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    Korean Grammar Book

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    Korean e Beginning to Early Intermediate * Contains all grammar points covered by TOPIK Levels 1 and 2/ +Learn at @ glance the differences between similar grammatical constructions! * Practice a variety of expressions used in the same situation! * True to life dialogues incorporating the introduced grammar points) DARAKWON Preface 4 Unit 3. Particles How to Use This Book 6 @ nyt 68 @ne n Ones 7 i introduction to the Korean Language © Noi/2, Nlonat, naka. 76 1, Korean Sentence Structure 14 @ra. 78 2. Conjugation of Verbs and! Adjectives... 15 @nao er 3. Connecting Sentences 16 @noae 83 4. Sentence Types. v ® noua 86 5, Honorific Expressions 20 © Nowa} Nivea, NRE} Nets 29 ® nowai/ete a @ne 93 @ ne 97 ® netow Getting Ready @nqe 02 @ Olct (to be) 26 © Nope ©. 105 @ 2UCt (to exist/be, to have) 28 @ noe @ 4107 @® Numbers. a One 110 @® Dates and Days of the Week... 37 © navw, zo! 12 @ Time 39 © vec 114 ® naic. 16 Unit 1, Tenses @ Present Tense AVA)HLICH.... 42 unit 4, Listing and Contrast @ Present Tense A/V-0/O12, 45 @ wW-2..... @ Past Tense AN-34/ HAR “9 Ov... ® Future Tense V-(2)= AH ®... 52 @ we @ Procressive Tense Va! Sct D.. 54 @ aw2)e-/et @ Past Perfect Tense A/V-2/RRAL a Unit 5. Time Expressions @ N Bol, v-71 Hail... 20180 Unit 2, Negative Expressions @ N04, v-(e)e S04 jaa MD Sirs Newstin: * © VB cncnsinenennnnnnnt @ 2 AWV-0H/012 (A/V-2| BOER)......62 @ v-oi/o1x . = @ Zv-01/018 (v-x 8819) 65 @ Nai, AWHe)2 a. Ovo, 445 Qnaves 7 148 @ v-aiort 151 @N5e. v-— Set 183 @ v9) 4 187 Unit 6, Ability and Possibility @ va)= + wch/ate 160 @viei)e F acy/sect 163 Unit 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition @ v2)42. 186 @ v-a alg. 169 @ AW-0j/o}0} siclvatct 171 @ An-ov/oe sic} 174 © Wo) 2 sic 178 © AN-A BOE Sick (2h a/v-oW/o}s etch) 173 Unit 8. Expressions of Hope @ vz att. 182 @ aw-si/siek! Sater 184 Unit 9, Reasons and Causes @ an-oy/o1t @ 138, @ ane. 191 © N wea, av] HzO} 193 Unit LO. Making Requests and Assisting @ V-ob/o} FxI=2, v-ol/o} FAioi2? 198 @ V-0l/o} Bik, v-ol/o| BB? 201 Unit LL, Trying New Things and Experiences @ v-o1/oj ac} 204 @ v(2)+ Ao} gett 207 Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions @ ve)a7i272 © 210 @ veje727 © 212 @ v(2)8Ac¢ 214 @ 4e)AH0197 2ir @ v2 )=4127 0 219 Unit 13, Intentions and Plans @ Av-noi2 0, 222 @ ve)ea2 225 @vg)=20 228 Unit 14, Background Information and Explanations @ we) fea @ 202 @ v-(2)u7} @ 235 Unit 15, Purpose and Intention @ veya ateyvect 208 ev-oaz 240 ® ova atc} 243, ® NSS FsH(Ad), V-71 HHA)... 248 @ vie ac 248 Unit 16. Conditions and Suppositions @ ane 252 @ v-(2)aie4 258 @ An-ol/oe. 257 Unit 17, Conjecture @ »w-noie 2 260 @ v-e)= mo12.@ 262 ® ww-e)=7122.9 268 O wejeseleye Az 267 Unit 18. Changes in Parts of Speech @ wae (op -eHejen 272 Oa 5 Om ave ® A-of/oisict 261 Unit 19. Expressions of State @v-z ata 208 @ v-o1/o} sic} 287 @ A-oyoraicy 290 @ v-A sic 293 Unit 20. Confirming Information @ AV-2)-/EAI 296 @ veal walcyvect 299 @ av-7i27 301 Unit 24.. Discovery and Surprise @ w-zeyeze 30a @ aw-ui2. 306 Unit 22. Additional Endings @ reje7ige, v-u2? 310 @ ane). eae an2 unit 23. Quotations @ Direct Quotations 316 @® indirect Quotations aig ® Indirect Quotation Contracted Forms Unit 24. Irregular Conjugations @ ‘— S74 (trequiar Conjucation) © ‘2 B74 (iegutar Conjugation) © ‘»' B74! ((ereguiar Conjugation)... ® ‘©' 5574 (irregular Conjugation) © “2 B74 (irregular Conjugation) @ ‘2° 5741 (regular Coniuaation) @ (+! 774! (regular Coniugation) W Appendix © Good Things to Know. © Answer Key © Grammar Explanations in Korean ® Grammar index Introduction Com aie Castel Language 1. Korean Sentence Structure 2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives 3. Connecting Sentences 4. Sentence Types 5. Honorific Expressions 1. Korean Sentence Structure Korean sentences consist of either “a subject + predicate (verb)" or “a subject + object + predicate (verb).” G Adel 742. subject + predicate subject Carol goes. Carol sleeps. Ae] ABS Bola. subject + object + predicate o] EMR ae goia, ject + predicate Eric eats an apple. Bric reads a book in the library. Particles are attached to words in Korean sentences. They express the role that their respective words play in the sentence. After the subject of a sentence, the particle O| or 7} is used. After an object, the particle & or is used, And after an adverbial, the particle | or 01[2I] is used. (See also Unit 3, Particles) Ze] ABS yo}a, ole] ABA AS goja, subject sbject ‘subject. adverbial ‘object While the predicate of a Korean sentence always comeés at the very end of the sentence, the order of subjects, objects, and adverbials changes depending on the intention of the speaker. Regardless of their order in the sentence, however, the role of each of these parts can still be identified because of the particle attached to it. 14 ASS lelo] Boa. AS SABHA fete] gels. object + sublech + arts Object + adver + subject verb anapple Eric cats abook inthelibrary Eric reads In addition, when the subject can be clearly understood from the context, it can be omitted. A ozo] Fa? What is Etc daing? B (2°) ANS Fol a, (He is) eating an apple, A Ofc}ol] 71.2.2 Where do (you) go? B Sho] 7-2, {) goto schoo! 