ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS AND PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF CABBAGE IN

MAICHEW

RAYA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE

TITLE: ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS AND PEST MANAGEMENT

PRACTICES OF CABBAGE IN MAICHEW

ADVISOR NAME: MR. MERSA SHMUYE

PREPARED BY:

NAME ID NO

NEGES KIDANE 05456/12

EYOB MESFIN 05090/12

G/HERADISEY 05135/12

GETACHEW HAFTAMU 10061/12

HEWAN YEMANE 05224/12

JUNE 2024

MAICHEW TIGRAY ETHIOPIA

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 ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS AND PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF CABBAGE IN
MAICHEW

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express our gratitude to all whom in one way or another made the accomplishments of
this piece of work possibly. First of all to the almighty God and dignity for giving us health, open mind,
Agape love and gift of life. In addition, our greatest thanks to our beloved parents for upbringing, love,
support and the best education we have been able to gain through the years. Last but not the least our
appreciation to our advisor Mr. Mersa Shmuye for his professional advice, critical ideas, and his
readiness to listen with a well polite way.

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ABBREVIATION
AVRDC= Asian vegetable research development center

DV = diet value

E= East

EHDA-Ethiopian horticulture development agency

EIA = Ethiopian investment agency

m.a.s.1= meter above sea level

N =north

USDA-united state department of agriculture

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LIST OF TABLES
List of Tables

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the respondents-------------------------------------------7

Table 2. Farmers' perceptions of production constraints of cabbage...----------------------------8

Table 3. Control methods of insect pests and rodents-----------------------------------------------9

Table 4. Control methods of weeds--------------------------------------------------------------------9

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ABSTRACT
The study was conducted in Maichew. The objective of this study was to assess the cabbage
production constraints and pest management practices. A total of 30 respondents were selected
based on their cabbage production status. Data was collected from primary and secondary
sources and analyzed through descriptive statistical techniques. Majority 73.3% of respondents
in the study area were males. From these respondents about 30%, 50%, 16.7% and 3.3% were
illiterate, elementary, secondary and diploma level of education respectively. Pests, water stress,
weeds, lack of improved seed, lack of labor and market access were among the common cabbage
production constraints that the interviewed farmers of Sasun kebelle. Those different constraints
affect to the crop in different rates with weeds (33.3%), lack of improved seed (26.7%), pests
(20%) and other factors (20%), mentioned by farmers of the study area. Although cabbage
farming in Saun kebelle is improving the living standard of farmers, there is need to encourage
participation of females in the activity, improve the supply of inputs.

Key words: cabbage, production constraints, pest management, weeds

Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT...................................................................................................................................II

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ABBREVIATION...........................................................................................................................................III
LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................................IV
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................................V
1. NTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background......................................................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the Problem..................................................................................................................2
1.3. Significance of the Study..................................................................................................................2
1.4. Objectives.........................................................................................................................................2
1.4.1. General objective...........................................................................................................................2
1.4.2. Spesfic objectives......................................................................................................................2
1.5. Research Questions...........................................................................................................................2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Uses of Cabbage................................................................................................................................3
2.2. Production Status of Cabbage in Ethiopia.........................................................................................4
2.3. Production Constraints of Cabbage...................................................................................................4
2.4. Major Insect Pests of Cabbage..........................................................................................................4
2.5. Control methods...............................................................................................................................5
3. METHODOLGY.........................................................................................................................................6
3.1. Description of the Study Area...............................................................................................................6
3.2. Sampling Design and Sampling Size......................................................................................................6
3.3. Method of Data Collection...................................................................................................................6
3.4. Data Analysis........................................................................................................................................6
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................7
4.1 pest management practices..................................................................................................................9
4.1.1. Insect pests and rodents management..............................................................................................9
4.2. Weeds management............................................................................................................................9
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMONDATIONS.............................................................................................10
6. REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................12
7. APPENDIX..............................................................................................................................................14

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1. NTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.Var. Capitata) is a member of cruciferae and a useful vegetable
belongs to the genus Brassica and is related to turnips, cauliflower and Brussels sprout Jim( and
Tony, 2006). It is generally believed to have originated from the wild, leafy, non-heading types
which can be grown throughout the year in most parts of Africa (Grubben and Denton, 2004).
Cabbage is easily grown under wide range of conditions and it is adaptable to most areas of
Africa which has been domesticated and used for human consumption since the earliest antiquity
(Smith, 2005). The Food and Agricultural Organizations (FAO, 2000) has identified cabbage as
one of the top twenty vegetables and an important source of food globally. The green outer
leaves of cabbage are richer in vitamin A, calcium and iron than the white inner leaves and the
headed cabbage are consumed as cooked vegetables, or eaten fresh as an ingredient of coleslaws
and mixed salads ( Grubben and Denton, 2004). The main constituents of cabbage are
carbohydrates, comprising nearly 90% of the dry weight, where approximately one third is
dietary fiber and two thirds are low molecular weight carbohydrate (Wennberg et al. 2006).

