Substations and Electrical Installations

B3 Substations
and electrical installations
Concepts for on-site HV

testing of GIS after installation,
extension, retrofit or repair
TECHNICAL BROCHURES
December 2023 - Reference 920
TECHNICAL BROCHURE
Concepts for on-site HV testing of

GIS after installation, extension,
retrofit or repair
WG B3.50
Members
M. REUTER, Convenor DE D. DORGAN, Secretary IE

A. M. AHLI AE A. LAUBI AU
D. BENSBERG (2018-2022) CH J. LI CN
E. EVERTZ NL S. NEUHOLD CH
K. GAO CN C. SCHENK CH
C. GINTING ID R. VOSSE NL
H. KOETZ (2023) CH C. P. WOLF DE
S. LABERGE CA
Corresponding Members
M. BECK DE A. CANHOTO PT
G. BECKER US T. SAIDA JP
Copyright © 2023
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WG XX.XXpany network provided access is restricted to their own employees. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or utilized without permission from CIGRE”.
Disclaimer notice
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responsibility, as to the accuracy or exhaustiveness of the information. All implied warranties and
conditions are excluded to the maximum extent permitted by law”.
ISBN : 978-2-85873-625-6
TB 920 - Concepts for on-site HV testing of GIS after installation, extension, retrofit or repair
Executive Summary
This technical brochure summarises the work carried out between 2018 and 2023 by members of
international Working Group B3.50 of CIGRE Study Committee B3 representing users, original
equipment manufacturer (OEM), academia, and (independent) third party testing institutes
(consultants).
It is the consensus among the members of this Working Group that performing on-site high voltage
(HV) testing after installation, repair or extension of any gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) constitutes a
technically important and valuable step within the applied quality control procedures of both user and
OEM to ensure a higher reliability of the GIS for its operational life. It requires specialist knowledge
and is often considered as one of the last invasive activities on every GIS compartment.
On-site HV testing of GIS is an area where users and other stakeholders may have limited experience.
Typically, only utilities with a large fleet of GIS installations have the necessary exposure to on-site HV
testing to maintain the required know-how and experience in this specialised area. Therefore, a
structured outline of on-site HV testing of GIS is presented in this brochure.
It emphasises the importance of considering the relevant aspects of on-site HV testing early in the GIS
design process of the OEM and user, which is of benefit for the performance of the GIS over its
lifetime.
Some of these aspects, e.g. space requirements and testing power of HV test sets, kind of HV
injection, the injection point into the GIS and more, exhibit various levels of importance concerning
commissioning, repair, or extension of a GIS. Potential failure damage to GIS installations and service
personnel in the future can be significantly reduced where on-site HV testing is performed instead of
alternative test methods by means of service voltages from the power grid.
After the introduction of the different (inter)national standard requirements applied worldwide with
focus on test voltage levels, test durations, specifications for repetition procedures after disruptive
discharges (e.g. either in the conditioning phase or during the specified test voltage application) and
key drivers for performing on-site HV testing, further aspects for different interpretations of testing
procedures are introduced and discussed.
It is obvious that successful dielectric site testing of GIS needs more than the application of the
required or recommended test voltage values from (inter)national standards without occurrence of
disruptive and/or partial discharges. Proper planning, communication and problem-solving skills are
needed to coordinate between stakeholders to ensure that in the event of disruptive and/or partial
discharges occurring during testing, they are located and repaired, so that the overall quality of the
GIS installation is guaranteed.
On-site HV testing requirements of GIS users worldwide often exceed HV testing requirements stated
in (inter)national standards. However, an established assessment of the tangible benefits appears to
be a challenge, especially when transferring from specific circumstances towards typical application
scenarios. The limited return of experience indicates possible positive effects from enhanced HV
testing requirements concerning the reliability of critical and important GIS.
These requirements are also often linked with more stringent test procedures for partial discharge
(PD) measurements in terms of PD test voltage level and PD test durations. On the other hand,
approaches based on strict quality control measures exist with focus on moderate AC and PD test
parameters compared to common worldwide standard requirements, but with positive effects towards
GIS reliability.
This may be a potential area to be captured or treated in future reliability surveys to consider if
enhanced testing beyond current (inter)national standard requirements has led to improved reliability
or not.
A subsequent review of HV testing equipment and on-site HV testing methods for GIS summarises
some of the main aspects of the different testing technologies and their applications. The collection of
state-of-the-art information and an extensive summary presents a vast overview of different
procedures for ‘electrical conditioning’ or ‘conditioning phases’ in conjunction with the power-frequency
withstand voltage test itself.
The Working Group has focused on HV GIS testing activities and touches only briefly on other voltage
classes. However, some insights into worldwide current practices and their return of experience for on-
3
site HV testing of other GIS voltage classes than HV are presented. These range from different
specifications for test voltage values and test procedures, as well as for differences for the final
assessment of a test result. The display of some specific applied procedures for 'conditioning phases'
as well as for 'testing phases' are elaborated on in this brochure.
An analysis of evolutions of user specifications has been developed. These evolutions focus on
relevant aspects which have been adopted after return of experience made with on-site HV testing of
GIS. On the one hand external factors such as national regulations for system reliability and
performance targets where utilities risk loss of revenue or penalties in event of outages caused by GIS
failure or malfunction may influence the user. On the other hand, internal factors such as user
experience (or even lack thereof), network strength and redundancy, familiarity of staff with GIS
designs and technologies, or age and profile of existing installed GIS base can influence the decision
of the user in adopting specific requirements.
One common driver found within specifications of a few experienced users is the desire to adopt
common testing methodologies, independent of the OEM or third party responsible for on-site HV
testing. With respect to common testing methodologies, user requirements to achieve higher levels of
quality assurance during dielectric on-site testing activities can influence the physical design and
specification for the initial installation.
However, it was found by the Working Group that users appear not to be keen on implementing
dedicated or permanent test connection points to their specified GIS substations or critical
installations. This can be related to challenges which may arise from specific user specifications (e.g.
limitation for repositioning of test voltage generator or site specific constraints).
The different scenarios for which on-site HV testing activities should be implemented (e.g. after
installation, extension, retrofit or repair) have a wide range of impacts resulting from infrastructure,
lifting options, necessary air clearances, type of HV testing equipment and/or scheduling issues. Here,
especially the kind of HV injection point on the GIS can trigger significant different efforts in resources
and time. It is emphasised by the Working Group from the return of experience of on-site HV testing in
remote or urban substation locations that established coordination and communications lines between
the user / OEM / third party in a very short period is important, so that ‘everything’ is clarified.
An important topic is the agreement between user / OEM / third party regarding the specific HV test
procedures and the required acceptance criteria. This is emphasized with respect to test methods, test
voltage levels, test durations and repetition procedures after frequent disruptive discharges occur at
the GIS section under test. A suitable colour coding can support for good overview of various test
sections.
Moreover, timely clarifications before mobilisation to site concerning the level of test documentation,
technical requirements for the HV testing equipment, and in case of on-site HV tests on GIS
extensions the provision of historical operational information on the substation including specifications
for the test procedure of the interface between existing GIS and its extension can be very helpful.
Lastly, after mobilisation to site one important task was identified to verify location and space
requirement for the HV testing equipment at the site. Experience has shown that deviations can occur
between the planning and execution phase in this regard. Sometimes ad-hoc solutions need to be
worked out. The verification of the intended switching configuration and final check of safe working
area is essential, and each contributor to the test should know their role and responsibility.
A certain flexibility can be of benefit for those scenarios when time constraints apply, and
communication lines must be considered appropriately. This can especially arise from updates and
changes to the test procedure for investigation in case of the event of disruptive discharges or
detected partial discharge activities.
Over past years it was observed more frequently that delays from previous project stages are
expected by the project management (OEM and user) to be reduced during the on-site HV testing
period. This is contrary to the return of experience of the Working Group, when a smooth energisation
of a GIS can often be traced back to sufficient time being allowed for the on-site HV testing activities.
The Working Group B3.50 acknowledges and expresses thanks to all involved companies of the
Working Group members that have allowed their representatives time, travel, and encouragement to
contribute to the realisation of this technical brochure.
4
Contents
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 3
Figures and Illustrations ..................................................................................................... 8
1. Introduction.............................................................................................................. 12
1.1 Scope and chapter structure .................................................................................................................. 12
1.2 Drivers for on-site HV testing of GIS – reliability assurance (commissioning, repair, extension,
condition assessment) ........................................................................................................................................ 13
1.3 Review of (inter)national standards requirement (IEC, IEEE, GOST, GBT/DGT, JEC) ....................... 15
1.3.1 Comparison of requirements from relevant (inter)national standards ................................................ 16
1.3.2 Comparison of recommended repetition procedures after disruptive discharge during HV testing .... 21
2. Review of HV testing equipment and on-site testing methods for GIS ................ 23
2.1 Overview................................................................................................................................................... 23
2.1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 23
2.1.2 GIS defects and their detection .......................................................................................................... 23
2.1.3 Electrical aging of solids caused by dielectric HV testing stress ........................................................ 25
2.2 AC HV testing ........................................................................................................................................... 26
2.2.1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 26
2.2.2 Examples of HV test set-ups for HV and UHV GIS ............................................................................ 26
2.2.3 HV conditioning phase and test durations.......................................................................................... 28
2.3 PD measurement on HV GIS ................................................................................................................... 34
2.4 PD measurement on MV and UHV GIS................................................................................................... 37
2.4.1 On-site PD measurement on MV GIS ................................................................................................ 37
2.4.2 On-site PD measurement on UHV GIS .............................................................................................. 39
2.5 LI (OLI) ...................................................................................................................................................... 39
2.5.1 Origin and background about the application of on-site LI (OLI) testing of GIS ................................. 39
2.5.2 LI (OLI) testing equipment ................................................................................................................. 40
2.5.3 LI (OLI) testing procedures ................................................................................................................ 41
2.5.4 LI (OLI) detection sensitivity for different defects ............................................................................... 48
2.6 SI (OSI)...................................................................................................................................................... 48
3. Evolution of user specifications ............................................................................. 50

3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 50
3.2 Return of experience ............................................................................................................................... 51
3.3 Standards and references for users ...................................................................................................... 53
3.4 Drivers for user specification requirements ......................................................................................... 54
3.4.1 Technical drivers ................................................................................................................................ 55
3.4.2 Regulatory requirement drivers .......................................................................................................... 57
3.5 User considerations for on-site HV tests .............................................................................................. 58
3.5.1 HV test methods ................................................................................................................................ 63
3.5.2 Test voltage generator connection ..................................................................................................... 65
3.5.3 User requirements for testing of HV cables ....................................................................................... 67
3.5.4 Electrical conditioning in conjunction with power-frequency voltage tests - user considerations ....... 68
3.5.5 Test voltage value - extension of different GIS generations............................................................... 69
3.6 User specifications for on-site testing................................................................................................... 69
3.6.1 New GIS on-site HV testing ............................................................................................................... 70
3.6.2 On-site PD measurement .................................................................................................................. 73
3.6.3 Specification for GIS extension .......................................................................................................... 75
3.6.4 Specification for GIS retrofit or repair ................................................................................................. 78
3.7 Report and records of on-site HV testing .............................................................................................. 79
5
3.8 Witnessing and supervision of HV tests ............................................................................................... 80

3.9 Post HV test and energisation ................................................................................................................ 83
3.10 Summary and commentary on the evolution of user specifications and return of experience ........ 85
4. Activities before mobilisation to site ...................................................................... 88

4.1 Preparation of on-site testing – infrastructure, air clearance, and timing .......................................... 88
4.1.1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 88
4.1.2 Preparation in time ............................................................................................................................. 89
4.1.3 Substation requirements .................................................................................................................... 90
4.1.4 Space requirements related to HV test equipment and HV injection ................................................. 91
4.2 Preparation of on-site testing – switching configuration..................................................................... 97
4.2.1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 97
4.2.2 Principles of 'colour coding'................................................................................................................ 98
4.2.3 Switching configuration - GIS after installation................................................................................... 98
4.2.4 Switching configuration - GIS after repair or retrofit ........................................................................... 99
4.2.5 Switching configuration - GIS after extension .................................................................................. 101
4.3 HV test equipment logistics .................................................................................................................. 107
4.4 Agreement between OEM / user / third party concerning HV test procedures and acceptance
criteria ................................................................................................................................................................ 108
4.4.1 General ............................................................................................................................................ 108
4.4.2 Historical operational information on the substation ........................................................................ 108
4.4.3 Applied test method ......................................................................................................................... 109
4.4.4 Specific situations (HV GIS and HV cable) ...................................................................................... 110
4.5 Approval of level of test documentation ............................................................................................. 112
4.6 Technical requirement for on-site HV testing equipment and qualification of testing staff ........... 113
4.6.1 Technical requirement for testing equipment ................................................................................... 114
4.6.2 Qualification of test engineers .......................................................................................................... 115
5. Activities after mobilisation to site ........................................................................117

5.1 Final confirmation between OEM / user / third party concerning HV test procedure and acceptance
criteria ................................................................................................................................................................ 117
5.1.1 Historical operational information of the substation ......................................................................... 117
5.1.2 Applied test method ......................................................................................................................... 117
5.2 Verification of position and space requirement for HV testing equipment ...................................... 117
5.2.1 Air-insulated HV injection point ........................................................................................................ 118
5.2.2 Gas-insulated HV injection point ...................................................................................................... 123
5.2.3 Cable socket HV injection point ....................................................................................................... 125
5.3 Preparatory work to ensure safe working environment ..................................................................... 125
5.4 Installation of on-site HV testing equipment ....................................................................................... 126
5.5 Installation of PD measuring equipment ............................................................................................. 128
5.6 Verification of switching configuration and final check of safe working area ................................. 130
5.6.1 General ............................................................................................................................................ 130
5.6.2 Position of switching devices in the circuit under test ...................................................................... 131
5.6.3 Temporary isolation or dismantlement of devices for HV testing ..................................................... 131
5.6.4 Testing a new installation and 'stand alone’ bay in case of extension (GIS not in service) .............. 131
5.6.5 Testing an existing installation after repair or extension (GIS partly in service) ............................... 131
5.7 Conduction and assessing of on-site HV tests of GIS ....................................................................... 132
5.8 Procedures in case of irregularities ..................................................................................................... 133
5.8.1 General ............................................................................................................................................ 133
5.8.2 Flashover ......................................................................................................................................... 133
5.8.3 Detection of partial discharge .......................................................................................................... 135
5.9 Conduction of work after completing on-site HV tests of GIS ........................................................... 137
5.10 Specific HV testing situations .............................................................................................................. 138
5.10.1 Post HV testing activities at service voltage..................................................................................... 138
5.10.2 HV testing activities with PD measurements in noisy environments ................................................ 138
5.10.3 HV testing activities in GIS extension projects ................................................................................. 138
6
5.10.4 Test after major refurbishment of switching equipment ................................................................... 141
APPENDIX A. Definitions and abbreviations ..................................................................142
APPENDIX B. References ................................................................................................143
APPENDIX C. Example calculation for power supply consumption of on-site HV testing

equipment .........................................................................................................................148
C.1. Types of HV test sets ............................................................................................................................ 148
C.2. Examples for frequency-tuned test sets with fixed inductance ........................................................ 148
C.3. Examples for power-frequency HV test sets ....................................................................................... 150
APPENDIX D. Example colour codes for safety isolation plans ...................................152

D.1. Case study - proposal for HV GIS ‘shut down’ plan - repair after failure.......................................... 152
D.2. Case study - method statement/colour code example for HV GIS extension including on-site HV
test 157
APPENDIX E. Example investigation of calibration procedures for conventional PD

measurements ..................................................................................................................166
E.1. Case study - proposal for calibration of conventional PD measurements on single-phase
encapsulated HV GIS ........................................................................................................................................ 166
APPENDIX F. Example for 'soak test' and energisation sequence ...............................168

F.1. Case study - proposal for energisation sequence .............................................................................. 168
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Figures and Illustrations

Figure 1.1 ‘Bathtub curve’ examples [B3], [B4] ..................................................................................... 13
Figure 1.2 Overview of ACWV from standard requirements ................................................................. 20
Figure 1.3 Overview of LIWV from standard requirements ................................................................... 20
Figure 1.4 Overview of PD test voltages from standard requirements ................................................. 20
Figure 1.5 Overview of ACWV+PD test voltages from standard requirements .................................... 21
Figure 2.1 Influence of space charge on electrical field distribution of defect type 'protrusion' [B29] ... 24
Figure 2.2 Fundamental behaviour of SF6-insulated systems to defects [B26] .................................... 25
Figure 2.3 Gas-insulated metal-enclosed frequency-tuned resonant test system [B37]....................... 28
Figure 2.4 1200 kV frequency-tuned resonant system [B38] ................................................................ 28
Figure 2.5 Typical procedure for AC voltage conditioning and testing [B33] ........................................ 29
Figure 2.6 Voltage time diagram for HV GIS with Ur = 245 kV [B39] .................................................... 29
Figure 2.7 Actual test procedure of OEM B for an extension of a 245 kV GIS of OEM A in The
Netherlands in 2013 .............................................................................................................................. 30
Figure 2.8 Procedure for HV withstand test of 550 kV GIS voltage in China [B38], [B37] .................... 31
Figure 2.9 AC withstand voltage and PD test procedure for 1100 kV GIS in China [B38] .................... 31
Figure 2.10 Example 1: Conditioning phase and HV test sequence [B40] ........................................... 32
Figure 2.11 Example 2: Conditioning phase and HV test sequence for 245 kV GIS [B41] .................. 33
Figure 2.12 Typical defect types found in GIS installations [B43] ......................................................... 34
Figure 2.13 Broad-band scanning narrow-band UHF PD measurement – illustration of signal
processing [B43] .................................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 2.14 Fixed broad-band UHF PD measurement – illustration of signal processing [B43] ........... 36
Figure 2.15 Comparison of PD signal between measured by UHF narrow-band and IEC method
(2 mm particle on insulation of a VT measured at 230 kV, conforms to 100 % ACWV) [B43] .............. 37
Figure 2.16 Example of PD signals from test on UHV GIS [B11].......................................................... 39
Figure 2.17 Modular impulse voltage generator for on-site HV testing [B57] ....................................... 41
Figure 2.18 Modular impulse voltage generator for on-site HV testing with OLI [B58] ......................... 41
Figure 2.19 Vehicular impulse voltage generator for on-site HV testing [B57] ..................................... 41
Figure 2.20 SF6-insulated impulse voltage generator for on-site HV testing [B57] ............................... 41
Figure 2.21 Example for OLI test sequence [B58] ................................................................................ 43
Figure 2.22 Application case 1 in China - main single line diagram [B59] ............................................ 43
Figure 2.23 Application case 1 in China - test segment / test section [B59] ......................................... 44
Figure 2.24 Application case 1 in China - impulse test voltage waveform [B59] .................................. 44
Figure 2.25 Application case 1 in China - conductor displacement inside GIS [B59] ........................... 45
Figure 2.26 Application case 2 in China - main single line diagram of 1000 kV GIS [B59] .................. 45
Figure 2.27 Capacitance calculation of 1000 kV GIS [B59] .................................................................. 45
Figure 2.28 Voltage waveform calculation of 1000 kV GIS (concentrated test capacitance) [B59] ...... 46
Figure 2.29 Voltage distribution along GIS based on wave impedance model [B59] ........................... 47
Figure 2.30 Overvoltage calculation in case of disruptive discharge at 0.8x2400 kV [B59] ................. 47
Figure 2.31 Circuit diagram of 1000 kV GIS with test section indicated in red and sample voltage
measurements of positive and negative polarity of OLI voltage application [B59] ................................ 48
Figure 2.32 Example for OSI test sequence ......................................................................................... 49
Figure 2.33 Modular impulse voltage generator for on-site HV testing with OSI .................................. 49
Figure 3.1 GIS major failure modes ([B61] figure 5-45) ........................................................................ 51
Figure 3.2 Relative distribution of major failure modes in correlation with failure primary causes ([B61]
figure 5-88) ............................................................................................................................................ 52
Figure 3.3 Change in failure rate attributed to on-site assembly in Japan following collaborative quality
approach [B5] ........................................................................................................................................ 53
Figure 3.4 Example for temporary removal of access platforms or inspection catwalks ...................... 61
Figure 3.5 Example for air-insulated test voltage generator (e.g. typical footprint and clearances and
indoor installation) ................................................................................................................................. 62
Figure 3.6 Dedicated test module concept ............................................................................................ 63
Figure 3.7 MV GIS HV test set-up via cable test adapter ..................................................................... 65
Figure 3.8 Example modular 52 kV and 24 kV GIS substation and positioning of test voltage generator
............................................................................................................................................................... 66
Figure 3.9 Arrangement for HV testing of cables via GIS enclosure versus disconnection and
withdrawal of cable via GIS adapter ...................................................................................................... 68
Figure 3.10 HV cable disconnection and withdrawal method [B68] ...................................................... 68
Figure 3.11 HV testing of GIS extensions after coupling to existing GIS [B72] .................................... 76
Figure 3.12 Typical failure and repair scenario [B10] ............................................................................ 79
8
Figure 3.13 On-site witnessing of user .................................................................................................. 81

Figure 3.14 HV site test insulator flashover discovered years later ...................................................... 82
Figure 3.15 Site colour code technique ................................................................................................. 83
Figure 3.16 Roles and responsibilities to energisation of GIS [B79] ..................................................... 84
Figure 3.17 245 kV GIS on-site HV test - flashovers during 100 % of factory routine test value .......... 86
Figure 4.1 Project timeline for user specifications [B79] ....................................................................... 90
Figure 4.2 Example for gas-insulated HV injection point considering the range of the substation crane
[B22] ...................................................................................................................................................... 92
Figure 4.3 Example for air-insulated HV injection point with outdoor HV test set connected via GIB
[B41] ...................................................................................................................................................... 93
Figure 4.4 Example of air-insulated HV injection point onto 420 kV GIS .............................................. 94
Figure 4.5 Example of air-insulated HV injection point mounted at the busbar of a 123 kV GIS; [B82] 94
Figure 4.6 Example of cable socket HV injection point for testing of a 245 kV GIS in a cavern of a
pump storage plant in the Swiss mountains .......................................................................................... 95
Figure 4.7 Example of cable socket HV injection point for testing of a 170 kV GIS in an underground
substation in Zurich [B53] ...................................................................................................................... 95
Figure 4.8 Example of cable socket HV injection point for testing of a 72.5 kV GIS............................. 96
Figure 4.9 Example of cable socket HV injection point on HV GIS [B82] ............................................. 96
Figure 4.10 Example of cable socket HV injection point for testing of a 24 kV GIS.............................. 96
Figure 4.11 Two colour code options - harmonized in CIGRE WG B3.51 and B3.50........................... 98
Figure 4.12 HV test switching configuration with one HV injection point for complete 170 kV GIS ...... 99
Figure 4.13 Single-phase on-site test set-up next to the 170 kV GIS ................................................. 100
Figure 4.14 Single-phase on-site AC test voltage generator with test adapter and switching plan for the
busbar disconnector in CLOSE position on 170 kV GIS ..................................................................... 101
Figure 4.15 Example of an intermediate stage at the connection of a GIS extension [B76] ............... 103
Figure 4.16 Example of possible stages in the connection and testing of new and existing GIS [B76]
............................................................................................................................................................. 103
Figure 4.17 Sequence of a replacement of a GIS without reopening of gas compartments after site
acceptance test [B76] .......................................................................................................................... 104
Figure 4.18 Different test sections for 420 kV GIS extension [B77] .................................................... 106
Figure 4.19 Different substation and sectional views [B77] ................................................................ 107
Figure 4.20 On-site HV testing experience after GIS extension ([B2] figures 6-16 and 6-17) ............ 109
Figure 4.21 Examples for test adapter used for HV testing of cables already connected to a GIS [B8],
[B65] .................................................................................................................................................... 112
Figure 4.22 Example for transport protection of HV test equipment [B87] .......................................... 114
Figure 4.23 Example for earthing of HV test set ................................................................................. 114
Figure 5.1 Example for restricted safety clearance to OHL in gantry area [B73] ................................ 119
Figure 5.2 Outdoor positioning of HV test equipment on roof of transport container [B87] ................ 120
Figure 5.3 Outdoor positioning of HV test equipment with noisy background for PD measurement
[B87] .................................................................................................................................................... 120
Figure 5.4 Indoor installation of HV test equipment for air-insulated HV injection point [B87] ............ 120
Figure 5.5 Cable test adapter for HV tests on cable systems [B8]...................................................... 121
Figure 5.6 Example for installation of HV test set with constraint [B88] .............................................. 121
Figure 5.7 Example for installation of HV test set w/o constraint ........................................................ 122
Figure 5.8 User case study of specific HV testing situation - tests with air-insulated HV injection
(‘outside to inside’) ............................................................................................................................... 122
Figure 5.9 User case study of specific HV testing situation - tests with air-insulated HV injection via
long distances [B94] ............................................................................................................................ 123
Figure 5.10 Basic diagram for HV testing with 'Power VT' [B90] ........................................................ 124
Figure 5.11 Examples for 'Power VT' positioning in different GIS layouts [B90] ................................. 125
Figure 5.12 Examples for rough transport conditions of HV test sets ................................................. 127
Figure 5.13 Example for installation of flashover locating systems [B87] ........................................... 128
Figure 5.14 Example for optical flashover locating system [B87]........................................................ 128
Figure 5.15 Example for installation set-up of various PD measuring equipment on site [B87] ......... 129
Figure 5.16 Example for noise signals originating from HV test set ................................................... 130
Figure 5.17 'Flow chart decision tree for irregularities while PD testing' [B93] ................................... 136
Figure 5.18 Replacing partially equipped bays with completely new bays [B73] ................................ 139
Figure 5.19 Addition of new bay(s) at the end of an existing busbar [B73] ......................................... 140
Figure 5.20 Extension of partially equipped bay [B73] ........................................................................ 141
Figure C.1 HV test set types................................................................................................................ 148