2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives One of the characteristics of Korean verbs and adjectives is that they both are conjugated according to tense, politeness level, passive and causative forms, and speech styles. Verbs and adjectives consist of a word stem and word ending, with their base forms comprised of the word stem plus Ch. This form js also called the ‘dictionary form. Accordingly, a dictionary search for such words will reveal their base forms, such as 7}C} (to go), SC} (to come), YC} (to eat), and IC} (to wear). When conjugated, the word stems of verbs and adjectives do not change; rather, Cf is replaced with the appropriate form depending on the speaker's intention. @ Verbs “ahah (owpeg 7KCH) + Hs LICH (present formal ending) ESC Zoe i fi ZA]UTH (a0/¢008) (referring to a superior/eides) word stem wordensing | {CH} + —Al- (honorific) + —#L|C} (present formal ending) oe ZEEE we 7KC}) + -8t- (past tense) + ELC (present formal ending) Introcction tothe Korean Language ® Adjectives SHUT lis 000) (CH) + BUCH (present formal ending) =o TOT SWGU A} twas gooe) word stom wordending (CH) +—8t+ (past tense) + LICH (present formal ending) (co be good) BAIA} (ooems be g (Ct) + —A- (guess) + -SUCt (formal ending) 3. Connecting Sentences There are two ways to connect sentences in Korean. One is by using conjunctive adveros (@.9., A2ID (and), “TBIX|Bt (but), “TEACI| (so/therefore)), and the other is by using conjunctiva endings. (a) And ao Gonjunctiva Advert Connection | “Hee) Be]. Le]an 91.8. itswinay: Andis cod. spate] Bat F9}8, ls windy and cold, I Conjunctive Ending Connection (2) But ae 2 Conjunctive Advert) Connection | 2 2h=eUct. Tle oekeHct. Kinch spi. Buti tastes good aaits Malet salah, Fa gis umun el Conjunctive Ending Connection (3) So/Therefore i" je] wae Conjunctive Adverb Connection | 2°] Sk, =LeHA] do] Bo) etsl2, {hssnowing. Therefor te Wai s hed Conjunctive Ending Connection | %=°] SHI del we) Hela, ls snowing, so the traffic is bad. When connecting two sentences with a conjunctive adverb, it is sufficient simply to place the conjunctive adverb between the two sentences. However, when using a conjunctive ending, the ending must be attached to the word stem of the predicate of the preceding sentence to connact the two sentences. () HRfO] ec} + ae + GIO > Hell Ba =e. (2) Gal} Ch + —AIBE + BteloIe — Gal7 Baler stQloi2. (3) =0/ 2c} + OF + Zo] Bo] 2tei2 — ted] Sta} Zo] Ho] oej2. 4. Sentence Types Korean has four main santence types: declarative, interrogative, imperative, and propositive Moreover, the sentence type is influenced by Korean speach styles, which can be divided into three main types: formal polite, informal polite, and informal plain. The formal polite style (A) ti LIC} is used most in formal or public situations, including the military, news reporting, presentations, meetings, and lectures. The informal polite style -O}/0] @ is the honorific form used most in dally life. Compared to the formal polite style, the informal polite style Is softer and less formal, and therefore it Is used mainly among family members, friends, and other close acquaintances. Furthermore, although the formal polite style has different forms for each of the four sentence types (declarative, inlerrogative, imperative, and propositive), the informal polite style uses the same form for all four types. Thus, sentence types in this style are determined by the situation and sentence intonation, For this reason, the informal polite style is less complicated than the formal polite style. As for the informal piain style —O}/0}, it 's mainly used among intimate friends, by superiors toward persons of lower-rank, and amiong family members. It is considered rude to use the informal plain style with somabody one does not know personally or with whom one is not very close. Here we examine the formal polite and informal polite styles only. (4) Declarative Sentence Declarative sentences are used when explaining something or responding to @ question. (See also Unit 1, Tenses 01 Present Tense) ® Formal Polite Style Declarative formal polite sentences are made by adding (4) t§ L{C} to the word stem. « ALS Sho] Ze, goto school. SAS WS SUC, tetas Introduction to the Koran Langu ® Informal Polite Style Declarative informal polite sentences are made by adding -Of/01 to the word stem: + AL Silo] 7-2, | goto school, + AS BS Bola, {eat bread. (2) Interrogative Sentences Interrogative sentences are used when asking @ question. (See also Unit 1. Tenses 01 Present Tense) ® Formal Polite