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Description
From its abbreviated, no-nonsense title to its engaging, effective content, HDEV
continues to offer a new genre of life-span development texts, perfect for today's
Canadian learners. This second Canadian edition highlights relevant research,
immediately engaging students by emphasizing the biopsychosocial framework of
lifespan psychology and adding a new Erikson Today feature to provide a
framework for the content and contemporizing Erikson’s theories for today’s
students. This brief, affordable paperback includes– with each new copy
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About the Author

Spencer A. Rathus received his Ph.D. from the University at Albany and is on the
faculty of The College of New Jersey. His research interests include treatment of
obesity and eating disorders, smoking cessation, human growth and
development, methods of therapy, and sexual dysfunctions. He is the author of
the widely used Rathus Assertiveness Schedule and has written several college
textbooks, including PSYCH, HDEV, AIDS: WHAT EVERY STUDENT NEEDS TO
KNOW, HUMAN SEXUALITY IN A CHANGING WORLD, ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY IN
A CHANGING WORLD, and CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE: VOYAGES IN
DEVELOPMENT.

Shauna Longmuir has instructed at the elementary, high school, college and
university levels since beginning her teaching career in 1989. Her education
includes a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from Dalhousie University in Nova
Scotia, a Bachelor of Education in Social Sciences from the University of British
Columbia and a Masters of Education in Educational Psychology from Dalhousie
University. Publishing teaching and learning resources for human growth and
development text books has provided the opportunity for her to remain current
in her field of study while helping students learn and assisting teachers to teach.
Shauna has developed human growth and development test banks, instructor
manuals and learning websites. Revising HDEV into a Canadian edition provided
an opportunity to merge her interests in political science and psychology. The
study of human growth and development explores theories associated with the
lifespan while reflecting on shared stories and experiences. Shauna hopes that
students and instructors will enjoy this journey as much as she does.
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inflammation. As these will be fully described under Bright’s disease,
it need only be noted here that they may be composed in great part of
red globules, leucocytes, epithelium, bacteria, granules, a
homogeneous wax-like matter, fat globules, hyaline matter, or
urinary salts. The predominance of one or other of these determines
the nature of the cast.
The observations of Mayer, Knoll, Bovida, Von Jaksch and others
seem to show that the basis substance of urinary casts differs from all
our familiar proteids and must be considered as a distinct
nitrogenous compound, a derivative of one of the common proteids.
 GENERAL SYMPTOMS OF URINARY DISEASE.

External symptoms, arched back, stiff gait, straining, tender loins, backing,
turning, dropping under weight, urine checked, dribbled; in dogs and cats,
palpation of kidney; bladder, urethra, pains in different animals. Internal
symptoms, rectal exploration, vaginal, urethral, straining, ureters, bladder, calculi,
neoplasms, prostate, urethritis.