Figure C.2 Example circuit diagram for power supply of a frequency-tuned resonant test set ........... 150
9
Figure C.3 Example circuit diagram for power supply of a power-frequency test set ......................... 150
Figure C.4 Example of inductance for power compensation dependent on test capacity .................. 151
Figure D.1 Explanation of symbols of case study 1 ............................................................................ 152
Figure D.2 Substation in normal service condition .............................................................................. 153
Figure D.3 Failure on disconnector E04-Q2 ........................................................................................ 153
Figure D.4 Preparation of shut down plan 1 ........................................................................................ 153
Figure D.10 Preparation of shut down plan 7 ...................................................................................... 155
Figure D.13 Preparation of shut down plan 10 .................................................................................... 156
Figure D.17 Explanation of symbols and colours of case study 2....................................................... 157
Figure D.18 Single line diagram - existing and future bays ................................................................. 157
Figure D.19 Gas pressure and switching positions during extension works at bay D07-BB1 ............ 158
Figure D.20 De-installation of end-modules BB1 ................................................................................ 158
Figure D.21 Installation of new modules BB1 ..................................................................................... 159
Figure D.22 Installation of adapter module BB1.................................................................................. 159
Figure D.23 Installation of new bays connected to BB1 ...................................................................... 159
Figure D.24 After installation of new bays connected to BB1 prepare gas works for installation works
at BB2 .................................................................................................................................................. 160
Figure D.25 Overview after installation of new bays connected to BB1 (phase L1) ........................... 160
Figure D.26 Overview after installation of new bays connected to BB1 (phases L2, L3) ................... 160
Figure D.27 Gas pressure and switching positions during extension works at bay D07-BB2 (phase L1)
............................................................................................................................................................. 161
Figure D.28 Gas pressure and switching positions during extension works at bay D07-BB2 (phases
L2, L3).................................................................................................................................................. 161
Figure D.29 De-installation of end-module BB2 (phase L1)................................................................ 161
Figure D.30 De-installation of end-modules BB2 (phases L2, L3) ...................................................... 162
Figure D.31 Installation of new modules BB2 ..................................................................................... 162
Figure D.32 Installation of adapter modules BB2 ................................................................................ 162
Figure D.33 Installation of new BB modules connected to BB2 .......................................................... 163
Figure D.34 HV test via BB1 - section 1 .............................................................................................. 163
Figure D.38 Installation BB link at BB1 ............................................................................................... 164
Figure D.39 Installation BB link at BB2 ............................................................................................... 164
Figure D.40 Single line diagram (energized) ....................................................................................... 165
Figure E.1 Photos showing HV test set-up for investigation of 'PD calibration' procedures ............... 166
Figure E.2 Electric circuit diagram for investigation of 'PD calibration' procedures ............................ 167
Figure F.1 Staged energisation sequence of GIS ............................................................................... 168
Tables
Table 1.1 Applied test methods - user case examples ......................................................................... 15
Table 1.2 Recommended HV GIS site test voltages ............................................................................. 17
Table 1.3 Overview of recommended site test voltages for MV GIS according to standards ............... 18
Table 1.4 Overview of maximum specified site PD levels ..................................................................... 19
Table 2.1 Relative effectiveness of on-site tests on GIS defects [B1] .................................................. 24
Table 2.2 Example installations of frequency-tuned resonant systems for AC HV tests ...................... 26
Table 2.3 Overview of conditioning and testing procedures for HV GIS [B39] ..................................... 29
Table 2.4 Swiss practice for on-site HV test procedures introduced by third party (reference X1 = [B1])
............................................................................................................................................................... 30
Table 2.5 PD defect type vs. size and charge [B1] ............................................................................... 35
10
Table 2.6 HV testing practices - number of responses within individual voltage classes (in %) ([B2]
table 6-5)................................................................................................................................................ 40
Table 2.7 Overview of some example calculations with different test capacitances [B57] ................... 42
Table 2.8 Simulation of equivalent circuit for calculation of the front time ............................................ 46
Table 3.2 Drivers for user specifications ............................................................................................... 55
Table 3.3 User requirements and technical standards .......................................................................... 56
Table 3.4 Site HV test voltage generator types for user considerations ............................................... 58
Table 3.5 Examples of user constraints in case of extension or replacement of GIS ........................... 64
Table 3.6 Specific user specifications for site dielectric tests ............................................................... 70
Table 3.7 Examples of special requirements of users for on-site HV test procedures ......................... 71
Table 3.8 User requirements for on-site PD measurement ................................................................... 73
Table 3.9 Testing practices after GIS extension ([B2] table 6-32) ........................................................ 76
Table 3.10 GIS extension - user case examples .................................................................................. 77
Table 4.1 Overview of test section details [B77] ................................................................................. 106
Table 4.2 Return of experience for HV test methods of GIS extensions [B72] ................................... 109
Table 4.3 Return of experience for HV test methods after GIS repair or refurbishment [B22] ........... 110
Table 4.4 User requirements for testing of GIS with attached cables [B66] ....................................... 111
Table 5.1 Example overview of test loads for 'Power VT' [B64] .......................................................... 124
Table A.1 Definition of general terms used in this technical brochure ................................................ 142
Table A.2 Abbreviations used in this technical brochure .................................................................... 142
Table C.1 Example data for calculation for series resonant HV test sets with variable frequency ..... 149
Table E.1 Result overview of investigation of 'PD calibration' procedures ......................................... 167
11
1. Introduction
1.1 Scope and chapter structure
On-site high voltage (HV) testing of gas-insulated switchgear is critically important to demonstrate the
dielectric withstand capability of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) after installation on site. It is also
important to the quality assurance of the switchgear at installation, during commissioning procedures
and after repair too. Each GIS transport unit undergoes routine tests in the factory before being
shipped to site. However, on-site HV and PD tests both within and outside the scope of inter(national)
standards can be important measures to ensure that the GIS remains reliable and available
throughout its service life cycle.
On-site HV testing is applied at the various rated voltage test levels. Different test voltage wave
shapes are applied to detect irregularities in the insulation system and to verify dielectric integrity. The
relative effectiveness of these test methods is assessed for different defects in [B1].
Thorough insulation testing on-site after commissioning, repair or extension, specifically HV AC testing
and PD measurements, provide switchgear condition assessment and important data and results.
Frequently, on-site HV testing of GIS using SF6 or non-SF6 gas mixtures is performed in conjunction
with PD measurements. These data and test results can be used as the baseline to perform insulation
monitoring of the switchgear.
Insulation monitoring on site utilizing PD measurements provides information, which may help to avoid
unforeseen dielectric breakdowns in the switchgear such as those caused by insulator tracking,
insulator defects, contaminants on insulator surfaces including moisture, mobile particles, and loose
mechanical connections.
In most cases, on-site HV testing involves multiple parties that each perform a particular role. The user
and the manufacturer of the GIS are the two obvious parties that are frequently involved in the on-site
HV testing. Either of these parties could provide personnel and other resources (e.g. test equipment)
to perform the HV tests.
In some instances, an independent testing institute, external advisor with specific know-how or an
external service provider, not affiliated with the user or the manufacturer of the GIS, is tasked with
(assistance in the) performing of the HV tests, and support in defining test procedures, space
requirements in the substation for HV tests, acceptance criteria as well as expert’s opinions on
irregularities.
These participants are generally referred to as 'third party' in this and subsequent chapters of this
document. Such third party could take over some or all of the responsibilities of the user or the
manufacturer.
With respect to on-site HV testing in general, information regarding procedures given in (inter)national
standards is also subject to agreement between the manufacturer and the user, especially when
deviating from those standards or when simplified procedures are applied due to technical and/or
practical reasons. The choice of the final test procedure is mainly based on a combination of
requirements in international standards, return of experience and up-to-date quality assurance
concepts to balance the best possible compromise when looking at costs, strategic relevance and
redundancy of the substation, feasibility and defect detection sensitivity.
Chapter 1 introduces the importance of on-site HV testing of GIS. The drivers for HV testing of GIS to
ensure reliability after commissioning, repair, and extension are identified, as well as the importance of
condition assessment. (Inter)national standards and recommended practices for on-site testing of GIS
are reviewed. A description of test repetition after test failure is discussed.
Chapter 2 presents typical diagrams and test procedures describing the test method segments such
as conditioning phase, maximum withstand test voltage, and PD measurement. Moreover, a brief
description of the test equipment, procedures, limitations and preparations for on-site HV testing is
presented including descriptions of AC power-frequency tests, lightning impulse tests, oscillating
switching and lightning impulse tests and partial discharge measurements for medium voltage, high
voltage and ultra-high voltage switchgear.
Chapter 3 focuses on user specification requirements for on-site HV testing including the return of
experience related to the previous CIGRE reliability surveys. The drivers for modifications of
engineering and testing requirements in user specifications for GIS are presented. The importance of
requirements from user specifications with respect to test set-up, space requirements, test
12
procedures, documentation and overall site testing is discussed. Case studies that represent sample
on-site HV test arrangements and methods are introduced.
Chapter 4 describes preparatory work before on-site dielectric testing can be performed. The logistics
of the test set-up, test procedures and agreement of test methods with users are discussed. The
chapter also introduces site preparation methods for performance of HV tests such as space
requirements, switching configuration, safety methods etc. The minimum requirements for approval of
test documentation, technical requirements for HV test equipment and qualification of testing
personnel are discussed.
Chapter 5 summarises activities regarding on-site HV tests for GIS after mobilisation to site. The
arrangement of the test set-up including space requirements is presented. The preparation and
installations of the HV test equipment is discussed, as well as conducting and assessing of the tests
themselves. Procedures on how to handle in case irregularities occur are described. Finally, some
specific HV testing situations are described in more detail. This includes the description of all aspects
of HV testing of GIS after repairs or major maintenance of GIS and all aspects of HV testing of GIS for
new extensions to existing GIS. The details of testing and verifying the dielectric integrity of the
extension and connection to the existing GIS will be presented for both; same-to-same OEM
extensions; and OEM extensions by different OEM.
1.2 Drivers for on-site HV testing of GIS – reliability assurance

(commissioning, repair, extension, condition assessment)
Besides the important aspect of OEM quality assurance procedures, another key driver for on-site HV
testing is also the return of experience from users. Disruptive discharges after commissioning,
extension or repair work occur occasionally in worldwide installations. The latest CIGRE reliability
surveys for GIS also shows that dielectric failures are still a common failure mode [B2].
HV test results are usually evaluated statistically to predict the lifetime of an insulator or an insulation
system. Typically, voltage endurance graphs are used. The statistical evaluation is commonly based
on the mathematical principle using a Weibull distribution.
The physical phenomena can be illustrated with the well-known 'Bathtub curve' for which some
examples (e.g. schematic (a) or empirical based (b)) are displayed in Figure 1.1.
(a)
(b)
Figure 1.1 ‘Bathtub curve’ examples [B3], [B4]
For the evaluation of HV testing, the failures in the beginning of the time scale during time window (A)
in Figure 1.1 part (a) have been excluded, since routine tests as part of the production process will
expose failures commonly named ‘teething faults’.
13
Part B of the curve in Figure 1.1 part (a) describes the predominant behaviour of GIS during its in-
service life. This time window is therefore the relevant time frame to perform long-term testing and
investigations. This time window will expose ‘random failures’ assuming required
inspections/maintenance are performed on the GIS.
Part C of the curve in Figure 1.1 part (a) describes the end of service life during time frame (C) where
the occurrence of failures is expected to be rising. These are aging failures or loss of functionality.
This has not been typically observed for GIS insulators in service, despite the longer life of the GIS
equipment as compared to AIS equipment.
It is therefore important to maintain a dedicated HV testing program throughout the service life of the
GIS, time frames (B) and (C). This is especially important to analyse trends associated with insulation
degradation. Voltage endurance graphs (life-time curves) describe the relation of the electrical field
strength to time factored with the failure probability as parameter [B3].
Next to the schematic presentation of a ‘bathtub curve’ in Figure 1.1 part (b) some return of
experience from ‘GIS user forum’ (representing approx. 25 German-speaking grid operators) can
express different occurrences of that ‘bathtub curve’, especially towards part C. According to [B4] it
can be relatively easy to draw wrong conclusions regarding failure rates if parameters like
‘manufacturer’, ‘GIS generation’, ‘voltage classes’ aren’t employed carefully.
Undoubtedly, cleanliness and quality assurance procedures for GIS installations have gradually
improved over the past decades. Even the design of GIS is slowly evolving to minimize the risk of
faults during installation or service. For example, horizontal partitions on the lower side of
compartments are more and more relocated to a vertical location, reducing the risk of particles on
these barrier insulators. Sometimes GIS designs are adapted to minimize the amount of intrusive work
that is needed for installation or repairs.
This is however offset by the ongoing efforts to reduce the physical, economical, and ecological
footprint of GIS installations, leading to more critical dielectric designs. Therefore, the permissible error
margins and allowable contamination inside the GIS appears to be continuously decreasing.
So, on one hand one might argue that production quality and successful completion of the FAT would
make (dielectric) testing on-site unnecessary. Indeed, some grid operators, e. g. the Japanese, insist
on rigorous cleanliness and quality control procedures rather than extensive on-site testing,
performing only a short duration ‘soak test’ (application of service voltage for a longer test period than
one minute) after installation. Such quality control procedures include on-site evaluation of
transportation shock recordings, visual inspection of GIS for particles above a defined size, verification
of CB drive characteristics and SF6 gas quality. These quality control procedures may not be feasible
in other applications [B5].
Some international standards give the consideration to limit on-site dielectric testing in situations
where small pre-assembled and pre-tested GIS assemblies are connected on site without major
intrusive work [B7].
It is common for circuit breakers which are opened at site during initial installation to add bushings that
these are not subjected to on-site AC high voltage tests. Also, when removable links are reinstalled at
cable terminations or on VTs or surge arresters, these compartments are often not subjected to typical
on-site AC high voltage tests.
It is not common practice to forego on-site AC high voltage tests for larger pre-assembled and pre-
tested GIS bays, individual modules with switching devices such as disconnectors and grounding
switches, or even VTs with disconnect device modules.
There is a much larger potential cost and projects schedule time trade-off, if an important GIS fails
during initial energisation or reenergisation after extension or repair. The cost of on-site AC high
voltage tests is economical insurance against the damage costs and project schedule time loss
caused by a failure of a GIS at initial energisation or during extension or repair. The total damage
costs, consisting of repair cost combined with the potential loss of revenue and penalties for the GIS
user, could be a significant part of the acquisition cost of the GIS and even exceed it in the worst-case
situation.
Also, relaxing (reducing) the test voltage may allow undetected PD, which can cause failure days to
years later. Internal particles may continue to move and potentially reach more critical dielectric areas
of the GIS until they cause a problem or broken internal components will discharge until they cause a
flashover. This may cause the GIS to fail prematurely.
14
On the other hand, as soon as the GIS assemblies leave the factory, many factors play a role that are
outside the control of the manufacturer or the user:
• Transportation damages. The installation of shock recorders can identify possible
transportation damages, but it may often not be feasible to install a shock recorder on every
transportation unit,
• Handling and installation of GIS parts on site. This is often performed by third party workers
with supervision from one representative of the manufacturer,
• Site conditions. These are very often disadvantageous if compared to factory assembly
conditions,
• Site gas handling. Erection units are transported from factory to site at reduced gas pressure
or with a different gas than the insulation gas, requiring some gas handling works.
If extension or repair works need to be performed on site - which in many cases involves intrusive
work over a prolonged period being performed on the GIS installation (see e.g. [B8]). The age of
different parts of the GIS installation may differ greatly in such a scenario. In some cases, parts of
different GIS manufacturers are involved.
If a failure occurs after installation, extension, or repair once the GIS is placed into service, significant
damages will likely occur inside the GIS installation. If critical components are damaged, or a full or
partial disassembly is required to replace damaged parts, the MTTR (mean time to restoration) could
be greater than one month.
However, a return of experience from a German distribution system operator with around 330
substations in the HV and MV range has shown only a very small number of major failures (including
power arcs) over the last decades. It was also observed that the reasons were mainly mechanical or
human irregularities, rather than dielectric weaknesses of the equipment [B9].
Therefore, in such cases, performing a dielectric HV test after the on-site installation works is highly
recommended.
However, the application of the different test methods can vary. An overview is given in Table 1.1 to
display some of the different approaches contributed to the Working Group.
See Chapter 3 for further details of user practices collected by the Working Group.
Table 1.1 Applied test methods - user case examples
Current user practices Reference
No (or seldom) reduction of the test voltage levels for on-site testing compared to factory tests, not [B9]
even after retrofit or repairs
‘Soak test’ with reduced grid topology and modified protection settings after small intrusive [B10]
reparations (e.g. repair of gas leaks); in case of a flashover, the affected location needs to be
localized, repaired, and retested
On-site tests at 100 %-value of the factory tests; for rated voltages of 550 kV and above, at least at [B11]
90 %-value of the factory test is prescribed
On-site tests at 80 %-value of the factory tests; 65 %-value of the factory tests for 120 s if [B13]
extensions of existing GIS are tested
With rigorous quality controls during production, transportation, and assembly, a ‘soak test’ is [B5]
deemed sufficient
1.3 Review of (inter)national standards requirement (IEC, IEEE, GOST,

GBT/DGT, JEC)
It is important to understand the (inter)national testing standards requirements for high voltage on-site
tests of the various standards organizations. The following descriptions provide an overview of the
high voltage test requirements of the following standards organizations:
• IEC - International Electrotechnical Commission,
15
• IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,

• GOST - Euro-Asian Council for Standardization Governmental Standards,
• JEC - Japanese Electrotechnical Committee,
• GB/T - National Standard of People’s Republic of China,
• DL/T - Power Industry Standard of People’s Republic of China.
The descriptions give a general overview of the on-site dielectric tests required by the specific
standards organizations including references to specific tables and values specified in the standard.
These descriptions can be used as a general comparison of the extent of testing methods and for a
comparison of the completeness of the testing requirements of on-site high voltage testing
procedures.
1.3.1 Comparison of requirements from relevant (inter)national standards
This section compares requirements for on-site dielectric testing according to available (inter)national
standards. The requirements are compiled separately for HV GIS (above 52 kV) and MV GIS (1 kV up
to and including 52 kV), followed by a graphical comparison of on-site test voltage levels.
1.3.1.1 Standard requirements for HV GIS
In this comparison the information in IEC is considered as a basis, as this is the most comprehensive
standard. Differences in the other standards considered are mentioned, but 1:1 similarities are not.
Standard rated insulation levels are listed in Tables 1 through 4 of IEC 62271-1:2017. From these
tables the rated insulation levels for a given rated voltage Ur can be determined:
• Ud (Rated short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage),
• Up (Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage),
• Us (Rated switching impulse withstand voltage, for equipment with Ur >= 300 kV).
From this, recommended insulation levels for site testing can be specified:
• Uds = AC site test voltage,
• Uss = OSI site test voltage,
• Ups = OLI site test voltage,
• Upd-test = site test voltage for PD measurements.
Annex C.3 and C.4 of IEC 62271-203 give the following practical guidelines for on-site testing:
• Tests shall preferably be performed at filling pressure,
• The responsibility for any flashovers during testing of extensions (refer e.g. sections 3.6.3 and
5.10.3) is with:
o The user, for the existing GIS,
o The OEM, for the extension of the GIS.
• For pre-assembled bays or similar with minimal assembly work: AC voltage test with
1.1×Ur/√3 for earthed neutral systems or 1.9×Ur/√3 for isolated neutral or resonant earthed
systems, with a 10 min. voltage application is deemed sufficient,
• If the recommended test is impractical to perform, it can be agreed between the user and the
OEM to perform an AC high voltage test at a further reduced voltage for an extended duration,
with or without an additional partial discharge measurement,
• If even AC voltage tests at such reduced voltage are impossible to perform on site, special
care should be taken to avoid irregularities during shipment, transportation and storage of the
GIS components, and the utmost attention should be given to quality of work on site. The GIS
(parts) to be tested should be soak tested through the largest possible impedance to minimize
damage caused by a possible flashover. The ‘soak test’ should have a duration of at least 30
min. and be performed at rated filling pressure,
16
• If it is possible to perform a PD test and if agreed between user and OEM, then the guidelines
given in cl.11.102.2.6 should be applied wherever possible.
Below table gives a summary of the recommended HV GIS test voltages for the standards reviewed in
this chapter.
Table 1.2 Recommended HV GIS site test voltages
Test parameters Standard
Method Value IEC 62271-203 IEEE C37.122 GOST R 54828 GB/T JEC
AC Uds 0.45x0.8xUp 1) 0.8xUd 0.45x0.8xUp 5) 0.45x0.8xUp 6) Ur 8)
OSI / SI Uss 0.8xUs 2) N/A 0.8xUs 2) 0.8xUs 2) N/A
OLI / LI Ups 0.8xUp 3) N/A 0.8xUp 3) 0.8xUp 7) N/A
PD Upd-test 1.2xUr/√3 4) N/A 1.1xUr/√3 7)

Ur 8)
Table notes:
1. An AC voltage test with Uds = 0.8xUd is recommended for GIS up to 170 kV.
Alternatively for MV GIS, an AC voltage test with Uds = 1.0xUd can be performed on site; in this case, no AC voltage withstand
test needs to be performed during factory acceptance tests.
2. No longer recommended in IEC 62271-203 Ed. 3.0.
3. Above 252 kV, as an alternative the PD test could be replaced with LI tests with Ups = 0.8xUp and 3 pulses for each polarity (OLI
voltage test).
For LI-tests, a wave front time of up to 8 µs is acceptable. For OLI tests, this may be extended to 15 µs.
4. Above 245 kV, additionally a PD-test is recommended where Uds is used as the pre-stress voltage. A PD measurement at Ur/√3
is deemed helpful in determining maintenance needs after a period of service.
NOTE:
For conventional PD measurement it can be difficult to have a background noise level on site that is low enough to allow for the
detection of e.g. metallic particles inside the GIS. Typically, above 5 pC background noise the PD signal of such particles will be
masked. If the noise level is higher, but special care is taken with the test circuit, the test is still useful for detecting major
defects, but generally not suitable for detection of metallic particles as they will cause very low PD levels which will be
completely masked by the background noise. In those cases, the test is considered successful if no partial discharges are
detected above the noise level.
5. For 'technical or practical reasons', lower insulation levels may be applied.
6. An AC voltage test with Uds = 0.8xUd is recommended for GIS up to 126 kV.
7. Above 126 kV, additionally a PD-test is recommended where Uds is used as the pre-stress voltage und the PD test voltage is acc.
Table 106. A PD measurement at Ur/√3 is deemed helpful in determining maintenance needs after a period of service.
Above 252 kV, it is advised to replace the PD-test with LI-tests with Ups = 0.8xUp and 3 pulses for each polarity.
8. 10 min. ‘soak test’ at service voltage with simultaneous PD measurement.
General Note: Above site test voltages are phase-earth voltages. Specifically for three-phase enclosure designs, a phase-phase PD test is
also permissible, with Upd-test, ph-ph = 1.2xUr
As summarised in Table 7.1 of [B14] the differences can be explained by the testing philosophies
applied in IEC and the IEEE standards. The voltage waveforms such as power-frequency, lightning
impulse and switching impulse are specified depending on the defect types and on the rated voltage of
GIS in IEC and IEEE.
1.3.1.2 Standard requirements for MV GIS
According to IEC [B15] for parts which have undergone a routine test and been erected on site or gas
compartments which have been filled on site - the following have to be considered:
• test voltage level of 80 % of routine test voltage level,
• no PD measurement foreseen.
In case the on-site HV test replace the routine test, the on-site AC test voltage level shall be 100 % of
the routine AC test voltage level, corresponding to 125 % of the values in Table 1.3 below.
17
A PD measurement is mentioned only in connection with the routine test in the factory and treated
there as the subject of an agreement between OEM and user - i.e. considered optional. The following
values are given there as limits for PD levels during factory testing (testing each phase individually)
after pre-stressing with the routine test voltage:
• for solid insulation ≤ 20 pC at 1.1xUr/√3 phase-to-ground,
• for non-rigidly grounded systems ≤ 100 pC at 1.1xUr phase-to-ground.
Further recommendations and return of experiences are given in Chapter 2.4.1.
According to IEEE [B16], [B17] on-site power-frequency withstand voltage tests shall not be performed
at more than 75 % of the ACWV-level, which results in the values in Table 1.3 below. For voltage
levels of 15 kV and below, as a reference value also the permissible on-site DC test voltage for
connected power cables is given. This value is identical to the peak value of the corresponding on-site
ACWV-level.
IEEE does not recommend or prescribe to use DC test voltages for on-site testing of the GIS itself.
The maximum permissible partial discharge level at 1.2xUr and/or 1.2xUr/√3 is 100 pC.
According to DL/T [B18] the test requirements of IEC 62271-1 are modified specifically for the Chinese
market.
Table 1.3 below lists the recommended on-site voltages from the standard, which are 80 % of the
recommended factory test voltages Ud, unless no dielectric tests have been performed at the factory,
in which case the on-site test voltage shall be 100 % of Ud, corresponding to 125 % of the values from
Table 1.3.
Table 1.3 Overview of recommended site test voltages for MV GIS according to standards
Rated voltage Ur Recommended power-frequency Standard

(kV) withstand voltage Uds (kV) (1)
(2) Common value Across the isolating IEC IEEE DL/T
(3) distance (4) 62271-1 C37.20.9 593-2016
3.6 8 9.6 v
3.6 20 (14.4) 21.6 (16) v
4.76 14 - v
7.2 16 18.4 v
7.2 24 (18.4) 27.2 (21.6) v
8.25 27 - v
12 22.4 25.6 v
12 33.6 (24) 38.4 (28.8) v
15 27 - v
17.5 30.4 36 v
24 40 48 v
24 52 (40) 63.2 (51.2) v
27 45 - v
36 56 64 v
38 60 - v
40.5 76 (64) 94.4 (82.4) v
18
Rated voltage Ur Recommended power-frequency Standard

(kV) withstand voltage Uds (kV) (1)
(2) Common value Across the isolating IEC IEEE DL/T
(3) distance (4) 62271-1 C37.20.9 593-2016
48 78 - v
52 76 88 v
52 90 - v
Table notes:
1. A tick (v) indicates which of the reviewed standards recommends the specified test voltages
2. Rated voltage of GIS under test
3. Recommended test voltages between phases and between phase and earth
4. Recommended test voltages across safety isolating distances; values between brackets are applicable for solidly earthed
systems
General note: In case no factory dielectric tests have been performed, IEC and DL/T recommended site test voltages are 125 % of the
given values (=100 % of Ud)
The MV GIS standards considered in this section recognize that PD testing is a useful addition to the
high voltage tests, but that it is difficult to determine a reliable relationship between measured PD
quantities and the failure probability of a MV GIS. Therefore, PD tests are not mandatory, but subject
to agreement between user, manufacturer and third party if applicable.
The various return of experiences for PD pre-stress voltages, PD test voltages and PD measurement
duration are summarised in below table:
Table 1.4 Overview of maximum specified site PD levels
System max. PD quantity (pC) PD pre-stress voltage PD test voltage Reference

(ph-ea)
solid-insulation present 20 1.3xUr 1.1xUr/√3 >10 s [B15] cl. BB.5

(e.g. busbar)
non-rigidly earthed 100 1.3xUr 1.1xUr >10 s [B15] cl. BB.5

systems
generic 20 Ud 1.2xUr >5 min. [B19]
generic 0 (no phase correlated 1.2xUr 1.2xUr/√3 >1 min. [B19]

PD detectable)
generic 100 per bay 1) Ud 1.2xUr/√3 >1 min. [B16] cl. C.6
generic not specified Ud 1.2xUr/√3 >10 s [B20]

Table note:
1. Generally referred to as 'vertical section' in IEEE nomenclature
1.3.1.3 Graphical comparison of recommended AC, LI (OLI) and PD test voltages

according to (inter)national standards
The graphs below show the recommended AC, LI (OLI), and PD test voltages for the different rated
voltage levels for the standards reviewed in this chapter. they are based on:
• GOST R45828 (2011) Table 15,
• IEC 62271-203 (2022) Tables 2, 6, 7,
19
• IEC/TS 63042-301 (122/57/DTS:2018-03) Table 2,

• IEEE C37.122 (2010) Table 1; Cl. 9.4, Cl. 9.5,
• GBT/DLT 7674 (2008) Table 107; Cl. 10.2.101.1.3.
It should be noted that the site test voltages in the graphs below are phase-earth voltages. Specifically
for three-phase enclosure designs, a phase-phase PD test is also permissible according to [B7], with
Upd-test, ph-ph = 1.2xUr. This value is not presented in the corresponding graph for reasons of clarity.
For combined ACWV soak testing with simultaneous PD testing, as is customary in Japan, test levels
are based on:
• JEC 2350 (2005),
• JEC 2390 (2013).
The specified test voltage levels relate to the common service voltages in regions covered by its
standards but are largely comparable/aligned with each other.
Figure 1.2 Overview of ACWV from standard requirements
Figure 1.3 Overview of LIWV from standard requirements
Figure 1.4 Overview of PD test voltages from standard requirements
20
Figure 1.5 Overview of ACWV+PD test voltages from standard requirements
1.3.2 Comparison of recommended repetition procedures after disruptive discharge

during HV testing
With regard to repetition procedures as outlined in (inter)national standards a number of slight
differences in details are encountered.
1.3.2.1 Repetition procedures after disruptive discharges during HV testing
according to (inter)national standard requirements
IEC
In IEC [B7] Annex C.6.2 the following recommendations for repetition of on-site high voltage testing
after a disruptive discharge are given:
• C.6.2.1 Procedure a)
If the disruptive discharge has likely taken place along an insulator surface, it is strongly
recommended to open the corresponding compartment and inspect, clean and repair possible
damages. After this, the high voltage test shall be repeated with the same test voltage.
• C.6.2.2 Procedure b)
If the disruptive discharge has likely taken place in the insulating gas (for example due to
contamination or a surface imperfection which may be burned away by the flashover), the test
may be repeated at the same test voltage level, without opening the GIS installation. The
gaseous insulation is considered to be self-restoring for the energies that are released by the
flashover during high voltage testing.
If another flashover occurs during the repeated test, Procedure a) should be followed.
IEEE
In IEEE [B21] for locating internal failure the following information are presented:
Occasional disruptive discharges may occur during the power-frequency withstand voltage test and
the associated high voltage conditioning phase. Whether or not disruptive discharges during the
conditioning phase are acceptable depends on whether the disruptive discharge may have damaged
an insulator. The likelihood of such damage depends amongst others on the voltage level, the total
length of GIS compartments connected to the voltage source, and particular design characteristics of
the insulator, and safety features of the HV testing equipment in terms of fast switch-off switch or
similar. If the equipment successfully withstands the ACWV after a disruptive discharge has occurred
during the conditioning phase, it can generally be expected that the discharge either took place in the
SF6-gas, or that the insulator has not been damaged, and no reduction in dielectric strength will occur
in service.
If a failure occurs during power-frequency dielectric withstand voltage tests, locating the physical point
of the discharge for a three-phase enclosure installation can be performed by reducing the GIS section
under test by switching operations of CB and DS. In case of a single-phase enclosure installation with
all phases connected for testing, a separation of the individual phases and subsequent repetition of
the power-frequency dielectric withstand voltage test can ease locating. Once the failed phase is
identified, the described procedure for three-phase enclosed installations can apply.
Additionally, suitable accelerometer, piezoelectric or acoustic based monitoring devices can be
installed prior to the power-frequency withstand voltage test for locating purposes.
Once the failed section is identified and contains multiple gas compartments, detection equipment for
SF6 decomposition products (typically sulphur dioxide (SO2)) in these compartments may allow for
21
determining a more precise location of the failure. It is however possible that the discharge energy
during on-site testing will not produce enough decomposition products for detection.
The other standards which are considered in this chapter give either no recommendations for
repetitions of on-site testing in the case of a flashover, or in the case of GB/T give the exact same
recommendations as IEC 62271-203 Annex C.6.2 described above.
1.3.2.2 Repetition procedures after disruptive discharges during HV testing
according to return of experience
The following text provides some introductory collection of practical information concerning the applied
repetition procedures after disruptive discharges during on-site HV testing activities, with a focus on
HV GIS and the application of an AC voltage waveform as test voltage. Generally, these events can
occur in the conditioning phase, or during the HV withstand voltage test itself. Typically, the finally
applied test procedures are agreed by both OEM, user and third party (if applicable) in advance.
WG members return of experience
For the situation of an on-site HV test after repair, it was found helpful to increase the reliability of the
repaired HV GIS module by locating any flashover and inspect the affected GIS module to define the
next working activity (e.g. continue HV testing, further repair). Thereafter, a repetition of the same HV
testing procedure commences [B10].
Sometimes, also no specific information regarding re-testing of equipment after a disruptive discharge
during the on-site HV testing have been addressed [B22].
In relatively rare situations with on-site HV testing on UHV GIS, often no flashovers at all are allowed.
In case of any disruptive discharge an examination for finding the root cause is a prerequisite for a
repetition of the test procedure. Typically, further HV test voltage applications or even conditioning
phases are necessary to help determine the discharge location [B11].
Moreover, when a disruptive discharge already occurs during the conditioning phase, focusing on the
readings of simultaneous PD measurement and lower voltage rate of rise during a second conditioning
phase may be helpful to detect the nature and origin of a further disruptive discharge, which may
occur during the second conditioning phase [B23], [B24].
If a disruptive discharge occurs during the HV withstand voltage test, the HV withstand test needs to
be repeated, unless unambiguous assessment for a flashover along the surface of a solid can be
made. Additionally in such case, it can be helpful to repeat also the preceding conditioning phase. In
case of uncertainty regarding the flashover location, first a repetition of the HV withstand voltage test
without prior GIS opening is proposed. For the scenario of a second disruptive discharge taking place,
and locating measures indicate the same zone as the previous discharge, the affected GIS module
needs to be opened for inspection and repair [B23], [B24].
Occasionally, optional testing activities after the original HV withstand voltage test are also considered
helpful. These often depend on numerous factors and are not always applicable. With regard to further
testing at rated frequency and rated voltage can reveal correctness of re-installations of disconnected
(temporarily for on-site HV testing) VTs, surge arresters (SA) and/or cables [B23], [B24].
Additionally, in situations applying LI withstand voltage tests on site after a disruptive discharge, or
already after significant deviations are noticeable between the different lightning impulses, an
additional sequence of lightning impulses (e.g. 10 impulses) of the same polarity can be applied to
verify dielectric integrity of the GIS section under test. Any further flashover as before triggers the
affected GIS module to be opened for inspection and repair. Afterwards, a repetition of the complete
test procedure including AC withstand voltage test and LI withstand test commences. Further
significant deviations in LI waveshape during the additional sequence may also indicate a problem in
the GIS and opening the GIS module for inspection and repairs must be considered [B23], [B24].
Finally, the return of experience also advises to focus on locating flashovers to those GIS sections
with assemblies of interfaces between GIS and HV testing equipment [B23], [B24].
Specifically, for MV GIS an elaborated return of experience is given in Chapter 2.4.1.
22
2. Review of HV testing equipment and on-site

