + O2 o CO +2 H2O
n1 (mol C5H12) 100 mol dry product gas (DPG)
0.0027 mol C5H12/mol DPG
Excess air 0.053 mol O2/mol DPG 296.6 mol CH3OH(l)/h n 2 ( mol dry gas / h)
n2 (mol O2) 0.091 mol CO2/mol DPG 0.0045 mol CH3OH(v)/mol DG
3.76n2 (mol N2) 0.853 mol N2/mol DPG 0.0903 mol CO2/mol DG
n3 (mol H2O) n1 (mol O 2 / h) 0.0181 mol CO/mol DG
3.76n1 (mol N 2 / h) x (mol O2/mol DG)
3 unknowns (n1, n2, n3) (1–x) (mol N2/mol DG)
-3 atomic balances (O, C, H) n 3 ( mol H 2 O(v) / h)
-1 N2 balance 4 unknowns (n1 , n 2 , n 3 , x ) – 4 balances (C, H, O, N2) = 0 D.F.
-1 D.F. Ÿ Problem is overspecified
b. Theoretical O2: 296.6 (1.5) = 444.9 mol O2 / h
b. N2 balance: 3.76 n2 = 0.8533 (100) Ÿ n2 = 22.69 mol O2 C balance: 296.6 = n 2 (0.0045 + 0.0903 + 0.0181) Ÿ n 2 = 2627 mol/h
C balance: 5 n1 = 5(0.0027)(100) + (0.091)(100) Ÿ n1 = 2.09 mol C5H12 H balance: 4 (296.6) = n 2 (4*0.0045) + 2 n 3 Ÿ n 3 = 569.6 mol H2O / h
H balance: 12 n1 = 12(0.0027)(100) + 2n3 Ÿ n3 = 10.92 mol H2O O balance : 296.6  2n1 2627[0.0045  2(0.0903)  0.0181  2(0.8871- x)]  569.6
O balance: 2n2 = 100[(0.053)(2) + (0.091)(2)] + n3 Ÿ 45.38 mol O = 39.72 mol O N2 balance: 3.76 n 1 = x ( 2627)
th
Since the 4 balance does not close, the given data cannot be correct.
Solving simultaneously Ÿ n1 574.3 mol O 2 / h, x = 0.822 mol N 2 / mol DG
296.6  2627(0.0045)
c. Fractional conversion: 0.960 mol CH 3 OH react/mol fed
n1 (mol C5H12) 100 mol dry product gas (DPG) 296.6
0.00304 mol C5H12/mol DPG 574.3  444.9
% excess air: u 100% 29.1%
Excess air 0.059 mol O2/mol DPG 444.9
n2 (mol O2) 0.102 mol CO2/mol DPG
569.6 mol H 2 O
3.76n2 (mol N2) 0.836 mol N2/mol DPG Mole fraction of water: 0.178 mol H 2 O/mol
n3 (mol H2O) (2627  569.6) mol

N2 balance: 3.76 n2 = 0.836 (100) Ÿ n2 = 22.2 mol O2 c. Fire, CO toxicity. Vent gas to outside, install CO or hydrocarbon detector in room, trigger
C balance: 5 n1 = 100 (5*0.00304 + 0.102) Ÿ n1 = 2.34 mol C5H12 alarm if concentrations are too high
H balance: 12 n1 = 12(0.00304)(100) + 2n3 Ÿ n3 = 12.2 mol H2O
O balance: 2n2 = 100[(0.0590)(2) + (0.102)(2)] + n3 Ÿ 44.4 mol O = 44.4 mol O ¸ 4.72 a. G.C. Say ns mols fuel gas constitute the sample injected into the G.C. If xCH 4 and xC2 H 6 are
the mole fractions of methane and ethane in the fuel, then
2.344  100 u 0.00304
Fractional conversion of C5H12:
2.344
0.870 mol react/mol fed
b g b gb
ns mol xC2 H 6 mol C2 H 2 mol 2 mol C 1 mol C 2 H 6 g 20
Theoretical O2 required: 2.344 mol C5H12 (8 mol O2/mol C5H12) = 28.75 mol O2 b g b gb
ns mol xCH 4 mol CH 4 mol 1 mol C 1 mol CH 4 g 85