External Symptoms. With inflammatory or painful affections of

the urinary organs the animal tends to roach the back or loins, tuck
up the abdomen, move the hind limbs stiffly and with a straddling
gait, protract and withdraw the penis which may be semi-erect,
retract and drop the testicles alternately, and stretch himself and
strain to pass urine without success. Lying down and rising may be
accomplished with marked effort and groaning. The loins along the
spines or beneath the outer ends of the transverse processes may
prove tender to tapping or pinching, the animal drooping to excess.
Backing or turning in a narrow circle may be accomplished
awkwardly and stiffly though usually more easily than with lumbar
sprain. The animal drops when mounted but less than with sprained
back. Urine may be passed in excess or in diminished amount, or it
may be entirely suppressed. It may be abruptly interrupted when in
full stream, suggesting calculus or polypus, or it may be passed often
in mere dribblets, or finally it may ooze away constantly partly
lodging in the sheath and partly trickling down the thighs.
In dogs or cats with flaccid walls of the abdomen external
manipulation may detect in the kidneys, differences in size, position,
and tenderness as well as the presence of tumors. The distended
bladder also may be distinctly felt, and the pyriform area of flatness
on percussion will serve to map out its size and outline.
 In the horse the urethra is superficial and easily traced over the
ischiatic arch and for some distance downward, when it becomes
deeper and is less easily felt. In the bull the urethra is deep over the
ischiatic arch but becomes more superficial lower down and can be
easily felt at the sigmoid flexure and below. In sheep and dog it is
easily followed from the ischium to the end of the penis.
As a rule the penis is easily drawn from its sheath in the horse and
dog; this is more difficult in the sheep and goat and still more so in
the bull and boar. In the small animal protrusion is favored by
setting him on his rump, with his back between the operator’s legs,
and the pelvis doubled forward toward the sternum. The penis of the
bull may be extended in presence of a cow in heat, and promptly
seized, or it may be seized through the sheath back of its first bulging
part and skillfully worked out. In the ruminant, calculi may be felt at
the sigmoid curve, and in the ram, in the vermiform appendix at the
fore end of the penis.
Internal Exploration. This is accomplished in the larger
animals with the oiled hand in the rectum, the nails having been
pared short and even to avoid injury to the mucosa. In ponies and
yearlings the kidney may be felt, and this may be true also of mature
animals of larger species in cases of hypertrophy or floating kidney.
The ureters, bladder and intrapelvic urethra are easily felt in the
male. The empty bladder lies on the anterior border of the pelvis;
when full, it projects forward into the abdomen but retains its
pyriform or, in the very young animal, its fusiform shape. In the
female the sensation is somewhat modified by the presence on its
upper surface of the uterus dividing into its two horns anteriorly. The
single enlarged horn of pregnancy is especially misleading.
The female urethra, cervix and bladder may be explored through
the vagina. To explore the cervix vesicæ and urethra the fingers are
slowly drawn back from the bladder along the median line of the
floor of the vagina. In the mare the cervix and adjacent portion of the
bladder can be further explored with the index finger introduced
through the opening of the urethra in the floor of the pelvis and at
the junction of the vagina and vulva. In the cow the urethra is too
small to be readily explored from within, and the orifice is still
further guarded by the two lateral blind canals of Gærtner, into
which the unskilled fingers more readily pass. Success only attends
the careful search for the small central lower orifice. In the smaller
animals the finger only can be introduced into vagina or rectum and
the urethra, cervix and bladder only can be felt. The result of such
exploration is straining even in healthy conditions but which
becomes excessive in nephritis, pyelitis, renal, urethral, vesical or
urethral calculus, cystitis, rectitis or enteritis.
The ureters are tender when inflamed, and they are swollen in
calculus obstruction with an elastic feeling in front of the stone.
The bladder is very sensitive when overdistended, inflamed or
pendent on the abdominal floor, or when the seat of calculus. In the
absence of any liquid contents a calculus is felt as a hard solid mass
firmly clasped by the contracted vesical walls. If liquid is present the
solid hard calculus is felt movable in the fluid. An empty contracted
bladder is firm and pyriform. An empty flaccid bladder, resulting
from rupture or exhaustion, is flabby, with indefinite form and, if the
seat of a lesion, tender. It varies in consistency with neoplasms
(papilloma, sarcoma, carcinoma, or epithelioma). These have not the
free mobility of the calculus floating in urine, and their point of
connection with the wall may often be made out. When a solid body
is felt, or suspected to be in the contracted bladder, an injection of
sterilized water will usually facilitate diagnosis, and a differentiation
of calculus and neoplasm.
Hypertrophy of the prostate is felt as a swelling of uneven outline
over the cervix vesicæ. It is to be looked for especially in old dogs.
Urethritis is indicated by swelling and tenderness along the
median line of the pelvic floor, back of the cervix. With a calculus in
the urethra the swelling is more strictly localized and the canal in
front of it may be full and elastic.
 HEMATURIA.

Symptoms of different lesions of kidneys and constitutional states, of poisoning

by irritant plants, common on moors and in woods. In puerperal cow fed on
turnips raised on mucky, unreclaimed, sour lands. Bacteria. Toxins. Anæmia. Poor
wintering. Limed new soils. Symptoms: in plethoric, congested mucosæ, vascular
tension, hurried breathing, colics, straining, red urine; in vegetable irritants,
depression, weakness, coldness, trembling, stiffness behind, scanty red or black
urine, diarrhœa, constipation; in anæmia, poverty, debility, red urine, pink tinge in
milk, emaciation, hidebound, anorexia, colics. Chronic or intermittent. Lesions: in
plethoric, congested enlarged kidney, without softening; in irritant poisons,
congestion also of throat, stomachs, intestines, liver with hæmorrhagic
extravasations; in anæmia, kidneys pale, flaccid, hydroæmia, liver enlarged,
softened, reddish liquids in serous cavities. Treatment: avoid the injurious soils,
drain, cultivate, feed products of such soils with other food, oleaginous or saline
laxatives, antiferments, tonics, astringents, flax seed, farinas.