testing methods for GIS
2.1 Overview
2.1.1 Introduction
The on-site HV test is the last opportunity to detect and correct defects in the electric insulation system
before energisation. Therefore, this is the most important on-site test of a GIS, since defects left in the
system can result in a flashover during operation with high costs and significant outage time involved
for their repair.
Basically, before the GIS is tested on site, the actual insulation level of the assembled switchgear is
not known, since defects can be present due to transport and on-site installation possibly reducing the
insulation capability significantly. Even gas compartments of assembly units which are tested already
in the factory and not opened on site, can show insulation breakdowns or partial discharges. Some of
the causes are shifts of particles from non-field-critical locations (factory test) to field-critical locations
(on-site test) in the closed gas compartment during transport, assembly or due to gas flows when
filling the unit on site. Therefore, the electric insulation level must be proven with suitable test methods
during the final test on site before being ready for energisation. Already in [B25] the strong
recommendation of effective dielectric on-site tests has been stated to find defects missed so far. The
basic dielectric requirements for a correctly installed GIS insulation system are defined by the
insulation coordination [B1]. The two requirements
• alternating current withstand voltage capability (ACWV) and
• lightning impulse withstand voltage capability (LIWV)
are basic design parameters for operating frequency and transient dielectric stress, respectively. The
simplest way to verify the electric insulation capability of a GIS can be a one-minute AC withstand
voltage test with the specified test value (ACWV) and/or a lightning impulse withstand voltage test with
the BIL value (LIWV). According to the applicable (inter)national standards reduced test voltage values
are applied on site (e.g. 80 % for AC and approx. 70 % - 80 % for BIL).
As an alternative to the lightning impulse test, often partial discharge (PD) measurements are
performed, which can also detect causes for long-term degradation of the electric insulation (e.g.
cracks or cavities in solid insulation material). To carry out suitable tests a test method should be
chosen, which maximizes the likelihood of detecting any defects introduced inside the GIS. The
following sub-sections describe the different testing techniques and review aspects that test
personnel should be aware of.
It is important to understand the set-up and a brief description of on-site HV testing equipment,
common test methods and the occasional limitations (due to technical and/or non-technical reasons)
for on-site HV testing. In the past some references have already been published covering that topic,
which also contribute to this overview. The main goal of these kind of tests is established in an
appropriate relation between effort and benefit to ensure sound long-term operation of the equipment.
As stated earlier, there is a large potential cost, outage, and project schedule time loss, if a crucial part
of gas-insulated equipment fails during initial energisation or reenergization after extension or repair.
The cost of on-site AC high voltage tests is an economical insurance against the cost of damage and
time loss caused by a failure.
The return of experience shows that techniques for generating the required HV wave shape and
amplitude as well as measuring equipment to diagnose the insulation system and locate possible
irregularities in the insulation system of gas-insulated switchgear have been improved over the years,
but further development in this field is still ongoing.
2.1.2 GIS defects and their detection
In [B1] an overview about the relative effectiveness of the three major test techniques in detecting the
following GIS defects is given:
• AC voltage tests,
• Impulse voltage tests (LI: Lightning impulse; SI: Switching impulse),
• PD measurement.
23
Important information for the selection of a suitable test procedure can be gained from Table 2.1
below.
Table 2.1 Relative effectiveness of on-site tests on GIS defects [B1]
In Table 2.1 AC voltage tests are further distinguished between 'High AC' and 'Low AC'. 'Low AC' is
defined as 'low-voltage AC dielectric tests' with service voltage. 'High AC' is defined as 'high voltage
AC dielectric tests' with an applied voltage of 80 % of the power-frequency withstand voltage level. For
detailed definition see [B1]. The voltage level for PD measurement is defined as 80 % of 'High AC',
which is close to the IEC values for three-phase encapsulated HV GIS. Aspects relating 'effectiveness
of test methods' were already addressed a few years earlier in [B26] which constitute a preliminary
version of the work of CIGRE JWG 33/23.12. However, other references like [B27], [B28] have
elaborated also on the effectiveness of different on-site HV test methods with generally similar
conclusions as shown in Table 2.1.
Therefore, general major findings can be summarised as follow:
• AC HV tests show (only) reliable results in detecting free-moving particles,
• LI (OLI) tests are a very effective procedure to exclude (or show) the existence of particles on
spacers and protrusions on live parts,
• PD measurements are suitable options to indicate floating electrodes/parts, defects in
insulating spacers as well as free-moving particles,
• The combination of a high AC voltage test with PD measurement offers the most
comprehensive method in a single test set-up.
Although the two defect types 'protrusion' and 'particle on spacer' can pass the AC one-minute test
voltage undetected because of ‘corona stabilization’ [B29], they can both fail in the lightning impulse
test. The effect of corona stabilization at power-frequency voltage is illustrated below in Figure 2.1.
Additional details on this effect can be found in [B30]. Positive ions drift by electrical field forces
towards the cathode of the electrode configuration which result in a positive space charge located in
area b). So the critical gas volume in the direct vicinity of the protrusion tip in area a) gets limited to
develop further gaseous conditions for gas discharges.
Figure 2.1 Influence of space charge on electrical field distribution of defect type 'protrusion' [B29]
24
Due to relatively slow electric field variation of the power-frequency voltage, space charge can build up
in front of a protrusion, and thus reduce the maximal electric field. The protrusion attains a quasi shield
built of space charge and the breakdown voltage of such an arrangement increases. However, if a
much faster electric field variation is applied – for example a lightning impulse or a very fast transient
caused by switching operations – the space charge does not have enough time to develop, and the
breakdown voltage of the same arrangement is significantly lower compared to AC voltage stresses.
The voltage-time curves for a clean GIS installation and an installation with protrusion in Figure 2.2
below shows this effect in detail.
Figure 2.2 Fundamental behaviour of SF6-insulated systems to defects [B26]

For example, a protrusion on the HV conductor may pass the full ACWV but will lead to a flashover at
30% of the LIWV [B31]. A reduction in the LIWV capability of up to 50 % compared to a defect-free
configuration was reported [B32] for a 2-mm-particle on an insulator surface. Therefore, the presence
of these defect types in the GIS can lead to a flashover in service because of transient dielectric stress
events like lightning impulses or VFTOs caused by switching operations.
2.1.3 Electrical aging of solids caused by dielectric HV testing stress
Another aspect frequently discussed is 'electrical aging' of HV GIS insulating material, specially driven
by HV testing with voltages above the rated voltage. A former study on the long-term behaviour of
SF6-insulated systems has been conducted for CIGRE and is summarised in [B3]. In this report it is
concluded that no 'electrical aging' of the insulation system can be expected, if the involved insulation
materials used in the GIS manufacturing passed reliable quality controls. Even much higher electrical
field stresses than that of normal operation do not lead to remarkable 'electrical aging' effects, which
can cause breakdowns of the insulating systems. The study also states an expected lifetime of HV-
GIS "much higher than 30 years".
Moreover, the return of experience in [B3] has also shown that in case of disruptive discharges along
the surface of solid insulation while on-site HV testing, or within a conditioning phase, these
carbonised flashover traces may have either a high conductivity or an insignificant effect on the
insulation properties. However, for state-of-the-art solid insulating materials a reduction of the
electrical strength cannot be stated in the case of low-energy flashovers (<200 J/cm). Moreover,
typical decomposition products in the vicinity of the discharge trace, residual surface charges or other
small contaminations on the surface of solid material can be removed (e.g. mechanical, chemical)
usually based on OEM recommendations on a case-by-case basis to eliminate the potential of
subsequent flashovers initiated by the marks of the previous flashover traces. But in cases when
traces exhibit some deep erosion or even cracking of the solid, a suitable surface treatment may not
be possible. Generally, it can be concluded that tracking phenomena remaining on surfaces of solid
insulating components followed by successful repetition of HV testing have no influence on the long-
term performance of GIS.
Also, practical experience with GIS insulation mounted on factory test bays, which have been tested 'a
thousand times' with 100 % of the AC withstand voltage without failure, support this conclusion.
Accordingly, IEC recommend that parts already in operation are tested in the same way as newly
installed parts [B7]. However, for GIS extension scenarios of different GIS generations, each of the
25
different standards of the corresponding generations may be considered, and some examples are
presented in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4.
2.2 AC HV testing
2.2.1 General
Nowadays, on-site HV testing with AC is by far the most often applied test method on GIS, if dielectric
testing of the main insulation system is intended. This test method is basically applicable to MV, HV
and UHV GIS, also shown in [B2]. Initially, test transformers providing power-frequency HV were used,
but size and weight as well as technical limitations concerning feeding power capacities made the use
of these equipment more difficult with higher efforts, especially for GIS with voltage ratings above
170 kV. To overcome these disadvantages, nowadays compact and comparatively lightweight ‘test
voltage generators’ consisting of several separate apparatus serving as variable resonant reactor for
constant frequency or as constant resonant reactor with variable frequencies up to 300 Hz are used
[B33]. One current method using a frequency-tuned series resonance circuit for HV testing was initially
proposed and presented back in 1979, allowing to test HV apparatus with very large capacitances with
up to the highest test voltages [B34]. Since then, optimizations have been made mostly in the
automation and the power electronics of the used frequency converters.
Generally, frequency-tuned resonant test systems have a better weight-to-power ratio compared to
inductance-tuned systems [B27], but both systems are commonly used with regional popularities
worldwide.
In the case of limited space conditions, e.g. underground HV substations, metal-enclosed test voltage
generators are favourable to allow small clearances. Other aspects like dimensions, weights,
movability and handling, and optimisation for outage / safety isolation zones are also important. In
some cases, it is of interest to limit the time involved for completing an on-site HV test. Also, regarding
accompanying PD measurements (especially for conventional PD measurements) noise interference
is significantly lower applying metal-enclosed test voltage generators which are directly connected at
an applicable flange of the GIS under test.
On-site AC HV tests during GIS commissioning are sometimes also conducted by the application of
the service voltage for a longer test period than 1 minute. Often, this procedure is named ‘soak test’,
and references to the varying test durations can be found in Table 3.5.
2.2.2 Examples of HV test set-ups for HV and UHV GIS
Example installations of frequency-tuned resonant systems for AC HV tests are shown below in Table
2.2.
Table 2.2 Example installations of frequency-tuned resonant systems for AC HV tests
Photographs Reference
[B35]
left: oil-insulated reactors, 680 kV, 3.0 A

right: SF6-insulated reactor, 680 kV, 1.5 A
26
Photographs Reference
[B36]
On-site HV testing of vintage 110 kV GIS
[B24]
HV test equipment owned by user for on-site HV testing of GIS after installation
[B24]
HV test equipment owned by user for on-site HV testing of GIS after repair
The following Figure 2.3 shows an example of a test voltage generator for on-site HV testing of
underground substations up to 550 kV GIS [B37]. The physical dimensions are 4.9 meters long, 1.9
meters wide and 3.5 meters high with a total weight of about 7.8 tons. The figure also shows modules
(grey colour) to facilitate the connection of the HV test set to the HV GIS under test. The provided
reactive testing power can also allow for a certain capacitance under test, such that a complete HV
substation can be tested 'in one run' (e.g. 7 bays of 500 kV GIS, 15 bays of 220 kV GIS). However,
27
this approach can have some disadvantages (e.g. fault localisation, occurrence probability of
secondary flashovers, etc.), but can be considered as beneficial in case of 'running HV testing' without
any issues [B37].
SF6-insulated reactor, 750 kV, 2.4 A for 2 minutes

additionally: coupling capacitor; 'isolation impedance';
pulse injection possibility for calibration of PD measurement
Figure 2.3 Gas-insulated metal-enclosed frequency-tuned resonant test system [B37]
For an on-site HV test of an UHV GIS with a frequency-tuned resonant system an impression of the
installation is given in the following Figure 2.4.
Figure 2.4 1200 kV frequency-tuned resonant system [B38]

Typical capacitances of single UHV GIS test sections range between 15 nF and 30 nF. Ultra-violet
(UV) detectors can help to identify possible surface discharges (corona) on the test equipment itself as
well as on the HV leads. In case of locating possible disruptive discharges during the test procedure
an ultrasound-based system can also be beneficial. In this test voltage range a clearance of 9.5
metres or more is advisable [B38].
2.2.3 HV conditioning phase and test durations
Commonly, before commencing standardized HV test procedures a conditioning phase may be
performed to move possible particles towards areas with low or zero electric field strength [B7]. The
conditioning phase can follow very different procedures even including a voltage decrease to zero for
some reason, as the conditioning phase itself can also be considered as 'no test'.
In practice, a lot of variations during the conditioning phase during an on-site AC HV test with PD
measurement exist. This fact is basically related to the different GIS designs, and to the various
experiences of the OEM in this regard since the conditioning phase is not part of the HV and PD tests
that are given in applied standards. That circumstance also does not allow a general recommendation
of one explicit procedure. Moreover, capacitive loads in a specific test section can have an impact on
the finally applied procedure, which is especially obvious for on-site HV AC testing with 50 Hz / 60 Hz
test voltage generators.
28
Nevertheless, an observation of the 'PD behaviour' in a complete cycle (conditioning phase, HV

testing phase, PD measurement phase) can be advantageous, as defects can be recognized in time
before getting worse. The following text paragraphs summarise some examples showing the vast
variety of procedures for the conditioning phase, in conjunction with the HV test procedure as well as
without.
Examples of general HV conditioning phases including withstand voltage test
Sometimes the conditioning phase of the on-site AC HV test is divided into more than one test voltage
level to reduce the chance of flashovers during HV testing, and the test duration for conditioning is
extended correspondingly [B33].
The graph in Figure 2.5 shows an example with two conditioning phases followed by application of the
full test voltage Uds for the duration of 1 minute. No PD measurements are performed in this example.
Figure 2.5 Typical procedure for AC voltage conditioning and testing [B33]
A long-term experience of one OEM with HV testing of HV GIS results in the following voltage time
diagram in Figure 2.6.
Figure 2.6 Voltage time diagram for HV GIS with Ur = 245 kV [B39]
The graph shows a combination of two conditioning phases of 10 minutes duration each, followed
uninterrupted by the HV test at Uds and PD measurement. For other rated voltage levels of HV GIS,
typically the voltage time combinations according to Table 2.3 are applied [B39].
Table 2.3 Overview of conditioning and testing procedures for HV GIS [B39]
Ur in conditioning 1 in conditioning 2 in HV test voltage in PD test voltage in

kV kV / min. kV / min. kV kV
72.5 65 / 10 n.a. 120 87
123 123 / 10 n.a. 200 148
145 145 / 10 n.a. 235 174
170 170 / 10 n.a. 270 204
245 170 / 10 300 / 10 380 170
29
Ur in conditioning 1 in conditioning 2 in HV test voltage in PD test voltage in

kV kV / min. kV / min. kV kV
300 208 / 10 300 / 10 380 208
420 291 / 10 400 / 10 515 291
550 381 / 10 500 / 5 or 10 (often 5 min. due 560 381

to load cycles of the HV test-
set)
Also, a well-established procedure with PD measurement at higher test voltage levels applied in
Switzerland with longer measurement duration is shown below.
Table 2.4 Swiss practice for on-site HV test procedures introduced by third party (reference X1 = [B1])
The voltage level of the PD measurement (indicated in red) is close to the value recommended in the
[B1], and is derived from the values of testing three-phase encapsulated GIS as described in [B7]. The
return of experience has shown a good defect elimination capability when following the
recommendation of [B1] by performing the PD measurement at roughly 80 % of the withstand voltage
test level on site to reach the PD inception voltage of certain critical defects. With a PD measurement
duration of at least 30 minutes also PD defects with inception delay or defects with intermittent
behaviour are detected well.
In return of experience from the Netherlands, for on-site commissioning tests of 245 kV GIS or higher,
the sequence is shown in Figure 2.7. For on-site HV testing a test duration of 1 minute at a test
voltage level of Uds is generally synonymous with the pre-stress voltage for the PD test. Therefore,
this graph is like the graphs used during the routine test, but deviations may exist.
Figure 2.7 Actual test procedure of OEM B for an extension of a 245 kV GIS of OEM A in The Netherlands
in 2013
The sequence shows a gradual increase up to the conditioning phase, during which the test voltage is
0.8xUds. The duration and voltage level of the conditioning phase is determined by the manufacturer
based on the design of the switchgear. After the conditioning phase, the voltage can be gradually
increased to the full test voltage Uds.
30
As soon as Uds is reached, this voltage is maintained for 1 minute, and if no flashover occurs, it is
gradually decreased to the PD test voltage. The test voltage Uds also serves as the pre-stress voltage
for the PD measurement. Therefore, it is critical that when reducing the test voltage, it does not drop
below the PD test voltage level, as this might extinguish PD activity and would invalidate the test.
The following diagram refers to applications in China and shows a combination of conditioning and
testing phase. In this case the test voltage values are based on a rated voltage of 550 kV [B38], [B37].
Figure 2.8 Procedure for HV withstand test of 550 kV GIS voltage in China [B38], [B37]
In case of on-site HV testing of UHV GIS special consideration is paid to the conditioning phase due
the fact that these types of GIS usually are a very important node in the transmission network.
Nevertheless, PD measurements - in this case by means of ultrasound detectors (detection frequency
range from 20 kHz to 100 kHz) - are not applied during the conditioning phase and in the HV testing
phase due to safety (test operator and diagnostic equipment) reasons.
The PD measurement phase is performed directly after voltage decrease from the HV test voltage
level. Figure 2.9 shows an example of an acoustic PD measurement conducted with the realization of
frequent measuring points. Here the sensor is attached to the GIS enclosure and typically the
amplitude of acoustic emission signal should be less than 5 dB with no obvious phase correlation to
50 Hz and 100 Hz [B38]. This represents a very special type of ‘PD analysis’ based on user
experience and is for technical information only rather than for a precise PD determination.
Figure 2.9 AC withstand voltage and PD test procedure for 1100 kV GIS in China [B38]
Examples of specific HV conditioning phases including withstand test
This first example case study of an OEM from Switzerland describes how to differentiate between
'conditioning' and 'testing', especially in case of load cycle limitations of the used test transformer
[B40].
Usually during 50 Hz / 60 Hz tests the voltage transformers of a GIS are disconnected or dismantled.
The following Figure 2.10 displays an example for a scenario where the VTs are not part of the test
set-up during the conditioning phase as well as the HV test sequence. This specific procedure is
especially applicable in case of using a test transformer providing power-frequency HV. It becomes
obvious when calculating possible load cycles of the test transformer that a feasible test sequence
could speed up the total testing time and allow to meet the duty cycle parameter of the test voltage
generator.
31
An example (assumption) GIS substation consisting of 12 testing sections, comprising 10 bays and 2
busbars in a double busbar arrangement (three-phase encapsulated design), consisting of 9 bays
cable feeders and 1 bay coupling bay with no bus sectionaliser is taken to illustrate the impact of the
chosen procedure on the total test duration with approximate values given.
• Option 1 - directly after the conditioning phase the HV test including PD measurement will be
performed (so every GIS test section will be subjected according to the possible procedure):
o total duration for a complete cycle for one phase of one GIS test section = 14.5
minutes
(0.5 minutes (voltage rise) + 5 minutes conditioning phase 1 + 0.5 minutes (voltage
rise) + 5 minutes conditioning phase 2 + 0.5 minutes (voltage rise) + 1 minute (HV
test) + 0.5 minutes (voltage decrease) + 1 minute (PD measurement) + 0.5 minutes
(voltage decrease))
o total duration for a complete cycle for three phases of 12 GIS test section = (14.5 x 12
x 3) minutes = 522 minutes (equals to 8.7 hours)
o caution: time for data recording, changing switching conditions and calibration for PD
measurement is not included in this example calculation
o comment: it might be challenging to locate a possible disruptive discharge, although
diagnostic equipment for locating purposes especially on metal-enclosed GIS exists
(e.g. ultrasound, light)
• Option 2 - conduct the conditioning phase of 12 bays first and subsequently followed by the
HV test including PD measurements for:
o total duration for the conditioning phase of the first part of the substation for three
phases (1 busbar + 5 bays) = (11.5 x 3) minutes = 34.5 minutes
rise) + 5 minutes conditioning phase 2 + 0.5 minutes (voltage decrease))
o total duration for the conditioning phase of the second part of the substation for three
phases (1 busbar + 5 bays) = (11.5 x 3) minutes = 34.5 minutes
rise) + 5 minutes conditioning phase 2 + 0.5 minutes (voltage decrease))
o total duration for HV test including PD measurement for 12 test section and three
phases = (3.5 x 12 x 3) minutes = 126 minutes
(0.5 minutes (voltage rise) + 1 minute (HV test) + 0.5 minutes (voltage decrease) + 1
minute (PD measurement) + 0.5 minutes (voltage decrease))
o total duration for 'conditioning' and 'testing' = (34.5 + 34.5 + 126) minutes = 195
minutes (equals to 3.25 hours)
o caution: time for data recording, changing switching conditions and calibration for PD
measurement is not included in this example calculation
Figure 2.10 Example 1: Conditioning phase and HV test sequence [B40]

This second example case study of a user from Ireland emphasises the impact of the user return of
experience, which can be integrated into the user specification in combination with OEM demands. In
these cases, for HV GIS all of 245 kV rated voltage of three-phase encapsulated design, four different
32
OEM examples contain a lot of variations for the conditioning phase. The 'minimum conditioning time'
can range from 0 minutes to 15 minutes in these examples, and also a 'minimum time for PD
detection' can range from '≥ 1 minute' to 30 minutes. In the end this led to one user specifying the
requirement of a '5 step sequence' for the on-site test procedure to bring about consistency, or
standardisation of the test sequence across the GIS fleet of the same rated voltage but with GIS from
different OEM's being installed. Figure 2.11 shows a scenario for a 245 kV GIS with defined time
durations for the conditioning phase and PD measurement.
As shown in the users diagram the PD measurement is initially carried out at 1.2xUr according to
table 6 in [B7] (see also Table 3.7), but with an extended test duration of 5 minutes specified, followed
by a longer test duration of 20 minutes at 1.1xUr with potential extension up to 60 minutes. The total
test duration including preconditioning and PD measurement is therefore a minimum of 36 minutes
and may extend to 76 minutes in the event of any phase-correlated PD activity being observed during
the initial PD measurement periods.
While 'PD free' is the ultimate goal to be obtained, this may not always be easily achieved, depending
on the configuration of the installation and GIS design, however the acceptance criteria of 10 pC per
IEC may be too high a threshold for certain GIS installations of particular design or criticality to the
user. At the end of the initial 20 minute duration at 1.1xUr the decision to extend the PD monitoring
period for a further 40 minutes must be made in the case that detectable phase-resolved PD has been
observed for any consistent period throughout the 5 minute 1.2xUr or 20 minute 1.1xUr periods.
Should a pattern of incidences, such as flashovers or PD events be observed this gives clear
indication to both the OEM and the user that additional quality measures may be required and trigger
intervention such as investigation or cleaning of untested compartments. The principle of the extended
PD measurement duration according to the user specification is also to establish a suitable long
duration baseline, or initial fingerprint of the installation where continuous online PD monitoring
systems may be deployed.
Short snapshots of the GIS behaviour may be considered insufficient to baseline against continuous
monitoring systems that may be active during the initial period after placing into service. This initial
period after placing into service is considered the most critical point at which defects could become
apparent and PD measurement during the on-site testing phase was considered an enhancement by
the user in these cases.
It is acknowledged that this special case test procedure would most likely be applied to GIS of new or
unfamiliar design to the user for which they may not have suitable in-service experience at the time of
contract placement. GIS with suitable in-service experience as considered by the user may then
deviate more in line with the OEM's own test procedure on agreement with the user. Due to the
potential extended test durations the choice of test voltage generator to be used must be considered
by the user and parties responsible for designing the building or enclosure around the GIS and those
carrying out the on-site testing [B41].
The lower 1.1xUr specification value is also found in other user specifications from China to facilitate
the connection and testing of voltage transformers and surge arresters that may otherwise be
excluded from the conventional HV on-site testing [B38].
Figure 2.11 Example 2: Conditioning phase and HV test sequence for 245 kV GIS [B41]
In conclusion, no clear recommendation for any procedure can be given, since all the examples are
based on very individual circumstances and experiences. As mentioned above, the conditioning
procedure is not part of any required standard test and is no test by itself. Since the procedure is
33
mainly based on experiences made by the corresponding OEM, it is the OEM's responsibility to
conduct the conditioning phase appropriately. The only recommendation for users, who need full
information about conditioning procedures, is to get in discussion with suppliers as well as testing
personnel early enough in advance of any planned HV / PD tests.
2.3 PD measurement on HV GIS

Partial discharges are small electrical discharge events which occur in some types of electrical
insulations systems. These electrical discharges only partially bypass the insulation system and are
the result of a localized increase of the electrical field strength of the insulation system or on its
surface. Protracted partial discharges can erode solid insulation and eventually lead to an electrical
breakdown of the insulation system. In some cases, especially within complex multicomponent
apparatus, PD (at low level) is almost considered as a normal occurrence (e.g. in some types of
insulation for rotating machines). However, in many cases PD is a symptom of an insulation defect,
and its presence indicates some kind of deterioration. In principle, GIS also falls into this category and
should be 'PD free' [B45].
PD testing of insulation systems is an established way to check partial insulation defects which do not
lead to breakdown. Although (inter)national standards do not require PD measurements in any case
for on-site HV tests, several users ask for additional tests or different testing levels based on their own
experience, the recommendation of organizations like CIGRE or other scientific results.
For example, several utilities specify PD measurements at the on-site HV tests of GIS with rated
voltages from 420 kV down to 24 kV. Although IEC standards - which are often considered as the
baseline document - recommends PD measurement only for 245 kV GIS rated voltages and above
[B7], for these utilities the possibility to eliminate defects with an additional measurement and potential
increase of the reliability justifies the additional costs and efforts (which can be considered as small
compared to all costs related to the on-site HV testing activity itself). Combined with AC HV testing
subsequent PD measurements can be performed to identify sources of assembly irregularities and
insulation weakness. Proven methods in this regard are conventional and non-conventional PD
measurement techniques. They are generally applicable for MV, HV and UHV GIS. For some
installations and specific ambient conditions, a technical and economical evaluation of the
effectiveness of the PD testing and the ability to compare on-site PD test results with routine PD test
results is necessary. This evaluation may or may not validate the effectiveness of the PD testing on
site.
Typical examples of defects which can reduce the insulation capability in the short or long-term are
shown in Figure 2.12.
Figure 2.12 Typical defect types found in GIS installations [B43]

