INTEGUMENTARY

SYSTEM
BY: KRISTINE ANN LANGURAYAN
CHRISEL ANNE CASTRO
 OBJECTIVES
Explain the function of the skin.
Enumerate the parts of the skin.
Describe the function of each part
of the skin.
 THE SKIN
Skin covers the outer surface of the
body and is the largest organ.

Skin and it's accessory structures

(hair, sweat glands, sebaceous
glands, and nails) make up the
integumentary system
FUNCTIONS OF
THE SKIN
PROTECTIVE
SENSORY
THERMOREGULATORY
METABOLIC
SEXUAL SIGNALING
PARTS OF THE SKIN
Hair

Epidermis
Vein

Dermis Artery
Sweat Gland
HypoDermis
Hair Bulb

Adipose Tissue
 EPIDERMIS
The epidermis is the outer layer.
Epidermis
It protects the body from
damage and helps regulate body
temperature.

it consist mainly of a stratified

squamous keratinized epithelium
compose of cells called
keratinocytes
 THREE MUCH LESS ABUNDANT
CELL TYPE:
PIGMENT-
MELANOCYTES PRODUCING

LANGERHANS ANTIGEN
PRESENTING
CELL
TACTILE
MARKEL CELL EPITHELIAL CELL
 THICK SKIN
SKIN IS COVERS THE PALMS OF
THE HANDS AND THE
CLASSIFIED SOLES OF THE FEET

INTO TWO THIN SKIN

TYPES:
COVERS THE REST
OF THE BODY
 4 LAYERS OF
KERATINOCYTE
(5 LAYERS FOR THE THICK SKIN)

BASAL LAYER SPINOUS LAYER

(STRATUM BASALE) (STRATUM SPINOSUM)

GRANULAR LAYER
(STRATUM
GRANULOSUM)

STRATUM LUCIDUM STRATUM CORNEUM

 BASAL LAYER (STRATUM BASALE)

SINGLE LAYER OF CUBOIDAL OR COLUMNAR

GERM CELLS
ATTACHED TO A BASEMENT MEMBRANE AT THE
DERMAL-EPIDERMAL JUNCTION
MITOTIC ACTIVITY

PRODUCE ALL CELLS THAT MIGRATE TO THE

SURFACE OF THE SKIN
THICK SKIN THIN SKIN
SPINOUS LAYER(STRATUM SPINOSUM)
KERATINOCYTES ATTACHED TO EACH OTHER BY
DESMOSOMES ON SPINY PROCESSES.

DESMOSOMES
~ STRONG CELL to CELL
STRUCTURES
~ FOUND IN BETWEEN CELLS
- LOOK IKe TINY NEEDLES or
KERATINOCYTES
~ SYNTHESIZE KERATIN SPINES
~ PRODUCE OTHER PROTEINS AS WELL
ALL SKIN CELLS of the EPIDERMIS are
KERATINOCYTES EXCEPT for GERM CELLS
THIN SKIN
PUSHED UP to the SURFACE by NEWLY FORMED CELLS
& GRADUALLY become FLATTER
 GRANULAR LAYER(STRATUM GRANULOSUM)
KERATINOCYTES WITH NUMEROUS BASOPHILIC
GRANULES IN THEIR CYTOPLASM