The passage of blood or blood elements in the urine.

Causes. A symptom of a variety of diseases, producing lesions of
the secreting structures of the kidneys; acute congestion, tumors,
calculi, parasitism. Also as a manifestation of diseases of distant
organs—hæmoglobinuria, southern cattle fever, anthrax, poisoning
by irritant diuretics, wounds of the bladder, pelvic fracture with
injury to bladder or urethra, cystitis with varicose cystic veins, etc.
Among the irritant plants charged with producing the affection are
the young shoots of oak, ash, privet, hornbeam, alder, hazel,
dogberry, pine, fir, and coniferæ, generally. Also ranunculus,
hellebore, colchicum, mercuriales annuus, asclepias vincetoxicum,
broom, etc. The disease is common in spring in cattle turned out too
early to get good pasturage and which, it is alleged, take to eating the
swelling buds and young shoots of irritant plants.
 The disease has occurred mostly in woods and wild lands and has
accordingly been vulgarly named the wood evil, (maladie de bois,
holzkrankheit), and moor ill.
In England, as occurring in the puerperal cow, Cuming, of Ellon,
attributes it to a too exclusive diet of turnips. His analysis showed
that turnips contained 10% sugar and 1 to 1½% vegetable albumen.
The sugar is held to stimulate unduly the milk secretion, but fails to
supply the nitrogenous materials needful to form it, and the cow is
speedily rendered anæmic, with solution of the blood globules or of
the hæmatin and its excretion by the urine. No attempt was made to
produce hæmaturia by an exclusive or excessive diet of sugar, and
cows fed on turnips grown on well drained lands never suffered from
the disease.
Williams says that urine in such cases had a strong odor of rotten
turnips. This argues not an anæmia determined by sugar, but rather
an intestinal fermentation, perhaps superinduced by ferments
introduced along with the turnips. Add to this the notorious fact that
the offending turnips are usually such as are grown on wild, damp,
undrained, swampy, or mucky lands, and we have the suggestion of a
bacteridian poison, or a toxic product of bacteria. Williams and
Reynal practically agree on the point that the common hæmaturia is
the result of anæmia. It has long been noticed that the herds which
suffer from the affection are those which have come out of the winter
in low condition, the victim is the poor man’s cow, and the symptoms
are most likely to appear when turned into the fields in spring before
the pastures have come up. The anæmic condition of the carcasses is
quoted in support of this view, but perhaps without making sufficient
account of the extraordinary destruction of blood globules during the
progress of the malady.
Pichon and Sinoir see in the liming of soils and the production of
larger crops, a cause of anæmia in the rank and aqueous growth of
the meadows, and their overstocking in order to eat them down, or to
consume their products. They found that an abundant artificial
feeding was the most efficacious mode of treatment.
Reynal, who endorses this view, tells us that in the anæmic and
liquid blood the globules become smaller and can pass more readily
through the walls of the vessels. But this is exactly the opposite effect
from what we see when the blood is diluted with water. The globules
in such a case are distended and enlarged, and may finally have their
protoplasm and hæmatin dissolved and diffused through the liquid.
If the blood globules are shrunken, then we must look for a cause
very different from anæmia.
Reynal further assures us that plethora is a common cause of
hæmaturia in cattle. “Under the prolonged influence of a very
assimilable diet, the blood becomes more plastic, circulates with
difficulty in the capillaries, and may even rupture them, with a
resulting capillary renal hæmorrhage, and bloody urine.” He further
intimates that this occurs especially in spring after the animals have
been turned out on very rich pastures, and that in Normandy certain
pastures of unusual richness are notorious for producing hæmaturia.
Apart from the fact that the rich grasses of spring produce at first
intestinal congestion, and diarrhœa, with consequent disorder of the
liver and kidneys, this spring affection on particular pastures
suggests some special poison in the pasture as the unknown cause of
the disease.
In all forms alike of this affection the nature of the soil appears to
have a preponderating influence. It is the disease of the woods, and