According Dixon (2007), cabbage seedling have a thin taproot andb cordate cotyledon, the first
leaves produced are ovate with a lobed petiole. Most cabbages have thick, alternating leaves with
margins that range from wavy or lobed to highly dissected. In addition to this the inflorescence is
an un branched and indeterminate terminal raceme with flowers that are yellow or white and
each flowers has four petals set in a perpendicular pattern, as well as four sepals, six stamens and
superior ovary that is two celled and containing a single stigma and style. Self-pollination is
impossible and plants are cross-pollinated by insects and it has been selectively bred by head
weight and morphological characteristics, frost hardiness, fast growth, storage ability and the
appearance of the cabbage head has been given importance in selective breeding, with varieties
being chosen for shape, color firmness and other physical characteristics (Ordas and cartea,
2005).

Cabbage is generally grown for its densely leaved, heads, produced during the first year of its
biennial cycle; plants perform best when grown in well-drained soil in a location that receives

1full sun, in addition to this different varieties prefer different soil types, ranging from lighter
sand to heavier clay, but all prefer fertile ground with a PH between 6.0 and 6.8(Bradley et al
2000). For optimum growth, there must be adequate levels of nitrogen in the soil, especially
during the early head formation stage, and sufficient phosphorous and potassium during the early
stages of expansion of the outer leaves (Wien and Wurr, 2012). Temperature between 4°c and

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24°c promote the best growth, and extended periods of higher or lower temperature may result in
premature bolting (flowering) and flowering induced by periods of low temperature (a process
called verbalization) only occurs, this allows the plant to grow to an adequate size before
flowering; in certain climates cabbage can be planted at the beginning of the cold period and
survive until a later warm period without being induced to flower (Katz and Weaver, 2000).

There are major cabbage production constraints include pests, drought, shortage of fertilizer, and
the price of fuel for pumping irrigation water due to this about a third of cabbage producers relay
on local varieties needed to produce the desired products are available (Bezabih and Hadera,
2007).

1.2. Statement of the Problem

There are no or little researches done in the study area, especially on the cabbage production
constraints and pest management practices .Now cabbages of the study area are with low yields
and poor quality, therefore, it is highly vital to study the cabbage production constraints and pest
practices/systems in the study area.

1.3. Significance of the Study

For stable food production and ensured food security it is fundamental. This study also helps to
produce farmers their cabbage in their limited land with a greater yield and high quality products.
Hence, the purpose of this study is to identify the cabbage production constraints and their
management practices and by reducing these factors increase the production potential of
cabbage. It also helps that to participate the farmers in the market, especially those who are small
holders. As a whole this study can ensured food security of Ethiopia.

1.4. Objectives

1.4.1. General objective

To assess production constraints and pest management practices of cabbage in the

study area.

1.4.2. Spesfic objectives

To identify the major biotic and abiotic constraints of cabbage production To identify the major
pest management practices of cabbage production

1.5. Research Questions

What are the farmers' perceptions on the production constraints of cabbage? What are the major
production constraints of cabbage?

What could be the best alternatives to control these major constraints?

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What types of reductions could result due these production constraints of cabbage?

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Uses of Cabbage

Cabbages are important sources of micronutrients and provide farmers with higher income per
hectare than other vegetables (AVRDC, 2006). Cabbage production is important economic
activity in Ethiopia ranging from gardening small holder farming to commercial state and private
farms (Bezabih et al., 2014). Vegetables constitute source of cash income for the households
and an opportunity to increase small holder farmers participation in the market(Alemayehuet al.,
2010). Cabbages serve as suitable vegetables for farming systems diversification and land
intensification particularly with recent increase in the establishing of small and medium scale
irrigation scheme in Ethiopia(Tesfaye et al., 2009).