% excess air:
22.23 mol O 2 fed - 18.75 mol O 2 required
u 100% 18.6% excess air
E
18.75 mol O 2 required b
xC2 H 6 mol C2 H 6 mol fuel g 01176
. mole C 2 H 6 mole CH 4 in fuel gas
b
xCH 4 mol CH 4 mol fuel g

4-63 4-64
4.72 (cont’d)

Condensation measurement:
2 b1.134 g H Ogb1 mol 18.02 gg
0126
.
mole H 2 O 4.73 a. C3H8 +5 O2 o 3 CO2 + 4 H2O, C4H10 + 13/2 O2 o 4 CO2 + 5 H2O
0.50 mol product gas mole product gas Basis 100: mol product gas
Basis: 100 mol product gas. Since we have the most information about the product stream
composition, we choose this basis now, and would subsequently scale to the given n1 (mol C3H8) 100 mol
fuel and air flow rates if it were necessary (which it is not). n2 (mol C4H10) 0.474 mol H2O/mol
x (mol CO2/mol)
CH 4  2O 2 o CO 2  2H 2 O n3 (mol O2) (0.526–x) (mol O2/mol)
7
C 2 H 6  O 2 o 2CO 2  3H 2 O x 69.4
2 Dry product gas contains 69.4% CO2 Ÿ Ÿx 0.365 mol CO 2 /mol
0.526  x 30.6
100 mol dry gas / h
n1 (mol CH4 )
0.1176 n1 (mol C2H6) 0.126 mol H2O / mol
n2 (mol CO2) 0..874 mol dry gas / mol
3 unknowns (n1, n2, n3) – 3 balances (C, H, O) = 0 D.F.
0.119 mol CO2 / mol D.G.
n3 (mol O2 / h) x (mol N2 / mol)
376 n3 (mol N2 / h) (0.881-x) (mol O2 / mol D.G.) O balance: 2 n3 = 152.6 Ÿ n3 = 76.3 mol O2

Strategy: H balance Ÿ n ; C balance Ÿ n 2 ;

N 2 balance UV
Ÿ n3 , x
C balance : 3 n1  4 n 2 36.5 ½
¾Ÿ
n1 7.1 mol C 3 H 8
Ÿ 65.1% C 3 H 8 , 34.9% C 4 H10
1 O balance W H balance : 8 n1  10 n 2 94.8¿ n 2 3.8 mol C 4 H10
. b gb
H balance: 4n1  6 01176n1 g b100gb0126
. gb2g Ÿ n 1 5.356 mol CH 4 in fuel
Ÿ 0.1176(5.356) = 0.630 mol C2H6 in fuel b. nc=100 mol (0.365 mol CO2/mol)(1mol C/mol CO2) = 365 mol C
b gb
C balance: 5.356  2 0.630  n2 g b100gb0.874gb0119
. gŸn 2 3.784 mol CO 2 in fuel nh = 100 mol (0.474 mol H2O/mol)(2mol H/mol H2O)=94.8 mol H