waste lands, of damp and undrained lands, of dense clays, of lands
underlaid by clay or hard pan, of lands rich in vegetable humus, or
vegetable moulds the decomposition of which has been hastened by
the application of quicklime.
Pottier, Salomé, Wiener, and Reynal especially testify to the
prevalence of hæmaturia on soils that are either dense and
impermeable, or that have a subsoil of clay or hardpan.
The disease has not been traced to any definite microbe nor toxin,
but there is much to suggest the necessity for inquiry in that line. The
special susceptibility of animals that may be plethoric on the one
hand, or in low condition on the other, would be entirely in keeping
with such a view, as the debility or derangement of health would lay
the system open to attack.
Symptoms. In the plethoric animal there are congested mucosæ,
full, strong pulse, forcible heartbeats, full veins, accelerated
breathing, colicy pains, dullness, straining frequently and the
discharge of thick, red or bloody urine.
 If from irritant buds and shoots, or plants, there is more
depression, weakness, fever, dry skin, staring coat, coldness of the
surface, tremblings, stiffness or weakness of the hind limbs,
diarrhœa, followed by constipation, frequent straining and the
passage of colored urine with pain. In violent cases the expulsion of
bloody urine may be excessive, and the cow may die in 24 hours.
From irritant plants however the quantity of urine is liable to be
small, but frequently passed.
As occurring irrespective of plethora or irritants there may be at
first only poor condition and debility with the passage of blood. A
pink tinge may show on the froth in the milk pail, and a red
precipitate on its bottom. If not anæmic at the outset they soon
become so, and the pulse which was at first bounding becomes small
and weak, the heart palpitates, the red mucosæ become pale. The
subjects become tucked up, emaciated, weak, rough coated, the skin
adherent to the bones, and the appetite and rumination impaired or
lost. Sometimes colics are present.
In the milder anæmic forms it may continue for months before it
causes death. In such cases it may prove intermittent.
Morbid Anatomy. In the hæmaturia of plethora the kidneys are
large, congested and of a dark red, but, preserve their normal
consistency and texture.
In the form associated with ingestion of irritant plants, there is
congestion of the pharynx, stomachs, and intestines with
hæmorrhagic spots, congestion of the liver, violent congestion of the
kidneys which are of a blackish red color, and enlarged to perhaps
twice the normal size, with hæmorrhagic exudations, the convoluted
tubes filled with fibrinous exudate and blood globules, the pelvis red
and like the bladder containing some reddish urine. The vesical
mucosa may be black.
In anæmic cases the kidneys are pale, flaccid and colorless, with a
reddish liquid in the pelvis and bladder. The vascular system is
comparatively empty, and the blood, thin, and watery, and often
coagulates loosely or not at all. As noted by Herland globules are
greatly reduced in numbers and size, and often crenated or partially
broken down. Slight serous effusions in the serous membranes are
common. The liver is softened and enlarged, the lacteals have
reddish contents, and the ingesta are dark colored.
 Treatment. Preventive. Avoid hæmaturia pastures and the fodder
grown on such lands. Drain and cultivate such soils. When animals
must feed on the products of such soils supplement the food by
grain, oil cake, cotton seed meal, etc. Avoid stagnant waters draining
from such soils.
Therapeutic Treatment. Give oleaginous or saline laxative to clear
out poisons and ferments from the bowels and may add an
antiferment (salol, salicylic acid, carbolic acid, turpentine oil,
chlorate of potash, sulphites or hyposulphites), no matter if diarrhœa
is present. Follow with tonics (copperas, chloride of iron) and
stimulant antiseptics (ol. terebinth, potass. chlorate), and sound
food. Flax seed, linseed meal, farinas. Bitters may be added (gentian,
quinine, quassia). As a calmative, camphor (2 to 4 drs.) 2 or 3 times a
day has proved useful.
In case of nephritis treat as for that affection.
Weiner lauds empyreumatic oil and oil of turpentine with
camphor.
In chronic cases, nourishing food with change of locality and water
are very important.
A course of iron tonics should wind up the treatment.
 ACUTE CONGESTION OF THE KIDNEYS IN
SOLIPEDS.

