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4. Luis Vargas, a clinical psychologist, is involved in work including the
A. assessment and treatment of children, adolescents and their families.

B. training mental health professionals to provide culturally responsive mental health services.
C. training mental health professionals to provide developmentally appropriate mental health
service.
D. All of these.
5. Parents want their children to grow up to be socially mature individuals, but they often are not
sure about what to do to help their children with this goal. Why are they confused?
A. They say they want the best for their children, but they don't follow through.
B. They often get conflicting information on what they should do for their child.
C. They believe in a permissive environment.
D. They believe in strict controls in the home.
6. The setting in which development occurs and that is influenced by historical, economic, social,
and cultural factors defines
A. culture.
B. ethnicity.
C. context.
D. gender.
7. A preschooler is growing up in an upper-middle-class home with parents who both have

advanced degrees. She lives in a thriving suburb. The preschool she attends is rated the best in
the state. These settings in which her development occurs are referred to as
A. cultures.
B. matrixes.
C. contexts.
D. scenarios.
8. A child's development occurs in (a) ________________ context(s).
A. singular
B. numerous
C. strictly positive
D. strictly negative
9. Which is not a context for a child's development?
A. culture
B. ethnicity
C. language development
D. gender
10. _______________ refers to the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular
group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.
A. Ethnicity
B. Context
C. Open forum
D. Culture
11. A sense of membership in an ethnic group based upon shared language, religion, customs,
values, history, and race defines
A. race.
B. nationality.
C. ethnicity.
D. ethnocentricity.
12. André is of Mexican American and African slave ancestry, and aligns himself with the traditions
and history of Mexican Americans. This reflects his
A. culture.
B. context.
C. ethnicity.
D. gender.
13. As a college student, you are studying ethnicity. Which scenario should not be considered?
A. a 5-year-old and his bilingual abilities

B. a 10-year-old and her religious beliefs
C. a 12-year-old and his observance of Passover
D. a 4-year-old and her home located in a poverty-stricken area
14. ______________ is based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and
language.
A. Ethnicity
B. Context
C. Open forum
D. Culture
15. The acronym SES stands for
A. secondary ethnic sector.

B. solitary ethnic sector.
C. socioeconomic status.
D. social ethnic status.
16. Which statement(s) related to the meaning of the words gender and sex are true?
A. Gender involves the psychological and sociocultural dimensions of being female or male.
B. Sex involves the psychological and sociocultural dimensions of being female or male.
C. Sex refers to the biological dimensions of being female or male.
D. Gender involves the psychological and sociocultural dimensions of being female or male, and
sex refers to the biological dimensions of being female or male.
17. A cross-cultural concern for women includes
A. inadequate educational opportunities.

B. violence.
C. mental health issues.
D. All of these.
18. Resilience in relation to children means that
A. some children develop confidence in their abilities despite negative stereotypes about their
gender.
B. some children develop confidence in their abilities despite negative stereotypes about their
ethnic group.
C. some children triumph over poverty or other adversities.
D. All of these.
19. Certain characteristics make children resilient. Analysis of research shows that which of the
following does not apply to resiliency?
A. good intellectual functioning

B. close relationship with a caring parent
C. parents with outgoing personalities
D. bonds to extrafamilial people
20. What is social policy?
A. an individual's way of interacting with others in his or her ecosystem

B. a global philosophy based on the premise of equity and equality for all
C. any law designed to limit the behavior of individuals within a population
D. a government's course of action to promote the welfare of its citizens
21. The Minnesota Family Investment Program (MFIP) was designed in the 1990s primarily to affect
the behavior of adults. How did this affect most children whose parents were in the program?
A. School achievement improved.

B. Behavior problems decreased in school.
C. Children improved only with outside treatment help in addition to the parent's additional
income.
D. School achievement improved, and behavior problems decreased.
22. The pattern of human development is strongly related to
A. biology.
B. cognition.
C. socioemotional development.
D. All of these.
23. The _____________________ processes produce changes in an individual's body.
A. cognitive
B. biological
C. socioemotional
D. cultural
24. The ____________________ processes refer to changes in an individual's thought, intelligence,
and language.
A. cognitive
B. biological
C. socioemotional
D. cultural
25. The ___________________ processes involve changes in an individual's relationships with other
people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality.
A. cognitive
B. biology
C. socioemotional
D. cultural
26. The child who is best thought of as engaging in a cognitive process is the one who is
A. gripping his bottle.

B. drooling on his bib.
C. learning to speak Spanish.
D. expressing anger that she could not be in the play.
27. When he was 6 years old, Ron could recite the Pledge of Allegiance from memory. When Ron
was 9 years old, he began to understand what the terms pledge and republic meant. Finally, at
age 12, Ron realized the political importance of this pledge. This illustrates the concept of
A. cognitive development.
B. kinesthetic development.
C. biological development.
D. socioemotional development.
28. At the parent/teacher conference in school, Ms. Johnson wants to share information about
Meredith's socioemotional development with her parents. What topic will she not include?
A. her height and weight changes since the beginning of school

B. her relationships with peers on the playground
C. her ability to work collaboratively on a group project
D. her leadership skills within her small peer group
29. The most widely used classification of development periods describes a child's development in
terms of the following sequence:
A. infancy, prenatal, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, late childhood

B. prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, late childhood, adulthood
C. prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, late childhood, adolescence
D. pre-infancy, toddler, early childhood, late childhood, adolescence, middle childhood
30. What is the first developmental period?
A. birth
B. infancy
C. prenatal
D. conception
31. Which activity is characteristic of infancy?
A. beginning language
B. coordination of sensations and physical actions
C. thinking with symbols
D. All of these.
32. As a 3- to5-year-old preschooler, Brittany would most accurately be described as being in what
period of development?
A. infancy
B. early childhood
C. middle childhood
D. late childhood
33. Early childhood is sometimes called
A. the preschool years.

B. the elementary school years.
C. the most difficult time of development.
D. puberty.
34. Helen is learning to read, write, and do mathematics. She is also very interested in doing these
activities well. Based on this information, which stage of development is Helen most likely in?
A. infancy
B. preschool
C. middle childhood
D. adolescence
35. During what developmental period is independence and identity the central theme?
A. early childhood
B. middle childhood
C. late childhood
D. adolescence
36. What do most developmental psychologists currently believe about change and growth?
A. They do not vary across cultures.

B. They are only biologically driven.
C. They do not vary between the sexes.
D. They are lifelong processes.
37. A group of people born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences is a description
of a
A. clique.
B. crowd.
C. cohort.
D. company.
38. People born of the generation after 1980 are called
A. mellenials.
B. minorities.
C. monopolies.
D. microsystems.
39. Nurture is to experience as nature is to
A. maturation.
B. edification.
C. learning.
D. the environment.
40. Basic growth tendencies are genetically wired into humans. This is referred to as
A. nature.
B. experience.
C. continuity.
D. nurture
41. In the nature-nurture controversy
A. nature refers to an organism's biological inheritance.

B. nurture refers to environmental experiences.
C. nature refers to an organism's biological inheritance, while nurture refers to environmental
experiences.
D. None of these.
42. Experiences run the gamut from the individual's biological environment (nutrition, medical care,
drugs, and physical accidents) to the social environment (family, peers, schools, community,
media, and culture). This is referred to as
A. nature.
B. nurture.
C. genetic epistemology.
D. None of these.
43. A developmentalist who emphasizes ________ usually describes development as a gradual,

continuous process.
A. nature
B. nurture
C. discontinuity
D. None of these.
44. A developmental psychologist with a strong belief in the influence of nurture on social
development would most likely explain a youngster's behavioral problem by saying,
A. "It's in his genes."

B. "He's just a late bloomer."
C. "He was raised by incompetent parents."
D. "He probably had a traumatic prenatal period."
45. If a pregnant woman is using drugs during her pregnancy and the baby is born with an addiction,
this would be an example of
A. nature.
B. nurture.
C. continuity.
D. maturation.
46. A developmentalist who emphasizes ________ often describes development as a series of

distinct stages.
A. nature
B. nurture
C. continuity
D. None of these.
47. Which of the following statements best characterizes the view that development is a
discontinuous process?
A. During adolescence, an individual moves from not being able to think abstractly about the
world to being able to do so in distinct stages.
B. Puberty is a gradual process, occurring over several years.
C. Even though extreme environments can depress development, basic growth tendencies are
wired into human beings.
D. If infants experience negative events in their lives, those experiences can be overcome by
later, more positive experiences.
48. A developmentalist who focuses on the distinct stages in the life span emphasizes
A. maturation.
B. later development.
C. the continuity of development.
D. the discontinuity of development.
49. __________________ focuses on the degree to which early experiences (especially in infancy)
or later experiences are the key determinants of the child's development.
A. Early-later experience issue

B. Continuity of development
C. Discontinuity of development
D. Nature versus nurture approach
50. The outcome of the early-later experience issue is
A. agreed upon by most developmentalists.