Free particles on the enclosure belong to the most frequently found defects on site. In the presence of
the electric field they can move, hop, and even reach the conductor and eventually initiate a gaseous
flashover. They can also adhere to an insulating part and convert into the fault type 'particle on
insulation surface'. In the best case, they can fall into a place with very low or no electric field (e.g. into
so called 'particle traps') and stay there with no further risk to service operation. Sharp protrusions on
the live part or on the enclosure as well as particles or contamination on the insulation surface
especially reduce the transient voltage withstand capability. Voids, cracks, or delamination in solid
insulation material can be critical on the long-term operation of the GIS, since electrical treeing in the
insulation material can lead to a flashover in service at any time of the service life depending on the
fault geometry, the material and the local electric field.
34
The report of the CIGRE JWG 33/23.12 deals with the insulation co-ordination of GIS and the return of
experience concerning on site tests and diagnostic techniques [B1] and states the critical dimensions
and accompanying PD levels as given in Table 2.5.
Table 2.5 PD defect type vs. size and charge [B1]
Considering PD levels of protrusions and particle on insulation material with critical length, the low PD
level of 0.5 pC…2 pC can be a challenge on site. Often a 5 pC acceptance level is applied, and noise
levels of less than 0.5 pC for proper defect identification are difficult to achieve for the conventional PD
measurement. For these PD defect types it can be possible to achieve higher signal-to-noise ratios
when applying a highly sensitive UHF PD measurement method.
Partial discharges in cavities of electrical insulation (shrinkage cavities within the solid insulation
occurred during the casting process, delamination of electrodes, cracks due to incorrect mechanical
stress, etc.) can exhibit a statistical PD inception delay of more than 15 minutes [B44]. Concerning the
dimensions of these kind of defects, a spherical cavity having a diameter of 0.7 mm is already
considered large. Currently, research is being conducted on the detection of cavities without PD
inception delay by means of pulsed X-ray radiation [B46]. Cavities having diameter down to 0.3 mm
can be detected under certain circumstances. Some OEM have implemented the detection of cavities
in insulating materials by means of pulsed X-ray radiation at the incoming goods inspection of
insulators.
Nevertheless, due to the statistical PD inception delay of certain cavity sizes, it can be helpful in some
cases to extend the PD measurement duration to longer periods than 1 minute. Therefore, general
test set-ups and schedules can be favourable when enabling testing scenarios with testing durations
of generally up to 5 minutes or even longer. When using multiple UHF sensors, sequential connection
of single UHF sensors to spectrum analysers or portable UHF PD measuring equipment with fixed
(limited) numbers of measuring channels need to take place, the duration of the PD test may also be
extended. Load cycle requirements of the used test voltage generator may also have a limiting effect
for the test duration as well. For investigation and localization of a PD defect, test voltage generators
with sufficient thermal capacity are advantageous.
However, when no PD signals above noise level are detected at all, and a return of experience is also
given on the timely evolvement of progressive PD defect signals for the corresponding GIS design
under test, PD measurement durations clearly longer than 1 minute are not applied in certain current
user practices in some regions [B47].
Considering the effect of statistical PD inception delay (e.g. voids (cavities) or temporary PD extinction
(e.g. particle / contamination on insulation)) of certain PD defects, also longer PD measuring times in
the range of 30 minutes or more can be helpful for the PD detection and may have positive effects on
the removal of these PD defects.
Generally, in case of PD detection at the specified PD test level, the applied AC test set-up should
have corresponding thermal capabilities for comprehensive PD characterization and localization (e.g.
time-of-flight measurement) so that efficient testing is possible.
Because PD measurement is a non-destructive test method and applied in conjunction with the AC
voltage test (resulting in a single test sequence), this test combination is widely applied on site.
However, radio interference signals, large testing sections on site and the technique used for HV
injection (e.g. gas-insulated or air-insulated) can result in unfavourable noise signals for conventional
PD measurement. Often, interface modules of the HV GIS (e.g. bushing, cable) are sensitive to these
interference signals. Also, the location of the substation itself may have an influencing effect on the
35
noise level (e.g. in industrial / urban areas the occurrence of higher PD ground levels can result from
adjacent machines, engines, airports, cell antenna sites, etc.).
Since the introduction of the UHF PD measurement method in the late 1980s [B49], it has become
widely accepted and applicable for sensitive on-site PD measurement on HV GIS due to the high
detection sensitivity and good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) which can be achieved.
Figure 2.13 below illustrates the signal processing of narrow-band UHF PD measurement.
Figure 2.13 Broad-band scanning narrow-band UHF PD measurement – illustration of signal processing
[B43]
At the place of origin, PD signals in SF6 show bandwidth past 10 GHz [B42]. Radio frequency PD
sensors in flanges of the enclosure act as antenna to pick up PD signals typically in the frequency
range of 0.1 - 2 GHz. To achieve a good SNR, broadband amplifiers are used with up to 50 dB
amplification. A spectrum analyser allows to observe PD signals in the broadband spectrum
presentation, and in case of PD signal activity to provide a down-converted PD signal for accumulation
of a phase-resolved PD pattern (e.g. 'finger-print') with a conventional PD measurement device. Often,
a multiplexer is applied to connect all PD sensors involved in the test section to the measuring device.
A great advantage of this method is the possibility to provide sensitive measurements even with high
level of disturbances due to the possibility to select a noise free frequency band containing PD activity.
More detailed description (see [B43]).
Figure 2.14 below illustrates the signal processing of the broad-band UHF-PD measurement.
Figure 2.14 Fixed broad-band UHF PD measurement – illustration of signal processing [B43]
This method is widely applied for online PD monitoring systems due to the low costs of the simple
front end and the low system complexity. The system consists typically of broad-band receivers
operating in fixed frequency bands. It is possible to make automatic simultaneous measurements on
tens or hundreds of UHF PD sensors. The signal is directly down-converted (e.g. using an envelope /
power detector) to base-band, from where a phase-resolved PD Pattern is generated [B43].
Since in practice the exact location of a PD source and therefore the signal transmission path to the
measuring sensor is unknown, no direct relationship between the received radio frequency (RF) signal
amplitude and the charge value of the PD source is existing. Even a calibration to the ‘apparent
charge’, as defined in IEC 60270, is not possible [B50].
However, this drawback can be considered over-compensated by the fact that RF interferences in the
UHF range can be often lower and so significantly easier to handle than in the measurement
bandwidth of the conventional PD measurement method, particularly on site. Another significant
advantage of measuring signals in the UHF range is the possibility to precisely determine the location
of the PD source to within a few centimetres by means of time-of-flight measurements [B51].
36
Sometimes, the impact of extended testing sections and therefore different capacitances of the section
under test on the amplitude of conventional PD measurement signals are considered detrimental to
the calibration procedure. In APPENDIX E further information on this detail is given.
Example PD signals for ‘particle on insulation’ on a horizontal insulator of a VT are shown in Figure
2.15. For comparison, the PD signal has been measured simultaneously with both the UHF
narrowband and IEC 60270 methods [B43].
Figure 2.15 Comparison of PD signal between measured by UHF narrow-band and IEC method (2 mm
particle on insulation of a VT measured at 230 kV, conforms to 100 % ACWV) [B43]
Figure 2.15 show that for this specific PD defect the SNR of the UHF measurement can be
significantly higher than the SNR reached with the conventional PD measurement. The conventional
PD amplitude of approximately 0.5 pC is hardly recognizable above the noise level, whereas the UHF
method delivered a clear and interpretable PRPD pattern.
Often, in the practical application of the factory test also PD defects below the agreed PD acceptance
level are investigated and removed. Some OEM have also started to integrate UHF measurement
results into the PD test result evaluation of the conventional PD measurement with the goal to further
reduce the probability for occurrence of critical PD defects.
Beyond the applied factory PD testing procedure, the return of experience sometimes shows that
during on-site PD testing unacceptable PD signals can occur in GIS modules already at a test voltage
level significantly lower than the rated voltage. A corresponding case study revealed that a
disconnector / earthing switch was affected. Despite a thorough inspection and cleaning of the
affected gas compartment, during re-testing the PD signal appeared again. Therefore, the
disconnector / earthing switch gas compartment was removed from the installation to undergo an
inspection in the OEM laboratory. Through extensive troubleshooting, a process of eliminating
possible fault locations and consultation with the OEM, it was found out that a bolted connection of the
contact on the partition was the PD source. After cleaning and re-torquing of the bolted contact, the
disconnector / earthing switch gas compartment was re-installed, and during a further PD re-test no
PD activity was registered. This case study demonstrates the importance of in-depth inspection of a
compartment in case of too high PD signals - compared to the agreement between user / OEM / third
party made in advance of the test - during on-site testing [B52].
2.4 PD measurement on MV and UHV GIS

2.4.1 On-site PD measurement on MV GIS
Besides requirements in (inter)national standards it can be common in different countries to agree on
additional test specifications and parameters between OEM / user / third party in advance of the
testing period. They consider individual user requirements and are mostly based on operational
experience and continuously updated level of knowledge from research.
The following practical example (Ur = 24 kV) elaborates the common practice for on-site HV testing in
conjunction with PD measurement on MV GIS in Switzerland and is based on many years of testing
practice in agreement with Swiss users.
This is based on the findings of research and the experience gained from on-site HV testing and
operation of MV GIS. The HV testing practice has for some time now clearly exceeded the
requirements in international standards. Thus, PD measurement on GIS systems down to 24 kV
systems has become established due to the significantly higher information of the test results
concerning the dielectric integrity and the fault elimination achieved [B53].
37
Requirements as per international standard

As shown in [B15] for GIS parts which have been erected on site or having gas compartments which
have been filled on site, some information for site testing details can be found in Chapter 1.
However, PD measurements are not required and generally considered optional and therefore
commonly subject to agreement between user / OEM / third party.
Requirements as per recommendation
For example, in [B53] some HV testing recommendations for gas-insulated MV GIS with metallic
enclosure are described, including common hybrid gas-insulated systems of the 24 kV level with
sectionally solid-insulated busbar. The following test voltage values for on-site HV testing of MV GIS
(Ur = 24 kV) are recommended:
• 40 kV / 1 minute on all test sections,
• PD measurement at 1.2xUr (29 kV) after pre-stress with 40 kV; measurement duration at least
5 minutes: PD level ≤ 20 pC,
(a phase-correlated PD pattern integrated over a measurement time of at least 1 minute at a
voltage level of 29 kV is decisive for the assessment),
the measuring time can be extended by the test engineer, if necessary,
• PD-measurement at 1.2xUr/√3 (17 kV): no phase-correlated PD detectable,
(a phase-correlated PD pattern integrated over a measurement time of at least 1 minute at a
voltage level of 17 kV is decisive for the assessment),
individually occurring PD pulses are not evaluated.
For conditioning purposes, the manufacturer can specify a stepwise approach to the test voltage.
Requirements as per return of experience
It is recommended to test not only the busbar connections mounted on site, but the entire installation
up to the cable connections. The cable outlets should be fitted with voltage-resistant and ‘PD-free’ end
caps. The voltage transformers should also be tested wherever possible. The test frequency should be
above 115 Hz (Ur ≥ 16 kV; overvoltage factor ≥ 1.9 / 8 hours).
Usually, the test voltage is fed in by means of a test cable at the cable connection of a feeder. The
coupling capacitance for the PD measurement is then typically positioned between AC test set and
test cable. Due to the frequency-dependent attenuation of the test cable, when calibrating the PD
measurement, it is important to ensure that the PD calibrator is connected to an adjacent feeder of the
GIS, and not at the coupling capacitance. Furthermore, in GIS systems with more than 5 feeders,
measurement frequencies above 1 MHz should not be used, if possible, since otherwise PD which
occurs far away from the voltage injection point can only be measured with high attenuation or not at
all (GIS type dependent).
In case of on-site HV testing on switchgear extensions it is recommended that the parts that have
already been in service are tested in the same way as newly installed parts (e.g. for a 24 kV GIS, with
40 kV / 1 minute; PD measurement at 29 kV and 17 kV respectively).
However, some users require for on-site tests PD acceptance levels below 5 pC. In about 90 % of all
on-site HV tests the background noise allows low measuring levels in rural and urban areas. Although,
an acceptance PD level of 20 pC still may not be sufficient to detect foreign bodies inside the GIS
system or mounting irregularities, which can be eliminated by requiring a lower acceptance PD level
instead.
MV GIS are designed to withstand dielectric stresses originating from power-frequency and lightning
impulse voltages. In practice, the use of slightly reduced values for the AC voltage test (80 % of the
designed value) supplemented by a PD measurement instead of a lightning impulse test has proven
successful for on-site HV testing.
To ensure that at service voltage the GIS system does not exhibit PD, which can lead to insulation
failure in the medium or long-term, and due to the possible long-lasting voltage increase in single-
phase short circuits with high overvoltage, a requirement to have ‘PD-free’ equipment at test voltage
levels of 1.2xUr/√3 is considered reasonable. For detecting specific PD defect (e.g. void, electrode
delamination, etc.) with PD levels above 20 pC with sufficient safety margin, a test voltage level of
1.2xUr for PD measurement is also considered reasonable. The inception delay of certain PD defects
in conjunction with the duration of operational overvoltage occurring require sufficient test durations for
38
PD measurements, and deterioration of solids (e.g. 'electrical treeing') can be neglected for
acceptance PD levels < 20 pC for common test durations [B19], [B53].
2.4.2 On-site PD measurement on UHV GIS
The intention of the Working Group was to provide a kind of complete overview of on-site HV testing
on GIS, ranging from MV to UHV. Unfortunately, the return of experience in case of PD measurements
on UHV GIS is limited [B12]. So, the following practical example (Ur = 1100 kV) elaborates the
common practice for on-site HV testing in conjunction with PD measurement on UHV GIS in China
[B11], [B38].
Generally, user specifications for PD measurements in conjunction with on-site HV testing of UHV GIS
describe the applicability / requirement of non-conventional PD measurement techniques by
electromagnetic and acoustic methods. In this voltage range this kind of dielectric test constitutes a
major challenge with regard to external interference signals. In case of acoustic PD measurements on
1100 kV GIS in China the attachment of ultrasonic sensors to the GIS enclosure starts after
(successful) completion of the AC test and the subsequent voltage decrease to the PD test voltage
value (see also Chapter 2.2.2). The following figure displays some information on PD signals detected
and recorded during an on-site HV test. The upper part of the figure refers to electro-magnetic PD
measurements, and the lower part of the figure is related to acoustic PD measurements.
Figure 2.16 Example of PD signals from test on UHV GIS [B11]

The analysis of such PD signals by the person / group in charge for this dielectric test indicated two
regions with comparatively high signal amplitudes in relation to the phase synchronisation. As the PD
signal was observed in a timewise stable appearance, a PD signal location inside the GIS under test
was concluded.
The combination of number of sensors, suitable attachment locations on GIS enclosures and size of
the GIS enclosure under test typically limits the number of measuring points as well as the
measurements duration on each separate measuring point (despite a PD measuring duration of about
1 hour). Therefore, the PD detection is performed comparatively fast and coarse. Generally, according
to user return of experience the amplitude of the acoustic PD signal is required to be less than 5 dB
without any obvious correlation to 50 Hz and 100 Hz signals.
2.5 LI (OLI)
2.5.1 Origin and background about the application of on-site LI (OLI) testing of GIS
Today on-site HV testing with lightning impulse (LI), or oscillating lightning impulse (OLI) is applied for
many operating voltage levels a lot less than on-site HV testing with AC. That has been already earlier
evaluated [B2] and has been recalled in Table 2.6.
Furthermore, it has been stated, that the case of LI (OLI) application seems to be related to the
importance of the substation in the network, especially when the operating voltage level is higher.
39
Table 2.6 HV testing practices - number of responses within individual voltage classes (in %)
([B2] table 6-5)
While this review of the application of on-site LI (OLI) HV testing is to date still describing the current
practice or state of the art resp., also older references are still presenting valid reasons for the
application of LI voltage as well as differentiations for not applying them [B26].
Technically, it is a well-established fact that LI test voltages are sensitive to possible defects of GIS,
which are 'protrusion on HV conductor' and 'particle on solid insulation'. Both types of defects may
also be detectable by PD measurements, but obviously the PD detection sensitivity can be different to
that of LI test voltage application. This was shown also in Table 3 in [B1]. Regarding the LI voltage
waveshape the requirements compared to that of type testing procedures are modified in terms of
front times, as especially for HV and UHV GIS travel time effects of electro-magnetic waves can cause
multiple reflections within extended GIS structures resulting in different voltage values along the tested
GIS section. This phenomenon can be moderated by allowing longer front times compared to type
testing protocols.
Nevertheless, investigations regarding effectiveness of longer front times of LI voltages to detect
specific kind of defects within a GIS are still ongoing. Also, an increase of the test voltage level of the
LI voltage waveshape is proposed to kind of compensate some effects [B54]. Concluding the work in
this reference it must be emphasized, that often investigations have been performed in laboratory test
set-ups, so that circumstances during situations of on-site LI testing may be different.
Also, the work of [B55] concludes with some results concerning the effectiveness of different test
methods in a laboratory test set-up.
But to date there is no evidence that increasing test voltage levels towards the test voltage levels of
type testing procedures increases the risk, that in case of disruptive discharges very fast transient
overvoltage (VFTO) can generate actual test voltage values exceeding the type test voltage levels at
some locations of the (extended) GIS under test, and the insulation system will be dielectrically
overstressed subsequently (resulting in additional disruptive discharges at other locations) [B56].
2.5.2 LI (OLI) testing equipment
Different types and designs of LI testing equipment exist. Some examples are summarised in the
following figures. Typically, their advantages for the use on site relate to flexibility, assembly options in
case of modular impulse voltage generators, short testing times in case of vehicular impulse voltage
generator, and compact size as well as low stray inductances in case of SF 6-insulated impulse voltage
generators.
The following figures display some impressions of the different test set-ups for LI and OLI on-site HV
testing equipment. This overview is subjected to further impressions of these type of testing
equipment.
40
Figure 2.17 Modular impulse voltage generator for on-site HV testing [B57]
Figure 2.18 Modular impulse voltage generator for on-site HV testing with OLI [B58]
Figure 2.19 Vehicular impulse voltage generator for on-site HV testing [B57]
Figure 2.20 SF6-insulated impulse voltage generator for on-site HV testing [B57]
2.5.3 LI (OLI) testing procedures

Generally, impulse voltage waveforms include lightning impulse voltages and switching impulse
voltages. Initially, according to the waveform characteristics lightning impulse voltages can be divided
into two types:
41
• aperiodic lightning impulse waveform (ALI, often named as ‘standard impulse’),

• oscillating lightning impulse waveform (OLI).
LI voltage waveforms (ALI or OLI) are very sensitive for revealing abnormal structures of the GIS (e.g.
electrode damages). However, if the impulse voltage generator is huge, it can be difficult to carry out
the test on site. The efficiency of an oscillating impulse generator is much higher than in case of a
standard impulse voltage generator (up to 200 % for OLI as per information from IEC 60060-3 (2006)).
If OLI voltage waveforms are used, a small-sized generator can be used to generate a high impulse
voltage. This is making a priority for OLI application for on-site HV testing.
Generally, when testing extended distributed GIS sections, reflections of electro-magnetic waves
caused by steep front waves should be considered.
Therefore, often the rise time of LI voltage waveforms are acceptable up to 8 μs. For OLI voltage
waveforms, the rise time should not be longer than approximately 15 μs [B7], [B27].
Depending on the negotiation between user (requirement in user specification with variance of
network importance (e.g. China)) and OEM a two-step-procedure to evaluate a possible distribution of
the impulse voltage stress within the GIS under test could be necessary in advance of the on-site HV
test.
Therefore, as a first step it can be applicable to establish a simulation model of the GIS under test
(especially for UHV GIS) to get the impulse test voltage and breakdown overvoltage distribution
results. The GIS under test should then be divided into several test sections according to the
simulation results to avoid any voltage distortion along the GIS, voltage reflection and secondary
disruptive discharge phenomena.
Then in a second step, it can be applicable to calculate the impulse waveform parameters according
to the generator parameters and parameters of the GIS under test (e.g. test capacitance). A short front
time is often related to a higher defect detection sensitivity. The following Table 2.7 summarises some
example simulations.
Table 2.7 Overview of some example calculations with different test capacitances [B57]
rated voltage / kV test capacitance / nF efficiency / % OLI calculated front time / µs
330 10 150 6.5
750 7 158 6.8
750 33 116 11.0
1000 11 121 13.0

In terms of the procedure to perform a withstand voltage test, variations exist in the different countries.
As an example, in China the procedure comes up with a first impulse at 50 % of the specified test
voltage value for waveform adjustments. This is followed by a second impulse at 80 % of the specified
test voltage value for efficiency checks. If no deviations compared to the specified requirements are
observed three successive impulses with the specified test voltage value are applied to the GIS test
section. In case of no disruptive discharge the complete procedure must be repeated after a polarity
change.
Nevertheless, requirements or recommendations given by the relevant standards sometimes are
adjusted according to the agreement between OEM and user. So, the applied on-site HV testing
procedure can also look like the following:
• 50 % of the specified test voltage one impulse (adjusting waveform),
• 70 % of the specified test voltage three impulses (negative/positive) each,
• 100 % of the specified test voltage three impulses (negative/positive) each.
Finally, if no disruptive discharge occurs at all, the test is passed. If a disruptive discharge occurs in
the test process, then the test must be stopped, and the location of the disruptive discharge must be
established. If the fault can be repaired, a re-test after repair must be performed.
The application of a complete impulse voltage sequence could be carried out as shown in Figure 2.21.
42
Figure 2.21 Example for OLI test sequence [B58]

For addressing the realization of the above-described procedure two case studies from China help to
make the specific steps more obvious.
Impulse tests of GIS with rated voltages up to 1000 kV have been carried out dozens of times in
China. Some defects that were not found in tests with AC voltages have been found in tests with
impulse test voltages.
The first case study (application case 1) is describing an on-site impulse voltage test of a 750 kV GIS
[B59].
Figure 2.22 Application case 1 in China - main single line diagram [B59]
The tested GIS was divided into two parts in terms of the voltage distribution simulation. The red part
constitutes the GIS under test.
43
(Part 1)
(Part 2)
Figure 2.23 Application case 1 in China - test segment / test section [B59]
For part 1, it passed the positive polarity impulse voltage test, but a disruptive discharge occurs in
negative polarity impulse voltage test. The test impulse voltage waveforms are shown in the following
Figure 2.24.
(Positive polarity)
(Negative polarity (including disruptive discharge))

Figure 2.24 Application case 1 in China - impulse test voltage waveform [B59]
After disassembling the equipment, a conductor installation fault (parts of the conductor still are
electrically connected, but conductor displacement occurs) are shown in the following Figure 2.25.
44
Figure 2.25 Application case 1 in China - conductor displacement inside GIS [B59]
This GIS has passed the AC withstand voltage test. If no impulse voltage test would have been
conducted, the GIS would have been put into operation with this defect, and it could lead to a failure
sometime in the future.
The second case study (application case 2) is describing an on-site impulse voltage test of a 1000 kV
GIS [B59].
Figure 2.26 Application case 2 in China - main single line diagram of 1000 kV GIS [B59]
The substation is essentially one-and-a-half circuit breaker arrangement, but with a slightly different
design as two bays are of an incomplete design with only two CBs per bay. Subsequently, the
calculation of the relevant capacitance under test has been performed for the complete as well as for
the incomplete bay design.
Figure 2.27 Capacitance calculation of 1000 kV GIS [B59]

For the two cases it results in final capacitance values of 11 nF for the complete bay, and 7 nF for the
incomplete bay.
45
A simulation of the equivalent circuit diagram gives some results for the voltage waveform including
the front time. The circuit data is summarised in Table 2.8.
Table 2.8 Simulation of equivalent circuit for calculation of the front time
parameter value remark
C1 0.0667 μF 15 sections (1 μF / section)
C2 11 nF previous calculation result
L1 75 µH connection wire inductance
L2 5.04 mH inductance to adjust waveform
Rt 1.5 kΩ resistance of wave tail
Rf 30 Ω resistance of wave front
r 300 Ω external damping resistance
Figure 2.28 Voltage waveform calculation of 1000 kV GIS (concentrated test capacitance) [B59]
For the case of a complete bay, it results in a front time of 13.8 µs, and an efficiency of the test voltage
generator of 125 %.
Following the voltage waveform calculation for the impulse voltage generator a calculation of the
voltage distribution along the GIS bay is made.
46
Figure 2.29 Voltage distribution along GIS based on wave impedance model [B59]
The result of this calculation shows that the voltage value at the disconnectors DS41 and DS46 are
quite similar.
Before the on-site HV test commences the final calculation in advance shows the overvoltage
occurrence in case of a disruptive discharge in the GIS section under test.
(Left to right: equivalent circuit diagram; maximum overvoltage at flashover point 1 is 2424 kV;
maximum overvoltage at flashover point 2 is 2440 kV; maximum overvoltage at flashover point 3 is
2515 kV)
Figure 2.30 Overvoltage calculation in case of disruptive discharge at 0.8x2400 kV [B59]
The results of the overvoltage calculation exhibit the maximum overvoltage at the ‘far away terminals’
(open disconnectors DS41 and DS46) in relation to the location of the disruptive discharge.
While finally conducting the on-site HV test with OLI voltage on the test section as indicated in the
circuit diagram, two measurements of example voltage applications are also shown.
47
(CLOSE: CB51, CB52, CB53, DS52, DS53, DS54, DS55

OPEN: DS51, DS56)
Figure 2.31 Circuit diagram of 1000 kV GIS with test section indicated in red and sample voltage
measurements of positive and negative polarity of OLI voltage application [B59]
2.5.4 LI (OLI) detection sensitivity for different defects

Protrusions on HV conductors are one of the main defects which can be detected advantageously by
the application of ALI or OLI voltage waveforms. So, to investigate any possible difference between
these two voltage waveforms in terms of defect detection sensitivity a comparison was previously
conducted in a small-sized laboratory test set-up with full-sized GIS modules (363 kV GIS) [B54].
In [B54] an overview of the different applied dielectric stresses to various defects configurations is
summarised (with the 50-%-probability breakdown voltage (Ud50) measured by the up-and-down
method according to IEC 60060-1) by presenting data for ALI with rise times ranging from 1.2 µs to
3 µs and OLI with different rise times ranging from 1.2 µs to 13 µs.
One of the major outcomes of these investigations concludes that for all four defects (different length
of protrusion) and for both polarities, Ud50 under ALI and OLI stress are very close with each other.
Therefore, with the same wavefront only very little difference of the Ud50 values between OLI and ALI
stresses have been observed.
Further, it was concluded in [B54] that in case of increased wave front times for LI voltages up to 10 µs
or 15 µs resp., the detection effectiveness for protrusions on HV conductor also decrease a little. This
resulted in a less efficient detection of very short lengths of protrusions on HV conductor.
Some quite similar results have been reported in [B60]. Here, the scope of investigations (also
performed on a laboratory test set-up) have been further extended to analyse the impact of the
waveforms (ALI or OLI). All in all, the difference between ALI and OLI for a front time e.g. of 10 µs
concerning the 50-%-probability breakdown voltage of a rod-plane gap under SF6 gas is very small.
2.6 SI (OSI)
Testing HV and UHV GIS on-site with switching impulse (SI) or oscillating switching impulse (OSI)
voltage waveforms is obviously less dominant in its cases of application. In Table 6-5 of [B2] which is
also used in the text for LI (OLI) above, it is not discriminated between LI and SI. Both impulse
waveforms have been evaluated jointly.
48
Nevertheless, in [B7] the on-site HV test voltage waveform referring to OSI is no longer considered,
which was the case in the previous edition of that IEC standard from 2011.
The SI (OSI) voltage test is particularly effective for checking pollution (e.g. contamination), and
abnormal electric field structure (e.g. protrusion). It is typically suitable for on-site HV withstand tests of
GIS with higher rated voltage levels.
The rise time of the switching impulse (including oscillating switching impulse) should be generally
ranging from some tens to some thousands of microseconds, depending on the applied standard
(IEC62271-203 (2011) is from 150 μs till 10 ms; IEC 60060-3 (2006) is from 20 μs till 400 μs).
OSI voltages can be generated by conventional Marx generators, and it also can be generated by
discharging a capacitor to the low-voltage side of a power transformer, potential transformer, or test
transformer. The latter option is seldom used. Generally, the generating equipment for OLI voltages
can be used by changing the inductance to a suitable value and design for OSI voltage applications.
An OSI testing sequence can look like the display in the following Figure 2.32.
Figure 2.32 Example for OSI test sequence

An impression from an on-site installation can be found in the following Figure 2.33
Figure 2.33 Modular impulse voltage generator for on-site HV testing with OSI
49
3. Evolution of user specifications

3.1 Introduction
Since the first installation of GIS towards the later years of the 1960’s, progressive experience of GIS
operation, maintenance, and testing during all phases of the equipment lifecycle has been attained.
Over time, through these activities, users have been increasingly involved with the on-site dielectric
testing whether directly by conducting those tests themselves during major maintenance works, or
indirectly through witnessing and supervision of testing conducted on site by the OEM or a third party -
in the case of new GIS installations and extensions. The expertise for the on-site dielectric testing that
is developed among the users and the OEM coupled with technical development of test voltage
generators, Partial Discharge (PD) measuring equipment and evolving digital instrumentation has
influenced the international standardisation of the on-site GIS testing for OEMs and the evolution of
user specifications on these topics.
The evolution of requirements in user specifications for on-site testing reflects the return of experience
and their increasing level of knowledge and exposure. In some cases, the user level of knowledge or
experience will be an important factor for the OEM to consider, as this may lead them to consider any
additional requirements for the design and configuration of the GIS to suit the user specification or
application. User requirements combined with the OEMs input at initial design stage may influence the
maintenance activities and procedures to be employed and any future dielectric testing in the event of
extension or retrofit. Such concepts have arisen in recent years with HV GIS in the location and
positioning of gas tight barriers in accordance with the user maintenance practices, and provisions for
additional isolation facilities to facilitate HV testing in future while maintaining critical sections in
service. These considerations require an understanding by the user of how GIS construction,
assembly on site and HV testing is performed to be able to adequately plan future works, and also
imposes a requirement on the OEM to understand the user requirements for the installation that they
will own and operate for its lifecycle.
While the initial site testing following installation may be conducted by the OEM or third party to certify
the completeness of the assembly, this is only an initial commissioning test for many users who are
then responsible for putting the GIS into service following conclusion of the HV test and handover. The
initial energisation of the GIS by some users is often done in a cautionary manner allowing only small
sections of the new equipment to be connected to the live network in a staged fashion with frequent
switching operations to prove or verify a small section at a time. Such an approach whereby the GIS is
energised from an isolated section of the network, with specially applied sensitive or reduced
protection settings, shows users hesitance to accept HV tests as conclusive proof of fitness for
operational service, and merits the consideration of user experience into the OEMs test procedures for
the installation.
Typically, users take a measured approach to the energisation or placing into service of new GIS by
placing the installation initially on 'soak' or application of service voltage from the live network for a
period with more sensitive protection settings applied before placing on load. Where GIS is energised
in this manner, in addition to undergoing the recommended site HV tests, it indicates a residual
concern in the opinion of some users of the risk of dielectric breakdown or failure occurring that is
potentially not being sufficiently addressed to their satisfaction by standard test procedures. Readers
should refer to [B61] also referred to in the return of experience further below.
The low probability but high impact event of a flashover occurring when initially connected to the
network is too high a risk for most users to contemplate foregoing site testing of most new GIS
installations currently. As noted in Chapter 1, the cost of failure when in service far outweighs the time
and cost of rectifying failures during HV site testing.
Users of GIS in several regions of the world have reported experience of dielectric failures during
initial energisation regardless of the site test and verification procedure used [B10], [B41], [B59].
There does not appear to be any evident correlation between regions with long established factories,
who will have experience of manufacturing GIS commensurate with the expected lifetime of GIS itself,
and those other regions where GIS manufacturing may have lesser history. Users who have sourced
GIS from regions with established manufacturers have still reported incidents of dielectric failures
during early service, in some cases within minutes of placing into initial service [B10], [B41], [B59].
It is somewhat clear therefore that every step along the chain in the users and the OEM processes
regarding quality and verification of the GIS specification, design, manufacture, transport, and
50
installation can play a vital role in the service performance of the equipment. Site testing is one of the
final steps in this path and should in theory be a verification and quality test of the preceding
installation and assembly steps only. Despite quality assurance processes and appropriate verification
steps being implemented in the manufacturing and site installation stages by OEMs, there remains
concern from some users that enhanced site testing procedures are seen as a means of reaching
further back along the quality chain preceding the site assembly stage to also uncover potential errors
from the factory assembly stage [B11], [B41]. This is evidenced in user specifications from China and
some European utilities specifying requirements for mechanical operations and extended time
durations for the conditioning voltage or PD measurement phases of the HV test due to perceived risk
of defects lying undetected by standard quality and on-site testing procedures.
3.2 Return of experience

In the evolution of user specifications and exploration to the factors and causes, users own experience
is indicated as a significant driver for them to more closely consider the performance of the on-site HV
test. Previous experience of failures and the consequential length of time to effect repairs and return
the GIS to service will be a significant factor in the user’s desire to ensure reliability, availability,
reduce cost of delays while minimising redundancy for economy reasons. While GIS failures may be
potentially lower and less frequent over other technologies - the time, costs, and consequential loss of
service to make repairs are foremost in many user’s minds.
Summarised in [B2], [B61] - experience of major failures of GIS shows dielectric breakdown to be the
second most dominant failure mode after mechanical operation failure related to drive mechanisms. Of
the reported major failures of GIS in service, 23 % of these were due to dielectric breakdown as
detailed in Figure 3.1 below.
Figure 3.1 GIS major failure modes ([B61] figure 5-45)