Style Interrogative formal polite sentences are made by adding —(.) ti L477}? to the word stem. + Sparel] 74? Do you go to schoot? + Wee BW SU7? Do you eat bread? @ Informal Polite Style Interrogative informal polite sentences are made by adding —O}/0|2? to the word stem. Because they have the same form as declarative sentences, they are made interrogative by being spoken with 2 rising intonation at the end of the sentence (and also by adding a question mark to the written form). + Shiro] 7}22 Do you goto schoor? + WHS Do]a? Do you eet bread? (3) Imperative Sentences Imperative sentences are used when making a demand or giving advice. (See also Unit 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition 01 V-{2)AI&) @ Formal Polite Style imperative formal polite sentences are made by adding (2)4JA|@ to the word stem. + Salo] AAAl2. Plaase write in your notebook. NS YOAIQ, Piaase read the book, an ® Informal Polite Style Imperative informal polite sentences can be made by adding —O}/01 to the word stem, just like in the other sentence types described above. However, using —(2) MZ in place of —Of/ 018 is considered a more polite expression, and therefore —(©)A1|@ should be used, + Sao] 412, Please write in your notebook. + AS Bora, Please read the book. (4) Propositive Sentences Propositive sentences are used when making a suggestion or agrecing with someone alse’s ‘suggestion. (See also Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 03 V-(2)=A|chy @ Formal Polite Style Propositive formal polite sentences are made by adding -(©)t A|C} to the word stem. —(2) & AIC} can be used when the person being spoken to is younger or the same age as the ‘speaker. it cannot be used when speaking to a superior It is considered improper etiquette to use this expression toward a superior or elder. - vo At, Let's meet at 11 o'clock. + O7]O]A] BAS ABAICH, Lets eat inch hore. ® Informal Polite Style Propositive informal polite sentences ars made by adding —O}/0{2, just like in the other ‘sentence types described above. + 11A)o] shye, Lat's meet at 11 o'clock. + F7)}A] BAS YO]B, — Let's eat inch here, The preceeding sentence types are summarized below using the verb JIC (to go). eee Terr aI) uct, TEX. \. (1) go. (am going. | Declarative aur ee oe HAS. | Hc Propositive FYB. — Let's go. The subject is omitted anc understood by the situation or context, Introduction to'the Korean Language 19 5. Honorific Expressions Due to the influenca of Confucian thought on Korean society, it is common for Korean speakers to use both honorific and humble forms of speech in conversation according to age, fernily relationships, social status, and social distanoe (degree of intimacy). (4) Honoring the Subject of the Sentence Honorifics are used when the subject of a sentence is @ person older than the speaker, a senior member of one’s family, or a person of higher social rank. To honor the subject, —(©)A| is added to the stems of adjectives and verbs. For verb stems ending in a vowel, —A] is added, and for those ending in a consonant, —QA| is added. (to go) Jee + -AK + —e LIC} — J7HILICE Jt + Ab + 2 — JIS. J+ -AL + -QYO1e > FEROS Jt + -A- + 4{Q)2 Aol2 > 7H Ao EEG (to read) + OAR + —eLICt — SSALict oH + -SAb + -018 + Hous @ + -SAP + -SOi2 > HoMoia + -OAR + +-(2)= AAole > geal 7ole + APPA SEES 7-EZ]AIU CH, Tho teacher teaches Korean, + ofA Haol] 2Alo|] 74018, My fathor went to Busan ast year (2) Honoring the Listener Honorifios are used when the listener is older or of higher social status than the speaker and also when the speaker and listener are not acquainted with each other, regardless of age. Final ‘endings are used to express the degree of respect, and they can be formed from each of the formal polite, informal polite, and informal plain styles. (See also Korean Sentence Structure 4. Sentence Types) SSPE AWAY ZEA RSILICE (formal polite style) ESPEAA ZAeHS, {informal polite style) EA DOr, {informal plain style) (3) Other Honorifics ® The honorific forms of some verbs are not expressed by adding —(©)Al to the verb stem but rather by using a different verb form altogether. Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form ICE (co seep) AIC AC (odio) sop Hic Bc wspeak) | RAI | AIC Wouke BMC “Bichon — | RRAICHEAICE | BIC (ro cuit AIC OAICE (to drink) SAICt RICH (10 have) SSAC + ofp) alal] at AAA. + uel AzF gleaa? Mother is not home right now. Do you have time tornonrow? ®@ Some nouns have honorific counterparts. Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form UO | (age) ‘AM AO (birthday) el [ wowort) | et Bithous) | a | 'Z (meal/food) al 01 (name) ae Att (person), = ‘Ob (wife) el + Bopya), aa) apa, + Bobs eau? Grandpa, please have some dinner. How is your wite? Introduction to the Korean Language @ Honorific particles can be used after nouns incicating people. OV7t= AA Se AGS OlAAGSTEN) — > Al + FAO] ATOZ AES SUC, — yyeungerating give a present toa tend + Vena] aol AS HUE, Grandpa gives a present to atiend. + AL |S Soleo, Vike rates BOUAAE B71S SOSA, canciatnes etrawberia. ® Nouns designating persons can be made honorific by adding the sutfix —'e. Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form M8 (cacher se Z4 (professo) oe AYES (president) Aveta EAL (doctor) SpA! SAF (pastor), SAte BB (director) ae Ala] ARPS Peo] doch. Our company president is a generous person. Spd, 7128) 24 ah Pastor, thank you for your prayer. ® Respect can be expressed toward the listener or target of an action by using the following words. Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form | SBECE (0 speak) waealc} SCF (co ask) gsc EL} (to give) Ee\c} | PEVBRLICE (co meer) act | + ofefa)a] we el7-A? Shall we'soeak with Daa? + Bops}z|a o] AS SAA, —Piesws aive thie oook te Grandpa. © The speaker can also show respect toward the listener by lowering his or her own, ‘status. LEA 22] > S| our Bt BA Words + AB AAAS Solos, Lalo hoard that news. + Aa] Aol eel Se] aya, Please stop by our house sometime. + BARA, BREESS] Zo] QS YCH cnt.) nave something tt you, (4) Things to Remember when Using Honorifics ® In Korean it is common to address others by repeatedly using their name-or title rather than pronouns such as &f4! (you), 4 (you), 2 (he/him), “14 (she/her), and “2 (they/ them) “9a a, ofa BIA AS AS este a? ME v7 Ast AS ax) BAH x) aighoi a, eh 251 aly} aise wate] aby BAS.” Dx) Sue(x) “Yoko, did you see Jagjun at work yesterday? Jaejun (He) was looking for Yako (you), 80 Yoko (you) need to.give Jaejun (him) a cai ‘IA! is @ mutual title of address used mainly between husband and wife, and therefore it is not lised to address anyone other than one's spouse, Similarly, LY is a mutual title used only among close friends. + of, o}7} Alo] URE] ABHHO|A? ooaaé you csi mer + YE 2S Fa? What ara you going to do tociay? ‘introduction to the Korean Ler ® Special expressions such as 8/0] 0/271] S|? (What is your name?) and SAl7+ 01891] SIA2? (How old are you?) are used when asking the name or age of someone you don't know or when the person you are asking is older or has @ higher social status than you. + SoH), BRO] Of] |VWA? (0) siriedersp, may i ask your arma? Boral, Se] Ada? (x) + ABA AAI OTA] SAB? (©) — Mt President of a company), may | ask your age? APH 4°]7F B Ao]? (x) ® In most cases, the word 4f is not used to refer to the age of someone older than the speaker, > FEL A), BOP|A] GANZ} OFS] SPB? carol, ow olds your granatather? 23] YE copa, (0) Hat be 28 years ol ti yor 23] UEcpa Arelaa, (x) a @ The two honorific forms of 43Ch are [2ICf and ZEA|Cf, ‘When the giver is younger than the receiver, then =2|C} is used, but when the actor is older than the recipient of the action, EA|C} is used. + US AES ofp] U7] ERola, fomenpeent i wen, + Of AM LOA AES 401.2, vom aneapesenttome + UK: Eola] ABS ZQ0]8, | gave a presant to my litle brother/siter. little sister/brother Getting Ready @ OICt (to be) @ 2Ct (to exist/be, to have) @® Numbers @® Dates and Days of the Week @ Time A BAYA? = Hel?) What's this? 8 O}z}gueh, (= SIA}.2.) its a chai. A gt ANgh 7? (© EF Apso |oq,22) Is she Korean? B ul, es Aaa ey, ( Yes, she's Korean. ais Abt O]L.) A olc|ahu7? (= olea}29) What country Is this? B epaueh, (= Bole] a.) its Koree. Grammar Focus eS Saxenees OIC} attaches to the end of a noun to make it the predicate of the sentence. O|C} is used to express that the subject and predicate are the same thing. O|C} can also be used to specify something. The formal descriptive form is Q{LICf, and its interrogative form is QLZ? The carresponding informal forms, Ol[$2/0]0||, are the same for both the descriptive and interrogative forms, with the interrogative form rising in intonation as it is pronounced: O112?/0|01S2? When the preceding noun ends in @ vowel, O[$ is used, and when the noun ends in a consonant, O|O{L@ is used. The negative form of O|Cf is OFLICH. (See atso Unit 2. Negative Expressions 01 Word Negation) Reman ar ole. - ojos. | euuict | Alalolle. atoloIe. almieiuict, : atareicict, | UHlaIe. ABoi2. LBIQIUICE : SHILICH Ho{Loll2, Sy Yolo. OIL IRILICH, : ShaveILIct, In Conversation A Pld? 8 7heduet. spy? sl, Bhaaue. satan? aaa, HRS] o}cjoja? ALoloI9, qos Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using Ojch. = wo > o > oP « qq AAA 6 4), AlA__ v9 ate B EZh ATK BY, 7 A FIA? eA” ‘8 What is this? 8 Itsabag ‘A Are you'a student? 8 Yes, I'ma student A Whos that? 8 That's my trend. ‘A Where is your hometown? B Seoul, Getting Reacy 27 Mt At Heil QLe12., @ (= 77 Slat Hell skeet.) “There's a dog on the chair. $2) lo] Ao} glo}a, #2) Ao] A121 deuyeh.) Our house is in'Sinchon, Ua alt dela. a4 a7} DEUEL) | have 2 boyfriend. 