Definition. Causes: bacteria, toxins, irritant diuretics, musty oats or fodder, foul
water, cantharides, turpentine, aqueous grasses, onions, moulting, cold, chills,
injuries to loins, over-driving. Lesions: kidney enlarged, red, black, softened,
capsule loose, cut surface drops blood, brown, softened necrosed areas, gorged
capillaries of glomeruli and convoluted tubes, granular or fatty changes in
epithelium, may be ruptures. Symptoms: sudden; weak tender loins, slow dragging
straddling gait, accelerated pulse and breathing, anxious countenance, colics,
sweating, urine from limpid to black, with red globules, and casts. Prompt recovery
or nephritis. Diagnosis: from nephritis, hæmoglobinuria, laminitis, indigestion.
Prevention: Treatment: bleeding, laxatives, diffusible stimulant diuretics,
bromides, diluents, mucilaginous agents, fomentations, sinapisms, rectal
injections, clothing, friction to the skin, restricted laxative diet.

Definition. Active congestion of the renal capillaries, especially of

those of the glomeruli and convoluted tubes, with colicy pains, and
free discharge of urine, in some cases bloodstained.
Causes. It may be determined by local irritation caused by the
passage of the bacteria and toxins of infectious diseases such as
influenza or contagious pneumonia. In the same way irritant
diuretics, medicinal, alimentary and toxic, operate. Diuretic balls and
condition powders given recklessly by stablemen and grooms,
saltpeter, resin, oleo resins, turpentine, rue, savin, colchicum, squill,
anemone nemorosa, adonis, cynanchum vincetoxicum and other
species of ascelepias, hellebore, mercurialis annua and bryony are
examples. The young shoots of the coniferous plants, fir, balsam fir,
pine, white and yellow, and hemlock, are at times injurious.
In the same way, damp moldy oats or fodder produce renal
congestion and excessive polyuria, also corrupt, stagnant water and
that of marshes which often contains complex toxic products of
fermentation. Water of ponds in which cantharides or potato beetles
have been drowned, is dangerous. The cantharides, euphorbium or
oil of turpentine applied too extensively to the skin as a counter-
irritant, is another factor.
Even the rich aqueous grasses of spring succeeding to the dry
winter diet, stimulate the kidneys, determining an active congestion
with polyuria and in bad cases hæmaturia. In many such cases there
are superadded the acrid diuretic plants already referred to. In
Denmark where onions are grown on a large scale, the tops fed to
animals have produced renal congestion.
There appears to be an extra susceptibility in spring when the
winter coat is being shed, and at this time especially, but also
independently of this and at other seasons, exposure to cold and the
occurrence of chills tend to induce an attack. Exposure to cold
storms of rain or sleet when perspiring or fatigued, standing tied out
of doors in zero weather without a blanket, wading or swimming
deep rivers in cold weather and while fatigued, standing wet and
unblanketed in a cold stable when returned from work, exposure to
draughts between open windows or doors, the continuous falling of
cold rain, from a leaking roof, on the loins, the cold of a damp stable
newly finished in brick or stone, the cold and damp of an undrained
floor in a wet retentive soil, all have a tendency to drive the blood
from the surface, to increase the tension of the blood in the heart and
internal organs, to stimulate the kidneys to extraordinary secretory
activity, and at the same time to temporarily debilitate the whole
system and lessen the power of resistance and recuperation. The
factor is especially potent when it involves the nervous
interdependent sympathy between the chilled loins or abdomen and
the kidneys. Sprains and other injuries of the loins have long been
charged with producing renal congestion and inflammation, and
even Trasbot, who doubts the reality of this, acknowledges that the
already diseased kidneys are seriously injured in this way. Cadeac
and Schmid record cases of actual rupture of the horses’ kidney from
violent movement, and other cases of congestion and bloody urine
have been traced to kicks on the loins, falls, sprains and the carrying