This is a significant improvement in GIS reliability from the previous survey (carried out in 1995) where
dielectric failure cause was reported as 70 % of all failures and can potentially be seen as an
improvement either through design and manufacturing quality improvements or site testing verification
[B61].
The return of experience from the 2nd international survey also appears to validate the concept of the
typical ‘bathtub curve’ illustrated in Chapter 1 where dielectric failure rates are shown to be
proportionally higher in the initial phase of entering service and thereafter reduce for approximately 15
to 20 years.
Of the 23 % of dielectric failures classed as Major Failures (MaF) a breakdown into their cause was
also presented in the survey as in Figure 3.2 below.
51
Figure 3.2 Relative distribution of major failure modes in correlation with failure primary causes ([B61]
figure 5-88)
46 % or approximately half of the dielectric failures assessed were attributed to causes introduced
before putting into service. While the reliability report states, 'dielectric breakdowns can be avoided, in
a certain extent, in early GIS life by extensive routine and on-site dielectric testing' [B61], it is not
confirmed what testing or procedure had been implemented in each of the failure cases. Information
provided in the brochure notes that failures were dominated by components such as circuit breakers,
disconnectors and earth switches - however failures of other components such as busbars, busducts
and bushings were found which would typically not be factory routine tested as a complete assembly
and may only have been subjected to on-site testing at reduced levels [B61].
Where difficulties in implementing on-site HV tests are presented, users should therefore consider the
risk posed by failure (depending on the importance of the installation, location, and redundancy in the
network) when considering alternative test methods over the minimum recommended HV tests,
especially if sections of the GIS are assembled on site having not been subjected to factory dielectric
tests as a complete assembly.
User’s own experience shows that failures in service of new GIS attracts significant attention from
project stakeholders and pose reputational concern in the case of project delays. In the case of critical
customers being affected in loss of production or generation ability being curtailed, substantial
consequential costs or penalties may be imposed. In most new build and turnkey projects with HV or
EHV GIS for large consumers or generators there is invariably a continual focus on project timelines
and completion dates driven by commercial reasons. Failures that occur within a short period of the
initial energisation of customers can attract undue widespread attention and often requires significant
stakeholder management. Lessons learned or project reviews can often focus on such events as
being significant and result in requests to the engineering personnel to put in place steps to mitigate
such events from occurring in future.
As 23 % of GIS failures reported are attributed to dielectric breakdown mode cause, there is seen
adequate justification on the part of the user to have special or additional requirements for the on-site
dielectric testing of GIS to show additional measures have been taken over and above standards. The
63 % of major failures attributed to failing to perform requested operation may be primary mechanical
or secondary electromechanical failures of switching devices and has been found reflected in user
requirements for additional functional testing as part of routine factory or on site testing [B11], [B41].
The reliability figures provide sufficient case evidence for the users in this regard and confirmed in
surveys as detailed in [B2] where almost 80 % of the total respondents (2004-2007 survey) indicated
that they have changed their commissioning tests practice and quality control procedures in
comparison to procedures and practices used in the past.
In the collation of user experience in the formulation of this brochure it is evident that there is a variety
of practices used by OEMs, third parties and users themselves. International standards referred to in
the following sections of this chapter generally form the basis of user specifications. However, the
implementation of the test procedure to be used can depend on a multitude of factors that must be
discussed and agreed with the influencing parties. Several user cases show significant enhancements
onto the test procedures as recommended in IEC, IEEE, GOST and other national standards. Based
on feedback of user experience, it is more certain, than likely, that economics and market driven
factors such as GIS penetration and service experience in some regions undoubtedly play a large role
in influencing the user requirements.
52
While several users have concentrated on the final site testing requirements, some users have
reported good service experience and low history of failures from defects since implementing a
collaborative approach with manufacturers in regard to quality control [B5], [B6].
User experience from Japan has shown that HV site testing may be eliminated as a requirement if
strict quality controls are implemented in a collaborative approach between the user and
manufacturer. This approach offers advantages to both the manufacturer and the user in removing the
time and cost of performing HV testing on site. The number of major failures as reported since
implementation of this practice in 1998 in Japan has remained at a consistent low rate as shown
below and serves as a reminder of the importance and benefit of quality control at all stages from
initial factory production up to site installation and assembly works.
Figure 3.3 Change in failure rate attributed to on-site assembly in Japan following collaborative quality
approach [B5]
Shown in Figure 3.3 the failure rates observed in GIS installed in Japan decreased to a comparatively
low rate from 1998 onwards due to the collaborative quality approach taken between users and
OEMs. The most significant departure in Japanese standards has been the removal of the HV on-site
test in favour of strenuous quality control measures in all preceding stages to decrease site installation
time and cost. The use of soak testing only as the verification of the site assembly works appear to
have not presented any adverse effect for users or any increase in failure rates in service. This is an
interesting case example of quality and reliability improvement of GIS driven by focusing on reducing
on-site work.
It should also be considered that older/larger GIS designs are less susceptible to defects due to
smaller internal area with high electric field stress compared to new and more compact designs,
optimised in space requirement and reduction of SF6 quantities.
However, it is acknowledged that the same market alignments and structures may not be as readily
implementable in other regions of the world where open market competition is predominant, and users
and manufacturers tend to only engage after a procurement process has been completed. It does
nevertheless provide example of an interesting alternative strategy for both users and OEMs that
could be considered where feasible or warranted in the future. In some cases, the only feasible
method to verify the integrity of new GIS or sections of on-site may be soak testing only as outlined in
IEC 62271-203 Annex C - Application of service voltage. This scenario often arises in the cases of
extensions, repair or retrofit across all GIS users in the world.
3.3 Standards and references for users

International standards and recommendations for performing on-site HV tests provide an important
common reference for users and OEMs alike. These provide both parties with a common standard for
reference for procedures and methods for performing HV testing. The aim of carrying out verification
tests for all stakeholders is to ultimately achieve a result against agreed criteria that is acceptable to
all, and largely comparable to experience and outcomes of other tests performed at initial type testing,
factory routine testing and any subsequent tests after initial installation at site. This is valid not just for
the initial installation, but for all cases discussed in this technical brochure including extension and
retrofit or repairs.
Typical standards as outlined in Chapter 1, Table 1.2 provide common standard requirements that
have been agreed by OEMs and also being the most feasible to implement in the majority of
installations. These common standard requirements may be sufficient in a large number of cases, but
it is common for customers who may have their own established practices and body of experience to
stipulate additional requirements over and above those specified in the applicable standard. Since
53
standards change slowly (over decades) and knowledge increases continuously, users may have a
significant wealth of experience to refer to in their requirements for additional tests or enhanced test
levels, in addition to recommendations of organizations like CIGRE or other scientific results that may
be current at the time. User’s own requirements can have evolved from their experience and practices
in place for significant periods of time. Changes to these practices - unless identified as deficient, can
be slow for large utilities to adopt and move toward when the user has existing GIS in service that may
have been subject to those practices from the start of their lifecycle [B62].
As an example of user specification enhancements, [B7] is a widely used reference standard which
recommends PD measurement during the AC withstand voltage test for 245 kV GIS rated voltage and
higher. As referenced in case studies a significant number of utilities in Europe specify PD
measurements at the on-site acceptance test of GIS at 170, 145, 123 kV, and even down to 24 kV
rated voltage. For these users, the possibility to eliminate any possible defects with an additional
measurement and potentially increase the reliability outweighs any additional costs and efforts.
Regardless of the standards and user specifications, PD measurement is commonly carried out as
standard on GIS below 245 kV by some OEMs where the test arrangement and provisions are readily
available (such as UHF sensors integrated within the GIS or via conventional method). The
requirement to perform PD measurement at this early stage is found in some user specifications in
order to capture a baseline fingerprint of the GIS to serve as a reference baseline for future periodic
monitoring or installation of online monitoring systems. Previous Working Groups of users and OEMs
foresee the requirement for withstand testing with PD becoming mandatory for on-site testing in the
near future to facilitate condition assessment of both the insulation and mechanical integrity [B28].
In other regions following IEEE standards, e.g. [B21] - only the AC withstand test is specified and PD
measurement referenced as an optional requirement only. Several examples of different voltage
levels, durations and PD measurements utilised have been documented by the Working Group
members consisting of both users and manufacturers to illustrate the variations in application of the
most referenced international standards [B62].
HV testing that may be performed later in the GIS lifecycle for condition assessment purposes will
generally follow similar procedures and methods as recommended in standards and as applied to the
initial installation. Several case studies reviewed by the Working Group focused on the practical
aspects and sensitivity considerations necessary for PD measurement generally used as the method
of condition assessment evaluation [B63].
As these as other condition assessment techniques may be employed similar to the initial on-site HV
test, the same standard and considerations can also be deemed applicable for condition assessment
purposes.
3.4 Drivers for user specification requirements

User specification requirements deviating from international standards are sometimes driven from a
variety of motivations and experiences which can differ between regions and users. Drivers for the
user may be external factors such as national regulations for system reliability and performance
targets where utilities risk loss of revenue or penalties in event of outages caused by equipment failure
or maloperation. Internal and technical factors such as user experience (or lack of it), network strength
and redundancy, familiarity of staff with GIS, or age and profile of existing installed GIS base can
influence the decision of the user to specify their own requirements which may depart from common
practices and standards. Users may also be motivated to adopt a common methodology or testing
practice independent of the OEM or third parties responsible for the on-site testing. The interpretation
or implementation of applicable standards in the examples of the test procedures outlined in Chapter 2
illustrates the different test procedures that may be used among OEMs and may have influenced user
test specifications seeking to implement procedures across their network.
Where users have additional requirements in their specifications that takes precedent over the
relevant international standards applicable, such as [B7], [B21] etc, - these additional requirement
cases may not be applicable across all installations, and may have been adopted only for specific
projects and may be exceptions to the common practices largely maintained overall. This is described
by one user example in the case of GIS installations for critical customers being specified with
additional on-site test requirements that were not implemented on other non-critical installations on
other parts of the network owing to greater redundancy available.
54
3.4.1 Technical drivers

Experience documented by the Working Group and detailed in Chapter 2 show that certain types of
defects may not always be identified by the particular site test method used. Case examples from
users of failures that occurred shortly after entering into service detailed concerns of residual particles,
undetected during site testing, migrating to areas of higher dielectric stress when placed in service
[B10], [B41]. User specifications for on-site HV testing and requirements gathered by the Working
Group generally reflect the findings of the previous GIS reliability survey and practices. As reported in
in Table 2.6 earlier from [B2] shows most users require the use of an on-site dielectric test as part of
commissioning tests with PD measurement specified in 80 % of cases overall.
While the numbers of bays and complexity of assembly required on site was not captured in the
survey data provided in the survey [B61], based on the number of installations and rated voltages, it is
likely that a majority of these installations involved assembly on site and the users opted for dielectric
testing in almost all cases over the alternative method of soak testing or application of service voltage
as described in IEC 62271-203 Annex C.
The number of installations where dielectric testing was performed via power-frequency withstand is
nearly 95 %, or the vast majority indicating preference for HV testing to be performed. Drivers for this
may be user specification requirements and also OEM practices for quality assurance reasons. A
review of user specifications seen by the Working Group has noted a number of drivers for the user
that may be attributed to technical aspects of GIS - such as quality (which is a driver for reliability), but
also other non-technical factors which may be broadly categorised as below.
Table 3.1 Drivers for user specifications
User Motivational Drivers User Specification Requirements
Reliability HV test method & procedure
Continuity / Availability Test acceptance criteria 1)

Certification of test personnel
Environmental Gas quality testing & specification
Standardisation Evaluation criteria for tests
Documentation, safety and environmental Quality of testing equipment
Documentation of test results
National or local site requirements

Table notes:
1. Test acceptance criteria is broad term for user requirement in relation to the performance required of the GIS under test, e.g.
maximum PD level allowable, test voltage level, procedure in event of flashovers etc.
Examples of motivations for users as outlined in the high-level table above can be further detailed with
reference to international standards or source of reference (where applicable) to illustrate
requirements that are not covered or covered in principle only in current standards. It must be pointed
out that in many cases the user specification may serve as a scope of work and services required from
a contractual viewpoint between the user and the OEM, and therefore national or international
standards may not feasibly encompass all user specific requirements that may be stipulated in a
project and country specific specification. Some user requirements may be non-technical and so not
within the scope of international technical standards to provide guidance on. In the table below a
sample outline of requirements that may be specified by users are listed and the associated technical
standard(s) indicated where applicable. As indicated in the table, standards that do not currently
cover, or may only cover in part some user requirements, and therefore these may be open to be
agreed between the user and OEM on a project specific basis based on their own practices,
experience or local regulations if necessary to do so [B47].
55
Table 3.2 User requirements and technical standards
User requirements for on-site testing Technical standards applicability

On-site dielectric test method to be used, e.g.: Covered by technical standards, e.g.:
• AC withstand (power-frequency) voltage test • IEC 62271-200, IEC 62271-203
• AC withstand voltage test with PD measurement • IEEE C37.122
• Lightning impulse test • GOST R 54828,
• AC withstand voltage test with lighting impulse test • JEC-2350
• Soak testing • Other national standards as applicable
• Soak testing with PD measurement

Not covered:
• Test method to be used (how to select test

method to be applied)
Test voltage generator technology to be used (e.g. air, oil or gas-insulated) and Not covered by technical standards
responsibility for supply
Size and minimum / maximum power rating required of the test voltage
generator
Lightning impulse voltage test Covered by technical standards
• Wave form
• Peak test value
• Number of impulses and polarity
Power-frequency withstand test - peak test value Covered by technical standards
Roles and responsibilities of the user and OEM for the testing with respect to: Not covered by technical standards
• Assembling and connecting works of the test voltage generator to

the GIS
• Operation of the test voltage generator
• calibration of the PD measurement equipment and sensors
• Assessment of PD measurements
• quality checks before energisation of the GIS following dismantling

and disconnection of the test voltage generator from the GIS
Gas quality values (gas when inside GIS compartments) Defined (by the OEM)
Conditioning voltage level and application time / duration Defined (by the OEM see Chapter 3.5.4)
Assessment of the results and determination of HV test failure and repetition Covered in principle in technical standards, e.g. [B7]
procedure Annex C.6
PD prescribed measuring method (conventional, UHF, acoustic) Covered in principle in technical standards
PD voltage test value Covered by technical standards
PD voltage test duration Covered by technical standards
PD maximal allowable level Covered by technical standards
Special requirements regarding PD measurements: Covered by technical standards
• PD measurement test at rated voltage
• PD measurement limit for GIL and air bushings connected during

test
Assessment of the results and determination of PD test limits Covered by technical standards
Optional HV tests for maintenance after major dismantling - test value and Covered in principle in technical standards [B7] cl.
duration [B23] 11.101.2.1
56
User requirements for on-site testing Technical standards applicability

Requirements for connection and verification of components connected after Not covered by technical standards
on-site HV test, e.g.:
• GIS surge arresters
• GIS Voltage transformers
• HV cables
• Non-conventional instrument transformers (LPITs)
Site HV test report and documentation to be supplied Not covered by technical standards
Requirements for: Not covered by technical standards
• Certification and training of test staff
• Employees accreditation or affiliation
• Local codes and regulations for safety and environmental

compliance
Assessment criteria for HV testing, while covered in principle in standards as indicated above, may be
enhanced by users with acceptability limitations specified on the number of repeat flashovers that may
be encountered during testing before investigation must take place. As reported in ([B2] table 6-7),
when asked for their practices after encountering a flashover during the HV test about 10 % of users
indicated that they allowed that a cleaning flashover may occur before the GIS compartment must be
opened and inspected. It is expected that the opening and inspection in these cases shall only take
place after a repetition test has been performed to confirm a non-restoring flashover has occurred and
localise the failure. The responses collected in ([B2] table 6-7) have been received by approx. 30 %
from European users, and by approx. 60 % from Asian users.
When flashovers are encountered during the HV test it is standard practice to reapply the voltage at a
lower level, and increase in steps until further flashover occurs, or the applicable withstand voltage
level is maintained without breakdown. In events of suspected cleaning flashovers close to the
withstand voltage test level and subsequent voltage reapplication, some OEMs may maintain the peak
withstand voltage in excess of the one-minute duration in a slight deviation to IEC. Any user
specification requirements in this regard should be agreed with the OEM and experienced test
engineers as to what criteria for performance during testing may be applied to the particular GIS
installation and practices employed by the OEM in such events.
In the event of a disruptive discharge occurring, some user specifications may include some additional
requirements for the completion of the test procedure or the repetition of the applied voltage test that
overcome requirements of the relevant international standard. Such requirement may include the
production of a report in which the disruptive discharge event has to be documented (impulse peak
voltage value and wave form / power-frequency value, potential location of the disruptive discharge,
etc.). Furthermore, some requirements for the completion of the test may be prescribed such as the
repetition of the complete sequence of the conditioning voltage levels if a power-frequency withstand
test, or an additional number of impulses in one or both polarity from the original sequence in the case
of impulse testing being used.
3.4.2 Regulatory requirement drivers
Operators of transmission and distribution systems may be set specific targets for availability and
reliability by national regulatory authorities. Performance targets and financial penalties in cases
where the reliability of the GIS may impact customers is understood to be a significant driver for some
of the requirements in user specifications. The foremost advantages of GIS which greatly act as
incentives for users in adopting the equipment, such as lower footprint and maintenance, can also be
of concern in the event of repairs or extension being required which can have higher impact on
availability and restoration times. Maintenance, repair, and extension works on GIS may require a high
level of planning and longer outages over other technologies.
In certain countries or regions system operators are set performance targets in their license with
penalties or loss risks sufficient to drive users to seek similar or higher reliability in equipment
performance. In some countries a 100 % reliability of supply target is required implying zero days
outage allowed by incidents caused by failure or damage to the operation of HV equipment. Maximum
57
times for the restoration of supply in event of interruptions, while long common up to MV level are now
also seen for large HV connected demand and generation customers. The design and configuration of
the utility networks and GIS substations can accommodate redundancy where efficient and economic
to do so, but supply interruptions in the event of dielectric failures in key areas of the GIS such as
busbars and bay connection or cable compartments can still result in loss of supply to customers that
may not be repaired in the performance target timeframe.
In regions or countries with regulated utilities the cost of intervention in the event of reliability issues is
attributed to operational expenditure (OPEX) by the utility for which targets may have been pre-set.
Should the utility exceed their allocated budget for the period due to greater than estimated fault
responses and repairs, this may be seen as inefficient spending and the utility forced to bear the costs
directly and not permitted to recover through licenced cost recovery mechanisms. GIS which can be
compacted into small footprints still requires a large capital investment cost to install for the user and
redundancy may not be feasible in certain locations on the network, particularly in urban and city
areas where land space is limited and costs to purchase and build relatively high. This places the
need on the user to seek a higher level of reliability to mitigate the risk of future penalties and cost,
particularly in the event of cumulative hours lost limits being set or specific agreements with large
customers.
In order to demonstrate suitable diligence on their part to stakeholder, users may seek to set
additional criteria for the level of quality that may be acceptable for their GIS. In the case of new GIS,
case examples from Japan set criteria for the assessment of particle contamination allowable inside
compartments to determine at what stage additional intervention and cleaning may be required and
strict limits on the gas quality and moisture limits, irrespective of the manufacturer’s own acceptance
limits of their GIS design. While such quality measures can be seen as technical requirements, the
drivers for the user to specify such acceptance criteria to strict limits demonstrates the need of an
improvement for reliability purposes which serve regulatory drivers also [B5].
3.5 User considerations for on-site HV tests

The installation of the test voltage generator and its connection to the GIS should be considered by
the user when initially planning the footprint of the installation. The user specifications should consider
the physical working aspects most importantly regarding their own standard practices and planned
lifecycle of the installation. Future extensions may not be fully certain at the initial project phase,
however many considerations for maintenance and repair scenarios are similar to that of potential
extension scenarios and of benefit to consider. Considerations for the location and connection
arrangement of the test voltage generator as shown in Chapter 4 is of importance to the user to
specify to ensure any future testing can be facilitated in the same fashion for maintenance, repairs,
retrofit, or extension. Depending on the type of test voltage generator and connection arrangement,
gas handling equipment may also be required throughout the duration of the testing to draw vacuum
and fill the gas compartment used for the connection of the testing bushing or adapter modules. The
time required for these works before testing can take place and the works required after tests should
be adequately accounted for in the scheduling and planning by all stakeholders, especially where
shutdowns of adjacent equipment may be required.
Users may have specific requirements for the on-site dielectric testing of GIS that might require the
use of test voltage generator sets of a specific technology. Although covered in detail in Chapter 2 and
further in Chapter 4 the considerations for the user for the different test methods and test voltage
generator technologies are shown below [B59], [B64].
Table 3.3 Site HV test voltage generator types for user considerations
Test method Test voltage Advantages Disadvantages

generator type
Power-frequency Frequency-tuned • Large power capability, • Large footprint and

withstand voltage resonant system ability to test large GIS clearances needed to live
test and PD with air-insulated installations from single and earthed equipment
measurement HV connection point of connection
• Where located outside
• Simple and quick weather and
connection where bushing environmental factors
interface is present on the must be allowed for
GIS
58

generator type
• Effective for HV and EHV • Higher potential of

rated voltages external PD source
interference during
measurement
• Testing bushing may be
required involving
assembly and
disassembly works on the
GIS
Encapsulated test • Compact and small • Degassing and (partial)

voltage generator footprint, easily installed disassembly of GIS
indoors required
(gas- or oil-
insulated; 50 Hz / • Good noise rejection • Interface of GIS and test
60 Hz and capability for PD voltage generator
resonance types) measurements disturbed after HV
connection removed and
• Increased possibilities of
may be 'untested'
connection points to
reduce required outages • Power capability may
of in-service GIS (can be limit number of bays that
integrated on several can be tested requiring
bays/locations) disconnection and
moving to alternative
• Suitable up to 550 kV
connection point
rated voltages
• Load cycles may require
• For three-phase
prolonged cooling periods
encapsulated GIS, adapter
for extending test
module with facility for
duration
selection of test phase and
grounding of untested • Not suited to EHV voltage
phases possible ranges above 550 kV
Power VT • Contained as part of the • Additional LV test supply

GIS VT, no additional requirements that may
assembly / disassembly require to be
works required to HV test permanently installed
with associated cost
• Permanent feature of GIS
allowing retest at any • Limited size of GIS that
point in lifecycle without can be tested and
removing any HV thermal time rating limit
component
• Possible limitation for PD
• No heavy test equipment measurement for some
transport, installation, GIS designs
lifting or footprint
• Limited rated voltage,
required
currently ≤ 245 kV
• No gas handling required,
fast and easy deployment
into test mode
• Ideal for difficult to reach
locations such as offshore
59

generator type
platforms, remote
installations
Lightning / Air-insulated • Effective for HV and EHV • Very large footprint and
switching impulse impulse test rated voltages safety clearances needed
voltage generator to live and earthed
1) • Simple and quick
equipment
connection where AIS
bushing interface is • Height of impulse
present on the GIS generator difficult to
accommodate within
indoor switch rooms
• Where located outside
weather and
environmental factors
must be allowed for
Table notes:
1. SF6-insulated type impulse generators are in use in some regions, however for the purpose of the user the connection from the
generator / voltage divider and the equipment under test is achieved via a conventional conductor in air and overall footprint
similar to an air-insulated impulse generator [B57]
Where the user has specific requirements for the test procedure, e.g. voltage level and time durations
these must be discussed and agreed with the OEM or third party to determine if the test voltage
generator proposed can meet the requirements. In order to ensure any specific or special site test
requirements can be achieved it is essential the user is aware of, and considers, the necessary
physical implications of the test method to be used. While new build installations can often be built as
turnkey type projects with little input from the user, the product is an installation that shall be operated
by the user who is generally responsible for its lifecycle - which may include repair, maintenance,
extension, and eventual retirement. Provisions for the situating and positioning of test equipment in
and out of the site over the lifecycle phases of the GIS are necessary to be considered at early project
planning stage by the user. Even if the user is not responsible for any aspect of a turnkey project to be
delivered it is essential, they detail any required maintenance practices and requirements in the case
of future extensions, repairs or retrofit of components. This is necessary in order to ensure sufficient
provision is made in the footprint of the overall site and access to connection points onto the GIS for
HV test voltage generators and other essential equipment such as gas handling equipment,
compressors and storage containers.
In the case of indoor GIS with no AIS components, gas-insulated test voltage generators may be
used. Sufficient dimensioning of the area surrounding the GIS to position the test equipment and
install the connections onto the GIS is required. The choice of the connection point for the test voltage
generator should ensure as large a coverage of the GIS to be tested is possible, while minimising the
required number of generator connection and disconnections. Where the capacitive load of the GIS
exceeds the capability of the test voltage generator to reach the test voltage, the GIS must be tested
in sections or parts and may require the test voltage generator to be dismantled and moved to a
different connection point onto the GIS.
In Figure 3.4 an example is shown for a compact resonance test voltage generator during its assembly
work (petrol equipment) directly coupled to 245 kV GIS for AC withstand testing including PD
measurement. The compactness of the test voltage generator provides significant savings in transport,
footprint, and assembly time requirements over the AIS examples. Accommodating the positioning of
the test voltage generator within indoor buildings must be coordinated by the user with the OEM to
ensure sufficient space is allowed for or can be facilitated e.g. with the temporary removal of access
platforms or inspection catwalks where necessary.
60
Figure 3.4 Example for temporary removal of access platforms or inspection catwalks
Example diagram and photograph shown below in Figure 3.5 illustrate the equivalent footprint for an
air-insulated resonant system to test similarly rated 245 kV GIS. The footprint required to
accommodate the clearances is considerable and, in many cases, not easily accommodated within
switch rooms at HV and EHV rated voltages as shown in examples in Chapter 4.
61
Figure 3.5 Example for air-insulated test voltage generator (e.g. typical footprint and clearances and
indoor installation)
Most GIS above MV (> 52 kV) require access and lifting provision for components such as circuit
breaker interrupters and voltage transformers. Weights of these components are stated as the
minimum requirement for any lifting equipment to be provided or fixed within the switch room, such as
overhead gantry cranes or hoists. Provision of the lifting equipment to these minimum requirements
may not be sufficient for use with larger or heavier components that the user may need during the
lifecycle of the installation, such as large gas treatment equipment or complete assembled bays in the
case of future extension that may require to be lifted within the indoor GIS room. Careful consideration
of the future use and requirements for the installation should be specified by the user if they require
the installation to be fully suited to any of their own specific practices. See Chapter 4 for further detail
of provisions required to facilitate HV testing.
Where the GIS is tested in several different sections requiring repositioning of the test voltage
generator, the provision and design of structural supports if required to elevate the generator to each
of the connection points of the GIS should be considered along with the footprint of the supports and
load bearing points. In several jurisdictions the location and design of such temporary supports are
classified as construction works and require certification from suitably qualified civil and mechanical
engineers requiring verification of the floor bearing capability. Users may allow for the repositioning of
gas-insulated test voltage generators for the advantages as set out in the table above - although this
may create voids or untested small sections of the GIS where the test voltage generator was
connected to, and then removed which may introduce a potentially untested compartment and source
of PD. See Chapter 5 for considerations for PD testing. This can also be a motivation for the user to
limit the number of test voltage generator repositioning's and reconnections required to perform the
dielectric test and may have impact for the OEM in the availability of a test voltage generator that has
62
sufficient power to meet the user requirements. Alternatively, users may consider facilitating HV tests
by provision of a dedicated test connection point or a spare bay that is easily accessible.
For special cases where criticality of the installation is a significant factor, the user may consider the
possibility for integration of a dedicated test point onto the GIS that may be permanently fixed onto a
specific point, or relocatable to other flanges that may be used for e.g. connection of voltage
transformers, surge arresters, busduct or busbars. This would provide a common point for which to
connect and perform testing in the future in the event of repair, extension, or condition assessment. As
shown in Figure 4.21, this may be a specialised adapter with HV cable extended to a testing bushing,
or an adapter with a directly mountable bushing to connect the test voltage generator to. Disconnector
or earthing switch facilities similar to those as used on the GIS could be integrated into a test module
as required to be affixed to a dedicated point on a non-critical bay or busbar. Gas barrier
arrangements can be selected to minimise impact on the bays to maintain in service condition. An
illustration of a dedicated test module that could be incorporated onto a bay or busbar is illustrated
below in Figure 3.6 for example purposes. This may be a module constructed with two or three gas
compartments (depending on GIS design) and permanently installed on a section of the GIS that can
be made easily accessible in the design of the switch room or connection point brought to a more
suitable location that may be within, or external to the building or housing.
Figure 3.6 Dedicated test module concept

Such a facility is typically used by OEMs realised in a three-phase test adapter module for connection
of encapsulated test voltage generators to allow selection of each phase and grounding of the
untested phases. This facility may provide users with means of easily facilitating testing in future to
eliminate the opening and disturbance of the primary GIS active parts in the event of retest after repair
or condition assessment. For installations with requirement for a high level of availability during
Maintenance, Repair or Extension (MRE) this may reduce the risk of particles being introduced after
decoupling encapsulated test voltage generators and reduce gas handling works to compartments
opened for repair or extension works only.
3.5.1 HV test methods
A detailed overview of HV test methods and applicability is provided in Chapter 2. While the general
methodology of dielectric testing is common across almost all OEMs, variations are often seen in their
test protocols or test procedure used i.e. conditioning voltage application, peak voltage level applied,
time durations, PD measurement time etc as outlined in Chapter 2. The power-frequency voltage
withstand test combined with a lightning or switching impulse test is a recommended test in most
standards for GIS rated equal or above 245 kV. Even though impulse testing has been widely used in
the past, the user has to be sure to specify it in their own technical specifications for the on-site testing
if required in addition to the power-frequency withstand test. With the evolution of PD measurement
63
technology, on-site impulse voltage tests are not as commonly used as the PD test for on-site
dielectric tests [B47].
The trend for use of the AC withstand voltage test only is partly driven by costs, time, and convenience
in utilising just one test voltage generator at site and appears to be the most common default method
of HV testing at site unless otherwise specified by the user. The adoption of compact resonance
generators that can be used up to HV levels offer significant benefit to the user in their compactness
and lower space requirement over air-insulated connected units which are typically required if impulse
testing is utilised. In the case studies, it has emerged that several users have defined specific
requirements for use of impulse tests on site and have driven the innovative development of more
easily transportable impulse test voltage generators. Examples of these are shown in Chapter 2 and
Chapter 4.
Where constraints for HV testing on site are identified, especially in case of extension, repair or retrofit
in existing substations, user specifications may require specific measures to be devised and
implemented by the OEM. These are typically operational or physical but can have implications for the
OEM in the design of the switchgear, performing of the on-site HV test and additional equipment that
may be needed.
Table 3.4 Examples of user constraints in case of extension or replacement of GIS
User constraints Impact for site HV test
Operational • Sections of the station must be maintained • Point of connection to the GIS may
in service by the user with implications for be restricted
isolation and grounding
• Test procedure may require
• Time constraint for shutdowns of adjacent modification for:
live bays
o test voltage level
• HV cables or components such as surge
o PD acceptance criteria for
arresters may not be disconnectable
withstand test
• Additional isolation or gas
compartments required
Physical • Footprint of the substation or building may • Test voltage generator size / type
not accommodate test voltage generator may be restricted
• Safety clearances may be restricted by • Additional components required,
adjacent equipment in service e.g.
o Test adapter to connect
via bushing
o Additional compartments
or busduct for test
connection
o Cable adapter for HV
injection via cable socket
or flange
As the types of constraints outlined above can have material impact on the scheduling and test
procedure to be used, the planning of the testing should be treated in the initial stages of the project
conception. This places a requirement for a basic level of knowledge and experience upon the user to
determine the factors that may be of influence on the site testing phase which take place many
months or years after the initial planning stage especially in case of extension or repair in existing
substations. In the cases of HV or EHV GIS testing the physical constraints may require specialised
test set-ups and adapters to facilitate the connection onto the GIS via an air-insulated test set and
overhead connection as shown in other chapters of this brochure. The test sets that can be
accommodated and their positioning in relation to the GIS under test should be detailed where
required by the user at project specification stage to ensure OEMs are aware of constraints and can
design sufficient connection arrangements where required.
64
3.5.2 Test voltage generator connection