Cabbage consumption varies widely around the world; Russia has the highest annual per capita
consumption at 20 kg followed by Belgium at 4.7 kg,Netherland at 4.0 kg and Spain at 1.9 kg
and Americans consume 3.9 kg annually per capita (Broiss, 2006). Cabbage age is prepared and
consumed in many ways;the simplest options include eating the vegetable raw or steaming it
through many cuisines pickle, stew, Sautee,braise cabbage (Christine, 2000). Savoy cabbages
are usually used in salads, while smooth leaf types are utilized for both market sales and
processing. The characteristicsflavor of cabbage is caused by glucosinolates a class of sulfur
containing glucosides, although found throughout the plant these compounds are concentrated in
the highest quantities in the seeds; lesser quantities are found in young vegetative tissue and the
decrease as the tissue ages (Katz and Weaver, 2000) .Cooked cabbage is often criticized for its
pungent, unpleasant odor taste and also these develop when cabbage is over cooked and
hydrogen sulfide gas is produced (Corriher and Shirley, 2001).

In addition to this cabbage is an excellent source of vitamin C and vitamin K,containing more
than 20% of the daily value for each of the nutrient preserving and also it is good source of (10-
19% DV) vitamin B6 and folate (USDA,2014).

2.2. Production Status of Cabbage in Ethiopia

Commercial production of cabbage has been increasing in recent years because of expansion of
state farms (example Ethiopian Horticulture Development Corporation) and increasing private
investment in the sector by national and international entrepreneurs (EHDA, 2012).Cabbage
production and consumption is increasing in Ethiopia because of increasing export to Djibouti,
Somalia, South Sudan, the Sudan and the middle east and European markets and urbanization

(Getachew and Mohammed, 2012).

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Ethiopia has favorable climate and edaphic conditions for the production of tropical, subtropical
and temperate vegetables in the low lands, mild lands, high lands respectively (EHDA,2012).
The production is concentrated in the rift valley areas of Ethiopia, due to availability of irrigation
facilities, accessibility and closeness to agro-processing industries (Bezabih et al., 2014). On
average more than 2,399,566 tones of vegetables are produced by public and private commercial
farms, this is estimated to be less than 2% of the total crop production (EIA,2012). The
production of cabbage is a major element of the farming system of some of the weredas in
eastern parts of Ethiopia such as Fedis, Haramaya, Kombolcha, Kersa, Meta, Kurfachelle,
Grawa, Jerso in Eastern Hararghe zone and some other werdas such as Germechis in Western
Hararghe zone(Bezabih and Hadera, 2007).

2.3. Production Constraints of Cabbage

Biotic and abiotic factors are among the major constraints of cabbage production in which many
tropical locations receive high rainfall per year that contributes to high diseases incidence on
cabbage (Abang et al., 2014). According to Abdulrahman and Yahaya (2009), in Nigeria
cabbage yields reduce or decline due to a decline in the unit output from the various agricultural
inputs such as capital,land, labor and management; other constraints according to them include
soil fertility decline, soil born diseases and pests, inadequate planting materials, high cost of
labor, labor intensive operations and marketing of the product.Iwuchukuwu and Uzoho (2009)
indicated that the most important financial constraints associated with vegetable production on
Enugu state, Nigeria, were caused by the laborious nature of vegetable production and incidence
of diseases andpests

2.4. Major Insect Pests of Cabbage

Cabbage Aphid is of agricultural concern because it is a vector at least 20 viral pathogen that can
cause diseases which they both wingless and winged forms are able to transmits viruses, but the
wingless aphids demonstrate a higher rate of transmission (Toba, 2000). The cabbage aphids
mode of pathogen transmission is non-persistent the aphid picks up the virus by feeding on
infected plants and transfer the pathogen to healthy plants by probing with its mouth parts or

feeding (Kessing and Mau, 2001).

Green peach aphids lack a waxy covering and have long cornicles (Gabrys etal., 1997).
Moreover, green peach aphids mainly attack cabbage before heading (after tping, the cabbage
seedling starts producing leaves and eventually the cabbage plants begins to produce a small,
tight head at the center of group of leaves) begins (Elewakil and Mossler, 2013).

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2.5. Control methods

The field should be ploughed immediately after harvest to prevent the spread of aphids to other
crops (Griffin and Williamson, 2012).It is important to rid the field and surrounding areas of
any alternate host plant like mustards or other cruciferous weeds(Natwick, 2009). Destruction of
plant debris at the end of the season can help kill overwintering aphid eggs in temperate
climates(Hines and Hutchison,2013). Planting a nectar plant to attract beneficial insects could
also be helpful; example sweet alyssum as tested in cabbage(Webb,2010). Crop rotation with
non-host crops is also beneficial (Kessing and Mau, 2001).