Stratum Lucidum - highly

refractive zone only seen in
very thick skin

3-5 FLATTENED CELLs

DENSE BASOPHILIC KERATOHYALIN GRANULEs
within their CYTOPLASM

THIN SKIN
THICK SKIN
 STRATUM CORNEUM
THICK SKIN
~ OFTEN THICKER than ALL
the OTHER EPIDERMAL
OUTER MOST THICK LAYER OF
LAYERS COMBINED
DEAD CELLS DEVOID OF NUCLEI
AND ORGANELLES.
~ DON'T HAVE NUCLEI OR
ORGANELLES
~ FILLED WITH KERATIN
FILAMENTS
- 15-20 LAYERS
THIN SKIN
DESMOSOMES
GRADUALLY BREAK thin skin
DOWN ~ OFTEN THINNER
COMPARED to the
CELLS SHED
REST of the
DESQUAMATE
EPIDERMIS
THICK SKIN From the SURFACE
EPIDERMAL CELL TYPE
MELANOCYTES
NEURAL CREST DERIVATIVES THAT
MIGRATE INTO THE EMBRYONIC
EPIDERMIS' STRATUM BASALE, WHERE
EVENTUALLY ONE MELANOCYTE
ACCUMULATES FOR EVERY FIVE OR SIX
BASAL KERATINOCYTES
EUMELANINS - ARE BROWN OR BLACK
PIGMENTS PRODUCED BY THE
MELANOCYTE
PHEOMELANIN- SIMILAR PIGMENT
FOUND IN RED HAIR
ALBINISM - HYPOPIGMENTATION DUE
TO DEFECTIVE TYROSINASE OR SOME
OTHER COMPONENTS OF MELANIN-
PRODUCING
 MERKEL CELL
MERKEL CELLS, OR EPITHELIAL TACTILE CELLS,
ARE LOW-THRESHOLD MECHANORECEPTORS
ESSENTIAL FOR SENSING GENTLE

LANGERHANS CELL
ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS (APCS) OF THE
EPIDERMIS. DERIVED FROM MONOCYTES, REPRESENT
2%-8% OF THE CELLS IN EPIDERMIS AND ARE
USUALLY MOST CLEARLY SEEN IN THE SPINOUS
LAYER.
 DERMIS
dense irregular
connective tissue that
supports the epidermis Dermis

and binds it to the

subcutaneous
tissue (hypodermis)
2 sublayers of the dermis

papillary layer
consists of loose connective tissue that helps bind the
dermis to the epidermis

Reticular layer
Underlying and much thicker, consists of dense
irregular connective tissue
 the corresponding invaginations of
the epidermal layer are called
epidermal ridges

Epidermis

the combination of the

papillae and ridges is referred
to as the papillary layer of
the dermis (project in the
dermis)
the junction between the two
layers is irregular forming many
projections of the dermal layer
called dermal papillai which increase
adhesion between the epidermis and
dermis
Summary:
 SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE
Specialized epidermal cells respond to
environmental stimuli and consist of
structural and support cells that produce
the receptor's outward form and
internal neural dendrites that respond to
specific stimuli.
SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER

ALSO
ALSO CALLED
CALLED THE
THE HYPODERMIS
HYPODERMIS OR
OR
SUPERFICIAL
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
FASCIA