of unduly heavy loads. The overexertion which produces
albuminuria, casts and sanguineous transfusion in athletes has a
similar effect on the overdriven race horse, trotter or draught horse.
 Lesions. The congested kidney is enlarged, sometimes to two or
three times its natural size, softened, and red, especially in the
cortical portion which may be so dark as to appear cyanotic. The
capsule is also the seat of ramified redness, and is very loosely
adherent to the cortex. Beneath it may be considerable yellowish
exudate especially abundant in the vicinity of the hilus. On section
the cut surface is very bloody, the cortex literally dropping blood,
though brownish spots may appear at intervals representing areas of
necrosis, which under pressure break down into a pulpy debris.
Microscopically the glomeruli appear hæmorrhagic, the capillary
vessels being gorged to excess, while blood globules and even minute
blood clots are found in the intervascular spaces. The epithelium
covering the glomeruli and lining the convoluted tubes show
granular or fatty changes, and granular matter is found outside the
vessels.
The congestion is less in the medullary portion and even in the
convoluted tubes and the tubes of Henle, though these may be the
seat both of hyperæmia and exudation.
In case of very violent congestion, extensive sanguineous
extravasation may occur, leading even to rupture of the capsule and
the escape of blood into the perirenal adipose tissue or into the
abdominal cavity. Cases of this kind in the soliped are recorded by
Caroni, Cadeac, Moussu, Kitt, Zundel, Mollereau and Porcher.
Averons describes in the Revue Veterinaire (1897) a case in which
both kidneys were surrounded by an immense black clot, and
weighed no less than 36 lbs. Leblanc records a similar case affecting
the one kidney. The mass measured about 10 inches by 8.
Symptoms. These are liable to appear suddenly, often while the
patient is at work, and are manifested by weakness in the loins, slow
gait or sudden stopping, the hind limbs are held in abduction, and
advanced with apparent stiffness and pain. There is much excitement
and anxiety, the face is pinched and strained, the respiration
accelerated, the pulse hard, tense and rapid, and the eyes or nose
may be turned toward the flank or loins. There may be colicy pains,
with uneasy movements of the tail and hind limbs, pawing, and even
lying down and rolling. The visible mucosæ are strongly injected and
in bad cases the skin may be drenched with sweat. There is at first
little or no hyperthermia.
 At first there may be no micturition but in an hour or more, urine
may be discharged in excess, sometimes as much as 25 quarts, and of
a low specific gravity (1001 to 1005). If there has been no blood
extravasation it is usually clear and limpid but with extravasation it
may be of all shades of pink or red to black. In the latter case the
suffering is liable to be acute (Cadeac), and contrary to the condition
in hæmoglobinuria, the urine contains blood globules and even
tubular coagula representing the uriniferous tubes and entangling
the blood cells. This is complicated by albuminuria.
Course. Duration. The congestion is short lived. It speedily
undergoes resolution with the passage of normal, clear urine, and the
recovery of appetite and spirit, or it becomes rapidly aggravated,
with continuous suffering and colic, complete loss of appetite,
dullness, constant decubitus, weakness, debility, small or
imperceptible pulse, palpitations, darker color and perhaps complete
suppression of urine, and stupor or other nervous disorder. Death
may occur on the fourth to the sixth day. It may be delayed by a
partial recovery followed by a relapse.
Diagnosis. Acute renal congestion is distinguished from nephritis
by the suddenness of the onset, the absence of fever and the
comparative absence of tenderness of the loins, and of tubular casts.
From hæmoglobinæmia it is distinguished by the absence of the
conditions under which that affection appears:—the previous heavy
work and full rich feeding, the day or more of complete rest on full
ration, and the sudden exercise following. The hind parts in