Composition of fuel: 5.356 mol CH 4 , 0.630 mol C 2 H 6 , 3.784 mols CO 2 Ÿ 27.8%C, 72.2% H
Ÿ 0.548 CH 4 , 0.064 C 2 H 6 , 0.388 CO 2 From a:
7.10 mol C 3 H 8 3 mol C 3.80 mol C 4 H10 4 mol C
N 2 balance: 3.76n3 b100gb0.874gx mol C 3 H 8

mol C 4 H10
O balance: b2gb3.784g  2n b100gb0126
3 . g  b100gb0.874gb2g 0119
.  b0.881  x g 7.10 mol C 3 H 8 11 mol (C  H) 3.80 mol C 4 H10 14 mol (C  H)

u 100% 27.8% C

Solve simultaneously: n3 18.86 mols O 2 fed , x 0.813 mol C 3 H 8 mol C 4 H10

5.356 mol CH 4 2 mol O 2 0.630 mol C 2 H 6 3.5 mol O 2
Theoretical O 2 : 
1 mol CH 4 1 mol CH 4
4.74 Basis: 100 kg fuel oil
12.92 mol O 2 required
100 kg 0.85 kg C 1 kmol C
Moles of C in fuel: 7.08 kmol C
(5.356  0.630  3.784) mol fuel 7 mol air 0.21 mol O 2 kg 12.01 kg C
Desired O2 fed: = 14.36 mol O2
1 mol fuel mol air
100 kg 0.12 kg H 1 kmol H
14.36  12.92 Moles of H in fuel: 12.0 kmol H
Desired % excess air: u 100% 11% kg 1 kg H
12.92
100 kg 0.017 kg S 1 kmol S
Moles of S in fuel: 0.053 kmol S
kg 32.064 kg S
b. 18.86  12.92
Actual % excess air: u 100% 46%
12.92 1.3 kg non-combustible materials (NC)
(18.86 / 0.21) mol air
Actual molar feed ratio of air to fuel: 9 :1
9.77 mol feed

4.74 (cont’d)

4-65 4-66

H:
b g
0.17 5000 kg H 1 kmol H 1 kmol H 2 O 1 kmol O 2
210.4 kmol O 2 h
100 kg fuel oil h . kg H
101 2 kmol H 2 kmol H 2 O
7.08 kmol C
12.0 kmol H
n2 (kmol N2)
n3 (kmol O2) S:
b g
0.02 5000 kg S 1 kmol S 1 kmol O 2
= 3.1 kmol O2/h
0.053 kmol S C + O2 o CO2 n4 (kmol CO2) h 32.06 kg S 1 kmol S
1.3 kg NC (s) C + 1/2 O2 o CO (8/92) n4 (kmol CO)
Total = (312.2+210.4 + 3.1) kmol O2/h = 525.7 kmol O 2 h
2H + 1/2 O2 o H2O n5 (kmol SO2)
20% excess air
n1 (kmol O2)
S + O2 o SO2 n6 (kmol H2O) O 2 fed = 0.21 3000b g 630 kmol O 2 h
3.76 n1 (kmol N2) 630  525.7
Excess air: u 100% 19.8% excess air
525.7
Theoretical O2:
7.08 kmol C 1 kmol O 2 12 kmol H .5 kmol O 2 0.053 kmol S 1 kmol O 2 b. Balances:
1 kmol C

2 kmol H

1 kmol S
10.133 kmol O 2
C:
b gb gb g
0.94 0.75 5000 kg C react 1 kmol C
n 3  0.1n 3
h 12.01 kg C
20 % excess air: n1 = 1.2(10.133) = 12.16 kmol O2 fed Ÿ n 3 266.8 kmol CO 2 h , 01
. n 3 26.7 kmol CO h
O balance: 2 (12.16) = 2 (6.5136) + 0.5664 + 2 (0.053) + 6 + 2 n3 Ÿ n3 = 2.3102 kmol O2
H:
b017
. gb5000g kg H 1 kmol H 1 kmol H 2 O
n 5 Ÿ n5 420.8 kmol H 2 O h
C balance: 7.08 = n4+8n4/92 Ÿ n4 = 6.514 mol CO2 h 101
. kg H 2 kmol H
Ÿ 8 (6.514)/92 = 0.566 mol CO
S: (from part a)
b
3.1 kmol O 2 for SO 2 g 1 kmol SO 2
n 4 Ÿ n 4 31
. kmol SO 2 h
S balance: n5 = 0.53 kmol SO2 h 1 kmol O 2
H balance: 12 = 2n6 Ÿ n6 = 6.00 kmol H2O N2 : b0.79gb3000g kmol N h 2 n 2 Ÿ n 2
2370 kmol N h 2
N2 balance: n2 = 3.76(12.16) = 45.72 kmol N2
Total moles of stack gas = (6.514 + 0.566 + 0.053 + 6.00 + 2.310 + 45.72) kmol
O: b0.21g(3000)b2g 2n  2b266.8g  1b26.68g  2b31. g  b1gb420.8g
1