B. of no concern to developmentalists.
C. is a hotly debated issue among developmentalists.
D. is an issue that was a concern only in the 1950s.
51. Western culture's current emphasis on early experience can be traced to the work of
A. Sigmund Freud.
B. Jerome Kagan.
C. John Watson.
D. Mary Ainsworth.
52. Freud's belief that children's relationships with their parents in the first 5 years of life are key to
development relates to what developmental issue?
A. stability and change

B. continuity and discontinuity
C. maturation and experience
D. early and later experience
53. Most developmentalists believe that it is unwise to take an extreme position on which of the
following controversies?
A. nature and nurture

C. early and later experiences
D. All of these.
54. Which discipline is not considered a science?
A. physics
B. child development
C. biology
D. All of these disciplines are sciences.
55. Scientific research is
A. objective.
B. systematic.
C. testable.
D. All of these are involved in scientific research.
56. A(n) __________________ is a specific assumption or prediction that can be tested to determine
accuracy.
A. theory
B. hypothesis
C. model
D. paradigm
57. After observing children interacting with a department store Santa Claus, a psychologist decides
to study children's beliefs in Santa. Prior to beginning the study, the psychologist predicts that 5-
year-olds will believe in Santa, 10-year-olds will not be sure of their belief, and 15-year-olds will
not believe at all. This prediction represents a
A. theory.
B. method.
C. paradigm.
D. hypothesis.
58. After setting up a hypothesis, what is the next step in the scientific research approach?
A. collecting data
B. interpreting data
C. revising research conclusions.
D. None of these.
59. ____________________ theory describes development as primarily unconscious and colored by
emotion.
A. Cognitive
B. Psychoanalytic
C. Biological
D. None of these.
60. Which of the following statements about Freud is incorrect?
A. He worked with mental patients early in his career.

B. He was a medical doctor specializing in neurology.
C. His work stemmed from studying with Piaget.
D. All of these are incorrect statements.
61. A psychoanalytic theorist would likely blame antisocial personality traits exhibited by a
preschooler on
A. parents.
B. genetics.
C. teachers.
D. cultural factors.
62. Which of the following is not a Freudian stage of personality development?
A. unconscious
B. oral
C. anal
D. phallic
63. Due to her knowledge of psychoanalysis, Julie is aware that her 9-month-old daughter is in the
A. anal psychosexual stage.

B. oral psychosexual stage.
C. latency psychosexual stage.
D. phallic psychosexual stage.
64. Which of the following is the correct developmental sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages?
A. oral, anal, latency, genital, phallic

B. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
C. phallic, oral, anal, latency, genital
D. latency, phallic, anal, oral, genital
65. Erikson is noted for his theory of ________ stages.
A. psychosexual
B. psychosocial
C. psychogenic
D. psychopathological
66. Erikson developed his theory of development because although he agreed with many of Freud's
ideas, he felt that Freud placed too much emphasis on
A. sex and childhood.

B. sex and adulthood.
C. self-esteem and childhood.
D. self-esteem and adulthood.
67. One of the major differences between Erikson's and Freud's approaches to human development
involves Erikson's emphasis on
A. heredity.
B. sex differences.
C. the mind-body relationship.
D. development across the life span.
68. As a parent with an Eriksonian orientation, Sheryl believes that the first developmental task her
newborn daughter will encounter will be about
A. trust.
B. autonomy.
C. initiative.
D. self-identity.
69. The ________________________ stage of psychosocial theory has the following characteristics:
occurs in late infancy and toddler hood; infants discover that their behavior is their own; assertion
of independence.
A. trust versus mistrust

B. autonomy versus shame and doubt
C. industry versus inferiority
D. initiative versus guilt
70. Two-year-old Benjamin asserts his independence and realizes his will. He tests his parents'
boundaries. Based on Erikson's psychosocial theory, if he is restrained or punished too harshly,
he is likely to develop
A. guilt.
B. despair.
C. identity confusion.
D. shame and doubt.
71. Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages occurs during the later preschool years?

B. initiative versus guilt
C. autonomy versus shame and doubt
D. industry versus inferiority
72. Erikson had a specific outlook on the initiative versus guilt stage. Which of the following
statements matches his outlook?
A. Seldom does a child reach a sense of accomplishment.

B. Many children in this stage reach a sense of accomplishment, but it takes a long time.
C. Erikson had a positive outlook on this stage when children succeed in accomplishing tasks.
D. This stage is one of the most difficult stages to complete successfully.
73. When teachers work with children in Erikson's industry versus inferiority stage, the fifth stage of
psychosocial development, they should
A. allow adolescents to explore many different roles and different paths within a particular role in
order for a positive identity to emerge.
B. help children find out that they can do things that they never thought they could do.
C. let the children make their own decisions even if they appear to need some direction on
deciding to try something.
D. punish children if they are not interested in industry related to their own work.
74. As Courtney graduates from high school, she explores many roles in trying to decide what to
study in college. What psychosocial stage of development is she in?
A. industry versus inferiority

B. generativity versus stagnation
C. identity versus identity confusion
D. autonomy versus shame and doubt
75. In Erikson's sixth stage of psychosocial development, individuals face the developmental task of
forming intimate relationships with others. This stage is called
A. industry versus inferiority.

B. trust versus mistrust.
C. intimacy versus isolation.
D. intimacy versus mistrust.
76. _____________________________ is Erikson's seventh developmental stage, which individuals

experience during middle adulthood.
A. Stagnation versus integrity

B. Isolation versus generativity
C. Integrity versus isolation
D. Generativity versus stagnation
77. Generativity means
A. lazy behavior.
B. stagnation.
C. helping younger generations.
D. technology advancement.
78. Stagnation means
A. a state of confusion as people move toward old age.

B. a slow start in trying to help others.
C. the desire to meet young children and teach them life lessons.
D. the feeling of having done nothing to help the next generation.
79. Which of the following examples is a positive resolution to Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial
development, integrity versus despair?
A. not being able to look back on your life and feel good about it
B. celebrating a sixtieth wedding anniversary with happiness
C. a preoccupation with death
D. dwelling on regrets about raising a teenage child
80. Which of the following is not a criticism of psychoanalytical theory?
A. The main concepts have been too difficult to test scientifically.

B. The sexual underpinnings are not given enough importance, especially in Freud's theory.
C. The theories are culture- and gender-biased.
D. The view is overly negative.
81. Cognitive theories of human development emphasize ________ thoughts.
A. adaptive
B. maladaptive
C. conscious
D. unconscious
82. Which of the following is not an important cognitive theory?
A. Watson's integration theory

B. Piaget's cognitive development theory
C. Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory
D. Information-processing approach
83. In discussing the nature of cognitive development, Piaget would describe a child as being a(n)
A. passive participant in the construction of thoughts.

B. active participant in the construction of thoughts.
C. passive participant whose experiences alone determine intellectual development.
D. active participant whose experiences alone determine intellectual development.
84. Piaget's theory of cognitive development has __________ stages.
A. two
B. three
C. four
D. eight
85. According to Piaget, it is the different way of understanding the world that makes one stage of
cognitive development more advanced than another. This is an example of
A. quantitative difference of thought.

B. qualitative difference of thought.
C. psychosocial developmental stage.
D. psychosexual developmental stage.
86. What is the first Piagetian stage?
A. sensorimotor stage
B. formal operational stage
C. concrete operational stage
D. preoperational stage
87. Three-year-old Hannah represents the world with words, images, and drawings. She still lacks
internalized mental actions. What cognitive stage is she in?
A. sensorimotor
B. formal operational
C. concrete operational
D. preoperational
88. According to Piaget, if 10-year-old André is in the concrete operational stage of development, he
cannot engage in ________ thought.
A. moral
B. abstract
C. symbolic
D. egocentric
89. Fifteen-year-old Reginald is enrolled in an algebra course and is doing very well in his
assignments. According to Piaget, Reginald is in what stage of cognitive development?
A. sensorimotor
D. preoperational
90. Which of the following skills is not a part of the formal operational stage of cognitive
development?
A. abstract thinking
B. logical thinking
C. images of ideal circumstances
D. All of these are a part of the formal operational stage.
91. Russian Lev Vygotsky is associated with which of the following theories?
A. sociocultural
B. psychoanalytic
C. psychosexual
D. cognitive
92. Vygotsky's theory emphasizes
A. the role of language.

B. culture.
C. social relations.
D. All of these.
93. Vygotsky portrayed the child's development as inseparable from
A. social activities.
B. cultural activities.
C. social and cultural activities.
D. None of these.
94. Which of the following is not a correct pairing?
A. Pavlov and classical conditioning

B. Bandura and social-learning theory
C. Watson and information processing
D. Skinner and operant conditioning
95. Which of the following was one of the most important factors contributing to the information-
processing theory?
A. the computer
B. vacation travel
C. television
D. video games
96. Which theorist is associated with the information-processing theory?
A. Skinner
B. Siegler
C. Piaget
D. Vygotsky
97. The cognitive theories present a positive view of development, emphasizing ______________
thinking.
A. unconscious
B. conscious
C. infantile
D. None of these.
98. Classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus
A. is replaced by a cognitive schema.

B. can be ignored by the respondent.
C. is converted into a neutral response.
D. acquires the ability to produce a response originally produced by another stimulus.
99. One day, while swimming in the ocean, Frank is stung by a large jellyfish. The next day, he sees
a bowl of quivering clear gelatin and is startled. Frank's behavior is best explained by _________
principles.
A. cognitive
B. ethological
C. psychoanalytic
D. classical-conditioning
100.What type of learning did Ivan Pavlov discover in his investigation of the way the body digests
food?
A. operant conditioning
B. classical conditioning
C. social conditioning
D. counter conditioning
101.Which term does not belong with the rest?
A. conditioning
B. modeling
C. imitation
D. observational learning
102.Through his research with a little boy named Albert, which of the following did John Watson
demonstrate could be classically conditioned in humans?
A. phobias
B. Oedipus complex
C. mathematical skills
D. salivation in response to a ringing bell
103.In operant conditioning, a reinforcement _____________ increases the probability of a behavior

occurring.
A. always
B. never
C. seldom
D. sometimes
104.As a Skinnerian, Dr. Brown's explanation for the aggressive behavior exhibited by 10-year-old
Ben would likely involve a(n)
A. discussion of Ben's unresolved love for his mother.