hæmoglobinæmia are benumbed, paretic, or paralytic and not
unfrequently rigid and swollen, and the brownish or reddish urine
contains hæmoglobin in amorphous particles, and not red blood
globules and sanguineous tubular casts as in renal congestion.
From laminitis it is distinguished by the absence of high fever, by
the absence of the advance of the fore feet resting on the heels, of the
heat and tenderness of the feet, by the ability to bear the lifting of
one fore foot, or the tap of a hammer on the toe, by the lack of
improvement after the first few steps as is seen in laminitis, and by
the absence of the strong pulsations in the digital arteries.
From indigestion it is distinguished by the absence of the history
which leads up to that condition, of abdominal tympany, of
rumbling, of impaction and of frequent attempts to defecate, and by
the presence of the stiffness, straddling, and the blood globules and
albumen in the urine of low density.
Prevention. This must be sought by the avoidance of all the factors
of causation:—auto-intoxication in contagious diseases, excessive
renal irritation from the injudicious use of diuretics, or the accidental
ingestion of irritant or acrid diuretic plants or waters, or musty
fodders, or the sudden change to the succulent, watery, first
vegetation of spring, or of exposure to cold, wet, or damp, in all their
forms, or of direct injury to the back or loins by blows, shocks, or
violent exertions.
Treatment. Trasbot and Cadeac strongly recommend venesection,
and at the very outset in specially acute cases the sudden lessening of
the arterial and capillary tension, by this potent means, may furnish
the opportunity for the capillaries of the glomeruli and tubes to
regain their normal tone, and thus contribute to a speedy abortion of
the affection. If resorted to at all it should be made in a full stream
from the jugular, so as to secure the fullest and most prompt result
with the least possible effusion of blood.
Much, however, must depend on the attendant conditions. In toxin
poisoning following on an infectious fever, the already existing
debility will sufficiently forbid a resort to the lancet, and we must
seek elimination by the bowels, the skin or even the kidneys.
Antiseptics, too, are in order if there appears any ground for
suspicion of the action of infecting agents. Some cases will recover
promptly under diffusible, stimulant diuretics such as spirits of
nitrous ether, which by stimulating the circulation in other organs
and especially the skin, appears to relieve the kidney and solicit
normal secretion. But most veterinarians dread the stimulus and
irritation and prefer small doses of refrigerant diuretics: bicarbonate
of soda 4 drs., saltpeter 2 drs. or the tartrates, citrates or acetates of
the alkaline bases. In case of irritation by acrid diuretics, but
especially by cantharides, camphor 2 drs., has been found to be
particularly soothing, and next to this, bromide of camphor or
bromide of potassium 1 to 2 drs. may be resorted to. Zundel
prescribes acidulated camphorated drinks. The free use of
mucilaginous drinks, such as boiled flax seed; and the persistent
application of fomentations or wet compresses to the loins are of
equal value in soothing irritation. Sinapisms may advantageously
follow the local emollients.
Laxatives act with less promptitude than diuretics, but on the
whole constitute a safer treatment, since they secure elimination and
derivation without risk of irritation to the kidneys. The oils: castor 1
to 2 pints, linseed 2 pints, or olive 2 pints, are especially to be
recommended in this respect, but l’Homme advises manna, and
calomel may also be used as a substitute. Injections of warm water
are valuable in unloading the rectum and colon, soothing the kidneys
and soliciting peristalsis.
A restricted amylaceous diet is essential, and a warm stall or
abundant clothing. Grooming or active rubbing of the skin tends to
active derivation and often materially relieves. The case should not
be abandoned until a day or two after the urine has returned to the
normal, and for some time special care should be taken of the diet,
stabling and work.
 ACUTE CONGESTION OF THE KIDNEYS IN
CATTLE.