1 ICH expresses the existence or location of something and means ‘to be located in/on’ in English. Although SAC is typically used in the form of ‘NO|/7} Niplace)Ol] RACH’, the order of the subject and piace in the sentence can be changed with no change in meaning: ‘Niplace)0l NO|/7} 2iCh." The opposite of 2IC} is Q{C}. When ‘NOl] SIC expresses a place, the following location nouns can be used. St. Fl A, ObeH (= B), (SES, SR), 7HSaI|, AtOl, Ot Bt aaa 9 @ ASS OfaN (= AHA BD) oe a @ tet on top of the desk under the desk in front of the desk behind the desk eae eag ae Dae QBs B Aol beside thedesk left ofthe desk right of the desk Intbetween oa EE ome @u4t ‘on the desk inside the house ‘outside the house © AS Poll ZHFE7} S101, The compitter is on the desk. D AS Ofall (= Ast Voll) A571 VOB. The shoes are under the desk. @ 24s gol] SixP} Qloig, ‘The chair is in front of the desk, @ AS +0 AO] Qoie. ‘The bookshelf is behing the desk. © AY Holl S45} LZ0|7} VOB —The plant and coat hanger are beside the desk. © HA Bio) St0| Voie. The plant is to the left of the desk. @ AY SESol RAO} Voi2, ‘The coat hanger is to the right of the desk. ® SHES} LAO! AtO|oll HA}0| QIO}2. The deskis between the plant and the coat hanger. © AY THEcHol 2240) ois. ‘The teddy bear is on the desk. @ F Sol Borni7? Qoie The dog is inside the house. @ & Sol) Detol7} yore. ‘The cat is outside the house, u GAC is also used in the form ‘NO|/7} IC} to express possession, meaning ‘to have! in English. ‘The opposite of SICH is BEF (See also Unit 2. Negative Expressions 01 Word Negation) > Une eh7} Sols. SAO] gol a. | have an older sister | don’t have 3 younger sibling, + ARIA7} Sola, APE BoA, | have a bicycle, | don't havea ear Gaiting Ready 29 in Conversation A Ao] ofrjol] Qo.a? ‘A Whereis the book? B 7he eel] Qo48., 8 Hein my bag. A SO] o]rjol] glo]? A Wher isthe bank? B Bw Bo] gloja. B It's next to the school. A BF AP} Qe] a? ‘4 Do you have any Korean triands? BU, TF AAV U2. 8B Yes, | have Korean friends. A AFT VIR? A Do you have a computer? Bu], Yrs, 1B Yes, Ihave one, gaa Describe this room. Look at the picture and write the appropriate word in each blank as shown in the example. a gaya | B99) Wola, ay YF of Ae 7} 9104.2. @ —__ 4 Bo] 799] Hela. (a) 79 of He] deja. 3) ASO] 7H of 2204.2. (6) OVE a7} SE FoF 9104.2. 30 03 Sino-Korean Numbers @ o |i 2] a)@lelel7 |e] s] | ewa|au|o|#|a4|e2| es = | | a | [1 | | | |b | | | | 2 | t00 | aw jo | ae aw | ss se) ae | gs ae) 4 1,000 | 10,000 | 100,000) 1,000,000 ao] a | der | ae Grammar Focus ‘There are two ways to express numbers in Korean. One is by using Sino-Korean numbers, and the ‘other is by using native Korean numbers. Sino-Korean numbers are used to express such things as telephone numbers, bus route numbers, height, weight, address numbers, years, months, minutes, seconds, and prices. é Soe Agta fol) goats asda ‘B28 Meloe Ave ele aet ClO is otal ous S ‘Aimaol Beee a Oa Getting Ready <> : © in Korean, large nambers are read based on units of ten thousand (28) instead of thousands (#4), ‘Thus, 354,790 is interpreted as 35,4970 and read as 350-4970 (— AWOU? APR AR EIY), Similarly, 6,354,790 is interpreted 2s 635,4790 and read as 6352? 4790 (+ RUA! APPRHELA, + 26354790 —- 2635/4790 O/B Seas! ASHE) @ When a number larger than 1 begins with 1, the initial 1 (2) is not pronounced. yt (aad) 140: BH (anise) 110: SUM (RNAL A 14.1105 Bh Bla! (me ot eHNeX) @ 16,26, 36 ~ 96 are pronounced [Als] [0 alse] [stoi] .. EELS @ ‘0'is pronounced as either Z ot &. When appearing in telephone numbers, Z is used. + 6508-€254 -- ROBMOlfol] BoA} + 010-a7es-a274 —- Swe AlawAleitol] 2OreAt @ There are two ways to read telephone numbers. * 7808-3577 — SBA loll] SOAS + Slate Solfo] aaoulsee et “In this case 9| is pronounced [oj], not [211 a ooeeO———— SB In Conversation A APO] BL F047 ‘A What floor is the office on? B Osola, GF) B The ath floor, A ASPHS7} Fe.2? ‘A What's your phone number? B O19-8729-9509eI).2, 8 Wes 019-6708-850, (BAF BAloF4| el] HLSW A RW SAS en? ‘8 What bus co you taker? B 705% BAS EEA, (Bue) B | take buis number 705. A Zo] Supai} a? 1 How much is the book? B 25,000¢0]>.2,, (o/zte Al) 8B It's 25,000 won, gua Write the following numbers in Korean as shown ih the example. AAAS MA? 8 2734-36980|>].2, (ORLA! ASS 7B)O]o} 2. aya Reals} Ye? 8 u), 3°12, 010-738-35094]8., ( dee, 4 BPA Be aeaalke)olo).22 34212 Del (kg)0] oj] 2. ( AE Tatke)°lo 2. aya Ft SALE] O]4 (em) e122 ITSALE}H|E|(cmn)el| 2, o o ( YALE} H(cm)a 2, 1a A Aln}7} SAn}.e? 8 62,0082] >I.2, ( Jalejols., Native Korean Numbers @ 1) 2 3 | 4 ce en oe ee Ww | 20 30 | 40 aU Bh SES) ME ADU) cMt | OK! | a | os | om | oe 50 a Getting Ready PE vs alenpncs BP ema Grammar Focus Native Korean numbers are used to express time and units. They are generally used along with unit nouns that express the appropriate unit when counting things or people. Examples of unit nouns include &, Of], 7H, 4h 2, and Zt in these cases, the Korean numbers that precede these nouns are written in slighty different forms: StL} becomes St (S}48 St 4), = becomes = (7H F Ofe)), All becomes Ml] (HAH Ai] ZH). 