B. proposal that Ben's problem is due to a faulty thought pattern.
C. argument that although Ben's behavior is bad, human behavior is basically good.
D. description of how Ben's father has often rewarded his child's aggressive behavior.
105.Who would most likely argue that the consequences that follow a behavior determine whether
that behavior is exhibited again?
A. a Skinnerian
B. a humanist
C. an ethologist
D. a Freudian
106.Which of the following factors is not key to the social cognitive theory?
A. behavior
B. environment
C. classical conditioning
D. cognition
107.Bandura argues that a child's
A. environment can influence her behavior.

B. behavior can influence her cognitive abilities.
C. cognitive ability can influence her environment.
D. All of these.
108.Behavioral and social cognitive theories have much to say about socioemotional processes in
development, and social cognitive theory deals with cognitive processes, but these approaches
have little to say about _______________ processes.
A. friendship
B. biological
C. educational
D. modeling
109.A developmental psychologist with an ethological orientation would be least likely to
A. believe in the theory of evolution.

B. utilize the concept of a critical period.
C. view behavior as being influenced by biology.
D. focus on the impact of punishment on behavior.
110.Ethology emerged as an important theoretical view of development because of the work of
A. Konrad Lorenz.
B. Albert Bandura.
C. B. F. Skinner.
D. Urie Bronfenbrenner.
111.Lorenz demonstrated the importance of experience during critical periods by imprinting goslings
to
A. adoptive mothers.
B. himself.
C. each other.
D. surrogate mothers.
112.The person who is least likely to be an ethologist is one who observes
A. monkeys in the jungles of Africa.

B. infant-parent attachment.
C. ducklings as they develop on farms.
D. rats in a well-controlled research lab.
113._____________________ is the rapid, innate learning within a limited critical period of time that
involves attachment to the first moving object seen.
A. Evolution
B. Classical conditioning
C. Imprinting
D. Cultural matching
114.Which of the following is missing from classical ethological theory?
A. the imprinting process

B. the nature of social relationships
C. the biological basis
D. both the imprinting process and the biological process
115.__________________ argued that attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has
important consequences throughout the life span.
A. Jean Piaget
B. John Watson
C. Karen Horney
D. John Bowlby
116.One criticism of the ethological theory is that
A. the concept of the critical period is overdrawn.

B. the concept of the critical period is underplayed.
C. the critical period emphasizes the early years, as it should.
D. there is an overemphasis on human relationships.
117.A contribution of the __________________ theory is that it increases the focus on the biological
and evolutionary basis of development.
A. imprinting
B. ecological
C. ethological
D. immersion
118.The ____________________ theory emphasizes environmental factors.
A. ecological
B. ethological
C. biological
D. critical-period
119.The major theorist connected to the ecological theory is
A. John Bowlby.
B. Konrad Lorenz.
C. Urie Bronfenbrenner.
D. John Piaget.
120.The setting in which an individual lives is called the
A. macrosystem.
B. exosystem.
C. microsystem.
D. chronosystem.
121.Bronfenbrenner's environmental system does not include a
A. megasystem.
B. microsystem.
C. exosystem.
D. chronosystem.
122.Since Jerome has always been the center of attention in his family, he has some difficulty in his
preschool because he insists on total attention from his peers and teachers. According to
Bronfenbrenner, Jerome's developmental problems are taking place in the
A. microsystem.
B. mesosystem.
C. exosystem.
D. macrosystem.
123.Lana, who is the mayor of Lockport, decides that the city library is too expensive to maintain so
she sells it to a private company that charges children $.50 to check out a book. This ecological
change in the community involves the
A. chronosystem.
B. macrosystem.
C. microsystem.
D. exosystem.
124.The fact that growing up in Australia has influenced Matilda's life provides an example of the
impact of the ____________ on human development.
A. macrosystem
B. chronosystem
C. exosystem
D. microsystem
125.The _______________________ is the patterning of environmental events and transitions over

the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances.
A. exosystem
B. chronosystem
C. macrosystem
D. microsystem
126.Why does the text favor an eclectic approach?
A. It is the simplest approach.

B. It is the newest theoretical approach.
C. It recognizes the strengths of very different approaches.
D. All of these.
127.Casual watching is very different than observation as used in scientific studies. A major
difference is that scientific observation is
A. highly systematic.
B. done over a very long period of time.
C. sometimes biased.
D. None of these.
128.Scientific observation requires that
A. the observer needs to know what he or she is looking for.

B. the observer needs to remain unbiased.
C. recording and categorizing is essential.
D. All of these.
129.An advantage of laboratory observation over naturalistic observation is that when observations
are made in the lab, researchers can
A. assess cause in a natural setting.

B. employ longitudinal designs.
C. utilize inferential statistical analyses.
D. control factors that might influence behavior.
130.Which of the following locations would not be considered for a naturalistic observation?
A. a home
B. a day-care center
C. a child study lab at the university
D. a sporting event
131.A child-care director is trying to find out information about the parents in her center. She decides
to have them fill out surveys. What method of research is this approach?
A. correlational
B. observational
C. descriptive
D. experimental
132.A local school board wants to know whether parents approve of teachers using physical
punishment to control children. The most efficient way to answer this issue would be to
A. conduct a cross-cultural study.

B. conduct a laboratory-based experiment.
C. develop and distribute a questionnaire.
D. use a naturalistic, observation-based technique.
133.The main difference between a questionnaire and an interview is that the questionnaire requires
subjects to
A. provide personal opinions.

B. record their own answers.
C. respond to a lot of different items.
D. spend more time formulating their answers.
134.___________________________ are commercially prepared tests that assess children's
performance in different domains. These tests often allow a child's performance to be compared
with those of other children at the same age, in many cases on the national level.
A. Standardized tests
B. Physical development tests
C. Chapter tests in classroom textbooks
D. All of these.
135.Prior to applying to college, Andrea is told she will have to take the ACT exam. This situation
provides an example of how psychologists answer application problems using
A. cross-sectional testing.
B. projective testing.
C. standardized testing.
D. naturalistic observation.
136.To determine why Jeffrey Dahmer became a mass murderer, a researcher spent a great deal of
time talking with both Dahmer and people who knew him both as a child and as an adult. The
personal in-depth approach the researcher used is called a(n)
A. case study.
B. archival study.
C. correlational study.
137.In order to assess the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) with a
psychophysiological measure, which of the following can be used?
A. neuroimaging techniques
B. electroencephalograph
C. both neuroimaging and electroencephalograph techniques
D. None of these.
138.Measuring ____________________ can provide information about many aspects of a person's

emotional and physical state, such as stress levels and pubertal changes.
A. hormones
B. weight
C. digestion
D. facial expressions
139.What is the purpose of correlational research?
A. to determine the cause of a behavior

B. to describe the strength of the relationship between two events
C. to compare the responses of an individual with that of a group
D. to compare groups from at least two different cultures or geographic areas
140.What is the purpose of experimental research?

141.To determine the effects of a new memory-enhancing pill, a researcher randomly assigns 30
women to one of two conditions. In the first condition, each subject is given a pill and then told to
try to memorize a list of 20 nonsense words. In the second condition, subjects are simply asked
to try to memorize the word list. Results indicated that subjects who received the pill got an
average of 12 items correct, whereas the no-pill group recalled only 6 items. In this experiment,
the independent variable is the
A. sex of the subjects.

B. number of words recalled.
C. pill versus no-pill condition.
D. use of nonsense words.
142.A drug company believes that it has discovered a pill that may improve a person's reaction
speed. To test the drug, 10 men are given no drug, 10 men are given one pill, and 10 men are
given two pills. One week later, each subject is presented with a task in which they hit a button
after hearing a tone. The speed of their reaction is recorded to the hundredth of a second. What
is the dependent variable in this experiment?
A. pill dosage
B. sex of the subjects in the study
C. time it takes a subject to push the button
D. one-week delay
143.As a high-school principal, Dr. Ilka is interested in whether the fifth-grade students have better
math skills than the third- and first-graders. To answer her question she presents children in each
of the three grades with the same math test and then compares the scores. Dr. Ilka's study
utilized a ________ design.
A. cross-sectional
B. longitudinal
C. time-lag
D. correlational
144.A psychologist is interested in how early childhood nutrition affects height. To research this
subject he tracks the nutritional consumption and growth of the same group of infants from age 1
through age 6. This research technique is utilizing a ________ design.
A. time-lag
B. longitudinal
C. correlational
D. cross-sectional
145.The main disadvantage of a longitudinal design is
A. too much expense.

B. too much time involvement.
C. both too much time and expense.
D. None of these.
146.Which ethical precaution is not required by the American Psychological Association for
researchers using children as subjects?
A. Informed consent must be obtained from either a parent or legal guardian.

B. Children must be allowed to withdraw from the research at any point if they so desire.
C. Experimenters must strive to make the research encounter a positive and supportive
experience.
D. Researchers must avoid the use of deception.
147.The key goal of the American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines is to
A. ensure precise and accurate findings.

B. eliminate the use of deception in research.
C. help ensure that subjects will not leave a study.
D. protect subjects from mental and physical harm.
148.______________ is using an ethnic label such as African American or Latino in a superficial way
that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is.
A. Ethnic value-free
B. Ethnicity interpretation
C. Ethnic gloss
D. None of these.
149.In the early 2000s, which of the following is true about ethnic minority research?
A. There is an abundance of research.