Causes: infection, toxins, etc., irritant diuretics, chills, moulting, swill. Lesions:
cortical kidney congestion, red to black, softening friability; urine limpid to red,
with blood globules, albumen, and crystals. Symptoms: chill, tender loins, colic,
straining, recovery in four days. Diagnosis: from hæmoglobinuria, cystitis,
calculus. Prevention: diet, etc. Treatment: laxatives, flax seed, wet compresses,
bromides, camphor, disinfectants, bitters.

Causes. In cattle this malady is largely traceable to the same

causes as in the horse, and is very often but a complication of some
other affection. The renal congestion of infectious diseases is seen in
the advanced stages of lung plague, in anthrax, in malignant catarrh,
in hæmoglobinæmia, and implies an accumulation of irritant toxins
in the system. The abuse of diuretics, the ingestion of acrid diuretic
plants, including the early shoots of the coniferæ, the introduction
through any channel of cantharides or potato beetles, the drinking of
stagnant water charged with deleterious fermentation products, the
consumption of musty or spoiled fodder, and the sudden change to
the succulent grasses of spring, operate as in the horse. So it is with
cutaneous chills, cold stone floors, cold wet storms, draughts and
dropping from a leaky roof. The shedding of the coat in spring is an
undoubted predisposing cause.
Cattle in the swill stables of breweries and distilleries are the
subjects of a constant renal congestion and polyuria, which, however,
does not prevent rapid fattening. This diet, however, unfits the
animal for a future vigorous life, and any concurrent injurious
influence may easily bring on active kidney disease.
Lesions. There is redness and swelling of the kidney, it may be to
two or three times its normal size, the enlargement being especially
referable to the cortical portion, which may be mottled in different
shades of red up to black extravasations. The lack of firmness in its
connection with its sheath, and the softening and friability of the
parenchyma resemble the same conditions in the horse. The urine
may be clear or more or less tinged with blood, and contains blood
globules, albumen, and crystals of carbonate of lime and urate of
ammonia, which seem to indicate the presence of a bacterial
ferment.
Symptoms. The patient usually shows some indication of chill,
with staring coat and arched back, which is very sensitive to
pinching. There is impairment of rumination and appetite, decrease
of milk in dairy cows, uneasy movements of the hind limbs and tail,
frequent straining to urinate, and the passage of urine often in small
amount and sometimes of a pink or reddish tinge. In bad cases this
may become deep red, or black, and the pulse becomes weak, with
palpitations, marked muscular weakness and a tendency to lie down
most of the time.
With early improvement recovery may be complete in from four to
six days. In the more severe and fatal cases death may occur as early
as the sixth day. Unless under the influence of violent irritants or a
persistence of the original poison the prognosis is favorable.
Diagnosis. It is especially important to distinguish this from
hæmoglobinæmia, which shows an uniform red or brown
discoloration of the urine and an entire absence of blood globules as
such. In congestion the reddish material tends to precipitate and is
found to consist largely of blood globules. It is further associated
with albuminuria.
Hæmorrhagic cystitis and cystic calculi are both chronic
affections, and identified on rectal exploration by the tenderness of
the bladder and the presence of the stone.
Prevention consists in the avoidance of the various causative
factors, and especially those that find access among alimentary
matters. Cattle turned out in early spring should be fed before going
and should be returned from the pasture in an hour or two. This
repeated day by day, allows the digestive and urinary organs to
accommodate themselves to the fresh spring grass and to any
vegetation to which the animals have not been accustomed. Chills,
draughts, injuries and other disturbing conditions must be guarded
against.
Treatment. Bleeding is strongly recommended by Cruzel and
Cadeac. In Germany, England and America derivation toward the
digestive organs is more generally relied on. Laxatives should be, as
in the horse, oleaginous (castor, olive, linseed) or manna, rather than
agents that may perchance act on the kidneys. Free purgation should
be secured. Flaxseed tea, and wet compresses over the loins are
valuable adjuncts, and anodyne agents like camphor, bromide of
camphor, or other bromides may be added, and when there is any
suspicion of infection, salicylates, or iodide of potassium may be
employed. Finally a course of bitters (salicin, quinine, nux,) may be
employed to restore tone and iron carbonate with sodium carbonate
as a reconstructive tonic. The diet must be changed to wholesome
food, but not too stimulating, and the animal kept quiet.
 ACUTE CONGESTION OF THE KIDNEYS IN
SHEEP AND GOAT.

Causes: irritant food. Lesions: Symptoms: separates from its fellows, arched
back, stiff straddling gait, straining, muscular weakness, recumbency, urine red,
with blood globules and albumen. Prevention: care in feeding and watering,
change of pasture and treatment as in the ox.

Causes. As in cattle, the smaller ruminants appear to suffer

especially from an alimentary renal congestion, showing itself mainly
in animals that are unaccustomed to the particular toxic aliment.
Thus, Cornevin finds that the Pyrennean sheep thrives on the leaves
of the Quercus tosa, while Southdown sheep taking it in any
considerable quantity perish of renal congestion or nephritis.
Similarly Weith fed four sheep on cynanchum vincetoxicum and
developed renal congestion in the course of three days. Other causes
doubtless contribute in individual cases but have not been specially
traced to their effects.
Lesions are in the main the same as in cattle, the kidneys being
bluish red, soft, flaccid and friable.
Symptoms. The sheep lags behind the flock, frequently lies down
and rises, strains to urinate, and passes often considerable
quantities. The back is arched, the loins tender, the walk stiff and
straddling, the pulse small and weak. If the disease advances, there
come on extreme muscular weakness, a disposition to lie, an
uncertain, gait, with frequent stumbling, dullness, stupor, and it may
be coma. The urine is usually tinged with blood or of a deep red or
black, and contains well-formed blood globules and more or less
albumen.
Prevention and treatment should proceed on the same lines as in
the ox, but in dealing with a large herd it becomes difficult to treat
each separate case with special care. The avoidance of sudden change
of food as in turning out in spring, the feeding of grain before turning
out, the return to the fold after a short freedom, and the gradual
transition to the new food are important. When the disease has
developed, an entire change of pasture or food, the use of roots,
ensilage, or grain, or of freshly cut meadow grass, is indicated, and
an oleaginous laxative (castor oil 2 to 3 ozs.) are indicated. Oilcake or
flaxseed meal will often prove a most valuable article. Beyond this
the same agents would be indicated as for the ox.