4! becomes UY] (Bet i] ), and AS becomes AS (Aap AP 7H), ete. aie =H at BN aH | cr! + 7H | 4st aS + 7H | fs] + 2H OWS + 74 we ae + 7H AB +7 ASS aH Age +71 $74 = al “uh ch 2H O14 78 ‘De 7H ot 78 Ob 7H aH oe | ws a od a ¥ Es g- 4 i ee | 2. 93 fe | sod | & ea |= 3 Me ae | Mola 48 MH Aa 4 ug ule ye us 5 ie oes | cao | ote te cH 6 Owe 8 oO | Om oR | OMe | OK a! ON 7 was | wae | dao | dae wat dae 8 oe ose | oso | ome ola | ole 9 ofe | oe | oma | OM | OA | Oe 0 2 ge eo aH ox) a8 1) mete | ogee | ato) | germ mit} ter 2 aSe ase apoe | ape AR | Aga 2? 23 ae go |e 374 se A 70] Bolol.n.? 8 $2] 72 ¥ BlolalA, & SHol w Abolo}.9.? BES Aga solo, TRL AG Alolol.a, A O}7| ABP ALA, Bebe gy Fag, BY. BE ag Bench, A How many family members do you have? 8 We area family of four. 4 How old are your younger siblings? 8 My younger brother js 23, and my younger sister is 20. A Please give me (ll take/buy) these three apples and ‘one coke, B Okay, your total is 5,600 won. Getting Ready 3 OF APES, oa} m4 gol, (a) ANE S012, 2) Dele) ao} . Bare} @ 247} __ 7H, ABE 4) Set Ret, 6) Hel qelk. Fl $9) Hola. os. 201014 54 7Y S2q 3 41? (What Year?) 201014: OMA 4, 19984: AHMET 1864s: AHS AL bt SG? (What Month?) vm | 22) oa | cm | om | om | 7a | ca | om | tom | ta) ron a2 | olf #2 A | SB) Se | ae) Be | Pe | Ae Nee woe D122 (What Day?) SEE EE Eas wa og aa vw se | su) ae) ae tat | tae | ton | 1a | isa | ten | va | 180 | uae | Aleta! | slotal | safe! | Aujal | aioe! saiel | satel wa | Mota) leet ale) alse atl 21 wise O}BIEL | O|guofel | Ojgsarel | O}SLAraE ojiom | RH oWwee lola ice 32 22!? (What Day of the Week?) a a Ei = g use ase sige -2au $23 zou | 2a | eae) | 25a) | 26m | 27a | cai #2 | ea) 7a | ae | 192! | 202) Pel | olla! | zou | soe | sig OTe tel | deel In Conversation | A 25°) 442)0|9].2.7 ‘A What's today's date? B 58 5A(CH SB)olojn, 5 its May. A 20] GA Qo a? ‘A What day of the week is today? B s2.aelo]A., 8 its Tuesday. A A] ABBR? 'A When did you get mamied? B 2001] 8 Ao] 2ERel A, 18 We got martied in 2001. @ The Korean words for June and October are read and written es $% and Al, respectively, not $3 and 18h @ When asking ‘what year, @ is used, and when asking ‘what month, & B!isused, However, when asking ‘what day, 0} is used in place of 32. = 2330] S12IO|OH27 (x<)— S350] M-IOIOL? (0) What is today's date? oma Look at each picture and write the appropriate dates in Korean. 1994,3,25,(@) : AFMPAME LEMOS BAe) 19e7.t1.15(@)s ae 2013,10.10,(8) : a O0O0O° aay #4) Mi) wal CHE Al fs! Al a 4) fst Al of Al enoe ea dee ae a L salou BA) Sale AAS SAI AO aes Seas Grammar Focus in Korean, hours are read! using native Korean numbers while minutes are read using Sino-Korean numbers. When referring to a time when an action takes place, the particle Ol] is attached to the end of the time noun, Although the literal meanings of 224 and 2% are ‘before noon’ and ‘after noon’, respectively, in Korean 271 is typically used to mean the morning hours while 2% is used to mean the afternoon hours, Furthermore, time can also be subdivided into smaller units, including AWE (daybreak), OHS) (morning), ZAI (noon, lunchtime}, AY (evening), and f (night). In Conversation © A Ad BAA? 4 Wat timo iit pow? B 2A eke A] A] Bo]ei]2, @10A.M,) w se:0 nthe moming. A Ae Alea? ‘8 What time ist row? BEA) Ae doje, 8 Wston mhutastotive, tts 150) © A) 24) 9] 61.2.) (1:50) > BL Alo] Aol? AA What time do you wake un? ong) aap }a] ah qua Look at the pictures and write the appropriate time in the blanks. o U2. (7:00) BB I Welke up at 7:00 in the morning. m Wey itoyst3) @ Present Tense A/V—(A)HLIC} @ Present Tense A/V-O}/12 @ Past Tense A/V-2/%A2 @ Future Tense V-(2)= Aole @ @ Progressive Tense V-Z Qic} @ © Past Perfect Tense A/V—9t/UMHL ghey}? Good evening oA) $2, This is the 9 o'clock news. cS] Ae SU? Do you have any questions? A NAS Of Ba] A247? |What's your opinion of this? 8 Seuch, | think it's good, Grammar Focus ‘The present tense of the formal polite style in Korean is made by adding —(A)eLicp It is used mainly in formal or public situations such as in the military, news broadcasts, presentations, mestings, ick apy THMEE — BLIGH ects Tec oO | UAH? — BUM? dntertogatvey il StH |g HUE = SLICE ectrae) (enn HLIM? — SLIM? drterogatve SLICE — SSLICE aceratve BUI? — LI? artorooay BUCH = PESLICE Wecierative) BE euine — abesUla? enterogatie) Declarative _|_Interrogative atic | une [ Ends in Vowel Ls Ser ea ee + Si LIEP Olct uct Bua? LA? ofc} OfRJLIc} | ORAL 7H? “2Sc BPS LICt eet? ich SISUct Bane Ends ih Consonant =I} RSLch SLD? + -@LIcr sume eee eee ick gteuct Baur? * Irregular form && A Salo] zh? ‘Are you going tw school? B Yl, Sato} Zh]c}, B Yes, im going to schoo. A OS Bez}? ‘8 Do you eat breakfast? Bl, euch Yes, leat breakfast. A LSS T47? ‘A Do you exercise? BY], fee Bc}, 1 Yes, | exercise. 