B. There is about equal treatment of research between minority and non-minority children.
C. More children from ethnic minority backgrounds need to be included in research.
D. None of these.
150.From the standpoint of a professional and/or parent, explain why it is important for an adult to
understand child development in order to help a child reach his or her full potential.
151.Show that you understand the difference between culture and ethnicity by giving a child-related
example of each.
152.Explain the concept of resilience in children. Name and explain three examples of the
characteristics you would see in a resilient child.
153.List the five stages of childhood development.
154.One form of research data collection is through interviews and questionnaires. What are the pros
and cons of each approach?
Chapter 1 Key
1. The story of Ted Kaczynski and Alice Walker is told to draw attention to the fact that
A. some children grow up unable to pick up the pieces of a life shattered by tragedy and
become unhinged by life and stress.
B. children with difficult childhoods are always destined to have difficult adulthoods.
C. children with easygoing childhoods are always destined to have easygoing adulthoods.
D. None of these.
Refer to page 5
Blooms Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Goal: 01-01
Santrock - Chapter 01 #1
2. Why do parents and teachers study children?
A. Responsibility for children is or will be a part of their everyday lives.

B. The study will help them understand their own individual histories.
C. The study of child development raises some intriguing and provocative issues.
D. All of these.
Refer to page 6

3. The pattern of change that begins at conception and continues throughout the life span is
A. context.
B. comprehension.
C. development.
D. determination.
Refer to page 6
Blooms Taxonomy: Knowledge

4. Luis Vargas, a clinical psychologist, is involved in work including the
A. assessment and treatment of children, adolescents and their families.

B. training mental health professionals to provide culturally responsive mental health services.
C. training mental health professionals to provide developmentally appropriate mental health
service.
D. All of these.
Refer to page 7
Blooms Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Moderate
5. Parents want their children to grow up to be socially mature individuals, but they often are not
sure about what to do to help their children with this goal. Why are they confused?
A. They say they want the best for their children, but they don't follow through.
B. They often get conflicting information on what they should do for their child.
C. They believe in a permissive environment.
D. They believe in strict controls in the home.
Refer to page 7

6. The setting in which development occurs and that is influenced by historical, economic, social,
and cultural factors defines
A. culture.
B. ethnicity.
C. context.
D. gender.
Refer to page 8

7. A preschooler is growing up in an upper-middle-class home with parents who both have

advanced degrees. She lives in a thriving suburb. The preschool she attends is rated the best
in the state. These settings in which her development occurs are referred to as
A. cultures.
B. matrixes.
C. contexts.
D. scenarios.
Refer to page 8

8. A child's development occurs in (a) ________________ context(s).
A. singular
B. numerous
C. strictly positive
D. strictly negative
Refer to page 8
Blooms Taxonomy: Analysis

9. Which is not a context for a child's development?
A. culture
B. ethnicity
C. language development
D. gender
Refer to page 8

10. _______________ refers to the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a
particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.
A. Ethnicity
B. Context
C. Open forum
D. Culture
Refer to page 8

11. A sense of membership in an ethnic group based upon shared language, religion, customs,
values, history, and race defines
A. race.
B. nationality.
C. ethnicity.
D. ethnocentricity.
Refer to page 8

12. André is of Mexican American and African slave ancestry, and aligns himself with the
traditions and history of Mexican Americans. This reflects his
A. culture.
B. context.
C. ethnicity.
D. gender.
Refer to page 8

13. As a college student, you are studying ethnicity. Which scenario should not be considered?
A. a 5-year-old and his bilingual abilities

B. a 10-year-old and her religious beliefs
C. a 12-year-old and his observance of Passover
D. a 4-year-old and her home located in a poverty-stricken area
Refer to page 8

14. ______________ is based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and
language.
A. Ethnicity
B. Context
C. Open forum
D. Culture
Refer to page 8

15. The acronym SES stands for
A. secondary ethnic sector.

B. solitary ethnic sector.
C. socioeconomic status.
D. social ethnic status.
Refer to page 8

16. Which statement(s) related to the meaning of the words gender and sex are true?
A. Gender involves the psychological and sociocultural dimensions of being female or male.
B. Sex involves the psychological and sociocultural dimensions of being female or male.
C. Sex refers to the biological dimensions of being female or male.
D. Gender involves the psychological and sociocultural dimensions of being female or male,
and sex refers to the biological dimensions of being female or male.
Refer to page 8

17. A cross-cultural concern for women includes
A. inadequate educational opportunities.

B. violence.
C. mental health issues.
D. All of these.
Refer to page 9

18. Resilience in relation to children means that
A. some children develop confidence in their abilities despite negative stereotypes about their
gender.
B. some children develop confidence in their abilities despite negative stereotypes about their
ethnic group.
C. some children triumph over poverty or other adversities.
D. All of these.
Refer to page 10

19. Certain characteristics make children resilient. Analysis of research shows that which of the
following does not apply to resiliency?
A. good intellectual functioning

B. close relationship with a caring parent
C. parents with outgoing personalities
D. bonds to extrafamilial people
Refer to page 10

20. What is social policy?
A. an individual's way of interacting with others in his or her ecosystem

B. a global philosophy based on the premise of equity and equality for all
C. any law designed to limit the behavior of individuals within a population
D. a government's course of action to promote the welfare of its citizens
Refer to page 10

21. The Minnesota Family Investment Program (MFIP) was designed in the 1990s primarily to
affect the behavior of adults. How did this affect most children whose parents were in the
program?
A. School achievement improved.

B. Behavior problems decreased in school.
C. Children improved only with outside treatment help in addition to the parent's additional
income.
D. School achievement improved, and behavior problems decreased.
Refer to page 10

22. The pattern of human development is strongly related to
A. biology.
B. cognition.
C. socioemotional development.
D. All of these.
Refer to page 13

23. The _____________________ processes produce changes in an individual's body.
A. cognitive
B. biological
C. socioemotional
D. cultural
Refer to page 13

24. The ____________________ processes refer to changes in an individual's thought,
intelligence, and language.
A. cognitive
B. biological
C. socioemotional
D. cultural
Refer to page 13

25. The ___________________ processes involve changes in an individual's relationships with

other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality.
A. cognitive
B. biology
C. socioemotional
D. cultural
Refer to page 13

26. The child who is best thought of as engaging in a cognitive process is the one who is
A. gripping his bottle.

B. drooling on his bib.
C. learning to speak Spanish.
D. expressing anger that she could not be in the play.
Refer to page 13

27. When he was 6 years old, Ron could recite the Pledge of Allegiance from memory. When Ron
was 9 years old, he began to understand what the terms pledge and republic meant. Finally, at
age 12, Ron realized the political importance of this pledge. This illustrates the concept of
A. cognitive development.
B. kinesthetic development.
C. biological development.
D. socioemotional development.
Refer to page 13

28. At the parent/teacher conference in school, Ms. Johnson wants to share information about
Meredith's socioemotional development with her parents. What topic will she not include?
A. her height and weight changes since the beginning of school

B. her relationships with peers on the playground
C. her ability to work collaboratively on a group project
D. her leadership skills within her small peer group
Refer to page 13

29. The most widely used classification of development periods describes a child's development in
terms of the following sequence:
A. infancy, prenatal, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, late childhood

B. prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, late childhood, adulthood
C. prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, late childhood, adolescence
D. pre-infancy, toddler, early childhood, late childhood, adolescence, middle childhood
Refer to page 14

30. What is the first developmental period?
A. birth
B. infancy
C. prenatal
D. conception
Refer to page 14

31. Which activity is characteristic of infancy?
A. beginning language
B. coordination of sensations and physical actions
C. thinking with symbols
D. All of these.
Refer to page 14

32. As a 3- to5-year-old preschooler, Brittany would most accurately be described as being in

what period of development?
A. infancy
B. early childhood
C. middle childhood
D. late childhood
Refer to page 14

33. Early childhood is sometimes called
A. the preschool years.

B. the elementary school years.
C. the most difficult time of development.
D. puberty.
Refer to page 14

34. Helen is learning to read, write, and do mathematics. She is also very interested in doing
these activities well. Based on this information, which stage of development is Helen most
likely in?
A. infancy
B. preschool
C. middle childhood
D. adolescence
Refer to page 14

35. During what developmental period is independence and identity the central theme?
A. early childhood
B. middle childhood
C. late childhood
D. adolescence
Refer to page 14

36. What do most developmental psychologists currently believe about change and growth?
A. They do not vary across cultures.

B. They are only biologically driven.
C. They do not vary between the sexes.
D. They are lifelong processes.
Refer to page 14

37. A group of people born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences is a
description of a
A. clique.
B. crowd.
C. cohort.
D. company.
Refer to page 14
Blooms Taxonomy: Knowledge

38. People born of the generation after 1980 are called
A. mellenials.
B. minorities.
C. monopolies.
D. microsystems.
Refer to page 14
Blooms Taxonomy: Understanding

39. Nurture is to experience as nature is to
A. maturation.
B. edification.
C. learning.
D. the environment.
Refer to page 16

40. Basic growth tendencies are genetically wired into humans. This is referred to as
A. nature.
B. experience.
C. continuity.
D. nurture
Refer to page 16

41. In the nature-nurture controversy
A. nature refers to an organism's biological inheritance.

B. nurture refers to environmental experiences.
C. nature refers to an organism's biological inheritance, while nurture refers to environmental
experiences.
D. None of these.
Refer to page 16

42. Experiences run the gamut from the individual's biological environment (nutrition, medical
care, drugs, and physical accidents) to the social environment (family, peers, schools,
community, media, and culture). This is referred to as
A. nature.
B. nurture.
C. genetic epistemology.
D. None of these.
Refer to page 16

43. A developmentalist who emphasizes ________ usually describes development as a gradual,

continuous process.
A. nature
B. nurture
C. discontinuity
D. None of these.
Refer to page 16

44. A developmental psychologist with a strong belief in the influence of nurture on social
development would most likely explain a youngster's behavioral problem by saying,
A. "It's in his genes."