= 61.16 kmol Ÿ n1 136.4 kmol O 2 / h

Ÿ 10.7% CO, 0.92% CO, 0.087% SO 2 , 9.8% H 2 O, 3.8% O 2 , 74.8% N 2 Stack gas total 3223 kmol h
Mole fractions:
x CO 26.7 3224 8.3 u 10 3 mol CO mol
4.75 a. Basis: 5000 kg coal/h; 50 kmol air min 3000 kmol air h
xSO2 31
. 3224 9.6 u 10 4 mol SO 2 mol
5000 kg coal / h

0.75 kg C / kg
n1 (kmol O2 / h)
0.17 kg H / kg 1
0.02 kg S / kg
n2 (kmol N2 / h) c. SO 2  O 2 o SO 3
0.06 kg ash / kg
C + 02 --> CO2 n3 (kmol CO2 / h) 2
2H + 1/2 O2 -->H2O 0.1 n3 (kmol CO / h)
S + O2 --> SO2 n4 (kmol SO2 / h)
SO 3  H 2 O o H 2SO 4
3000 kmol air / h C + 1/2 O2 --> CO n5 (kmol H2O / h)
3.1 kmol SO 2 1 kmol SO 3 1 kmol H 2SO 4 98.08 kg H 2SO 4
0.21 kmol O2 / kmol 304 kg H 2SO 4 h
0.79 kmol N2 / kmol
h 1 kmol SO 2 1 kmol SO 3 kmol H 2SO 4
mo kg slag / h

Theoretical O 2 :

C:
b g
0.75 5000 kg C 1 kmol C 1 kmol O 2
312.2 kmol O 2 h
h 12.01 kg C 1 kmol C
4.75 (cont’d)

4-67 4-68
4.76 a. Basis: 100 g coal as received (c.a.r.). Let a.d.c. denote air-dried coal; v.m. denote volatile
matter 4.77 a. Basis 100 mol dry fuel gas. Assume no solid or liquid products!
100 g c.a. r. 1.147 g a.d.c.
95.03 g air - dried coal; 4.97 g H 2 O lost by air drying
1.207 g c.a. r. n1 (mol C)
100 mol dry gas
95.03 g a.d.c b1.234  1204
. ggH O 2
2.31 g H 2 O lost in second drying step
n2 (mol H)
n3 (mol S) C + 02 --> CO2
C + 1/2 O2 --> CO
0.720 mol CO2 / mol
1.234 g a.d.c. 2H + 1/2 O2 -->H2O
0.0257 mol CO / mol
0.000592 mol SO2 / mol
S + O2 --> SO2
Total H 2 O 4.97 g  2.31 g 7.28 g moisture 0.254 mol O2 / mol

95.03 g a.d.c b1347

.  0.811g g b v. m. H Og
 2.31 g H O 2
2 3550
. g volatile matter
n4 (mol O2)
(20% excess)
n5 (mol H2O (v))