Many insecticides are effective against aphids,but care must be taken that sprays through wet the
plants because of the ways nature of pest and crop(Hines and Hutehison, 2013). To achieve
maximum control with minimum efforts, proper surfactant proportions in combination with well
adjusted spray equipment are important (Kessing and Mau,2001). Aphids have been managed
using insecticide soaps like safter soap and application timing is very important to keep aphids
under control; while conserving populations of natural enemies(Griffin and Villiamson, 2013).
A study on insecticide resistant in cabbage aphid carried out in Pakistan reported that aphids
developed resistance to chemicals including methoy, emamectin benzoate, pyrethriods and
neonicotinoids. Their resistance level was also fount to increase progressively in concurrence
with regular use on vegetables (Ahmed and Akhtar, 2013).

3. METHODOLGY

3.1. Description of the Study Area

The study was conducted in Ganta Afeshum district, Eastern zone of Tigray Regional State,
Northern Ethiopia. Ganta Afeshum is located at 1424N and 1421E latitude and 3913N and

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3937E longitude about 115 km far from Mekelle with an elevation of 1900 to 3000 m.a.s.l. Its
minimum and maximum annual rainfalls are 450mm and 650mm respectively. The annual
temperatures range from 15°c to 24°c. Ganta Afeshum district has different soil types with 50%
sand, 35% silt and 15% clay (Azeb, 2015).

3.2. Sampling Design and Sampling Size

Sasun tabia was selected purposively due its accessibility and nearest distance. A number of 30
respondents were purposively selected based on their cabbage production status.

Total households=600

Sample size=5%

3.3. Method of Data Collection

Both primary and secondary data were gathered. For the primary data source a semi-structured
questionnaire aimed at assessing the production constraints and pest management practices of
cabbage in Ganta Afeshum district was developed in Tigrigna language. For this, data were
collected by interviewing the farmers of the study area. The secondary data were obtained from
Agricultural and Rural Development Office of Ganta Afeshum district. Finally, both qualitative
and quantitative data types were obtained from the data sources.

3.4. Data Analysis

For the data analysis descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were used to

assess the cabbage production constraints and pest management practices of the study area.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1.Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents

Frequency Percentage

frequency Percentage
Sex Male 22 73.5
Female 8 26.7
Total 30 100
Age <19 6 20

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19 -45 16 53.3
>46 8 26.7
total 30 100
Educational status Illiterate 9 30
1 -8 15 50
9 -12 5 16.7
Diploma 1 3.3
total 30 100
Source: survey data, 2015

The demographic characteristics of the respondents are presented in Table 1.A total of 30
farmers were involved in the study. Out of this, 22 farmers representing 73.3% were males who
indicated that they were principally responsible for farming activities. Whilst, 8 farmers (26.7%)
were females. Similarly, Obopile et al. (2008) showed that 63% of cabbage farmers in Botswana
were males. In contrast studied done elsewhere showed in Africa indicated that women
dominated cabbage production. Agboola (2004) observed that rural women formed more than
70%.

More than half of the respondents were aged between 19-45 and 26.7% of them were 46 and
above years, with 20% are younger than 19 years. Cabbage farmers of the study area were
dominantly literate with more than 50% of them having at least elementary school. The
educational levels of the respondents were high. Unlike to the study area, Osei et al. (2013),
showed 66% of cabbage farmers in Ghana were illiterate. The observations on the educational
background and age of cabbage farmers in the study area also opposite to what is commonly
known of small scale farmers in Africa. Most of the interviewed farmers in this study were

literate and at their active age. This observation is not common in Africa small scale farming

system (Lewu and Assefa, 2009).

Table 2. Farmers' perceptions of production constraints of cabbage

Constraints Frequency Percentage

Weeds 10 33.3

Lack of improved seed 8 26.7

Pests 6 20
Water shortage

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Lack of labor 2 6.7

Market accessibility 1 3.3

Total 30 100

Source: survey data, 2015

Cabbage is one of the most important vegetables in the study area which helps small scale
farmers for subsistence use and source of income. However, its production is constrained by
different biotic and abiotic factors. Cabbage farmers of the study area listed a total of 6 cabbage
production constraints viz. weeds, lack of improved seed, pests, shortage of water, market access
and lack of labor.

Weeds were mentioned by 33.3% of the farmers as major constraints followed by shortage of
variety (26.7%), pests (20%), and water shortage (10%). Other constraints like lack of labor and
market accessibility were also mentioned by 10% of the interviewed farmers. Results of the
current study indicated that major constraints of cabbage production in Ganta Afeshum district
are weeds followed by shortage of variety. Unlike to this study area Madisa et al. (2010) showed
that more than 47% of cabbage production constraints in Botswana were pests followed by lack
of labor. On the other hand, similar to the study area there was shortage in varieties only with
two cabbage varieties namely KK cross and Oxylus that were cultivated by cabbage farmers of

Ghana (Osei et al., 2013).