B. "He's just a late bloomer."
C. "He was raised by incompetent parents."
D. "He probably had a traumatic prenatal period."
Refer to pages 16

45. If a pregnant woman is using drugs during her pregnancy and the baby is born with an
addiction, this would be an example of
A. nature.
B. nurture.
C. continuity.
D. maturation.
Refer to page 16

46. A developmentalist who emphasizes ________ often describes development as a series of

distinct stages.
A. nature
B. nurture
C. continuity
D. None of these.
Refer to page 16

47. Which of the following statements best characterizes the view that development is a
discontinuous process?
A. During adolescence, an individual moves from not being able to think abstractly about the
world to being able to do so in distinct stages.
B. Puberty is a gradual process, occurring over several years.
C. Even though extreme environments can depress development, basic growth tendencies are
wired into human beings.
D. If infants experience negative events in their lives, those experiences can be overcome by
later, more positive experiences.
Refer to page 16

48. A developmentalist who focuses on the distinct stages in the life span emphasizes
A. maturation.
B. later development.
C. the continuity of development.
D. the discontinuity of development.
Refer to page 16

49. __________________ focuses on the degree to which early experiences (especially in
infancy) or later experiences are the key determinants of the child's development.
A. Early-later experience issue

B. Continuity of development
C. Discontinuity of development
D. Nature versus nurture approach
Refer to page 16

50. The outcome of the early-later experience issue is
A. agreed upon by most developmentalists.

B. of no concern to developmentalists.
C. is a hotly debated issue among developmentalists.
D. is an issue that was a concern only in the 1950s.
Refer to page 17

51. Western culture's current emphasis on early experience can be traced to the work of
A. Sigmund Freud.
B. Jerome Kagan.
C. John Watson.
D. Mary Ainsworth.
Refer to page 17

52. Freud's belief that children's relationships with their parents in the first 5 years of life are key to
development relates to what developmental issue?
A. stability and change

C. maturation and experience
D. early and later experience
Refer to pages 17

53. Most developmentalists believe that it is unwise to take an extreme position on which of the
following controversies?
A. nature and nurture

C. early and later experiences
D. All of these.
Refer to page 17

54. Which discipline is not considered a science?
A. physics
B. child development
C. biology
D. All of these disciplines are sciences.
Refer to pages 18

55. Scientific research is
A. objective.
B. systematic.
C. testable.
D. All of these are involved in scientific research.
Refer to page 18

56. A(n) __________________ is a specific assumption or prediction that can be tested to

determine accuracy.
A. theory
B. hypothesis
C. model
D. paradigm
Refer to page 18

57. After observing children interacting with a department store Santa Claus, a psychologist
decides to study children's beliefs in Santa. Prior to beginning the study, the psychologist
predicts that 5-year-olds will believe in Santa, 10-year-olds will not be sure of their belief, and
15-year-olds will not believe at all. This prediction represents a
A. theory.
B. method.
C. paradigm.
D. hypothesis.
Refer to page 18

58. After setting up a hypothesis, what is the next step in the scientific research approach?
A. collecting data
B. interpreting data
C. revising research conclusions.
D. None of these.
Refer to page 18

59. ____________________ theory describes development as primarily unconscious and colored

by emotion.
A. Cognitive
B. Psychoanalytic
C. Biological
D. None of these.
Refer to page 19

60. Which of the following statements about Freud is incorrect?
A. He worked with mental patients early in his career.

B. He was a medical doctor specializing in neurology.
C. His work stemmed from studying with Piaget.
D. All of these are incorrect statements.
Refer to page 19

61. A psychoanalytic theorist would likely blame antisocial personality traits exhibited by a
preschooler on
A. parents.
B. genetics.
C. teachers.
D. cultural factors.
Refer to page 19

62. Which of the following is not a Freudian stage of personality development?
A. unconscious
B. oral
C. anal
D. phallic
Refer to page 19

63. Due to her knowledge of psychoanalysis, Julie is aware that her 9-month-old daughter is in
the
A. anal psychosexual stage.

B. oral psychosexual stage.
C. latency psychosexual stage.
D. phallic psychosexual stage.
Refer to page 19

64. Which of the following is the correct developmental sequence of Freud's psychosexual
stages?
A. oral, anal, latency, genital, phallic

B. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
C. phallic, oral, anal, latency, genital
D. latency, phallic, anal, oral, genital
Refer to page 19

65. Erikson is noted for his theory of ________ stages.
A. psychosexual
B. psychosocial
C. psychogenic
D. psychopathological
Refer to pages 19

66. Erikson developed his theory of development because although he agreed with many of
Freud's ideas, he felt that Freud placed too much emphasis on
A. sex and childhood.

B. sex and adulthood.
C. self-esteem and childhood.
D. self-esteem and adulthood.
Refer to pages 19-20

67. One of the major differences between Erikson's and Freud's approaches to human
development involves Erikson's emphasis on
A. heredity.
B. sex differences.
C. the mind-body relationship.
D. development across the life span.

68. As a parent with an Eriksonian orientation, Sheryl believes that the first developmental task
her newborn daughter will encounter will be about
A. trust.
B. autonomy.
C. initiative.
D. self-identity.
Refer to page 19

69. The ________________________ stage of psychosocial theory has the following

characteristics: occurs in late infancy and toddler hood; infants discover that their behavior is
their own; assertion of independence.

B. autonomy versus shame and doubt
C. industry versus inferiority
D. initiative versus guilt
Refer to page 19-20

70. Two-year-old Benjamin asserts his independence and realizes his will. He tests his parents'
boundaries. Based on Erikson's psychosocial theory, if he is restrained or punished too
harshly, he is likely to develop
A. guilt.
B. despair.
C. identity confusion.
D. shame and doubt.
Refer to page 20

71. Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages occurs during the later preschool years?

B. initiative versus guilt
C. autonomy versus shame and doubt
D. industry versus inferiority
Refer to page 20

72. Erikson had a specific outlook on the initiative versus guilt stage. Which of the following
statements matches his outlook?
A. Seldom does a child reach a sense of accomplishment.

B. Many children in this stage reach a sense of accomplishment, but it takes a long time.
C. Erikson had a positive outlook on this stage when children succeed in accomplishing tasks.
D. This stage is one of the most difficult stages to complete successfully.
Refer to page 20

73. When teachers work with children in Erikson's industry versus inferiority stage, the fifth stage
of psychosocial development, they should
A. allow adolescents to explore many different roles and different paths within a particular role
in order for a positive identity to emerge.
B. help children find out that they can do things that they never thought they could do.
C. let the children make their own decisions even if they appear to need some direction on
deciding to try something.
D. punish children if they are not interested in industry related to their own work.
Refer to page 20

74. As Courtney graduates from high school, she explores many roles in trying to decide what to
study in college. What psychosocial stage of development is she in?
A. industry versus inferiority

B. generativity versus stagnation
C. identity versus identity confusion
D. autonomy versus shame and doubt
Refer to page 20

75. In Erikson's sixth stage of psychosocial development, individuals face the developmental task
of forming intimate relationships with others. This stage is called
A. industry versus inferiority.

B. trust versus mistrust.
C. intimacy versus isolation.
D. intimacy versus mistrust.
Refer to page 20

76. _____________________________ is Erikson's seventh developmental stage, which

individuals experience during middle adulthood.
A. Stagnation versus integrity

B. Isolation versus generativity
C. Integrity versus isolation
D. Generativity versus stagnation
Refer to page 20

77. Generativity means
A. lazy behavior.
B. stagnation.
C. helping younger generations.
D. technology advancement.
Refer to page 20

78. Stagnation means
A. a state of confusion as people move toward old age.

B. a slow start in trying to help others.
C. the desire to meet young children and teach them life lessons.
D. the feeling of having done nothing to help the next generation.
Refer to page 20

79. Which of the following examples is a positive resolution to Erikson's eighth stage of
psychosocial development, integrity versus despair?
A. not being able to look back on your life and feel good about it
B. celebrating a sixtieth wedding anniversary with happiness
C. a preoccupation with death
D. dwelling on regrets about raising a teenage child
Refer to page 20

80. Which of the following is not a criticism of psychoanalytical theory?
A. The main concepts have been too difficult to test scientifically.

B. The sexual underpinnings are not given enough importance, especially in Freud's theory.
C. The theories are culture- and gender-biased.
D. The view is overly negative.
Refer to pages 20

81. Cognitive theories of human development emphasize ________ thoughts.
A. adaptive
B. maladaptive
C. conscious
D. unconscious
Refer to page 20

82. Which of the following is not an important cognitive theory?
A. Watson's integration theory

B. Piaget's cognitive development theory
C. Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory
D. Information-processing approach
Refer to page 22

83. In discussing the nature of cognitive development, Piaget would describe a child as being a(n)
A. passive participant in the construction of thoughts.

B. active participant in the construction of thoughts.
C. passive participant whose experiences alone determine intellectual development.
D. active participant whose experiences alone determine intellectual development.
Refer to page 22

84. Piaget's theory of cognitive development has __________ stages.
A. two
B. three
C. four
D. eight
Refer to page 22

85. According to Piaget, it is the different way of understanding the world that makes one stage of
cognitive development more advanced than another. This is an example of
A. quantitative difference of thought.

