Homework on Educational Psychology

Nweke Chisom Lynda

20th May, 2024

1a. Discuss Transfer of Learning

Transfer of learning refers to the application of knowledge, skills, or concepts learned in one
context to another context.

1b. Use any three theories of transfer of learning to show how it can be improved

1. Identical Elements Theory: This theory, proposed by Thorndike, suggests that transfer is
most likely to occur when the learning and transfer contexts are similar. For instance, if a
student learns how to solve math problems using a specific method and then applies that
method to similar problems in physics, transfer is more likely to occur. Rather than
transferring the concept to a subject like English or Civic.

2. Generalization Theory: This theory, proposed by Dewey, emphasizes the role of abstract
principles and understanding in transfer. According to this view, learning is most effective
when it involves understanding underlying concepts rather than memorization of specific
facts. For example, understanding the concept of characteristics of living things enables a
student to identify and living things he or she sees.

3. Near Transfer vs. Far Transfer: This theory considers the distance between the original
learning context and the transfer context. Near transfer occurs when knowledge or skills are
applied in a context that closely resembles the original learning context, while far transfer
involves applying knowledge or skills in a context that is more distant or new. For instance,
solving mathematical equations in mathematics class (near transfer) versus applying problem-
solving skills learned in mathematics to real-life situations (far transfer).

To improve transfer of learning, educators can:

a. Highlight conceptual understanding rather than memorization to facilitate transfer across

contexts.

b. Expose learners to diverse situations and applications of knowledge to promote both near
and far transfer.

c. Provide gradual support and opportunities for practice in different contexts to help learners
generalize their knowledge and skills.

d. Offer timely and constructive feedback to help learners recognize connections between
their prior learning and new contexts, facilitating transfer.
2a. Discuss memory using three stages

Memory comprises three main stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding involves
converting sensory information into a form that can be stored in memory. Storage entails
maintaining encoded information over time, hopefully for future retrieval. Retrieval is the
process of accessing stored information when needed.

2b. What is the relationship between memory, remembering and forgetting?

Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information. Remembering refers to

successfully recalling stored information, while forgetting is the failure to retrieve or retain
information. The relationship lies in the interplay between these processes, if a child has a
good memory, he or she can remember. But if a child has a weak memory, he or she will find
it difficult remembering and that is where forgetting comes to play.

2c. How do you help a child not to forget what he has learnt?

To help a child retain what they've learned:

1. Encourage methods like repetition, summarizing, and practice testing to strengthen

learning.
2. Relate new information to what the child already knows, helping to mix it with their
existing knowledge framework.
3. Connect learning to real-life situations or personal experiences to make it more
meaningful and memorable.
4. Have regular review sessions or practice activities to reinforce learning and prevent
forgetting.