1.347 g a.d.c.
95.03 g a.d.c 0.111 g ash ½
8.98 g ash H balance : n 2 2 n 5
1.175 g a.d.c. °
O balance : 2 n 4 100 [ 2(0.720)  0.0257  2 (0.000592)  2 (0.254)]  n 5 ¾
Fixed carbon b100  7.28  35.50  8.98gg 48.24 g fixed carbon 20 % excess O 2 : (1.20) (74.57  0.0592  0.25 n 2 ] n 4 °
¿
7.28 g moisture Ÿ n2 = 183.6 mol H, n4 = 144.6 mol O2, n5 = 91.8 mol H2O
7.3% moisture
48.24 g fixed carbon
48.2% fixed carbon Total moles in feed: 258.4 mol (C+H+S) Ÿ 28.9% C, 71.1% H, 0.023% S
35.50 g volatile matter Ÿ
35.5% volatile matter
8.98 g ash
9.0% ash
100 g coal as received 4.78 Basis: 100 g oil
b. Assume volatile matter is all carbon and hydrogen.
Stack
1 mol O 2 1 mol C 10 3 g 1 mol air SO 2 , N 2 , O 2, CO 2, H 2O
C  CO 2 o CO 2 : 396.5 mol air kg C
1 mol C 12.01 g C 1 kg 0.21 mol O 2 x n 3 mol SO 2 (612.5 ppm SO 2)
(N2 , O2 , CO2 , H 2 O)
1 0.5 mol O 2 1 mol H 10 3 g 1 mol air
2H  O2 o H 2O : 1179 mol air kg H 0.10 (1 – x ) n 5 mol SO 2
2 2 mol H 1.01 g H 1 kg 0.21 mol O 2 100 g oil (N2 , O2 , CO2 , H 2 O)
0.87 g C/g
1000 kg coal 0.482 kg C 396.5 mol air 0.10 g H/g
Air required: furnace
kg coal kg C 0.03 g S/g
Alkaline solution
n 1 mol O2 scrubber
1000 kg 0.355 kg v. m. 6 kg C 396.5 mol air 3.76 n 1 mol N2 (1 – x ) n 5 mol SO 2

kg 7 kg v. m. kg C (25% excess) (N2 , O2 , CO2 , H 2 O)
1000 kg 0.355 kg v. m. 1 kg H 1179 mol air n 2 mol N 2
 3.72 u 105 mol air n 3 mol O 2
kg 7 kg v. m. kg H 0.90 (1 – x ) n 5 mol SO 2
n 4 mol CO2
n 5 mol SO 2
n 6 mol H 2 O

CO 2 :
b g
0.87 100 g C 1 mol C 1 mol CO 2
Ÿ n4 7.244 mol CO 2
FG 7.244 mol O IJ 2

12.01 g C 1 mol C H consumed K

H 2 O:
b g
0.10 100 g H 1 mol H 1 mol H 2 O
Ÿ n6 4.95 mol H OG
F 2.475 mol O IJ 2

. gH
101 2 mol H H consumed K
2

4-69 4-70

4.78 (cont’d) 4.80 a. Basis: 1 mol CpHqOr

SO 2 :
b g
0.03 100 g S 1 mol S 1 mol SO 2
Ÿ n5
FG 0.0956 mol O IJ2

32.06 g S 1 mol S
0.0936 mol SO 2
H consumed K
b g
1 mol CpHqOr
25% excess O 2 : n1 . 7.244  2.475  0.0936 Ÿ 12.27 mol O 2
125 no (mol S)
C + 02 --> CO2
n2 (mol CO2)
Xs (kg s/ kg fuel) n3 (mol SO2)
O 2 balance: n3 b
12.27 mol O 2 fed  7.244  2.475  0.0936 mol O 2 consumed g 2H + 1/2 O2 -->H2O
S + O2 --> SO2
n4 (mol O2)
3.76 n1 (mol N2)
n5 (mol H2O (v))
2.46 mol O 2 P (% excess air)
n1 (mol O2)
N 2 balance: n 2 b
3.76 12.27 mol g . mol N 2
4614 3.76 n1 (mol N2)

b
SO 2 in stack SO 2 balance around mixing point : g Hydrocarbon mass: p (mol C) ( 12 g / mol) = 12 p (g C)