B. qualitative difference of thought.
C. psychosocial developmental stage.
D. psychosexual developmental stage.
Refer to page 22

86. What is the first Piagetian stage?
A. sensorimotor stage
B. formal operational stage
C. concrete operational stage
D. preoperational stage
Refer to page 22

87. Three-year-old Hannah represents the world with words, images, and drawings. She still lacks
internalized mental actions. What cognitive stage is she in?
A. sensorimotor
D. preoperational
Refer to page 22

88. According to Piaget, if 10-year-old André is in the concrete operational stage of development,
he cannot engage in ________ thought.
A. moral
B. abstract
C. symbolic
D. egocentric
Refer to page 22

89. Fifteen-year-old Reginald is enrolled in an algebra course and is doing very well in his
assignments. According to Piaget, Reginald is in what stage of cognitive development?
A. sensorimotor
D. preoperational
Refer to page 22

90. Which of the following skills is not a part of the formal operational stage of cognitive
development?
A. abstract thinking
B. logical thinking
C. images of ideal circumstances
D. All of these are a part of the formal operational stage.
Refer to page 23

91. Russian Lev Vygotsky is associated with which of the following theories?
A. sociocultural
B. psychoanalytic
C. psychosexual
D. cognitive
Refer to page 23

92. Vygotsky's theory emphasizes
A. the role of language.

B. culture.
C. social relations.
D. All of these.
Refer to page 23

93. Vygotsky portrayed the child's development as inseparable from
A. social activities.
B. cultural activities.
C. social and cultural activities.
D. None of these.
Refer to page 23

94. Which of the following is not a correct pairing?
A. Pavlov and classical conditioning

B. Bandura and social-learning theory
C. Watson and information processing
D. Skinner and operant conditioning
Refer to pages 23

95. Which of the following was one of the most important factors contributing to the information-
processing theory?
A. the computer
B. vacation travel
C. television
D. video games
Refer to page 23

96. Which theorist is associated with the information-processing theory?
A. Skinner
B. Siegler
C. Piaget
D. Vygotsky
Refer to page 24

97. The cognitive theories present a positive view of development, emphasizing ______________
thinking.
A. unconscious
B. conscious
C. infantile
D. None of these.
Refer to page 24

98. Classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus
A. is replaced by a cognitive schema.

B. can be ignored by the respondent.
C. is converted into a neutral response.
D. acquires the ability to produce a response originally produced by another stimulus.
Refer to page 24

99. One day, while swimming in the ocean, Frank is stung by a large jellyfish. The next day, he
sees a bowl of quivering clear gelatin and is startled. Frank's behavior is best explained by
_________ principles.
A. cognitive
B. ethological
C. psychoanalytic
D. classical-conditioning
Refer to page 24

100. What type of learning did Ivan Pavlov discover in his investigation of the way the body digests
food?
A. operant conditioning
B. classical conditioning
C. social conditioning
D. counter conditioning
Refer to page 24

101. Which term does not belong with the rest?
A. conditioning
B. modeling
C. imitation
D. observational learning
Refer to pages 24

102. Through his research with a little boy named Albert, which of the following did John Watson
demonstrate could be classically conditioned in humans?
A. phobias
B. Oedipus complex
C. mathematical skills
D. salivation in response to a ringing bell
Refer to page 24

103. In operant conditioning, a reinforcement _____________ increases the probability of a

behavior occurring.
A. always
B. never
C. seldom
D. sometimes
Refer to page 24

104. As a Skinnerian, Dr. Brown's explanation for the aggressive behavior exhibited by 10-year-old
Ben would likely involve a(n)
A. discussion of Ben's unresolved love for his mother.

B. proposal that Ben's problem is due to a faulty thought pattern.
C. argument that although Ben's behavior is bad, human behavior is basically good.
D. description of how Ben's father has often rewarded his child's aggressive behavior.
Refer to page 24

105. Who would most likely argue that the consequences that follow a behavior determine whether
that behavior is exhibited again?
A. a Skinnerian
B. a humanist
C. an ethologist
D. a Freudian
Refer to page 24

106. Which of the following factors is not key to the social cognitive theory?
A. behavior
B. environment
C. classical conditioning
D. cognition
Refer to page 25

107. Bandura argues that a child's
A. environment can influence her behavior.

B. behavior can influence her cognitive abilities.
C. cognitive ability can influence her environment.
D. All of these.
Refer to page 25

108. Behavioral and social cognitive theories have much to say about socioemotional processes in
development, and social cognitive theory deals with cognitive processes, but these
approaches have little to say about _______________ processes.
A. friendship
B. biological
C. educational
D. modeling
Refer to page 25

109. A developmental psychologist with an ethological orientation would be least likely to
A. believe in the theory of evolution.

B. utilize the concept of a critical period.
C. view behavior as being influenced by biology.
D. focus on the impact of punishment on behavior.
Refer to page 26

110. Ethology emerged as an important theoretical view of development because of the work of
A. Konrad Lorenz.
B. Albert Bandura.
C. B. F. Skinner.
D. Urie Bronfenbrenner.
Refer to page 26

111. Lorenz demonstrated the importance of experience during critical periods by imprinting
goslings to
A. adoptive mothers.
B. himself.
C. each other.
D. surrogate mothers.
Refer to page 26

112. The person who is least likely to be an ethologist is one who observes
A. monkeys in the jungles of Africa.

B. infant-parent attachment.
C. ducklings as they develop on farms.
D. rats in a well-controlled research lab.
Refer to page 26

113. _____________________ is the rapid, innate learning within a limited critical period of time
that involves attachment to the first moving object seen.
A. Evolution
B. Classical conditioning
C. Imprinting
D. Cultural matching
Refer to page 26

114. Which of the following is missing from classical ethological theory?
A. the imprinting process

B. the nature of social relationships
C. the biological basis
D. both the imprinting process and the biological process
Refer to page 27

115. __________________ argued that attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has
important consequences throughout the life span.
A. Jean Piaget
B. John Watson
C. Karen Horney
D. John Bowlby
Refer to page 26

116. One criticism of the ethological theory is that
A. the concept of the critical period is overdrawn.

B. the concept of the critical period is underplayed.
C. the critical period emphasizes the early years, as it should.
D. there is an overemphasis on human relationships.
Refer to page 27

117. A contribution of the __________________ theory is that it increases the focus on the
biological and evolutionary basis of development.
A. imprinting
B. ecological
C. ethological
D. immersion
Refer to page 27

118. The ____________________ theory emphasizes environmental factors.
A. ecological
B. ethological
C. biological
D. critical-period
Refer to page 27

119. The major theorist connected to the ecological theory is
A. John Bowlby.
B. Konrad Lorenz.
C. Urie Bronfenbrenner.
D. John Piaget.
Refer to page 27

120. The setting in which an individual lives is called the
A. macrosystem.
B. exosystem.
C. microsystem.
D. chronosystem.
Refer to page 27

121. Bronfenbrenner's environmental system does not include a
A. megasystem.
B. microsystem.
C. exosystem.
D. chronosystem.
Refer to page 27

122. Since Jerome has always been the center of attention in his family, he has some difficulty in
his preschool because he insists on total attention from his peers and teachers. According to
Bronfenbrenner, Jerome's developmental problems are taking place in the
A. microsystem.
B. mesosystem.
C. exosystem.
D. macrosystem.
Refer to page 27

123. Lana, who is the mayor of Lockport, decides that the city library is too expensive to maintain
so she sells it to a private company that charges children $.50 to check out a book. This
ecological change in the community involves the
A. chronosystem.
B. macrosystem.
C. microsystem.
D. exosystem.
Refer to page 27

124. The fact that growing up in Australia has influenced Matilda's life provides an example of the
impact of the ____________ on human development.
A. macrosystem
B. chronosystem
C. exosystem
D. microsystem
Refer to page 27

125. The _______________________ is the patterning of environmental events and transitions

over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances.
A. exosystem
B. chronosystem
C. macrosystem
D. microsystem

126. Why does the text favor an eclectic approach?
A. It is the simplest approach.

B. It is the newest theoretical approach.
C. It recognizes the strengths of very different approaches.
D. All of these.
Refer to page 28

127. Casual watching is very different than observation as used in scientific studies. A major
difference is that scientific observation is
A. highly systematic.
B. done over a very long period of time.
C. sometimes biased.
D. None of these.
Refer to page 29

128. Scientific observation requires that
A. the observer needs to know what he or she is looking for.

B. the observer needs to remain unbiased.
C. recording and categorizing is essential.
D. All of these.
Refer to page 29

129. An advantage of laboratory observation over naturalistic observation is that when observations
are made in the lab, researchers can
A. assess cause in a natural setting.

B. employ longitudinal designs.
C. utilize inferential statistical analyses.
D. control factors that might influence behavior.
Refer to page 30

130. Which of the following locations would not be considered for a naturalistic observation?
A. a home
B. a day-care center
C. a child study lab at the university
D. a sporting event
Refer to page 30

131. A child-care director is trying to find out information about the parents in her center. She
decides to have them fill out surveys. What method of research is this approach?
A. correlational
B. observational
C. descriptive
D. experimental
Refer to page 32

132. A local school board wants to know whether parents approve of teachers using physical
punishment to control children. The most efficient way to answer this issue would be to
A. conduct a cross-cultural study.

B. conduct a laboratory-based experiment.
C. develop and distribute a questionnaire.
D. use a naturalistic, observation-based technique.
Refer to page 30

133. The main difference between a questionnaire and an interview is that the questionnaire
requires subjects to
A. provide personal opinions.