Examples of typical test set-ups for HV GIS are shown in the previous Chapter 2. To perform on-site
HV testing of MV GIS it is more typical for cable test adapters to be used for the test voltage generator
connection. Generally, these are commonly available and standardised type adapters. However, with
special consideration by the user, test adapters are commonly available up to 245 kV level to facilitate
test voltage generator connection located remote from the GIS via short length of cable. A site HV test
can then be facilitated on GIS in buildings with limited physical space once appropriate clearances can
be achieved at a location reachable by cable. The connection point onto HV GIS may require a
specific design measure by the GIS manufacturer, and the test arrangement may be specific to that
installation only. In such case the test adapters typically require to be purchased by the user and kept
after project completion [B65]. This will allow future HV testing to be carried out in case of future
extension or repair or retrofit events. See Chapter 4 for examples of HV GIS bushing and cable type
adapters as used up to 245 kV level.
Due to the requirements for HV testing of MV GIS rated voltages and relative size of the test voltage
generator for these voltage levels, this is more readily achieved with conventional air-insulated
inductive type test voltage generators that can be accommodated within switch rooms, and space can
be relatively easily facilitated for positioning of the test voltage generator and control module.
1 2
3 4
(Images 1 - 3: 52 kV rated GIS on-site testing
Image 4: 24 kV GIS)
Figure 3.7 MV GIS HV test set-up via cable test adapter
As shown in Figure 3.7 above both the test voltage generator and control module for power-frequency
testing of MV GIS can be accommodated on a single skid or positioned independently. With the
greater compactness of MV GIS and development of entire substations preassembled in packages or
modules of small size, there similarly can exist constraints for future HV testing at site of MV GIS to
that of HV GIS and long cable test adapters may be required if the test voltage generator cannot be
accommodated within the limited space available within containerised switchgear modules.
65
Shown in Figure 3.8 below is a 52 kV / 24 kV GIS substation fully assembled in modules and then
transported to the substation site. Despite the relatively small footprint of test voltage generators for
MV, due to the limited space within the modules performing the HV test in future may require the test
voltage generator to be located external to the switch room. The physical installation of the test
voltage generator requiring crane offloading and set-down area must then be accommodated by the
user in the overall footprint of the substation limiting the compactness or minimum footprint the overall
site can occupy.
Figure 3.8 Example modular 52 kV and 24 kV GIS substation and positioning of test voltage generator
For the experienced user the requirements for employing a particular technology or voltage generator
may have evolved over time. This may be influenced by a number of factors:
• Familiarity or experience with a particular technology,
• Access or ownership of own test voltage generators,
• Reproduction and comparison with previous HV testing,
• Repeatability of test procedure and PD measurement,
• Type of GIS and HV injection point available,
• Space restrictions within the building or substation and adjacent in-service equipment,
• Configuration of the GIS and location of voltage transformers, surge arresters, bushings.
Where OEMs perform the on-site HV test they may have access to a limited number of test voltage
generators which may not all be the same type or technology. These can be in constant demand for
use between installations ongoing worldwide and shipped from site to site and with the intermittent
need for recalibration. Specifying a particular type of test voltage generator by the user is feasible and
may be stipulated for reasons such as space restrictions or safety. Limiting the generator type that can
be utilised may however subject the project to additional cost (dependant on the technology type) or
schedule constraint risk. This consideration is necessary to be highlighted to project scheduling
66
personnel as the completion of commissioning works by the user may therefore be affected or
commissioning works of external or secondary equipment may required to be rescheduled.
Where users have access to their own test equipment it may be required to use their own test voltage
generator to conduct the dielectric on-site tests. The user may intend the same generator to be used
during future maintenance activities to ensure repeatability and direct replication of the test procedure
and comparison of test results. Specific requirements may also be set out for the supply of the
necessary adaptation flanges and connecting parts to connect the test voltage generator to the GIS.
The motivation for this is to validate the compatibility of the supplied adaptation flanges to connect the
user test voltage generator and to prove and validate the feasibility of the dielectric test with the test
set-up that may be later reperformed by the user. In these specific cases the roles and responsibilities
of the OEM and the user must be carefully considered before creation of the test procedure.
Clarification and agreement of the roles and responsibilities between the user and the OEM for
carrying out of the on-site dielectric test and as outlined in Table 3.2 'Roles and Responsibilities of the
user and the OEM' would be more important to have clarified at an early stage where the users own
test equipment may be used. The OEM may require confirmation of the characteristics of the test
voltage generator and disconnection or protective facilities to suitably protect the GIS under test [B47].
3.5.3 User requirements for testing of HV cables
In several case examples user requirements for on-site HV testing are not confined to the integrity of
the GIS by itself. Users may wish to test other HV components connected to the GIS such as cables,
transformers, and reactors where disconnection for testing after installation during maintenance or
extension may be difficult or infeasible due to constraints and the need to keep adjacent sections in
service. The growing public reluctance to accept the large visual impact of overhead lines and outdoor
interfaces means more and more networks are fully cabled from station to station enclosing the cable
interface within the GIS. The requirement to perform testing on HV cables while remaining connected
to the GIS is being seen in user specifications. Testing of HV cables requires application of voltage
over varying frequency ranges down to DC levels. Additional disconnection or isolation facilities may
be required as a result to allow HV testing of the cable connected to sections of the GIS. Components
such as surge arrestors must be disconnected from the test circuit if present. GIS voltage transformers
can remain in the test circuit if the frequency of the test voltage is high enough to avoid saturation of
the VT.
These external factors which may not be confined to the GIS itself, but to the requirements of the
users overall substation or HV network can be found reflected in user specifications as found in case
study examples collected in this brochure [B8], [B65], [B66], [B67]. Such examples may become more
commonly encountered as users begin to extend or even replace existing GIS located in urban areas
where space is at a premium.
Special user requirements for on-site HV testing of HV cables when terminated to the GIS cable
compartment may require careful planning in the GIS layout design and configuration to ensure points
of isolation and disconnection from other components of the GIS is available. Dismantlement of
components of the GIS, or removal of internal links between the cable, voltage transformers and the
rest of the GIS may not be feasible in all cases depending on the configuration of the bay, location of
gas barriers and internal support barriers. Adequate accommodation and accessibility for cable test
voltage generators and the test interface should be considered along with the feasibility of
disconnection of the cable from the GIS compartment.
As covered in [B68] related to this subject, the additional space requirements for retraction of large
diameter cables is infeasible in many cases - depending on orientation of the HV cable and GIS
enclosure, and may require the user to specify the use of the GIS cable enclosure to be equipped with
suitable facilities to allow testing of the cable via a cable or bushing interface mounted on the
compartment. Shown below in Figure 3.9 at initial design stage is a draft concept to facilitate HV
testing of cables via the GIS interface by an air-insulated bushing adapter mounted onto the GIS cable
enclosure. The clearance distance to the walls of the switch room or adjacent equipment must be
coordinated by the user with respect to the test requirements for the HV cables rather than the GIS in
this case.
67
Figure 3.9 Arrangement for HV testing of cables via GIS enclosure versus disconnection and withdrawal
of cable via GIS adapter
In the example of the air-insulated bushing above, the clearances between bushing and earth ('R' in
top diagram) must be specified by the user in line with the insulation clearances required for the HV
test of the cable as these fall outside the boundary of interface with the GIS (see [B69]). These are
detailed in [B70].
The appropriate clearance distance required where such a test arrangement is required shall be
specified by the user in accordance with the rated voltage or insulation requirement of the power
cables with reference to their HV cable specification requirements. The suitability of the GIS enclosure
and any components that remain connected to the cable test voltage generator should be confirmed
with the OEM of the GIS, and suitable methods to disconnect inductive type voltage transformers if
necessary should be agreed [B8], [B65].
The alternative arrangement of disconnecting the cables from the enclosure and retracting via bends
within the basement may be impractical in some installations depending on the dimensional
requirements of below ground cable basements and minimum bending radius of the HV cables [B68].
Figure 3.10 HV cable disconnection and withdrawal method [B68]
3.5.4 Electrical conditioning in conjunction with power-frequency voltage tests - user

considerations
The topic of 'electrical conditioning' or lower voltage application before peak withstand voltage level is
applied arises frequently from user perspective and different test procedures for this are encountered
across different OEMs and voltage levels as covered in Chapter 2. The conditioning voltage levels are
defined by the OEM based on experience of the behaviour of their GIS design and not defined in
standards. User specifications for application of conditioning voltage (times and voltage levels) should
therefore be limited to discussion and agreement with the OEM.
Because the displacement of particles towards the low electric field areas depends on several
parameters that are related to the GIS design, users should confirm with the OEM and confirm their
recommendation based on the particular GIS design in order to find a final agreement regarding the
definition and performing of the electrical conditioning tests on-site and allow for variation toward the
OEM recommendations if required. On certain types of GIS OEMs may increase the voltage swiftly to
the peak test voltage. This may be observed in the on-site testing of MV and some rated voltages up
68
to 145 kV depending on the OEMs experience. Other GIS designs may be subjected to an AC
conditioning phase voltage in several steps and time durations as noted in Chapter 2 where there is
greater potential for particles to reside in areas of high dielectric stress inside compartments.
3.5.5 Test voltage value - extension of different GIS generations
In the case of extensions requiring modifications to the existing GIS installation, high voltage testing is
generally required of the equipment affected by the modification works. However, especially for older
equipment, the insulation design limits may be different to that of the newer GIS equipment
considering the evolution of international standards over time and potential changes in insulation
design of newer equipment. For the dielectric test at the interface of the extension that will affect
existing equipment, this may therefore be subject to an older test value defined by the technical
specifications of the existing GIS and differ from recommended current standards. While preference
may be to confirm via original documentation from the OEM of the existing GIS, this may be difficult to
discover for legacy unsupported equipment or where the OEM is no longer in existence. The voltage
test level and duration should be discussed and agreed between the OEM and user for each specific
case dependent on the information available. See Chapter 4.4.2 for further details in this regard.
For GIS units transported without dismantling, or for ones where the dismantling is limited to some
simple connections, international standards allow power-frequency voltage tests at reduced test
voltage levels subject to agreement between user and OEM. For these particular cases user
specifications may prescribe the reduced voltage test value in accordance with (inter)national
standards or may reject the principle of reduced voltage tests as not being representative of the
required design withstand capability. Where users have defined specific requirements for the voltage
test value, or are considering change to the applied value in the case of existing GIS, they must also
consider the applicable safety clearances and distances required in the event of air-insulated test
voltage generators being used for the on-site test and ensure adequate space is provided [B71], [B72].
3.6 User specifications for on-site testing

As shown in Table 3.2 international standards serve as common references for users, but with the
potential for deviation to be considered by the user or additional requirements included that may not
be covered by current standards. Although the on-site methods and values for dielectric tests are
recommended in standards, different on-site test values and durations may be requested in the user
specification. Some common examples of differences from standards for the principle on-site dielectric
test found in user specifications by the Working Group are summarised in this section. The Working
Group collected the majority of examples of user specifications for power-frequency withstand tests,
reflecting this as the most commonly used on site dielectric test method. Due to the wider variance in
the application use and methodology associated with PD measurement this is covered separately in a
sub-section of this chapter.
User drivers as outlined in previous sections show a number of users with specific requirements for
the test protocol to be included in the final test procedure to be produced by the OEM or third party.
Considering that the on-site dielectric test is realised in the user’s installation, users will also typically
have requirements regarding country specific user code of conduct or health and safety regulations
that must be followed by the OEM. Greater regulation and evolving Health and Safety compliance
requirements in many countries [B47] require greater effort by OEMs to provide documentation for
items such as:
• Risk assessment and method statement detailing the works intended and how they will be
performed,
• Certification of personnel - training and accreditation,
• Environmental safety compliance.
These and other requirements which may impact on the OEM or third party performing the HV testing
require careful consideration when preparing the test procedure to ensure any country specific
regulations are adhered to. The impacts of these and other requirements may extend the duration of
the work on-site, require additional training and certification of personnel or impose sharing of roles
and responsibilities for tasks that may normally be performed by the OEM or the user etc. Where live
equipment may be in service, user specific operating rules may require additional precautions to be
integrated into the OEMs procedure. Typical test procedures for new or 'greenfield' sites where there
is no other live in-service equipment are covered in Chapter 4 of this brochure along with extensions,
repairs or retrofit scenarios [B47].
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3.6.1 New GIS on-site HV testing

The table below summarises the collation of user specifications reviewed by the Working Group and
any significant requirements that were noted to differ from current standards and practices. The
drivers or motivations for the user requirements in many cases evolved from experience gained and
other motivations as listed in Table 3.1 with reliability and standardisation being a key driver.
It must be noted that the user deviations from standard requirements as listed below may be specific
to some installations or types of GIS only and may not be universal requirements of the user for all
rated voltages.
This is referred to in Chapter 2 in relation to the user specific requirements that were described for
extended duration PD measurement in Chapter 2.2.3. Where the motivational driver of the user seeks
to confirm reliability has been proven through adequate service experience of the GIS in
consideration, the user requirements may move toward the standard protocols normally employed by
the OEM. This is demonstrated in the return of experience of the Working Group and case studies
which show very few user deviations from requirements in the standards for MV GIS on-site testing -
apart from practices in Switzerland and Germany noted below concerning different and stricter on-site
PD measurement. Deviations from standards are more commonly encountered for HV GIS who's
installed base and proven reliability in service may not be as extensively proven to the user. The table
below contains specific deviations from common standards encountered in user specifications
available to the Working Group.
Table 3.5 Specific user specifications for site dielectric tests
On-site test On-site test Requirement of standards User specific requirements

method
Lightning Number of 3 at each polarity 3 negative impulses to be applied

impulse impulses & first before 3 positive impulses [B11]
polarity
Negative and positive impulses to be
applied at 50 % and 80 % prior to
application of 100 % value (x 3) [B57]
Negative and positive impulses to be

applied at 50 % and 70 % prior to
application of 100 % value (x 3) [B11]
Test value Lower than rated insulation level (typically ≤ 800 kV: Test value at 90 % of rated
80 %) voltage insulation level of the GIS
[B37], [B38]
Voltage Defined front and tail times Depending on the characteristics of

wave form the GIS 1)
Front and tail times to be calculated

to avoid flashovers from reflected
over voltages [B11]
≥ 300 kV: Oscillating impulse test on-

site [B59]
Power- Test value Lower then rated insulation level and 72.5 kV to 363 kV: Test value at 100
frequency factory routine test value (typically 80 %) % of rated voltage insulation level of
withstand the GIS 2) [B11]
≤ 245 kV: Test value at 100 %

commonly specified (as per factory
routine test value) [B9], [B11], [B41],
[B66]
70
On-site test On-site test Requirement of standards User specific requirements

method
≤ 500 kV: test value at 100 % of

factory routine test [B57]
≤ 550 kV: on-site test value at 90 %

of factory routine test [B37], [B38]
Time 1 minute 2 minutes at 65 % of factory routine

duration test value (where new GIS connected
(peak) to existing) [B73]
Application of Time ≥ 30 minutes 10 minutes 3) [B5]

service voltage duration of
(‘soak test’) test 2 hours [B10]
2 to 24 hours [B41], [B73]

Table notes:
1. Front times with an extended range over the normalised impulse shape as defined in standards can be encountered based on
the experience of the test specialists and the characteristics of the GIS under test. Users seeking to standardise the test
parameters across different installations or configuration may wish to follow the normalised wave shapes to draw comparison
in behaviours and recorded voltage traces
2. Note that peak voltage values corresponding to the rated operating voltage of the GIS are prescribed in standards and serve as
the common test value to be adopted to validate the integrity of the GIS insulation. Users can often draw distinction between
the rated operating voltage of the equipment and the rated insulation design value which may be one or two standardised
values higher for thermal rating or TRV capability reasons. In many networks operating at 66 kV the GIS chosen for continuous
or short time thermal ratings may be 123 kV or 145 kV rated insulation equipment instead of 72 kV
3. Japan practice JEC-2350
General Note: The user requirements above are a collection of specific deviations from common standards that were found in user
specifications available to the Working Group. Readers should note these are the exceptional cases found, may be project specific and may
not be representative of the largest majority of users.
Note that while [B7] Annex C defines an on-site test at reduced voltage for GIS transported from the
factory fully or mostly assembled this method does not appear to be commonly used in most regions
as a standard on-site test (1.1xUr/√3 for earthed systems or 1.9xUr/√3 for isolated or resonant earthed
systems), with the exception of Japan as explained in Chapter 3.4 or where specially defined by users
in the case of components not connected to the GIS during the power frequency or lightning impulse
withstand test.
Special requirements of user specifications were also found by the Working Group related to
requirements for the performing of the on-site test procedure. A summary of these is listed in Table 3.6
below for example. As shown, these may be quality checks or stipulation of values/limits for items
which are not defined in standards and left to the OEM and user to agree. The driver or motivation for
these requirements of the user can be easily referenced to Table 3.1. User specifications can require
some additional HV tests to be carried out with the voltage generator after the on-site dielectric test.
Examples of this are tests to be performed for a specific duration at the rated voltage and frequency
on voltage transformers and surge arresters reinstalled after the power-frequency test. The tables
above relating to user requirements for the on-site test and table below relating to additional or special
tests are a summation of specific requirements from a number of user specifications reviewed by the
Working Group, note that these are not applicable to one or all users, but examples of specific project
requirements and examples may only be applicable for specific types of projects or GIS installations.
Table 3.6 Examples of special requirements of users for on-site HV test procedures
Activity / inspection point User requirement Example of user specification (exceptional

items)
GIS assembly Minimum vacuuming time of > 30 minutes upon reaching 133 Pa (absolute)
compartments and/or pressure
defined > 8 hours in total
71

items)
Gas quality Limits for moisture in the gas < 130 ppmv
compartments
Sample testing of gas to be carried out 24 hours
after filling
< 150 μL/L (150 ppmv) - CB compartments
< 250 μL/L (250 ppmv) - other compartments
[B11]
SF6 quality > 98 %

Dew point at filling pressure < -36 °C
Power-frequency Minimum times, number of Example 1:

withstand test and steps and levels defined (1)
1. 5 minutes at 1xUr
conditioning phase
2. 3 minutes at 1.8xUr
3. 1 minute at 100 % factory test value
Example 2:
3. 1 minute peak voltage 90 % factory test
value
4. 30 minutes 1.2xUr (no PD
measurement)
Example 3:
3. 1 minute peak voltage 80 % factory test
value
See also examples in Chapter 2
Reduced voltage tests Conditioning of GIS voltage 5 minutes at 1xUr (phase to ground)
transformers and surge
30 minutes at 1.1xUr (phase to ground)
arresters
5 minutes at 1.2xUr (phase to ground) with PD
Measurement
[B37]
Test frequency for voltage transformers to be
above 115 Hz (Ur ≥ 16 kV; overvoltage factor ≥ 1.9
/ 8h) (2)
[B19]
Testing of GIS connected to HV 70 % of factory test value for 30 mins at 20 Hz -

cables 300 Hz (3)
Mechanical conditioning Minimum number of Circuit breakers: 200 operations to be performed

tests mechanical operations of on-site before HV test (4)
devices before HV test
72

items)
Disconnectors & earth switches: > 20 operations

to be performed on site before HV test (4)
[B41]
Circuit breaker travel curve verification on site
prior to HV test
Test assessment & Criteria for assessing tests as Assessment of flashovers to determine if self-
procedure successful or unsuccessful restoring / cleaning flashover or not
Table notes:
1. Conditioning tests as stated in Chapter 2 and section 3.5.4 shall be defined by the OEM specific to the design of the GIS. User
specifications in this regard may not be applicable and included here for information only of user requirements reviewed by the
Working Group
2. Swiss practice testing of MV GIS [B19]
3. HV cable tests in accordance with [B70], can also be defined as 2.5xUr/√3
4. Minimum number of mechanical conditioning operations to be performed on-site by the OEM prior to the HV test are exclusive
of operations carried out during factory routine tests
General note: (References to above extracted from: [B5], [B9], [B10], [B11], [B37], [B38], [B41], [B57], [B67]
3.6.2 On-site PD measurement

Due to the different measurement methods, sensitivities, and application of use for PD measurement
this topic merits separate consideration by OEMs and the users who may use PD measurement
periodically or continuously during the lifetime of the GIS as a condition assessment or maintenance
tool. (Inter)national standards do not define the measurement method to be used on site, so for
repeatability or comparison of results users may specify the measurement method to be used by the
OEM as a complementary measurement in addition to the OEMs own practice. Note that while users
may specify particular measurement methods to be used, the use and application of such method if
not consistent with the OEMs standard practice should be discussed and agreed between user / OEM
/ third party to arrive at a suitable criterion for contractual acceptance. See details below in the
explanatory notes of 'Measurement Method' in Table 3.7.
Conventional PD measurement, which is a quantitative type of test allowing a comparison to a
reference or to an acceptance criteria level, provides a clear definition for the success of the test. UHF
or other measurement methods provide qualitative type results. The intensity of the signals detectable
using non-conventional methods cannot be measured in terms of quantity and compared to a
reference or to an acceptance criteria level [B47]. But e.g. in [B96] referring to sensitivity verification of
non-conventional methods one may also say that the registered signal levels can be compared to a
reference or an acceptance criteria level in general, but a calibration with respect of the real charge is
not possible.
As shown in summary Table 3.7 of a number of users' requirements reviewed by the Working Group,
their requirements for PD measurement can vary similar to the deviations found for the HV tests for
the voltage level and time duration based on user practices or evolving experience.
Table 3.7 User requirements for on-site PD measurement
Recommendation - IEC (1) User specification requirement (sporadic examples)
Rated voltage of GIS ≥ 245 kV ≥ 24 kV

for PD measurement
Voltage level for PD 1.2xUr/√3 (solidly earthed 1.2xUr

measurement neutral)
1.1xUr
73
Recommendation - IEC (1) User specification requirement (sporadic examples)
1.2xUr (isolated neutral or Ur

three-phase encapsulation)
Time duration > 1 minute 1 minute
3-5 minutes
5 minutes
10 minutes
30 minutes
≥ 800 kV: 1 hour
60 minutes (at 1.1xUr)
Measurement Conventional (IEC 60270) Sensitivity requirement specified for OEM to prescribe
method method
Non-conventional
(VHF/UHF/Acoustic) Acoustic localisation required of defects
UHF PD signal detection should be carried out within

one week
PD limit (examples GIS 52 kV and above: No phase-correlated PD to be detectable at specified

per IEC only) test voltage
< 10 pC
< 5 pC for circuit breaker compartments
< 10 pC for non-breaking compartments
GIS 1 kV - 52 kV (Type and < 5 pC for on-site measurement

Special Tests per IEC 62271-
< 20 pC for on-site measurement at 1.2xUr 3)
200) 2)
No phase-correlated PD detectable at 1.2xUr/√3 3)
< 20 pC - earthed neutral
systems and solid insulation
components
< 100 pC - non-earthed neutral
systems tested between phases
Table notes:
1. Note that PD limits shown in table refer to IEC recommended values for HV GIS
2. On site PD measurement is a special user defined test for MV GIS - see IEC 62271-200. Values shown in table above for MV GIS
are applicable to optional factory test only and subject to agreement between manufacturer and user. Where on-site PD
measurement is performed the maximum permissible PD quantity at 1.1xUr and/or 1.1xUr/√3 shall be agreed between
manufacturer and user
3. Swiss practice for MV GIS on site acceptance test
The return of experience from users and details or background to the specific requirements as listed in
the table above were explored by the Working Group and examples covered in Chapter 2. Further
notes on the table are listed below:
• Voltage level for PD measurement is also shown to vary in user specifications with practices
in some countries to use a higher level in order to get a measurable signal of potential defects.
A higher voltage level than as recommended in the applicable standards is also adopted by
some users to standardise on the higher isolated neutral level in the event of reconfiguration
of their network or changes to the system neutral treatment [B43], [B74].
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• Time duration - a minimal duration for the PD measurement in which the level of discharge is
monitored to confirm the absence of increasing trend over the duration time is prescribed by
some users. IEC recommendation of greater than 1 minute may be seen by some users to be
too short a time based predominantly on perception. Although some users may have
experienced time-based progressive defects on some switchgear technologies and specified
long measurement durations up to 60 minutes as a result, they clarified that if during
measurement there is no increasing trend observed during an initial period (20 minutes) the
duration may be shortened. If any phase correlated PD found, further investigation time is
applied, and the test duration extended. Care must be taken when attempting to compare /
evaluate PD levels found with widely varying PD test durations [B41], [B47].
• Measurement method - user specifications may define which method should be used, so that
common interpretation of the PD measurement results can be achieved. These are covered in
detail in Chapter 2 but considerations for user specifications are covered in principle below:
o From a user perspective the application of conventional and non-conventional
methods for PD measurement may be considered. The conventional method is used
for contractual purposes. The UHF method is an accepted stand alone method and
widely used. The acoustic method should be used last for the further localisation of
the PD source to a narrow section of the GIS test circuit, or to a single GIS
component.
o Some user specification requirements may have implication for the on-site calibration
of the PD measurement circuit being used. These may relate to requirements for
calibration of conventional PD measurement or on-site sensitivity check for UHF PD
measurement, minimum number of sensors to provide sufficient coverage of the
complete GIS installation, or type and number of amplifier levels used. Users should
note that while comparisons between substations containing identical types of GIS
may be feasibly performed to some level, the different substation environments,
configuration, or variations in positioning of sensors and measurement equipment
may require different amplification settings of sensors and so make direct and detailed
comparisons more complex.
• PD limit - some users and OEMs specified a maximal permissible level of PD lower than the
10-pC level prescribed in relevant (inter)national standards. Even if the value of 10 pC is
recommended in IEC 62271-203, the lower 5 pC limit may be applied for site testing to
improve the level of verification of the integrity of GIS insulation. Users may otherwise specify
the lower value to be applied to critical compartments such as circuit breakers and the higher
threshold allowable for non-interrupting compartments if accurate localisation can be
performed. The specification of 'no phase-correlated PD to be detectable' was associated with
testing of HV GIS and where the UHF method was applied. The requirement to perform 'UHF
measurement within one week' arose from a specific user specification which omitted the
requirement for a HV test in the case of repair and extension in favour of sensitive PD
measurement during an extended service voltage application period. In the event of PD
measuring level exceeding the prescribed value, some user specifications may include some
additional requirements for the investigation procedure in order to localise the source and
evaluate its potential effect.
3.6.3 Specification for GIS extension
In the cases of extensions of existing GIS installations connected to the network, HV tests are often
not covered by customers specifications or left to the OEM of the extension to consider and propose
appropriate tests. Guidance or recommended practices are outlined in a number of standards. [B7]
and [B75] recommend stand-alone testing of the extension bays the same as new GIS, before
connection to the existing GIS. The point of interface of the old and new GIS's when connected, if
supplied by the same or by different OEMs may not be as explicitly defined in standards although
referenced in e.g. IEC and IEEE.
In certain cases of limited extensions such as the addition of a small section of new GIS to an existing
GIS installation, some users may be doubtful about the benefit of on-site voltage tests considering the
cost, time and effort required by the implementation of the test set-up. If the test voltage generator
injection point is via the existing switchgear to test the new bay(s) or the interface, the connection and
disconnection of the test voltage generator to the GIS may risk introducing a potential future failure
possibility considering that the test voltage generator connection point would disturb the primary HV
conductor system and will not be tested after its dismantling and removal. However, for other users
75
despite the effort and the anticipated cost to implement the HV test on site, it is considered lower than
the effort and the cost to repair a major failure in a GIS. In many cases if the substation is critical to the
user network and heavily loaded with outages difficult to obtain, ‘soak tests’ may be the only feasible
option to the user irrespective of the specification [B47].
The return of experience and procedures applied to HV GIS extension scenarios is illustrated below
and further detailed in Chapter 4.
Figure 3.11 HV testing of GIS extensions after coupling to existing GIS [B72]
In the OEMs experience shown in Figure 3.11 new GIS extension bays were subjected to a HV test on
site as stand-alone or physically isolated before connection to the existing GIS. Standard practice as
shown in most cases above was not to perform any additional HV test on the newly joined section or
interface of the new and old sections.
While the return of experience from one OEM appears to indicate that testing of the interface is an
infrequent occurrence, the overall results from [B2] reported a significantly high number of users
having experience of performing on-site HV testing of GIS extension across the interface.
Approximately 82 % of the cases in the survey indicated that HV tests were performed on the interface
when combine 'testing of extension together with old GIS' and 'testing of extension together with part
of old GIS' as shown in Table 3.8 below.
Table 3.8 Testing practices after GIS extension ([B2] table 6-32)
The return of experience gathered by the Working Group shows specific case examples of GIS
extensions experienced by a significant number of users and OEMs, and international standards
provide basis for testing of the extensions. [B75] may be considered as clear in requirement for HV
testing of the interface with ‘reduced test voltage level’ as described in [B7] annex C.3.2 only for those
cases that no agreement between OEM and user is possible. However, the same recommendation to
test all sections involved and all newly installed part of a GIS is recommended where feasible in [B7].
There are however potential variations for the test procedure to be applied to the interface of the old
and new GIS.
A number of user specifications have stated the requirement for HV testing of any existing GIS
equipment affected by the extension or modification works. However, especially for old equipment,
even if tested in accordance with original specification, the power-frequency test withstand value could
be lower than for the newer GIS equipment considering the evolution of the standards over times. This
particularity for the HV test of at border of the extension or interface that will affect existing equipment
76
may be subject to specific power-frequency voltage test values that might be reflected in the user
technical specifications [B47], [B48].
In the case examples seen by the Working Group the documentation or records of the user of the
existing GIS may be a vital requirement to assess the insulation design values of the existing
equipment which may not be directly related to the rated operating voltage. Extensions of older GIS
which may no longer be supported by any OEM and insufficient records exist can be a concern for
OEMs and persons responsible for carrying out the on-site testing in this regard and choice of the test
voltage level must be carefully assessed. The treatment of the interface is shown to differ significantly
in the user cases examined by the Working Group. As shown below in the summary Table 3.9 of the
cases examined, while the test method of the extension was conducted generally in accordance with
the user specification for new GIS, the treatment of the interface joining the new to the old and test
methods are numerous.
Table 3.9 GIS extension - user case examples
Test method of extension bays Test method of the interface Reference
Power-frequency withstand + PD Application of service voltage (‘soak test’) n.a.