Weeds were mentioned by 56.7% of the respondents as highest, 30% as medium, and 13.3% as
lowest constraints of cabbage production. The second most common constraints was shortage of
variety which was mentioned as highest (73.3%), medium(13.3%), and lowest(10%). On the
other hand, out of the 30 respondents only 1 farmer said there was no shortage of variety. Pests
were also mentioned at the third most common constraints by 40% as highest 26.7% as medium,
and 20% as lowest with 13.3% of the farmers said pests were not considered as constraints of
cabbage production.

4.1 pest management practices

Cabbage farmers of the study area used different pest management practices to cotrol the
different types of constraints of cabbage production.

4.1.1. Insect pests and rodents management

Table 3. Control methods of insect pests and rodents

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Control methods Frequency Percentage

Use of chemicals 21 70

Baits 6 20

Non-chemicals 3 10

Total 30 100
Source: survey data, 2015

To control reductions in yield and quality of cabbage due to different insect pests and rodents,
majority (70%) of the interviewed farmers used chemicals with water in knapsack sprayer and
spraying the crop, followed by baits (20%) to control for different rodents mainly rats and
squirrels. Out of the 30 respondents, only 3 farmers indicating 10% used non-chemical pest
management methods by using different metal and rope materials locally called Metsawedia .

4.2. Weeds management

Three methods of weed managements were employed by cabbage farmers of the study area in
order to reduce the competition of weeds with crops for the growth requirements such as
nutrients, space, water and light. These methods were hoeing, hand weeding and herbicide
applications.

Table 4. Control methods of weeds

Control methods Frequency Percentage

Hoeing 18 60

Hand weeding 10 33.3

Herbicides 2 6.7

Total 30 100

Source: survey data, 2015

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5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMONDATIONS

Generally, cabbage is one of the most common vegetables used for the small scale farmers as
subsistence use and source of incomes by selling in their local markets. However, its production
is constrained by different biotic factors such as weeds and pests; and abiotic factors such as lack
of varieties, lack of labor, water shortage and market access. These different constraints were
mentioned by the interviewed farmers in different rates. From these constraints the most three
were weeds (33.3%), shortage of varieties (26.7%) and pests (20%). Farmers of the study area
employed different control methods to improve their cabbage production both in yield and
quality, by reducing those different biotic and abiotic constraints. Those constraints considered
as biotic factors had their own management systems for example for weeds farmers employed
such as hoeing, hand weeding and herbicide applications; and some of the control methods of
pests (insect pests and rodents) were chemicals (such as pesticides and baits) and non-chemical
controlling methods (locally known as metsawedia).

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There is a need to improve accessibility of inputs, continued financial and technical assistance,
training on integrated pest management and stabilization of soil moisture status for sustainable
agricultural productivity to meet the demands of the increasing population.

Long-term cropping systems research is important in order to reduce production costs to control
cabbage pests, minimize the hazards from pesticides.

Integrated pest management and careful choice of seeds and seedlings will be some of the
potential components for improving the cabbage production system in the study area.

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7. APPENDIX
Questionnaire Format

1. General information

1.1. Respondents profile

1.2. Sex: male______ female_______

1.3. Age: <19_____ 19-45______ > 46______

1.4. Educational status: Illiterate_________. 1-8________ 9-12_______ >Diploma_________.

Please answer the following questions precisely:

Q1. What is your basic source of production? Trade_________. Civil servant _________.
Farm_____

If other_________.

Q2. House hold size_________.

Q3. Do you sell cabbage? Yes_________ No_________.

Q4. If your answer of Q3 is yes, how much money can you get from one season?

2000-4000 _________ 4000-5000 _________

5000-6000 _________ 6000-8000 _________ above

8000_________

Q5. What challenges are there in your production of cabbage?

______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Q6. Do you employed different control methods for these constraints? Yes_________ No
_________

If yes what control methods do you employed? list

them._________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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 ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS AND PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF CABBAGE IN
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________

Why_______________________________________________________

Q7. 1-high, 2=medium, 3-low, 4-no

No 1 2 3 4
Constraints

Weeds

Lack of
improved
seed

Pests

Q8. Are the control methods of weeds different from those of insect pests and rodents? Yes
_____________ no____________

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