1. Terses SO qos Look at the pictures and fill in the blenks as shown in the example. ») a3 BU? 5 Sauer, = w Q) aw au? 4) f j fete) 9 A siglo a? ae Doss it taste good? B ul, stge1a. Yes, it tastes good. A ojclol] 7-2? Where are you going? B Sno] 7-2, I'm going to school. Asa, AA 7. Hove you, Carel Grammar Focus The informal polite style is the honorific form used most in daily fe. Compared to the formal polite style, this style is softer and less formal and is therefore used mainly among family members, friends, and other close acquaintances. The declarative and interrogative forms of the informal polite style are the same. The declarative form is therefore made by ending the sentence in a falling tone while the interrogative form is made by ending the sentence in a rising tone. OF is used when the word stem ends inf or -L @—OER is added when the word stem ends ina consonant. BC} + OR — BOL — wir} — Wola, alc} — sols. @ If the word stem ends in the vowel |, one f is deleted. JH +@R— 72 AIC — zIs, SILC} gL, Buch — Bie @ If the word stem ends in a vowel, the following contraction can also occur. SFO HB (2+ +A Me) sche te Teases O12 is used when the word stem ends in a vowel other than + or L. (01 is added when the word stem ends in a consonant. SE} + O12 — Boise FIC} — Boje, gic Yoie @)|f the word stem ends inthe vowel H. 4, or 4, the 0} of -C1S2 is deleted. Saucy +Qp— sue ICE IS, ME} AI, AAC} FAS @if the word stem ends in the vowel +r, +r and the Of of O12 combine to form wl. MISC + O12 HAS (HS + 1 — HHS) Act — ale, aC} — BRS @ When the word stem ends in the vowel |, | and the O{ of C12 combine toform 4. OIC} + O12— OH ¥e (OFA) + 42 — o}Aie) ICIS — 7/CeAS. GIOIXICE —~ Shoji When the predicate ends in SICK. it is changed to aii. (Originally, O12 was added to St to form S101, but SIC12 Is now shortened to S12.) | weit — gee BHSlct — SHAS, MSc} — ASR, Ofsfsic} — Haale, Sleic} —- Behe ‘The vert OIC changes to Oils2/O|O1lS2, with O12. used when the preceding word ends in a vowel and 0|0(IS2 used when the word ends in a consonant. @ When the noun ends ina vowel: S/AFOIS (S|A} + Oil) | ASBIOIC} — A}aHOLS, O1D}L{O[C} — o{n{Los | @ When the noun ends ina consonant: S|A}#0/O112 (S|AH2 + O|0/,2) MAOIC— SOILS, HAYHOIct + Heseoonse | Base Form — -0}@ O12 Base Form | a2 | ett toe wr | Hoe wsch ek ach oie mie mug -Matsich | Ristale re ee ee (tue eis wert | wel st | aise et ale olAich og = atfelc} = Sa. aia | Zee | Rig | SRoia Consonant Ending | 0101 — Sslojol=2 Alo =—- Hoole ” 46 In Conversation A 212 3] a2? 8 Salala, AB Alo AALS Bola? 2 BE Lj] Bae Bola, A 21D we Zao] Ral.a? A What is Mia's job? a eyo} |2. 2 Hos ateacher A What are you doing now? B I'm doing homework. ‘A What time do you eat lunch? B | normally eat lunch at one o'clock. @ In Korean, the present tense forms include not only the present tense but also the present progressive fense and a future tense in which itis clear that a future event will occur. + Present — sit tsa) CHIVIEVOHS. | 90 to college. + Progressive — Ait Fil BRE BUCVEG. 1am sundin now + Near Future xii Lig! Stm0f 21c}/7}2. 1 witgo 0 school omorave @ The present tense is also used to express general truths and to describe things that occur regularly. + RIFE BIE 1S BOLD The Ean rotates around the sun + AE O}BIOKCH e171 AIS, run every morning, 1. Tenses gous 1 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example. = Oi 7 ee A SIRIOIQ? = 8 4, SIRI, ert a Lae i) @ p= ew - v5 @> t — . te a) Er) 6) (a) A ? A 2, + ope 8 (ta) 2) 2 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example. A ¥] 829 a APS Aue, - Gey) - (meh) ™ bs a) (2) | fee 5 fy sta? oY, dae 2s a. (ZsI8}e}), @) e S aaae 2 ay,waS 2 eich 5) (6) Ay An? 9 8 a) ‘omren | otaclusted trom collage in Februaty 2 Apo] BEM}. We got married last year. ac, Grammar Focus 19814 32 Slo] Mlo}sto}.a, (The baby) was born on March 6, 1981. 2004 229] HSS SAMA, 004, Aa, wy ‘The past tense form of adjectives and verbs is formed by adding —t/Z to their werd stems. When the word stem ends in the vowel f or -L, —2t0{@ is added, and when it ends in any other vowel, {0/2 is added. For verbs and adjectives ending in SEC}, —MOA is added to form SH+-RAL, which is then shortened to 310]. In the case of the formal polite style, -Ot/SSLICH and #SLICH ere.used. Remsen TUN) Meee ate a Se aile a pie j | Word Ends in dict SICH + MOIR — Vgto12 | ACh + -Mols — BHeIo}2 BSsic}— BRHOI Baseform -201@2 Base Form | -S10I@ | Base Form | #012. Sct Hole act asia | aasict | aRoie eich ito = “akc t gine glateict | elatntoia ect eatoia sit | gigi | essich | Sexoie 1. Tenses ec ugoie | ect exoja | galsic} | geqoie wet aoe | “ect FHL Sxstct Sige ‘Sey gaol «= HECL | MBIA «el! «= ANeIHOIR r Vowel Ending -so2 | —-ziBAgiOIe | Consonant Ending 0121012 | aHwoIgOLS ae | Vowelending 7+ otLIRIoia ZBAPHOWIZOR Consonant Ending | 0] of. (stoi ago) obLIgiole * |rregular form : In Conversation v9: A oi) ¥] Hola? 1k What did you do yesterday? BePR1R, 8 | studied. A EN] YRS Bojan? A Didi You see @ movie on Saturciay? B YL, MOLe, aIojggeia. A:Nesiliaecemotia, everest, A Ho] B] Bon? ‘What lid you do over the wookond? BS SUA, B | listened to music. ‘While the past tense ofc} can be written either as #1 or HOS, and the past tense of iC} can be written either as #2t0|2 or R018, the past tense of SC} is written only as BO12, not Qo, + $0) +2018 — FHAI@ (0) BOIS (0) + BHF -gi0i@ — mai01@ (0) #012 (0) 25-2012 — Bo1e (0) Sgo1s (x) | What did Carol do this week? Refer to the calendar and choose the appropriate word from below to fiir each blank using -21/2112. 