CONSISTS OF LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT BINDS CONTAINS ADIPOCYTES THAT VARY IN NUMBER IN
THE SKIN LOOSELY TO THE SUBJACENT ORGANS, DIFFERENT BODY REGIONS AND VARY IN SIZE ACCORDING
MAKING IT POSSIBLE FOR THE SKIN TO SLIDE OVER TO NUTRITIONAL STATE.
THEM
 SENSORY
SENSORY RECEPTORS
RECEPTORS
Unencapsulated Receptors
TACTILE (OR MERKEL CELLS), EACH
ASSOCIATED WITH A DISC OR EXPANDED
AXONAL ENDING, WHICH FUNCTION AS TONIC
RECEPTORS FOR SUSTAINED LIGHT TOUCH
AND FOR SENSING AN OBJECT’S TEXTURE.
ROOT HAIR PLEXUSES, A WEB OF SENSORY FIBERS
SURROUNDING THE BASES OF HAIR FOLLICLES IN
THE RETICULAR DERMIS THAT DETECTS
MOVEMENTS OF THE HAIRS
FREE NERVE ENDINGS IN THE PAPILLARY
DERMIS AND LOWER EPIDERMAL LAYERS
RESPOND TO TEMPERATURE, PAIN, AND
ITCHING, AS WELL AS BEING CRUCIAL
TACTILE RECEPTORS.
Encapsulated Receptors
RUFFINI CORPUSCLES HAVE
MEISSNER CORPUSCLES ARE COLLAGENOUS, FUSIFORM
ELLIPTICAL SENSORY AXONS IN CAPSULES ANCHORED FIRMLY TO
DERMAL PAPILLAE, FORMING
THE SURROUNDING CONNECTIVE
IMPULSES WHEN SKIN DEFORMS.
TISSUE, WITH SENSORY AXONS
NUMEROUS IN FINGERTIPS,
STIMULATED BY STRETCH
PALMS, AND SOLES, DECLINES
AFTER PUBERTY.
(TENSION) OR TWISTING (TORQUE)
IN THE SKIN.
LAMELLATED CORPUSCLES ARE
LARGE OVAL STRUCTURES KRAUSE AND BULBS, OVOID
FOUND IN THE RETICULAR DERMIS STRUCTURES WITH THIN,
AND HYPODERMIS, SPECIALIZED COLLAGENOUS CAPSULES
FOR SENSING COARSE TOUCH, FOUND PRIMARILY IN THE SKIN
PRESSURE, AND VIBRATIONS. OF THE PENIS AND CLITORIS,
THEY ARE ALSO FOUND IN DETECTING LOW-FREQUENCY
CONNECTIVE TISSUE OF ORGANS VIBRATIONS.
DEEP IN THE BODY, SUCH AS THE
RECTUM AND URINARY BLADDER,
PRODUCING PRESSURE
SENSATIONS WHEN DISTORTED.
H A I R H A I R F O L L I C L E
Hairs are elongated
keratinized structures - is a skin appendage located deep in
formed within epidermal the dermis of the skin.
invaginations, with color,
size, shape, and texture
varying based on age, - consists of two main layers, an inner
genetic background, and (epithelial) root sheath and an outer
body region. All skin has (fibrous) root sheath. At the base of the
minimal hair except hair follicle is the hair bulb, which houses
glabrous areas. Hairs the dermal papillae and hair matrix cells.
grow discontinuously, with
periods of growth and
rest.
Epithelial Root Sheath
Internal root sheath
completely surrounds the
initial part of the hair root but
degenerates above the level of
the attached sebaceous glands.
Glassy Membrane
An acellular process that
divides the hair follicle from
the dermis the thicker
basement membrane known as
the hyaline layer
External root sheath
covers the internal sheath and
extends all the way to the epi
dermis, where it is continuous
with the basal and spinous layers.
Arrector pili muscle
is a type of tiny smooth muscle of
the skin whose contraction
causes the hair to stand erect
with cutis anserina (goose flesh).
.
 Hair
Growth
Cycle

ANAGEN CATAGEN TELOGGEN

A generally long A brief period of A final long period
period of mitotic arrested growth of inactivity
activity and growth and regression of during which the
the hair bulb hair may be shed
Longitudinal
Longitudinal section
section of
of aa hair
hair root
root
and
and bulb
bulb
Medulla

The innermost central portion of the hair shaft,

composed of moderately keratinized cells, making
it less rigid and weaker than its surrounding
layers. It can be described as the ‘marrow’ of the
hair shaft. The medulla is typically found within
thicker hairs and is often missing from finer hairs

Cortex Matrix

The intermediate layer of the hair shaft,
surrounding the medulla. This is a thick layer
which accounts for the majority of the hair width
and is composed of heavily keratinized and
densely packed cells
Contains the proliferating cells that
generate the hair and the internal root
sheath, is just above the dermal papilla,
and separated from it by a basement
membrane.
N
NAA II LL S
S
Nails are part of the body's integumentary system,
which protects your body from damage and
infection. Nails are flat versions of claws that help
humans function, such as dig, climb, scratch, and
grab. They also guard against injuries by
preventing the fingers and toes from getting cut or
scraped. They enhance the sensation by acting as
sensory organs that amplify touch signals. Nails
have four basic structures: the matrix, the nail
plate, the nail bed, and the skin around the nail.
 NAIL ROOT
The proximal part of the nail and is
covered by a fold of skin, from which
the epidermal stratum corneum
extends as the cuticle, or eponychium

