Date: April’22 2024 Monday

Generations of Computer

First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation

 1940- 1956  1956-1963  1963-1971  1971- Present  Late 20th Century and
 Technology: Vacuum  Technology:  Technology: Integrated  Technology: beyond
tubes Transistors Circuits (ICs) Microprocessor  Artificial Intelligence
 Memory: Magnetic  Memory: Magnetic  Memory: Large  Innovation: Advanced  Multitasking and
Drums and Magnetic Core and Magnetic Magnetic Core and I/O devices handling of complex
tapes Tape/Disk Magnetic Tape/Disk  Programming computations
 Programming  Programming  Programming Language: HLL like VB,  Cloud Computing
Language: Machine Language: Assembly Language: High Level C++, Java, Python etc  NLP (natural Language
Language Language Languages (FORTRAN,  Energy Usage: Low Processing)
 Power Consumption:  Energy Usage: used BASIC, COBOL,C etc) Power consumption  Experst Systems
High less electricity and  Energy Usage: efficient  Speed: Exceptionally
 Heat generation: High generate lesser heat as  Speed: Improved fast
 Speed: Very Slow compared to first  Size: Reduced  Size: Portable
 Size: huge (often generation computers  Reliability: More  Reliability: High
filling entire room)  Speed: Improved reliable  Operating System: GUI
 Reliability: Unreliable  Size: Reduced  Supports Multitasking  Supports Multitasking
 Cost: Expensive  Reliability: More  Cost: less expensive  Cost: Affordable
 Examples: ENIAC, reliable  Examples: IBM 360,  Examples: Intel
UNIVAC I,EDSAC, IBM  Cost: less expensive IBM 370,PDP-II, Pentium series, Dual
604, IBM-650, IBM  Examples: UNIVAC II, UNIVAC II08 etc Core, IBM ThinkPad
701 Mark I etc GE 635, CDC 1604 etc series, MacBook Pro,
MacBook Air series.
Date: April’22 2024 Monday

Topic: Generations of Computer

Question: Define the following terms:

Artificial Intelligence, Parallel Processing, Expert Systems, NLP, Cloud Computing, High Performance Computing

1- Artificial Intelligence: Artificial intelligence (AI) creates smart machines that think and learn like humans. These machines can solve problems, analyze
data, and make decisions autonomously. AI is used in various industries, from healthcare to finance, to automate tasks and improve efficiency.
2- Parallel Processing: Parallel Processing refers as multiple tasks being executed simultaneously across multiple processors or cores, enhancing
computational speed and efficiency.
3- Expert Systems: Expert systems are computer programs that replicate human experts to solve specific problems. They use rules and databases to provide
expert advice or solutions, like diagnosing illnesses or troubleshooting technical issues.
4- Natural Language Processing: NLP, or Natural Language Processing, is about teaching computers to understand and work with human language, like
translating languages or analyzing text.
5- Cloud Computing: Cloud computing involves accessing and using computer services and programs over the internet, without needing physical ownership.
6- High Performance Computing: HPC stands for High-Performance Computing, which involves using supercomputers or clusters to process large amounts
of data very quickly for tasks like weather forecasting and scientific research.