B. record their own answers.
C. respond to a lot of different items.
D. spend more time formulating their answers.
Refer to page 30

134. ___________________________ are commercially prepared tests that assess children's

performance in different domains. These tests often allow a child's performance to be
compared with those of other children at the same age, in many cases on the national level.
A. Standardized tests
B. Physical development tests
C. Chapter tests in classroom textbooks
D. All of these.
Refer to page 30

135. Prior to applying to college, Andrea is told she will have to take the ACT exam. This situation
provides an example of how psychologists answer application problems using
A. cross-sectional testing.
B. projective testing.
C. standardized testing.
Refer to pages 30

136. To determine why Jeffrey Dahmer became a mass murderer, a researcher spent a great deal
of time talking with both Dahmer and people who knew him both as a child and as an adult.
The personal in-depth approach the researcher used is called a(n)
A. case study.
B. archival study.
C. correlational study.
Refer to page 31

137. In order to assess the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) with a
psychophysiological measure, which of the following can be used?
A. neuroimaging techniques
B. electroencephalograph
C. both neuroimaging and electroencephalograph techniques
D. None of these.
Refer to page 31

138. Measuring ____________________ can provide information about many aspects of a
person's emotional and physical state, such as stress levels and pubertal changes.
A. hormones
B. weight
C. digestion
D. facial expressions
Refer to page 31

139. What is the purpose of correlational research?

Refer to page 32

140. What is the purpose of experimental research?

Refer to pages 33

141. To determine the effects of a new memory-enhancing pill, a researcher randomly assigns 30
women to one of two conditions. In the first condition, each subject is given a pill and then told
to try to memorize a list of 20 nonsense words. In the second condition, subjects are simply
asked to try to memorize the word list. Results indicated that subjects who received the pill got
an average of 12 items correct, whereas the no-pill group recalled only 6 items. In this
experiment, the independent variable is the
A. sex of the subjects.

B. number of words recalled.
C. pill versus no-pill condition.
D. use of nonsense words.
Refer to page 33

142. A drug company believes that it has discovered a pill that may improve a person's reaction
speed. To test the drug, 10 men are given no drug, 10 men are given one pill, and 10 men are
given two pills. One week later, each subject is presented with a task in which they hit a button
after hearing a tone. The speed of their reaction is recorded to the hundredth of a second.
What is the dependent variable in this experiment?
A. pill dosage
B. sex of the subjects in the study
C. time it takes a subject to push the button
D. one-week delay
Refer to page 33

143. As a high-school principal, Dr. Ilka is interested in whether the fifth-grade students have better
math skills than the third- and first-graders. To answer her question she presents children in
each of the three grades with the same math test and then compares the scores. Dr. Ilka's
study utilized a ________ design.
A. cross-sectional
B. longitudinal
C. time-lag
D. correlational
Refer to page 33

144. A psychologist is interested in how early childhood nutrition affects height. To research this
subject he tracks the nutritional consumption and growth of the same group of infants from
age 1 through age 6. This research technique is utilizing a ________ design.
A. time-lag
B. longitudinal
C. correlational
D. cross-sectional
Refer to page 34

145. The main disadvantage of a longitudinal design is
A. too much expense.

B. too much time involvement.
C. both too much time and expense.
D. None of these.
Refer to page 34

146. Which ethical precaution is not required by the American Psychological Association for
researchers using children as subjects?
A. Informed consent must be obtained from either a parent or legal guardian.

B. Children must be allowed to withdraw from the research at any point if they so desire.
C. Experimenters must strive to make the research encounter a positive and supportive
experience.
D. Researchers must avoid the use of deception.
Refer to page 36

147. The key goal of the American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines is to
A. ensure precise and accurate findings.

B. eliminate the use of deception in research.
C. help ensure that subjects will not leave a study.
D. protect subjects from mental and physical harm.
Refer to page 36

148. ______________ is using an ethnic label such as African American or Latino in a superficial
way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is.
A. Ethnic value-free
B. Ethnicity interpretation
C. Ethnic gloss
D. None of these.
Refer to page 38

149. In the early 2000s, which of the following is true about ethnic minority research?
A. There is an abundance of research.

B. There is about equal treatment of research between minority and non-minority children.
C. More children from ethnic minority backgrounds need to be included in research.
D. None of these.
Refer to page 37

150. From the standpoint of a professional and/or parent, explain why it is important for an adult to
understand child development in order to help a child reach his or her full potential.
Student answers may vary
Feedback: Refer to page 6
Blooms Taxonomy: Evaluation

151. Show that you understand the difference between culture and ethnicity by giving a child-
related example of each.

152. Explain the concept of resilience in children. Name and explain three examples of the
characteristics you would see in a resilient child.
Feedback: Refer to pages 10

153. List the five stages of childhood development.
prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle and late childhood, adolescence

154. One form of research data collection is through interviews and questionnaires. What are the
pros and cons of each approach?

Chapter 1 Summary
Category # of Questions
Blooms Taxonomy: Analysis 73
Blooms Taxonomy: Application 18
Blooms Taxonomy: Comprehension 58
Blooms Taxonomy: Evaluation 3
Blooms Taxonomy: Knowledge 2
Blooms Taxonomy: Understanding 1
Difficulty Level: Basic 92
Difficulty Level: Moderate 62
Learning Goal: 01-01 24
Santrock - Chapter 01 154
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there is cleverness enough to reward all readers who do not care.” P.
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GEORGIAN poetry, 1918–1919. *$2.50 Putnam

821.08
20–26460
The writers represented in this fourth volume of Georgian poetry

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Booklist 15:270 My ’20
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newcomers, reacts against the tenuity of the others and their careful
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“Among the others, it is good to see the name of D. H. Lawrence,

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than in the vocabulary.” O. W. Firkins
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“In ‘The sprig of lime’ and ‘Seventeen,’ which are his two long
poems this year, Mr Robert Nichols reaches a far higher platform in
his ascent of Parnassus. ‘The sprig of lime’ is an exceedingly beautiful
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included! His beautiful poem ‘Rivers’ is, as ever, most delightful
reading. Mr Harold Monro’s ‘Dog’ is a cunning piece of realism.”
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“The character of the collection has altered slowly till this last
volume is least like the first: in fact, quite different. Long poems are
fewer and shorter, and the bulk of the contents has acquired a strong
family likeness. The original group of authors was more varied in aim
and achievement.”
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Reviewed by E: B. Reed
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GERMAN days. *$3 Dutton 914.3
(Eng ed 19–11975)
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GEROULD, GORDON HALL. Youth in Harley.

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For readers who desire to taste the quality of excellent writing at
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and it never wavers all thru their school life until she promises to
marry him. But she finds the engagement irksome and after a
quarrel, John sets her free. She experiments with her freedom, trying
one excursion into liberty after another. But nothing satisfies, she
and John are both miserable and both too proud to give in.
Eventually she realizes that she would rather have love than freedom.
“The young lady who gives a name to ‘Jan’ labours obviously under
the disadvantage—very usual with novel heroines—of meaning
something to her creator, which has not been conveyed to the reader.
The descriptions of Welsh middle-class life are vivid and
sympathetic, and impress us as drawn from actual fact.”
+ − Ath p163 D 3 ’20 100w
“It is a thoroughly wholesome story, set forth by a writer who has

the gift of frank, effective, convincing narrative. The value of this
novel, which most readers will appreciate, lies in the fact that it is
entertaining in itself, page after page.”
+ N Y Times p20 D 5 ’20 470w

Springf’d Republican p7a N 21 ’20 190w
“This is a first novel which may fairly be described as promising.

Praise must be given to the careful delineation of the characters of
Jan and John.”
+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p721 N 4

’20 120w
GIBBONS, HERBERT ADAMS. France and
ourselves. *$1.50 (2½c) Century 940.344
20–5134
This collection of “Interpretative studies, 1917–1919,” is from the

author’s war contributions to various American magazines, mainly to
the Century. The burden of the book throughout is “We must see
problems as France sees them, and we must help to solve them in the
French way and not in the American.” Even when the author
contrasts America’s “fourteen points” with what he is pleased to call
France’s “fourteen points,” he does not consider the task hopeless.
Contents: How we can help France; The tiger of France; World
justice for France; The industrial effort of France during the war;
Human currents of the war; The attitude of France toward peace;
The reconstruction of northern France; The case against Caillaux;
What confronts France.
“Much of the book must be classed less as history than as

propaganda, though propaganda of a very high-minded type. But the
inevitable shortcomings of the book add in another way to its value.
It vibrates with the spirit of the war and with the generous
enthusiasm that inspired those Americans to whom the true
character of France had been revealed.” A. D. Hill
+ − Am Pol Sci R 14:730 N ’20 840w

Booklist 16:308 Je ’20
+ Boston Transcript p6 Je 23 ’20 800w
+ Cath World 112:119 O ’20 210w
+ Ind 104:67 O 9 ’20 130w
“Much of this book is now badly out of date. Aside from this, there
is much that is valuable and even timely in the book. Dr Gibbons
writes with vigor and clarity of vision.”
+ − N Y Times 25:300 Je 6 ’20 950w

+ Outlook 126:654 D 8 ’20 100w
“The chapter on the attitude of France toward peace, written about

a year ago, is full of matter for thought today.” T. M. Parrott
+ Review 4:16 Ja 5 ’21 880w

R of Rs 61:556 My ’20 120w
“The average American can be benefited by reading this collection

of essays.”
+ Springf’d Republican p8 Jl 27 ’20 370w

The Times [London] Lit Sup p243 Ap
15 ’20 70w
GIBBONS, HERBERT ADAMS. Riviera towns.