measurement of extension bays physically
isolated from existing GIS
Power-frequency withstand + PD Power-frequency withstand at 80 % of factory [B76]

measurement of extension bays routine test value as applied to extension
connected to existing GIS
Test at 80 % of factory routine test value
Power-frequency withstand + PD Application of service voltage (‘soak test’) + PD [B71], [B73]

measurement of extension bays physically measurement
Power-frequency withstand + PD Power-frequency withstand + PD measurement [B77]

measurement of extension bays at same value of test of extension bays
connected to existing GIS
Power-frequency withstand + PD 80 % to 100 % of factory routine test value [B11]

measurement of extension bays physically (depending on age of existing GIS)
Power-frequency withstand of extension No dielectric testing of the interface [B67]

bays physically isolated from existing GIS
Power-frequency withstand + PD Power-frequency withstand at 65 % of factory [B13]

measurement of extension bays physically test value for 120 seconds
User case examples of extensions to existing GIS and HV testing are illustrated in Chapter 4 and
detail the test procedure used to minimise the impact on the availability of the existing GIS for the
user.
Users may require that opening and installation of the interface pieces is to be avoided to limit gas
works on site and possibility of introducing particles. In another case example all installation works,
including the interface were completed before HV testing commenced. In these cases the testing
procedure and voltage level that the interface will be subjected to must be reviewed and agreed with
the OEM and responsibilities clarified.
77
Additional care is required where the GIS is to be extended by a GIS of different technology, or even
by a different OEM. [B75] provides a useful reference for users to consider in extension scenarios and
treatment of the interface in addition to similar service continuity considerations as outlined in [B7]
Annex F. The test method and procedure to be used surrounding the interface for on-site HV tests
should be risk assessed by users with experience of the history and performance of the GIS design.
Refer to Chapter 2.1.3 for information on aging of GIS insulation.
3.6.4 Specification for GIS retrofit or repair
User requirements for the scenarios of retrofit or repair of components of the GIS may differ and be
distinct from that of the new and extension scenarios, whereby GIS extensions are often treated same
as 'new'. In many cases the extent of any repairs or interventions onto the GIS, if there is no
disturbance to HV conductors, partitions and/or support insulators may be deemed to be minor and
dielectric verification tests unnecessary, i.e. gas system repairs not requiring intrusion onto HV parts
[B10].
HV testing after repairs are often required, as noted by the Working Group according to some user
specifications, where the repairs are deemed major. ‘Major failure repair’ as referenced in CIGRE
reliability studies is considered the consequential work required to repair after a MaF has taken place.
However, as per [B61] major failure resulting in a function not being able to be met by the equipment
may not be related to parts comprising the HV conductor or dielectric insulation. The test procedures
are considered to be the same as the user specifications for new and extension scenarios where
feasible.
When considering GIS and HV testing in the case of repairs or retrofit, consideration of how much of
the substation needs to be turned off to allow the testing to take place is often the largest
consideration of the user, after determining the extent of the impact and consequential risk for the user
in availability and security of supply for customers. This is an issue that requires to be considered
during the specification and procurement of the GIS itself by the user. Provision for this should be
made at initial project planning stage, especially if it can be foreseen that the substation is critical to
maintain the operation of the network and supply to customers.
User specifications reviewed by the Working Group found very few to have consideration toward the
retrofit or repair scenarios and HV testing requirement. This is likely due to the evolving nature of the
user’s networks and limited visibility of the future of the potential criticality and availability of outages
for each installation once in operation. In most cases the decision for requirement of HV testing in
these scenarios will fall initially to the user to consider the feasibility of conducting a test in conjunction
with the OEM or third party to advise on the implications of the test for adjacent equipment, timescale
to realise, limitations that may be presented for the test voltage level, sensitivity of PD measurement
or limitations of the test equipment if the connection of the test voltage generator is located far away
from the section to be tested. The approach required is that of a risk assessment by the user to initially
assess the feasibility and impact of performing a HV test and then review the proposed procedure with
the OEM and third party.
In addition to the minimum requirements as detailed in Chapter 4 the site test procedure may
additionally include the following:
• Specification of which of the sections of the GIS will be tested and in which order, to consider
o Maximum allowed test voltage level(s) and times that existing parts can be subjected
to,
o Limitations of the test equipment,
o Operational considerations to keep parts of the GIS installation in operation during
testing,
o Minimising the number of components that could be subjected to multiple tests,
o Minimising the number of test voltage generator displacements if several components
and locations require to be tested,
o Dielectric condition of the insulation (e.g. where existing PD source known or other
potential emission source),
• Test and inspection procedures to follow in case a (dielectric) test is not passed successfully
(e.g. method of evaluation and identification/localisation minimising risk to existing GIS).
78
Typical repairs in user experience demonstrated to the Working Group involved circuit breaker or
interrupter compartment dielectric failures and repairs. These typical ‘major failure repair’ scenarios
may require replacement of the interrupter, or the entire compartment and subsequent on-site HV test
to verify the integrity of the repaired or replaced component.
Figure 3.12 Typical failure and repair scenario [B10]

In the example shown above a power-frequency withstand test was performed on the repaired 400 kV
GIS according to the following test procedure:
• 1st stage: 242 kV ± 3 % for 5 minutes,
• 2nd stage: 363 kV ± 3 % for 3 minutes,
• 3rd stage: 412 kV ± 3 % for 1 minute.
This corresponds to the recommended 80 % value of the initial on-site test voltage according to [B7].
Other user specifications [B9] in cases of repair stated a requirement to perform testing after repairs
according to the same test procedure as applied to new GIS and would seldom permit reduced
voltage levels, reflecting the evolving view of some users, in line with studies as detailed in Chapter 2,
that aging of GIS is not a considered risk based on experience to date.
3.7 Report and records of on-site HV testing

Users may have requirements for the contents of the documentation to be provided at handover from
the OEM / third party, including detailed reports of the HV tests. The test procedure as used along with
information of the test conditions can serve as a valuable reference or benchmark for subsequent
repeat testing at a later point in the lifecycle of the GIS. At time of the Working Group research there is
no available standard detailing minimum requirements for the content or information to be provided in
records of on-site test reports.
Typically, a test report is produced by the OEM / third party and submitted to the user to confirm
completion of the final assembly tests as part of the handover process. Test reports for some HV or
MV GIS may be simple one- or two-line statements to confirm a test was performed owing to the
greater standardisation and commonality of implementing the test procedure. Other HV GIS test
reports may document waveforms, test equipment used, PD traces or diagrams of the test set-up. This
is mostly dependent on the OEM / third party unless defined by the user.
The information provided should be sufficient to allow the test procedure to be recreated and repeated
in the future. Users who have experience of performing HV tests on GIS during repair or extension
scenarios may have encountered information gaps in some situations and have therefore included
requirements regarding the test procedure in their specifications as a result. In the return of
experience from OEMs requested to test extensions designed to interface with another GIS, typical
examples of challenges encountered were found related to the original dielectric design values.
In one example the original design ratings of the partition insulator of the existing GIS interface point
from OEM A was unknown to OEM B. As this was the point of interface to which the new extension
module of OEM B was connected, the dielectric design of the module and limit values posed a
challenge for the on-site testing [B77].
In another extension of single-phase encapsulated 145 kV GIS, the information relating to the original
test procedure and values applied on site were insufficient for the extension OEM to define and verify
79
the test parameters that could be appropriately applied to the on-site test of the interface. A
compromise test procedure was devised resulting in application of service voltage only to the interface
with UHF PD measurement [B71].
The test report submitted by the OEM, or third party should be subject to review and acceptance by
the user. In addition to the key details to be included in the test procedure as detailed in Chapter 4
additional key information that users may consider specifying to be included in the final report
following completion of the testing may be as follows:
• Environmental conditions and status of the installation under test,
• Reference to the testing protocol and testing procedure documentation (i.e. documentation
record number or title),
• List of the test equipment and measuring instruments used including manufacturer and type
model number,
• Certificates of calibration of measuring instruments or reference to calibration document,
• Results for the HV test including repeated test conditions and details if there were any
flashover events:
o Disruptive discharge event, if any (voltage reached before the discharge,
investigations results, corrective works done),
o Corrective works done including details of any parts replaced, location and serial
numbers and/or type identifiers of the parts,
• Results for the PD test including repeated test condition and details of:
o Measured background PD level,
o Measured PD level of the GIS section under test,
o Detected partial discharge activities, if any (measured PD level, inception and
extinction voltage, discharge pattern (phase-resolved partial discharge - PRPD),
investigation, corrective works performed),
• Signature and statement of completion by the test operator and OEM technical responsible
appointee.
For traceability by OEM / user / third party additional information may be included in the on-site test
reports [B71], in order to possibly allow in the future to confirm the ultimate limiting factors for any HV
tests – especially when type tested design ratings are different to the user’s specification (e.g.
requirements for rated service voltage of the installation, insulation withstand or minimum short time
and continuous thermal rating requirements).
3.8 Witnessing and supervision of HV tests

New GIS installations are more commonly completed under turnkey type contracts for which the user
may have little or no contractual responsibility for the on-site HV testing. Despite this, the on-site
testing is an important quality and technical milestone of any project and in the return of user
experience is given special attention as defined in the user specifications. Witnessing by the user of
the testing as an observer only as part of quality or inspection plans may be defined in the
specification or project schedule. In the case of extension, repairs or retrofit scenarios the user
involvement is vitally important as roles and responsibilities are divided in many areas between the
user and the OEM for the preparation of the GIS and performing the tests. Where outages or
shutdowns of adjacent bays may be limited, the roles and responsibilities of the user, manufacturer
and site staff should be particularly planned in advance to ensure sufficient time is allowed for at the
critical stages of testing and shutdown of the network [B47].
Depending on the level of experience of the user, they or their representative may play an active role
during the tests in either witnessing them being performed by the OEM or having them done by third
parties. Some users may provide and operate their own test voltage generator for the realisation of the
test so that the same setup may be used for condition assessment purposes in the future. In these
cases, the user roles and responsibilities are important contractual complications, and the roles of the
OEM must be clarified in detail in the test procedure. This is crucial to ensure the efficiency and the
quality of the on-site dielectric tests [B47].
80
Prior to any works commencing on-site, and more typically defined at contract placement stage may
be the requirement for a project or site quality plan to be produced. This is generally a comprehensive
document detailing the overall objective of the project and the quality procedures that will be used at
each stage of design, construction, commissioning, and handover.
The HV test and PD test during the on-site dielectric test of the GIS is typically where witnessing by
the user is the most important as it is the ultimate step for the acceptance of the installation. It also
constitutes an initial signature of the condition of the GIS prior to its energisation. For the OEM, this
step is generally contractual as the final and crucial evaluation of the quality of works done during the
erection of the GIS installation. For the user, this is one of the last chances to perhaps discover and
remedy any potential future defects affecting the insulation integrity of the GIS or highlight other
concerns. The goal of the OEM and the user is to obtain a GIS completely free of insulation defects, or
‘PD free’ at least. PD measurement however often does not give black and white answers.
Involvement of the user and witnessing of the trend in relation to testing of similar sections or other
installations may provide some basis for agreement by the user and OEM to the acceptability or not of
the measurement result if doubtful or give the user information on likely areas to focus on in future for
evidence of PD activity. This would be of special importance in the extension or repair scenarios
where the discovery or detection of PD in existing sections of the GIS not effected by the works could
provide vital information to the user of the condition of their GIS under their responsibility and prompt
inspection or future investigation.
User specifications were also seen to require additional PD measurement on GIS equipment
reassembled after the on-site dielectric test. Specific tests were specified to measure PD at the rated
voltage and frequency of potential transformers and surge arresters that may have been reinstalled
after the power-frequency test with UHF PD measurement in order to have a footprint of the UHF PD
activities at the commissioning for maintenance purposes and for future measurements in service.
Figure 3.13 On-site witnessing of user

Witnesses for the on-site HV tests on behalf of the user are generally observers there to see the
testing at first hand. The witnesses should have clear understanding of the boundaries of
responsibility, awareness of HV test techniques and their objectives. They should be familiar with the
user specification and the test procedure as developed by the OEM or third party. In the case of a third
party being contracted directly by the user to perform the HV testing, they may also act in the role of
witness for the user. Witnesses for the user generally are site or project engineers who may also rely
on specialist expertise from maintenance staff or equipment specification experts in their own
organisation. Third party independent witnesses contracted by the user are also commonly utilised to
provide independent quality oversight and can potentially provide a more suitable level of experience
for the user as test specialists. Their role on site during testing may involve the following:
• Confirm the test will be performed in accordance with the agreed procedure before
commencement of testing, or any exceptions noted,
• Witness and observe the tests performed, including overall setup of the test against the test
procedure and section of GIS under test,
• Note any deviations from the agreed test procedure, i.e. different test voltage or time or
configuration of the GIS under test, take note of all open and closed switching devices
including earthing switches and compartments,
• Note any abnormalities that occur such as flashover events or PD events and actions taken,
• Where PD measurement is carried out observe the method and set-up of the sensors where
UHF method is being used and observe the injection of the calibration signal and
measurement on the recording equipment,
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• Report on deviations from the test procedure or any incidents arising to the users' specialists,
• Where suitably experienced, assist in determination and resolution of any issues arising
during testing (e.g. confirmation of PD pattern or influence of external source).
The witnesses should act in the role of observer and not actively participate in performing any of the
test operations unless agreed before commencement of testing as part of the test procedure. The
witness on site can assist to facilitate continuation of testing in a timely manner by reporting directly
back to the user or owner on issues arising and obtaining provisional agreement or objection where
required should any requirement arise.
A log or diary of activities and events can be useful for the witnesses to record observations or notes
of the test sequence and events, including cleaning flashovers or test equipment issues. This can be
cross referenced by the user when the test report is compiled by the relevant test engineer or their
quality department to correlate any events or any queries by the user’s specialists who may be asked
to formally accept the report when submitted. In many cases the OEMs report may contain only results
or confirmation of a successful test and little detail to aid the user where queries arise or repeat testing
is to be performed in the future.
Witnesses are recommended to keep a record of cleaning flashovers and suspected locations or
sections on a compartment drawing for future reference which may aid in the localisation of potential
future investigations and kept by the user. In a user example when connecting a HV cable to a spare
bay installed and tested approximately four years previously, a flashover trace was discovered on a
barrier insulator of the cable enclosure compartment which had been removed to facilitate the
installation of the draw-in type HV cable termination. A review of site test reports recorded a ‘cleaning
flashover’ logged against the bay in question, however the voltage was then maintained on retest and
even with duration extended to 1.5 minutes at peak level. No PD was reported during the subsequent
measuring phase. The OEM who had performed the initial site tests and supervision of the cable
termination works some years later concluded that the insulator had suffered a cleaning flashover
during the original HV test but withstood the full test voltage on reapplication.
Figure 3.14 HV site test insulator flashover discovered years later

The details from the site test reports contained sufficient information to support this conclusion as the
bay had not been subjected to any other applied voltage since the original site HV test. This was
accepted by the user and the OEM due to the sufficiency of the site test records. The insulator was
replaced in this instance rather than cleaning owing to the time elapsed between discovery and the
initial test.
During the activities of the Working Group, which involved several experienced site test engineers, an
interesting observation on the different techniques or principles of colour coding of GIS single line
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diagrams including gas compartments arose. Covered in Chapter 4 is the topic of 'principles of colour
coding'.
On site, where test engineers or witnesses may be working with paper copy diagrams and several
switching operations or test phases needed to perform the testing, the method of creating diagrams or
record of the test section is more easily created or amended with simpler hand techniques. While
requiring the use of visual graphic tools - this is a quick and clear method of creating a visual plan of
the section to be tested for confirmation with all persons on site and may also be adopted by
witnesses to record the configuration of the GIS when under HV test. See APPENDIX D for further
examples.
Figure 3.15 Site colour code technique
3.9 Post HV test and energisation

The final stage of placing into service of the GIS is under the responsibility of the user in almost all
cases. There are notable instances of the OEMs involvement at the initial energisation stage of
projects, particularly where completed under turnkey type contract, however these mainly arise for
contractual warranties and not technical requirements in relation to the GIS, unless specific
configuration and testing is required of items during initial service such as online PD monitoring
systems and circuit breaker point on wave switching controllers.
Where OEMs staff are on site for such specific in-service tests these are usually not specific to the
operation of the GIS itself and may have no role to play in the event of issues arising beyond the
limited scope of their responsibility. An overview of the main roles and responsibilities of the OEM and
the user are illustrated below in Figure 3.16.
Additional witness or inspection / review control points may occur depending on the nature of the
project and involvement of the user in the installation of the GIS, however as an example overview the
main steps as shown are valid. Once the agreed handover point between the GIS OEM has occurred
the responsibility for the next steps to place the GIS into service are under the responsibility of the
user. Where GIS substations are designed and installed under turnkey 'EPC' (engineering
procurement commissioning) style contracts some additional responsibilities may be devolved from
the user to the EPC contractor who will typically have final responsibility to complete the handover to
the user.
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Figure 3.16 Roles and responsibilities to energisation of GIS [B79]

In the cases of GIS extensions, contractual conditions in one user example specification required the
OEM to perform PD measurement during the ‘soak test’ or application of service voltage of the
interface when placed into service by the user. This particular case arose where the interface was not
subjected to any dielectric test verification after installation. Specific criteria for the assessment and
validation of results in these cases will require detailed discussion between the user and the OEM with
regard to identification and localisation of any potential PD source and determination of the boundary
of responsibility between the existing and new GIS [B71], [B72].
In several user cases examined by the Working Group the time elapsed between completion of the
on-site testing and placing into service by the user was several months, or extending into years in
some cases [B10], [B41].
Significant time can be consumed in the testing and commissioning of secondary systems and other
parts of the installation if carried out in a sequential fashion as depicted in the previous diagram.
Placing the GIS into service in as short a timeframe as possible following completion of the on-site HV
tests is beneficial for the user for warranty and project completion purposes. However, as is often the
case in large installations, especially those designed to cater for additional future capacity, there will
be spare bays and components that can remain un-energised for several years or more before being
placed into service and some level of re-verification test may be warranted by the user. This may be a
gas quality check or contact resistance measurement performed by the user with reference to the
original test documentation.
The final placing into service procedure by most users involves a staged energisation approach
whereby the new GIS will be slowly energised one section at a time from a dedicated or isolated
supply point of the user’s network. This is for many users the final HV test or application of in-service
voltage (‘soak test’). Each section on first application of the in-service voltage will be energised for a
defined period by the user. Depending on the size of the GIS and soak period required by the user,
the energisation sequence can be a lengthy procedure with multiple switching operations required.
Users typically apply reduced protection settings at the supply point for increased sensitivity, lower
fault current pick-up thresholds and instantaneous tripping in the event of a flashover occurring on the
new GIS. Should a flashover occur on initial energisation, detection of the fault location can be difficult
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if a large GIS section or several bays are energised at the same time. Some detection methods may
require sampling of gas in the compartments to detect indication of breakdown having occurred.
Should the power available from the network be of sufficient strength, this method, while it may be
slow and tedious can be suitable for users to localise faulted compartments for visual inspection. For
this reason alone, some users, regardless of the size and time required to energise the GIS, may
subject each section when first energised to soak periods anywhere from 10 minutes up to 8 hours.
An illustration of a staged energisation sequence typical to many users is contained in APPENDIX F
for information.
3.10 Summary and commentary on the evolution of user specifications

and return of experience
Noted at the beginning of this chapter and referred to in Chapter 2, the users own experience and
familiarity gained with the different lifecycle stages of GIS has been found to influence the evolution of
their specifications. External influences may also be a factor in the cases of transmission and
distribution utility users tasked with ensuring high reliability and availability for customers. For some
users their experience may be heavily influenced by the performance or application of particular GIS
designs during initial lifecycle stages such as energisation - or the first period after placing into service
where minor quality deviations at any point in the manufacturing and assembly can have a large
impact on the GIS availability connected to critical customers.
As discussed in Chapter 1 - and demonstrated in reliability surveys - dielectric failures are still
commonly reported during the initial window of operation, and this appears to be a large driver for
users to seek to enhance their specification requirements for HV GIS predominantly.
The attainment of experience by the user in the lifecycle stages of GIS plays a key factor in influencing
the user and their own assessment of the potential reliability of their GIS fleet. The criticality of GIS
and therefore the level of risk to reliability as seen by the user can in simplicity be referenced to the
operating voltage, which is itself a direct indication of the power capability and magnitude of potential
disruption to customers should the equipment fail.
The number of installations at MV level will always far outweigh the number of GIS bays at HV or EHV
level. Due to the lower service voltage and hence power handling capability at lower voltages the
number of customers that are affected in the event of faults is lower and greater tolerance of risk, or
overall lower risk score is generally found at the lower voltages. However, exceptions apply where MV
switchgear supplies strategic highly relevant objects or areas (e.g. data centres, finance institutes,
chemical plants with sensitive processes, big city centres with lots of stores).
As the voltage levels increase the corresponding number of installations and GIS bays decreases,
therefore increasing the overall level of risk and criticality that each individual GIS bay presents to the
user’s system. This effect is often the reasoning for user specifications to evolve to a greater degree
for HV and EHV voltages coupled with the lower overall service experience that may be available in
this range to provide sufficient evidence of reliability to the user.
The specified on-site testing for EHV and UHV GIS in China coupled with the relatively low service
experience of equipment at this range reflects these findings that users generally focus on the higher
voltage ranges, although notable exceptions at MV level have been in place in Germany and
Switzerland since more than 10 years to date.
At MV level due to the higher volume of production and speed of installation there is often a large
installed base already for the user to base their reliability and risk assessment upon. The higher
volumes of production for OEMs also develops the quality cycle much quicker and incremental
improvements or responses to defects are realised in a quicker timescale than HV or EHV GIS where
production volumes are lower with longer production and installation timescales.
A comparison of the product lifecycles and timeline for improvements to be implemented in MV GIS
could be counted in months, whereas HV and EHV GIS lifecycles would be over a timespan of several
years. HV and EHV GIS is often the range for which users have correspondingly sought to increase
their on-site test requirements, perhaps overly influenced by a relatively small number of dielectric
failures that have occurred in service. While failures are significant events that have a large impact on
the user, the overall level of failures by specific GIS design type is not fully considered in reliability
surveys to date.
The third CIGRE reliability survey [B61] identifies types of enclosure design - single or three phase
encapsulated, but does not provide any detail of comparative performance behaviour of the different
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GIS insulation design that may be encountered - filling pressure, insulation gas composition, solid
insulation design etc.
Discussed in the Working Group the topic of 'margin' or level of tolerance for irregularities can differ
between different GIS designs, regions, and applications. The term 'margin', can be interpreted with
different meanings, most universally may refer to the operating voltage of the GIS relative to its design
insulation rating. GIS employed for use with higher design ratings than the rated operating voltage of
the user will clearly possess a higher insulation margin. In such cases additional on-site dielectric
testing over and above common standard requirements may provide little additional value and non-
dielectric checks such as gas quality and assembly cleanliness adherence may be similarly efficient
means of establishing dielectric performance as shown in the case of Japanese utility practices.
The specification of additional type testing such as voltage withstand tests at lower gas pressures to
determine the insulation margin by some users is seen as an indicator of the tolerance that may be
expected in the event of the insulation being compromised due to gas leaks in service. A specific user
requirement for GIS requires type testing to prove the equipment can withstand 1.5 times the rated
phase-to-earth power-frequency voltage between phases and earth with the insulating gas at
atmospheric pressure or 0 bar gauge pressure [B80].
While not an on-site or routine test it is an example of a user specific type or design test which may
influence their operating and maintenance regimes as well as on-site testing requirements. It is
notable that at the time of compiling this brochure the global GIS market continues to evolve with the
introduction of new GIS designs for alternative insulating mediums. Users may likely continue to
evolve their specifications accordingly.
When more stringent on-site testing is performed (or not), there is not yet adequate evidence to prove
if this may lead to higher reliability for the user in all cases. In certain cases stricter on-site testing
regimes may not provide any additional reassurance or benefit. This may be a potential area to be
captured in future surveys or feedback.
Some users of the Working Group in their return of experience noted positive perception, or a higher
perceived level of confidence in GIS installations tested to higher requirements then the recommended
standard. In one user case of a 245 kV GIS the 100 % on-site HV test level was adopted rather then
the standard 80 % level of factory routine testing. During the on-site acceptance test by the OEM, two
breakdowns occurred during the power-frequency voltage withstand test in the course of the voltage
rise toward the 100 % level on two different phase sections. Both defects were localised to circuit
breaker compartments with traces of the flashover discovered on the underside of horizontal insulators
in both cases.
Figure 3.17 245 kV GIS on-site HV test - flashovers during 100 % of factory routine test value
The insulators were cleaned according to the OEMs internal instructions, compartments closed,
evacuated, and filled to nominal pressure. Both phase compartments were retested successfully at
100 % level (460 kV) with an extended duration of PD measurement at 1.1xUr for 60 minutes as per
the user specification with no PD occurrences. In discussions with the OEM no apparent root cause
was initially found. The circuit breaker compartment had been routine tested in the factory and
remained sealed during transport and assembly on site. The change of state of the insulation could
not be traced to gas quality, therefore particles on the conductors were assumed as cause of the
breakdown, despite the breakdown being on the underside of the horizontal orientated insulator.
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In both cases, it cannot be excluded that the flashover may have occurred anyway at the standard 80
% level given the tolerance or uncertainty of the measuring equipment. From the user’s point of view
the voltage had exceeded the 80 % level and concluded that this was a potential in-service failure that
was successfully discovered and averted as a result of the enhanced site testing.
Testing the GIS on-site to its full rated insulation withstand level was therefore deemed an appropriate
measure by the user. Although the exact voltage level at the time of the breakdown could arguably be
adjudged equivalent to the 80 % value, the change in state of the withstand capability of the insulation
between testing in the factory and transport, installation on site of a sealed compartment provides a
reminder of the importance of on-site HV testing to verify dielectric integrity.
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4. Activities before mobilisation to site

4.1 Preparation of on-site testing – infrastructure, air clearance, and
timing
4.1.1 General
Performing on-site HV tests and PD measurements requires correct preparation by OEM / user / third
party. It is important to know the situation on site when the HV test equipment arrives. In this regard
relevant questions can include:
• How is the accessibility of the substation,
• How to access the planned test set erection place,
• Is there sufficient space to connect the test set to the HV injection points,
• Are there safety, storage and lifting options,
• Is there scheduled parallel work of other parties.
This will depend on the equipment to be brought onto site. A HV test set, whether for power-frequency
or impulse testing, typically comprises the following elements:
• A test voltage source (e.g. AC test voltage or impulse voltage generator),
• A test voltage measuring device (typically a voltage divider),
• A control panel,
• A connection to the test object (including a phase selector if applicable),
• In some cases the HV test set also contains a coupling capacitor for conventional PD
measurements or equipment in case of UHF PD measurements.
However, test voltage injection can be performed in various ways, depending on the test object, the
capacitive load, and the test set. Air-insulated test sets are typically used for medium and large
capacitive loads (e.g. up to 15 nF), and gas-insulated test sets for small (e.g. up to 5 nF) capacitive
loads. Capacitive loads are not an exclusive criterion for all different testing scenarios, as the example
of Figure 4.10 displays. APPENDIX C provides more information.
Methods of test voltage injection typically used with air-insulated test sets, like
• Air-insulated bushings of feeders (e.g. to overhead lines or transformers),
• Testing bushing mounted on a busbar or a feeder,
• Cable adapter with testing bushing connected to a cable socket of the GIS.
require sufficient clearance in front or close to air-insulated bushings and/or testing bushings, as well
as sufficient clearance of the test set including voltage injection connection (e.g. flexible tubes, etc).
Therefore, in most cases, minimal clearances between test set and installations (not safety clearances
for personnel or in service installations) can be estimated with the breakdown values of rod-plane-
gaps for AC voltage in air. The latter case requires careful planning, ensuring sufficient clearance from
the exposed test voltage to plant and building.
In contrast to air-insulated HV injection, gas-insulated HV injection is typically realized with
encapsulated test sets. Therefore, no considerations regarding air clearances are necessary.
Specific conditions on site can influence the test procedure, the arrangement of the test equipment
and the precautions necessary to avoid interference with specific tests such as PD measurements.
These conditions may include:
• No or insufficient time planned to conduct on-site HV test with testing equipment - so only
‘soak test’ with service voltage is possible,
• Network configuration unavailability to realise switching condition required for on-site HV
testing,
• Limitation of the HV test equipment itself,
88
• Limitation in the realisation of an isolation gap.