NAIL PLATE
is bound to a bed of epidermis,
the nail bed, which contains only the
NAIL ROOT
basal and spinous epidermal layers.
It forms from the nail matrix in which
cells divide, move distally, and become
keratinized in a process somewhat similar to
hair formation but without keratohyaline
granules. The nail root matures and hardens
as the nail plate.
 EPONYCHIUM (CUTICLE)
is the thick, layer of live cells present under
the surface of the proximal nail fold on the
ventral side that produces the cuticle. The
visible ‘lip’ or the fold seen at the bottom (or
the proximal) nail fold of the nail is eponychium

NAIL MATRIX
is the area where your fingernails and
toenails start to grow. Located at the
base of the nail, it creates new cells that
allow your nail to grow. Your nail may stop
growing if the nail bed is injured. The matrix
creates new skin cells, which pushes out the
old, dead skin cells to make your nails.
 SKIN
SKIN GLANDS
GLANDS
Sebaceous glands are embedded in the dermis over most of
the body, except in the thick, glabrous skin of the palms and
sole. Sebaceous glands are branched acinar
glands with several acini converging at a short duct that
usually empties into the upper portion of a hair follicle.

It is a microscopic exocrine gland in the skin that opens into

a hair follicle to secrete an oily or waxy matter, called
sebum, which lubricates the hair and skin of mammals.
 Pilosebaceous unit
it is the developmental association of a hair
follicle and two sebaceous glands, originates
from the basal layer of the epidermis.
These are found in all regions of the skin except
for the palmar and plantar surfaces.
Sebum
an oily substance produced by skin's
sebaceous glands, is essential for skin
moisture, infection defense, and antibacterial
properties, but excessive production can
cause acne, oily skin, and oily scalp.

Sebocytes
Sebaceous glands produce sebum and release
contents through cellular breakdown and
membrane rupture, often found in
conjunction with hair follicles, serving
specific purposes like pheromone secretion or
corneal protection.
 SKIN
SKIN GLANDS
GLANDS
Sweat glands develop as long epidermal invaginations
embedded in the dermis. There are two types of sweat
glands, eccrine and apocrine, with distinct functions,
distributions, and structural details.

The secretory part is generally more pale-staining than the

ducts and consists of an unusual stratified cuboidal epithelium
with three cell types:

Clear Cells
Dark Cells
Myoepithelial Cells
 ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS regulates body
temperature by secreting hypotonic
sweat, which cools the body by
evaporating sodium and water, and
excreting ammonia, urea, uric acid, and
sodium chloride.

APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS are tubular

sweat glands in the skin, secreting a yellow,
oily substance in response to bacterial
decomposition. They are controlled by sex
hormones and become active at puberty.
 SKIN
SKIN REPAIR
REPAIR
Skin has a good capacity for repair, which is important in this
exposed and easily damaged organ. The process of cutaneous
wound healing, whether initiated surgically or accidentally,
involves several overlapping stages that vary in duration with
the size of the wound.
 SKIN
SKIN REPAIR
REPAIR PROGRESS
PROGRESS

In the first phase of wound healing, blood coagulates,

releasing growth factors and chemokines. Neutrophils
and macrophages remove bacteria and debris, causing
inflammation that lasts 2-3 days. Epithelialization begins,
as cells migrate beneath the blood clot, creating a
desiccated eschar. Growth factors stimulate cell
migration, and matrix metalloproteinases facilitate cell
migration. Proliferating fibroblasts and capillaries
produce new collagen-rich, well-vascularized tissue
called granulation tissue, which gradually replaces the
blood clot.
THANK
THANK YOU!
YOU!