il *$6 McBride 914.4
20–21327
“The Mediterranean is more blue than elsewhere because firs and
cedars and pines are not too green. The cliffs are more red than
elsewhere because there is no prevailing tone of bare, baked earth to
modify them into brown and gray. On the Riviera one does not have
to give up the rich green of northern landscapes to enjoy the
alternative of brilliant sunshine.” With this characterization of the
Riviera before him the reader is taken along the coast and up
thoroughfares “built for legs and nothing else” to browse through the
picturesque and medieval towns, more or less familiar to every one
but made more real to him by the thirty-two full-page illustrations of
Lester George Hornby. The towns described are Grasse; Cagnes;
Saint-Paul-duVar; Villeneuve-Loubet; Vence; Menton; Monte Carlo;
Villefranche; Nice; Antibes; Cannes; Mougins; Fréjus; Saint-
Raphaël; Théoule.
+ Booklist 17:150 Ja ’21
“As it must be an open question as to which is the most interesting

town, so it is an unanswerable question as to which of the chapters is
the best, and Mr Hornby has added much to the book by his clever
illustrations.” G. M. H.
+ Boston Transcript p13 D 8 ’20 310w
“It represents the best type of its class of literature, written, as it is,
in a delightfully informal and intimate mood, with description and
anecdote blended with a rare felicity.” B. R. Redman
+ N Y Times p9 Ja 9 ’21 1000w

R of Rs 63:112 Ja ’21 40w
GIBBONS, HERBERT ADAMS. Venizelos.
(Modern statesmen ser.) il *$3.50 Houghton
20–20218
Much of this biography is based on the author’s personal

acquaintance with his subject. As a college teacher in the Near East
he has, moreover, an intimate knowledge of the entire political
situation that precipitated the second Balkan war, that kept Greece
neutral in 1915 and 1916, and that dictated the policy of Venizelos at
the peace conference. Venizelos, although a native of Crete, inherited
his Hellenism and became active in its cause from the time he
entered the University of Athens as a law student. Contents: The
boyhood and early manhood of an unredeemed Greek; A
revolutionary by profession; Venizelos solves the Cretan question;
Venizelos intervenes in Greece; The Balkan alliance surprises
Europe; Turkey is crushed by her former Balkan subjects; The
second Balkan war and the treaty of Bukarest; Venizelos reorganizes
Greece internally; Venizelos offers to join the entente against
Germany; Constantine tries to keep Greece neutral; Venizelos goes to
Saloniki; Greece in the world war; Venizelos at the peace conference;
Greece against the integrity of the Ottoman empire. The book has a
number of maps and is illustrated and indexed.
“This study is not that of an academic student, nor a detached

investigator. As the author himself states in his introduction, he is
more a reporter than a historian. His narrative gains thereby
measurably in freshness and interest.” O. McK., jr.
+ Boston Transcript p 5 N 20 ’20 850w

“The book was written before the downfall of Premier Venizelos,
but it will be none the less useful.”
+ Ind 103:442 D 25 ’20 150w
“What he is writing is not dignified biography, but propaganda.”

Elenore Kellogg
− N Y Call p10 Ja 16 ’21 440w
“The book is one of great value, notwithstanding its lack of some of

the qualities artistic and interesting biography ought to have.”
+ − N Y Times p11 Ja 9 ’21 2250w

+ Outlook 127:110 Ja 19 ’21 580w
“Mr Gibbons’ book is the most successful attempt to give a

complete and proportioned account of Venizelos’ life.” A. E.
Phoutrides
+ − Review 3:621 D 22 ’20 900w
“Aside from its strictly biographical features, this volume is a

contribution to the recent history of the Balkans, as well as to that of
the peace conference at Paris.”
+ R of Rs 63:109 Ja ’21 160w
“Mr Gibbons has contributed a notable addition to modern

biography.” E. B. Moses
+ Survey 45:330 N 27 ’20 250w
GIBBS, GEORGE FORT. Splendid outcast. il

*$2 (2c) Appleton
20–2258
In the midst of a battle Jim Horton finds his twin brother Harry,
an officer with responsibility, crouching behind the lines in a “blue
funk,” desperately afraid to obey his major’s orders, Jim compels
Harry to change uniforms with him, takes Harry’s place, and so
splendidly performs his brother’s duty that he gains for him the croix
de guerre. Incidentally, Jim is seriously wounded. Recovering in the
hospital he finds himself in a strange dilemma. No one believes his
story. At last he grimly resolves to see the game through. This is
difficult, as Harry is a dissolute crook engaged in some shady
undertakings, and Jim is all that a true gentleman ought to be.
Furthermore there is Harry’s beautiful bride to add more perplexing
complications. Around this situation evolves a tense story, running
through the underworld of Paris. In the end Jim, upon the death of
his worthless brother, marries the beautiful Moira, whose marriage
to Harry had been forced upon her, and who loves Jim beyond
question.
“It is undeniably a dramatic story that Mr Gibbs tells. In spite of

the transparent confusion of identities, he manages to keep us
genuinely guessing at least part of the time.”
+ − Boston Transcript p7 Ap 28 ’20 320w

“If the characters were any of them real people the probabilities of
the plot would not matter so much, but they are merely the
stereotyped figures who have appeared in dozens of tales of this
order, and they rather detract than add to the book’s credibility.”
− + N Y Times 25:91 F 15 ’20 420w
“The book would make a tremendous movie. The moves of the

detective-like story are too intricate, the action too violent, the scenes
too realistic to be overlooked in this field. It is a book for tired brains
and jaded moments.” Katharine Oliver
+ Pub W 97:175 Ja 17 ’20 300w
“The story moves with the rapid characteristic of Gibbs’s tales, but
many of the incidents are more obviously manufactured for effect
than in some of the author’s preceding books.”
+ − Springf’d Republican p11a Mr 14 ’20

280w
GIBBS, SIR PHILIP HAMILTON. Now it can

be told (Eng title, Realities of war). *$3 (1c) Harper
940.3
20–5994
“In this book I have written in a blunt way some episodes of the
war as I observed them, and gained firsthand knowledge of them in
their daily traffic. I have not painted the picture blacker than it was,
nor selected gruesome morsels and joined them together to make a
jig-saw puzzle for ghoulish delight.... I have tried to set down as
many aspects of the war’s psychology as I could find in my
remembrance of these years, without exaggeration or false emphasis,
so that out of their confusion, even out of their contradiction, the real
truth of the adventure might be seen as it touched the souls of men.
Yet when one strives to sum up the evidence ... are we really poor
beasts in the jungle, striving by tooth and claw, high velocity and
poison-gas, for the survival of the fittest in an endless conflict? If that
is so, then God mocks at us. Or, rather, if that is so, there is no God
such as we men may love with love for men.” (Part 8) Contents:
Observers and commanders; The school of courage; The nature of a
battle; A winter of discontent; The heart of a city; Psychology on the
Somme; The fields of Armageddon; For what men died.
“The war writing of Mr Gibbs presents an interesting problem. He

appears to be a reasonably sensitive observer, he has had exceptional
opportunities for observing, and he writes with considerable fluency.
Why, then, does his writing affect us so little?... Mr Gibbs’ style has
no definite and unique outline; it is, as it were, a composite style, his
voice has the indistinctness of the voice of a crowd. The style is
adequate to his purpose because his sentiments have something of
the same quality. They furnish, as it were, the greatest common
measure of the more intelligent opinion and the more decent feeling
about the war.” J. W. N. S.
+ − Ath p272 F 27 ’20 900w

Booklist 16:274 My ’20
“His book is a bit querulous about the obvious indignities; but it is

calm and terrible about the great wrongs.”

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Child Development: An Introduction,

Child Development An Introduction Santrock 14th Edition

Introduction to Child Development 3rd Edition Keenan

Test Bank for Child and Adolescent Development An

Child Development 9th Edition Berk Solutions Manual

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Test Bank for Child Development, 9th Edition : Berk

Test Bank for Child Development A Thematic Approach,

A. assessment and treatment of children, adolescents and their families.

7. A preschooler is growing up in an upper-middle-class home with parents who both have

8. A child's development occurs in (a) ________________ context(s).

A. a 5-year-old and his bilingual abilities

15. The acronym SES stands for

A. secondary ethnic sector.

17. A cross-cultural concern for women includes

A. inadequate educational opportunities.

18. Resilience in relation to children means that

A. good intellectual functioning

20. What is social policy?

A. an individual's way of interacting with others in his or her ecosystem

A. School achievement improved.

22. The pattern of human development is strongly related to

23. The _____________________ processes produce changes in an individual's body.

A. gripping his bottle.

A. her height and weight changes since the beginning of school

A. infancy, prenatal, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, late childhood

30. What is the first developmental period?

31. Which activity is characteristic of infancy?

33. Early childhood is sometimes called

A. the preschool years.

A. They do not vary across cultures.

38. People born of the generation after 1980 are called

41. In the nature-nurture controversy

A. nature refers to an organism's biological inheritance.

43. A developmentalist who emphasizes ________ usually describes development as a gradual,

A. "It's in his genes."

46. A developmentalist who emphasizes ________ often describes development as a series of

A. Early-later experience issue

50. The outcome of the early-later experience issue is

A. agreed upon by most developmentalists.

A. stability and change

A. nature and nurture

55. Scientific research is

60. Which of the following statements about Freud is incorrect?

A. He worked with mental patients early in his career.

62. Which of the following is not a Freudian stage of personality development?

A. anal psychosexual stage.

A. oral, anal, latency, genital, phallic

65. Erikson is noted for his theory of ________ stages.

A. sex and childhood.

A. trust versus mistrust

A. trust versus mistrust

A. Seldom does a child reach a sense of accomplishment.

A. industry versus inferiority

A. industry versus inferiority.

76. _____________________________ is Erikson's seventh developmental stage, which individuals

A. Stagnation versus integrity