xF 0.0936I  010
Ÿ (12 p + q + 16 r) g fuel
H K . b1  xgb0.0936g b g q (mol H) (1 g / mol) = q (g H)
0.00936  0.0842 x mol SO 2
n5 r (mol O) (16 g / mol) = 16 r (g O)
Total dry gas in stack (Assume no CO2 , O2 , or N 2 is absorbed in the scrubber)
S in feed:
7.244  2.46 4614
bCO g bO g b
.  0.00936  0.0842 x
bN g bSO g
g b
.  0.0842 x mol dry gas
5585 g
2 2 2
2 (12 p  q  16r) g fuel X s (g S) 1 mol S X s (12 p  q  16 r)
no= (mol S) (1)
b
612.5 ppm SO 2 dry basis in stack gas g (1 - X s ) (g fuel) 32.07 g S 32.07(1 - X s )

0.00936  0.0842 x 612.5 p (mol C) 1 mol O 2 q (mol H) 0.5 mol O 2 ( r mol O) 1 mol O 2
Ÿx 0.295 Ÿ 30% bypassed Theoretical O2:  
.  0.0842 x
5585 . u 10 6
10 1 mol C 2 mol H 2 mol O
(p  1/4 q  1/2 r) mol O 2 required
4.79 Basis: 100 mol stack gas % excess Ÿ n1 = (1 + P/100) (p +1/4 q – ½ r) mol O2 fed (2)

n 1 (mol C) C balance: n2 = p (3)

C + O2 o CO2
n 2 (mol H) 100 mol
1 H balance: n5 = q/2 (4)
n 3 (mol S) 2H + O2 o H 2 O 0.7566 N 2
2
0.1024 CO2 S balance: n3 = n0 (5)
S + O 2 o SO 2
n 4 (mol O2 ) 0.0827 H 2 O
3.76 n 4 (mol O2 ) 0.0575 O 2 O balance: r + 2n1 = 2n2 + 2n3 + 2n4 + n5 Ÿ n4 = ½ (r+2n1-2n2-2n3-n5) (6)
0.000825 SO 2
Given: p = 0.71, q= 1.1, r = 0.003, Xs = 0.02 P = 18% excess air
(1) Ÿ n0 = 0.00616 mol S (5) Ÿ n3 = 0.00616 mol SO2
a. C balance: n1 b100gb01024
. g 10.24 mol C Ÿ
10.24 mol C
0.62
mol C
(2) Ÿ n1 = 1.16 mol O2 fed (6) Ÿ n4 = 0.170 mol O2
H balance: n2 b100gb0.0827gb2g 16.54 mol H 16.54 mol H mol H
(3) Ÿ n2 = 0.71 mol CO2 (4) Ÿ n5 = 0.55 mol H2O
The C/H mole ratio of CH 4 is 0.25, and that of C2 H 6 is 0.333; no mixture of the two could (3.76*1.16) mol N2 = 4.36 mol N2
have a C/H ratio of 0.62, so the fuel could not be the natural gas.
Total moles of dry product gas = n2 + n3 + n4 + 3.76 n1=5.246 mol dry product gas
b. S balance: n 3 b100gb0.000825g 0.0825 mol S Dry basis composition
b10.24 mol Cgb12.0 g 1 molg 122.88 g CU| 122.88 7.35 g C g H yCO2 = (0.710 mol CO2/ 5.246 mol dry gas) * 100% = 13.5% CO2
b16.54 mol Hgb1.01 g 1 molg 16.71 g H V Ÿ 16.71 Ÿ No. 4 fuel oil yO2 = (0.170 / 5.246) * 100% = 3.2% O2
b0.0825 mol Sgb32.07 g 1 molg 2.65 g S |W 1422.65.24 u 100% 1.9% S yN2 = (4.36 / 5.246) * 100% = 83.1% N2
ySO2 = (0.00616 / 5.246) * 106 = 1174 ppm SO2

4-71 4-72