21 ech UATE OESIch che} Meet Ake} gc} 12978: (wy AS a @ dae 3) a7} +129 8a: HEH Os (6) RET SEE (UGE Bale] zbo1e, +122) 10%; @ ae | +1281 1121: (a +129 12%: 00) SS (11) SSP} 4. Tenses 2A Fol] AS AE Ao, i Ti buy a car two years from now. Filo] HAS & Ag. Pi go fishing this weekend, Beh] Sal J Aa, 1 visit China during my vacation. Grammar Focus ‘This pattern is used to express a future plan or intention and means the same as ‘will’ or 1s going to’ in English. It is formed by adding (2) = 740i to the stems of verbs. 2 740I|@ is used when the verb stem ends in = or a vowel, and — 740i[$2 is used when the verb stem ends in a consoriant. A +2 Aga — 2 012 Ac} + -S AL — YS Ao BaseForm =| —= AOL BaseForm =| BHO sac 7402 act | gz | ath @70l2 et | eli gic} |e Yon. asc were | Brot | apa ole "act sere | “Scr eA “se #2 Aaa | ‘Bhect Bs Aaa “Sct Ss 701g | * Irregular form 62 A Qa] a1aFo] Sort lq? ‘4 When will you return to your homatawn? B Ue] Sort Aaja, B Hhretum next year: A Sao] 4 St AeA? ‘4 What will you do over the weekend? B 48712 & Zia. 8 (ride my bike. oss The following calendar 'is from Wang Jing's daily planner. What will Wang Jing do this week? Choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using -(2)= PioNs., 2 ee ee LSS 52 AMR, YAS 52 59) “o}ee|Lole.a, ej] yal stazo}) et 7} HMDS SHAE (1) - RASA AsHsot Zo} gC AAIES Gy, So BEFOY ANS 9} Qo} 2, Te]4 ==8.-Glof] Stat A} eo AY (4) . wade We 4 3} QAR, Fels 2713 6) Ae] eyo] tee S o_ - BAIS AoA} ‘Tenses SS a Al7} Alt 2S Sat goa, Dane is listening to music now. RL a7} Alt lel 72 ora, Minu is going home now. ofA 27} Mee] ARH] AB Ro, Alu] ASE] Ale APE B1gho} 2, ‘Yestertay, a friend called Wesley on the phone. Wesizy was sleeping at that time. Grammar Focus This pattern expresses the progression or continuation of an action and is the equivalent of ‘-ing’ in English. It is formed by adding —72 QIC} to the stems of verbs. To express the continuation of an ‘action that occurred sometime in the past, —31 12AC Fis used. Ji + i UEP Zhen tet Sehr UMC — Bit Back _ BaseFormm | a O@—BaseFom = OL Aft | Aja Moi? ac BD UR ach 22 yol2 etch pig go BACH BILE QlOj2 ‘etct dea wee 2c} | em go12 E¥sict Bean goo In Conversation A Baa, A) a Alte] el 72. ‘A Wang Jing, iet's go to the market together. 22) B U/ea]2, AF AA]S SESt QlO|R, a rmsorry. ut!" doing my homewark right now. A oH o}m} Mahe et eisto| a? A Why didn't you answer the phone a while-ago? B APSSED ao}.2, 8 Iwas taking a shower. A Ale o]eol|4| Abt Qo]? A Witiere ere you living naw? B AS] 251 Yo}.2, f ['milving in Seoul “To express that an action simply occurred in the past, the simple past form R401 is used. 4 On| MISO}? What dd you do yesterday? 8 OA S1at gustois. (x) — SlOAl SI2F01S (0) relaxed at homme, wom Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example. ea aA a aia? ~ 9 WMorteS aT QQ, (oh ie) a Ale 7 ae? Bo 5 steat Aa ot = 2? Boa, aS och, A Res MH iL? cg (alate) (esos weC) BlsroH AAs, have been to the U.S, {went ta, ang have already retumed from, the U.S.) SHA ANAL, 1 (have) lived iin China. (con't We in China now) of2)7} SERRA, My father was overweight: (He's not overwetant now) Grammar Focus ame ‘This pattern is used to express something or a situation that occurred in the past but did not continue or something separate from the present because it occurred much earlier than when the speaker is describing it. It approximates to ‘did/had (in the past)’ in English. It is formed by adding UROL to the stems of verbs and adjectives with stems ending in the vowel f or -L, Otherwise, —QIQL012 is acided. For verbs ending in SIC}, BAH is acided. HO + -MROAQ— ARMAS ACh + -AMAQ—- AUAAR SSHSICl — SHRMOiL | BaseForm | -2i/3igioig Base Form URAL, 2h | 2igioie eich augiztois ANE ARH ANCE AAHL | wkect “wBISiOI® uct wazoi2 act | ainisiie | sEEgOIR waict | wisi eerie ce "ec smu [caisson * Irregular form, In Conversatio in Convi nm Q A SHS et Wa? ‘A You don't smoke? B AS PHS FIMMoa, B I smoked last year, But don't smoke now, Aga|et AS tt was, A QF H}r}o] Ako] gloja. ‘A There's nobody at the seaside these days. B Soe ARTS] estate] a. There were many people there) in the summer. A Hel ¥] Bora? ‘8 What did you do over the weekend? B Re AEo] AWeYol2, B I went to Lotte World, tt was really interesting oe ain astola. Expresses that something simply occurred Expresses a past occurrence that does not in the past or that an actios or situation that continue to the present, ended in the past has remained that way. + GH Me

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