4.1.2 Preparation in time
The Working Group discussion pointed out that some items must be clarified early while others need
to be clarified closer to the scheduled testing period. This applies in particular to the commissioning of
new GIS or extensions. When this is the case, there should be enough time to prepare. Often this time
is not available during a repair. In this case, much shorter lead times often apply to be able to take the
GIS back into service.
Therefore, the following differentiation is proposed in case sufficient time is available. However, the
reader should be aware that some topics (e.g. space requirement, testing sections) can be addressed
already months to years before the HV testing activity is scheduled:
1. Long-term preparations before on-site HV tests (nominally some / several months before
on-site HV testing period):
a. Prepare test procedure including on-site HV tests; acceptance criteria need to be paid
attention to,
b. Ensure the substation design fulfils the practical needs to perform the on-site HV test,
c. Arrange suitable and calibrated test equipment; HV testing equipment is provided
either by the OEM, user, or a third party,
d. Agree on test report content.
2. Mid-term preparations before tests start (nominally some / few weeks before HV testing
period):
a. Confirm power supply suitable for test set (e.g. guide: 415 V three phase, 100 A),
b. Obtain necessary licences, certificates, work permits and access clearances for
(overseas-) staff,
c. Clarify responsibilities and authorities on site: organisation chart validates site
responsibilities,
d. Prepare Environment, Health, and Safety (EHS) risk assessment and test
implementation plan; need to be updated in regular intervals and when changes
occur,
e. For energised installations (GIS repair or extension): Confirm outage windows and
'return-to-service' time requirements,
f. For air-insulated HV test sets, space and safety requirements should be considered
as early as possible.
It may be important to consider on-site HV testing activities already in the 'pre-tendering' project
phase. The preparation period as described above is related to the time span for the preparation,
conduction, and evaluation of the on-site HV test (see Figure 4.1).
The items listed above must be agreed somewhere in the time span of user specifications for test
equipment. Special testing applications (e.g. for remote locations of GIS, limitations to building
spaces) may require special planning efforts.
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Figure 4.1 Project timeline for user specifications [B79]
4.1.3 Substation requirements

In preparation for the on-site HV test, several practical points need to be considered, including:
• Documentation of previous on-site HV tests and PD measurements as applicable (e.g. for
existing installations),
• Power supply,
• Earthing,
• Switching and test procedure,
• Housekeeping.
For existing installations (after GIS repair or extension), documentation from previous on-site HV tests
is an important source of information to determine specific arrangements required to plan for the HV
tests on this particular site.
It is important to have secure power supply for the HV test equipment. The power supply can either be
from the substation's auxiliary power supply or from a (portable) generator brought to the site
specifically for HV testing of the switchgear (e.g. a diesel generator at 50 Hz or 60 Hz is crucial for the
stability of the test voltage in case of using a HV resonant test system; some diesel generators have
an electronic frequency control module to insure stability of the output frequency). In any case the
power supply must match the test set's characteristics.
The test set needs to be protected with fuses or secondary protection relays. However, often no earth
fault relay or residual current device (RCD) can be installed in series with the power supply due to
different earthing circuits of the power supply and test voltage generator sides. Where this infringes
with local safety regulations, access to the test voltage generator can be further closed off with safety
barriers to meet safety requirements.
The rating of the power supply differs depending on the type of test, capacity of the test section and
the test voltage. APPENDIX C explains which power supply is needed for different types of HV test
sets. Typical examples for sizing include:
• For a series resonant test set performing AC withstand tests up to 235 kV at test sections with
a capacity of up to 10 nF a low voltage supply with 32 A, 400 VAC three-phase is usually
sufficient,
• A significantly more powerful LV supply is required if the test set is a 50 Hz / 60 Hz
transformer,
• For testing with higher test voltage levels and/or larger test sections exceeding 10 nF typically
a low voltage supply with 63 A … 125 A (400 VAC three-phase) is required,
• Experience shows that only in seldom cases more than 125 A LV supply is needed.
The earthing system of the test object and the installations in the GIS building must be complete
before testing, including the connection to the substation earthing system, and must be also sufficient
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for the safety of personnel and the protection of equipment. Correct earthing will also help to perform a
better measurement with less background noise for the purpose of PD measurements.
A safe and successful undertaking of HV testing requires good housekeeping near and around the
switchgear to be tested. This includes fences or barriers to prevent unauthorised access to the testing
area and an allowance of sufficient space for laydown areas. Particularly for new installations, where
construction activities may still be ongoing, this may be a challenge that has to be managed carefully.
4.1.4 Space requirements related to HV test equipment and HV injection
Planning of a GIS layout must include considerations for all aspects of testing requirements. While this
is usually less constrained where connection points are bushings, space may be more limited where
encapsulated test voltage generators are directly connected to the GIS enclosure, particularly for
indoor installations. The GIS layout must be set out such that access to HV injection points is not
obstructed and has sufficient clearance to walls, columns, or other plant. General arrangement
drawings must therefore identify suitable space requirements for HV test voltage generators and
associated test equipment, including enclosure adapters.
Additionally, sufficient clearance for installation and disassembly of the test voltage generator should
be considered, considering different sizes of test voltage generators. Not only can different set-ups be
used between manufacturers, but one supplier can have different sizes of test equipment available. It
is recommended to carefully examine whether the floor is strong enough to support the weight of the
HV test voltage generators and auxiliary equipment. Also, it needs to be verified that entrance doors
allow the equipment transport inside, and that possible obstacles (e.g. platforms, railings, or stairs)
can be (temporarily) removed.
Where space restrictions are confined to the switch room only, and external access is possible,
consideration for HV test connection via gas-insulated bus-duct (GIB) or cable (limited to specific rated
voltage levels) should be considered in the initial station design and construction. Specific design
considerations may involve access doors or hatches into the switchgear room. Where GIS is
constructed within transportable containers for offshore platforms or rapid build / deployment
substations, similar considerations may be required. Mechanical construction of the container should
be coordinated with the layout of the GIS to ensure access hatches or doors are suitably positioned to
allow installation and connection of the test adapter.
If overhead cranes are part of the building, sufficient reach of the crane must be considered to cover
for lifting test voltage generators during installation and disassembly on the GIS. Similarly, the weight
of the test set must be considered in the crane's specification (for new projects) or before using an
existing crane (for testing after repair or extensions). For all other cases, sufficient space must be
allowed for mobile lifting equipment to allow handling, installation, and removal of test voltage
generators. Depending on the size and configuration of the GIS, several different HV injection points
may have to be identified on the layout drawing, all of which require the same principles for access
and clearance as outlined above [B22].
The following photos show some examples for gas-insulated HV injection points in relation to
substation crane accessibility. Please note, these photos are taken during installation phases of the
test voltage generators.
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Figure 4.2 Example for gas-insulated HV injection point considering the range of the substation crane
[B22]
Special consideration has to be given to situations in which an overhead line connects to the GIS by
means of SF6-air bushing especially if the test set has to be connected to the same SF6-air bushing. In
this case often AIS components (e.g. overhead line, surge arresters, capacitive or inductive voltage
transformers, etc) must be disconnected from the GIS. When AIS parts or overhead lines in or near
the substation remain under live voltage, due care has to be taken that sufficient clearance between
GIS bushings and test set on one side, and live AIS or overhead line structure on the other side is
maintained.
If a disruptive discharge inside the GIS installation occurs during testing, voltage surges with high
amplitudes and steep wave fronts can occur inside the GIS. These waves could reflect on certain
points of changing surge impedance inside the GIS installation or at an open end. In a worst-case
situation this causes doubling of the wave crest value. Depending on the calculation method and
safety margins applied, safe air clearance distance for a 420 kV GIS tested with lightning impulses
between 8 metres and 11 metres may be determined [B81]. For higher voltage levels, even larger air
clearances between test set or GIS bushings and live AIS or overhead line parts should be
maintained.
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Figure 4.3 Example for air-insulated HV injection point with outdoor HV test set connected via GIB [B41]
The following points should be considered when applying HV test equipment to the GIS:
• Gas-insulated HV injection point:
o An adapter to match the GIS enclosure may be required,
o Ensure that both ends of the adapter fit, e.g. GIS at connection point(s) and test set,
o Different connection points on a GIS may have different sizing,
o Careful connection of the active part (in particular when PD testing is performed; a
loose connection on the active part may be the cause of PD activity).
• Air-insulated HV injection point:
o Connection via a SF6-air bushing, either an existing bushing of the GIS installation or
a testing bushing for tests only,
o Access for testing via extended test adapter (e.g. gas-insulated busduct),
o Sufficient clearance is required to the exposed test voltage; specific consideration
must be given to exposed shapes, leading to high field strengths; these can lead to
discharging disturbance during test (external flashover or corona); corona shields
(also makeshift) may be required to treat sharp exposed geometries,
o Avoid also unearthed metallic objects nearby.
• Cable socket HV injection point:
o The cable socket test adapter to match the GIS cable socket should be sufficiently
rated for the required test voltage,
o Capacitance of the cable and length should be included in the load calculations of the
test set.
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The latter injection technique allows a high flexibility for the placement of the HV test set to locations,
where enough air clearance for the test voltage and minimal risk / obstruction of pathway for personnel
is available. Current experience shows reliable function with numerous plug cycles of cable socket test
adapters for testing GIS up to 245 kV rated voltage with test voltage levels up to 380 kV. Cable socket
test adapters are a universal solution, since the HV test voltage generator can be placed in suitable
locations of the substation within the reach of the cable length of the test adapter.
The examples in Figure 4.4 till Figure 4.10 show different HV injection techniques (air-insulated and
cable socket) in combination with the applied test set type and the necessary space requirements.
(Test voltage 515 kV; minimal clearance to earthed parts 2.1 m)

Figure 4.4 Example of air-insulated HV injection point onto 420 kV GIS
(Test voltage 200 kV; minimal clearance to earthed parts 1 m)

Figure 4.5 Example of air-insulated HV injection point mounted at the busbar of a 123 kV GIS; [B82]
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(Test voltage 380 kV; UHF PD measurement 294 kV for at least 30 minutes;
left: view from GIS;
right: view showing the HV test set;
air clearance of top toroid of test set reactors to cavern ceiling 1.2 m)
Figure 4.6 Example of cable socket HV injection point for testing of a 245 kV GIS in a cavern of a pump
storage plant in the Swiss mountains
(Test voltage 325 kV; UHF PD measurement at 204 kV for at least 30 minutes)
Figure 4.7 Example of cable socket HV injection point for testing of a 170 kV GIS in an underground
substation in Zurich [B53]
Already in the planning phase of this project, an opening in the floor towards the cable cellar was
foreseen for the application of the 'cable socket HV injection' technique.
In certain cases, the HV test set can even be positioned outside the GIS building, as illustrated in
Figure 4.8.
95
(Test voltage 120 kV; UHF PD measurement at 87 kV for at least 30 minutes)

Figure 4.8 Example of cable socket HV injection point for testing of a 72.5 kV GIS
Figure 4.9 Example of cable socket HV injection point on HV GIS [B82]

Since MV GIS are very often connected by cables, the application of cable socket HV injection points
is common practice for this service voltage level.
(Test voltage 40 kV; equipped with a coupling capacitor for conventional PD measurement)
Figure 4.10 Example of cable socket HV injection point for testing of a 24 kV GIS
An ideal situation occurs when all sections of the GIS can be tested, and no further opening is
necessary following the HV test. This includes also testing of the VTs with the specified test
parameters of the MV GIS, using a frequency-tuned resonance test set and applying the test voltages
with a suitable frequency for the VTs. Testing experience has shown that the PD defect type ‘particle
96
on insulation’ is often found on horizontal spacers of MV GIS voltage transformers. Therefore, HV

testing of the VTs can be advantageous.
4.2 Preparation of on-site testing – switching configuration

4.2.1 General
There are certain tasks that need to be carried out prior to an on-site HV test, including:
• Switchgear completely assembled,
• Filling the gas compartments with insulating gas to filling pressure,
• Completion of the substation earthing system according to the OEM and user specifications,
• Switching devices (circuit breakers, disconnectors, earthing switches):
o It should be possible to switch all switching devices from the local control cabinet in a
motor-operated manner (e.g. for realisation of the test circuit),
o It must be ensured that each switching device has been already switched on site
before the high voltage test for a re-defined number of CO operations
o Within the test section all circuit breakers and disconnectors must be closed, and all
earthing switches opened.
• GIS cable outlets:
o At the time of the high voltage test, all cable outlet sockets (cable sealing ends) of the
respective test section are either equipped with suitable dummy plugs or filled with
insulating gas and closed with pressure-resistant covers in a ‘test voltage proof’ and
‘PD-free’ manner so that the GIS test section can be tested up to the HV cable
sockets,
o If the cable sockets are filled with insulating gas, the gas pressures in the HV cable
sockets should be checked shortly before the high voltage test,
o If the test voltage is feed-in with a pluggable test cable, the non-tested phases should
be earthed via the cable sockets (or at a suitable point).
• GIS voltage transformer:
o The voltage transformers are tested together with the switchgear, if the test frequency
is high enough to prevent saturation of the VT core (typically > 100 Hz) or the VT core
is designed for test voltages at power-frequency; if these requirements are not
obtained, it must be agreed between OEM and user whether the VT should be
removed or disconnected (in case an integrated disconnecting device is used to
disconnect the VT from the GIS) and therefore not included in the test procedure,
o The secondary terminals of the voltage transformers are not connected to the
measuring load during the high voltage test and the windings in the terminal box are
open and earthed on one side; the connections in the local control cabinet are open,
o Any installed ferroresonance damping must be disconnected for the high voltage test.
• GIS current transformer:
o The secondary terminals of the current transformers must be short-circuited and
earthed during the high voltage test; this can be done directly at the terminal box of
the current transformer or in the local control cabinet (tested cables between terminal
box and local control cabinet provided).
• GIS surge arrestors:
o any surge arrestors need to be isolated or dismantled.
When a limited number of injection points are available for the HV test set, it will have to be
determined whether the test voltage generator can provide the necessary capacity for the test and
retain this for more than one test cycle.
If this is not the case, a test voltage generator with more power will be needed or the GIS will have to
be tested in sections, if possible. It is desirable to minimize the number of set displacements during a
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test. Sections and/or phases that are not involved in the test, must be isolated and/or earthed. This
also applies to the situation in which the GIS is equipped with air-insulated bushings. In this case, it
may be necessary to remove the overhead line or wire from the GIS bushing and the other end may
be grounded if necessary. Also, the phases not under test are typically (externally) earthed at the
bushings.
4.2.2 Principles of 'colour coding'
Different methods are used by OEM / user / third party to prepare ‘shut down’ plans. The following
sub-section provides more insight into situations, the use of ‘colour coding’ and switching
configurations.
Safety at work has the highest priority. An important point to ensure safety for on-site works is
respective instructions and drawings to explain and visualise working steps. Different conditions or
situations can be clarified by means of colours. Different colour codes were used to illustrate technical
conditions. To harmonise different existing approaches, it is proposed to align with the following
colours based on [B83].
During the lifecycle of a GIS, many activities can be the reason to de-energise parts of the GIS for
opening gas compartments. These activities can be:
• Maintenance / repair work on a GIS or on parts of it,
• Extension of a GIS,
• Retrofit of a GIS.
All these activities require a ‘shut down’ plan for the involved GIS sections. The preparation of a ‘shut
down’ plan is not a straightforward task. Typically, two different quantities must be considered
simultaneously while preparing a ‘shut down’ plan:
• Voltage (live section, point of isolation, earthed section),
• Pressure (required status of gaseous insulation in gas compartments).
Figure 4.11 Two colour code options - harmonized in CIGRE WG B3.51 and B3.50
Both options shown in the figure above were discussed and established by the CIGRE Working
Groups WG B3.50 (Concepts for on-site HV testing of GIS after installation, extension, retrofit or
repair) and WG B3.51 (Service Continuity Guide for HV GIS above 52 kV).
During the mentioned discussions it was found that preference for either option can be (strongly)
dependent on the current time position of a GIS project. So, for the GIS project phase when 'service
continuity aspects' are considered relevant, both options in the figure above can be generally used.
One can interpret the figure above also in terms of a given order. But this is not intended nor valid.
One can also interpret the order of application like 'traffic lights' (yellow must always be between a red
and green section). This could also increase the safety aspect in terms of switching conditions.
4.2.3 Switching configuration - GIS after installation
A detailed test procedure is part of every test preparation. The test procedure includes a single line
diagram with (coloured) visualization of the desired configuration of all switching devices prior to the
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test to ensure a safe working situation and to be able to connect the HV test set. This includes the
switching configurations (e.g. switching plan), step by step, during the test.
A new GIS will normally be HV tested before any part of the GIS is energised and before any HV cable
is connected. The absence of any energised part(s) reduces the risk during test and simplifies the
preparation of the switching plan.
The number of switching configurations depends on the capability of the test voltage generator, the
number of HV injection points and the agreement between user / OEM / third party. In some situations,
the complete GIS is tested with only one HV injection point as shown in Figure 4.12. This advantage is
contradictory to the number of components that are unduly subjected to multiple tests and the test
generator displacement [B24]. In other cases, the test set will need to be moved to another or even
multiple HV injection point(s), which can be also considered contradictory when a minimization of HV
injection points is intended.
Figure 4.12 HV test switching configuration with one HV injection point for complete 170 kV GIS
4.2.4 Switching configuration - GIS after repair or retrofit

After a GIS has been installed, tested, and commissioned, the following scenarios may arise during
which HV testing may be reperformed on the GIS or parts of the GIS:
• Retrofit or refurbishment of the GIS,
• Repair (e.g. after a failure of an isolator / circuit breaker / earthing switch / etc),
• Replacement of primary components
o CT / VT (e.g. replacement requirement of old CT / VT due to transformation in low
burden digital relays system),
o Cable end terminations / bushings (e.g. changing of feeder function namely
conversion of transformer feeder to cable / OHL feeder or from OHL feeder to cable
feeder),
In most situations described above, the remaining part of the GIS will be in service and therefore it is
often not possible to implement the normal HV test procedure due to the limitation of the expected
planned outage or availability. Following a normal test procedure (phase-by-phase) could be another
obstacle with respect to time span and is sometimes not attainable due to installation restriction of
adjacent parts in service, maintaining the safety clearance or space constraint in gantry area [B13].
99
In general, retrofits contain replacement of parts (often major parts like active modules) with new parts
of enhanced functionality and/or enhanced specification. This activity is also often related to
upgrading/uprating of technical data of the affected part [B84].
There are two practical examples showing different approaches for the HV test after a retrofit and
refurbishment of the GIS.
The first example is a single-phase enclosed 170 kV GIS (air) where a refurbishment was planned,
and the circuit breakers were exchanged for SF6 retrofit breakers. Performing the HV test after the
retrofit circuit breakers are installed, is a commonly used procedure. This GIS is equipped with double
gap disconnectors, whereby the disconnector is earthed directly in the open position. To perform the
HV test, the test set needs to be connected to the HV injection points, which is - in this case - located
on the single-phase enclosed busbars. This entails that the test set would have to be moved from
busbar to busbar during the work at one bay. The retrofit of the GIS is performed bay by bay, so this
also means that the test set is replaced multiple times.
In addition to the fact that this takes an enormous amount of time, this also means that a lot of work is
necessary to release and pressurize the busbar with dry air insulating gas. It was agreed between
user and OEM to not perform the HV test after the retrofit circuit breaker was installed into the circuit
breaker compartment.
Instead, the on-site HV test and PD measurement have been performed on the interrupter unit next to
the GIS in a separate circuit breaker compartment. After a successful test, the circuit breaker unit was
removed from the test compartment and placed in the circuit breaker compartment. The on-site HV
testing parameters have been agreed between OEM and user with some deviations compared to the
original standard referring to the retrofitted GIS generation (e.g. withdrawn IEC 517) with having:
• HV test voltage 325 kV / 1 min. (100 %),
• After adjustment of the test set-up,
o PD pre-stress voltage 208 kV / 10 sec.,
o PD measurement with coupling capacitor 187 kV / 10 sec.
Figure 4.13 Single-phase on-site test set-up next to the 170 kV GIS
If it is necessary to perform an HV test on the single-phase busbar (e.g. after repair of a busbar
disconnector) a test adapter to access the test section needs to be placed in the circuit breaker
compartment of the coupling bay (see Figure 4.14).
For this, the circuit breaker with drive mechanism must be removed from the circuit breaker
compartment to install the test adapter, because of non-availability of HV injection points in the busbar
compartment. So, risks for contamination increase under the given circumstances.
100
Figure 4.14 Single-phase on-site AC test voltage generator with test adapter and switching plan for the
busbar disconnector in CLOSE position on 170 kV GIS
Another example is the refurbishment of a 170 kV GIS where a spare circuit breaker is used as a
swappable replacement circuit breaker. The user requirement states that for circuit breakers in its own
enclosure with its own gas compartment, on-site HV-tests do not have to be performed if the
corresponding factory acceptance test of the circuit breaker is carried out in its own or test housing at
100 % test voltage level and at minimum filling pressure.
The circuit breaker is removed horizontally from its compartment during the refurbishment of the bay.
To be able to quickly use the complete bay again for operation in case a problem in the network takes
place, a spare circuit breaker (which has already been refurbished) is placed in the circuit breaker
compartment.
In this case, the circuit breaker is transported to the factory for refurbishment. The OEM has a
prepared circuit breaker compartment in the factory where an HV test is performed on the overhauled
circuit breaker. After finishing HV test and PD measurement the circuit breaker is afterwards
transported to the location where the circuit breaker is used as swap for the refurbishment of the next
circuit breaker. During this refurbishment, no HV test or PD measurement is performed on-site [B85]
4.2.5 Switching configuration - GIS after extension
Dealing with GIS extensions or stepwise replacement of an existing GIS, in almost all cases parts of
the GIS are in service – contrary to new GIS installations.
Since flashovers with service voltage when GIS is connected to the network are much more
destructive than flashovers with test voltages as the test equipment has limited power, special
precautions must be taken. When live air-insulated bushings come close to testing bushings, safety
distances have to be chosen which prevent a flashover from tested parts to live parts. Large potential
differences between the service voltage and the test voltage occur periodically due to phase
opposition. On top of these large potential differences transient overvoltage cannot be excluded on the
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test voltage as well as on the service voltage side. Calculation of an adequate safety distance may be
found e.g. in [B21], [B81].
At new GIS installations typically place for spare feeders is planned which can be used for connection
of an HV test set. If no additional place is planned for the installation of a HV test set the spare feeder
space is missing when it is used for the extension of the GIS. One possibility to overcome place
problems are test cables, which can be applied when feeders are equipped with pluggable cable
connections.
Within the GIS it is strongly recommended to always have an earthed section between live and tested
parts. However, publication [B86] describes a different approach, which is considered very
controversial according to the Working Group opinion. Therefore, this is disregarded and not reflecting
the current state of the art.
Another important point to consider for GIS extensions and their switching configurations is
represented by the determined test voltage level in respect to the age of the existing installation.
For instance, when HV tests are performed on the interface between the extension and the existing
GIS, a part of the existing GIS (e.g. up to the first separation option on the existing GIS) will be
submitted to the test voltage which has been defined for the extension. If the existing components
could not support the rated test voltage value of the extension, the interface will have to be tested with
a reduced test voltage value. The chosen configuration of the test circuit should minimize the
extension that will be tested at this reduced test voltage value. This could be achieved by selecting an
appropriate HV injection point for the test voltage generator when testing the interface, or by
performing the dielectric test of the extension contained in the interface test circuit in two stages - first
at a reduced test voltage value and second at rated test voltage value [B23].
Due to the need to keep parts of the GIS in service and the limited flexibility in adaption of the
switching configuration to the test procedure, detailed planning and alternative scenarios have to be
included in case faults are found during the test causing delays. Especially spare parts for both types
of GIS together with personnel familiar with exchanging possible faulty parts have to be right at hand
in order to avoid any further delays.
Additional work before tests for an installation of an extension to an existing GIS can include:
• Evaluate the requirements and possibilities of the connection of new and existing GIS parts,
o Is an outage of the existing part possible or is there a minimal configuration to stay in
service?
o Find a date that allows maximal duration for the required minimal service
configuration
• Allocate personnel and spare parts for possible defect removal or repair in new and existing
GIS part (important point if new and existing GIS part are of different type or OEM),
• Elaborate detailed switching plan for the connection and testing of new and existing GIS
including possible configurations in case of delay by defect removal or repair in new and
existing GIS parts,
• Allocate additional time for the preparation and execution of the extension, since:
o Mechanical mismatch and different mechanical details of the existing GIS part due to
e.g. incomplete documentation can cause delays,
o The connection of new and existing parts (especially the secondary circuits) can
require time consuming checks to prevent unintended tripping of safety circuits.
In the following, two practical examples are presented showing different approaches for the switching
configuration in case of GIS extensions and even replacements [B76].
At first in Figure 4.15 an extension of a single-phase encapsulated GIS with a three-phase
encapsulated GIS is shown:
102
Figure 4.15 Example of an intermediate stage at the connection of a GIS extension [B76]
The busbar on the rear is already connected, the one in the front is not yet connected. The different
stages of the connection of new and existing GIS are illustrated in the following schematic figure.
Figure 4.16 Example of possible stages in the connection and testing of new and existing GIS [B76]
After the new feeders of the extension are tested in step A, the lower busbar is connected to the
existing GIS (step B). The lower busbar is tested in step C followed by the connection of the upper
busbar to the existing GIS (step D). Finally, the upper busbar is tested in step E and the extended GIS
can be given over to service in step F.
At an on-site HV test of an extension with similar stages - as described in Figure 4.16 - two PD defects
in the existing installation were detected and successfully removed which included the replacement of
a disk insulator. The test voltage level of the new GIS and the existing GIS were equal and
corresponded to the 80 % voltage withstand test according to IEC. The UHF PD measurement was
performed at 1.2xUr for at least 30 minutes.
After that, it is shown how the replacement of an existing GIS with a new GIS can be optimised in
terms of reopening of gas compartments after site acceptance tests. Figure 4.17 illustrates an
example of a test sequence applied for the stepwise replacement of an old GIS with a new GIS,
keeping parts of the substation in service.
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Figure 4.17 Sequence of a replacement of a GIS without reopening of gas compartments after site
acceptance test [B76]
In a first step, a minimal GIS configuration was installed allowing to keep the substation running at the
required minimal level. The number of bays was restricted by the available place in the GIS hall. This
GIS configuration was tested in step A with a cable test adapter (e.g. cable socket HV injection) and
air-insulated test set via cable feeder with pluggable cable connection.
After site acceptance test of part 1, the cables were moved from the existing GIS to the new GIS part
1 and the existing GIS was dismantled. In a second stage, part 2 of the new GIS was installed and
connected to part 1. Due to part 1 of the new GIS being in service, the site acceptance test of the
second part was divided into two test sections as indicated in phase B and C of Figure 4.17 in order to
make sure to have an earthed section between the service and the test voltage.
The gas compartment of the longitudinal busbar disconnector in step A stayed untouched for the
connection of the new GIS part 2 which results in a full test of the entire busbar not leaving opened
gas compartments untested. The application of a test cable allowed great flexibility in test voltage
injection, placement of the test set as well as leaving all gas compartments untouched after the
successful site acceptance test.
The on-site HV testing parameters agreed between OEM and user for that 170 kV GIS having a test
frequency between 135 Hz and 155 Hz:
• Conditioning: 50 kV / 10 min.; 100 kV / 1 min.; 210 kV / 1 min.; 270 kV / 30 sec.,
• HV testing: 325 kV / 1 min. (100 %),
• UHF PD measurement: 204 kV / 30 min. (1.2xUr).
In an additional practical example, a 420 kV GIS from OEM no.2 was installed to extend an existing
HV GIS from OEM no.1. Some general testing parameters as well as some special aspects when HV
GIS from different OEM are connected are presented [B77].
The on-site HV testing parameters agreed between OEM no.2 and user were:
• Conditioning: 291 kV for approx. 15 min.; 420 kV for 3 min.,
• HV testing: 515 kV for 1 min.,
• PD-measurement: 291 kV.
The testing equipment used encompassed a frequency-tuned resonant test set and UHF PD detection
equipment. Overall, four test sections were planned and agreed between OEM and user to cover the
relevant on-site HV testing. Figure 4.18 displays the test sections in more detail.
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section 1
section 2
105
section 3
section 4
Figure 4.18 Different test sections for 420 kV GIS extension [B77]
Table 4.1 Overview of test section details [B77]
Test section 1 2 3 4
Connection of HV test set bushing –Z1 at bushing –Z1 at bushing –Z1 at bushing –Z1 at =Q06
=Q05 =Q05 =Q06
Details of test section =Q05.A, =Q05.B BB 2B, =QB5.C, =Q06.B, =Q06.C BB 2A, =Q06.A, =Q07A,
=Q07.C =Q07.B
Capacity of test section approx. 10 nF approx. 10 nF approx. 10 nF approx. 10 nF
Resonant frequency of test approx. 70 Hz approx. 70 Hz approx. 70 Hz approx. 70 Hz

section
106
Both types of HV GIS have been permanently connected by a so-called 'connection module', which
has to be designed for this situation by OEM no.2. The challenging task in this case was to perform
the dielectric design without complete knowledge of some relevant design values of the partition to
which a connection of the inner conductor was necessary. This module was not removed after the HV
test. It remained installed permanently. The following figure shows some more details of different
substation and section views.
Figure 4.19 Different substation and sectional views [B77]

Consequently, to avoid openings of gas compartments after on-site HV testing some test sections
require HV testing up to an open disconnector of the existing HV GIS from OEM no.1. Therefore,
some insulating parts of that part of the substation have been on-site HV tested again (e.g. after the
initial HV testing during commissioning of the existing HV GIS from OEM no.1).
It is especially challenging when a GIS extension is performed with equipment provided by two
different OEMs. For this situation standardization work is already published in [B75].
A further return of experience from a European user describes particular challenges associated with
the special boundary conditions of a 420 kV substation in one-and-a-half circuit breaker arrangement
with equipment provided by two different OEMs. The initial OEM would not permit any voltages higher
than maximum system voltage on his installation which would void all support and warranties.
The solution here was also to design an ‘intermediate module’ with removable links. The filling
pressure of this gas compartment was agreed upon between both OEMs and user. More importantly,
the design of this module was such that placing, and removal of this link was very easy and would not
introduce any particles inside the module. Access flange construction was such that the risk of particle
generation during opening and closing was minimised. The risks involved were deemed lower than
those associated with the final removal of a HV test set from an installation.
Therefore, it was agreed between both OEMs and user that placing the link could be done without
further dielectric HV tests afterwards. So after all tests on the extension were completed and the HV
test set was disconnected, the link was placed, and the module pressurized. No part of the existing
GIS has thus been subjected to test voltage [B67].
4.3 HV test equipment logistics

The performance of HV tests typically requires a combination of limited resources, including:
1. Test voltage generator,
2. Associated measuring equipment (e.g. voltage divider; PD detector and/or temporary
flashover detector),
3. Adaptation modules / parts,
4. Qualified HV test engineer.
A test can only be performed if the basic elements are available. However, additional needs (e.g. PD
or flashover locator) may have been agreed between user and OEM and must therefore also be
present, but the lack of these elements does not necessarily have to block the execution of the test.
Time pressure, remote locations or operational constraints can add to the challenge. Careful planning,
co-ordination between all stakeholders, allowance for contingencies and sufficient time margins should
107
be considered to ensure successful testing. The availability of the test equipment can be very critical
due to tight planning. Disturbance can be caused by calibration or repair of the test set-up, logistics
(transportation around the world, e.g. ATA-Carnet, customs clearance, etc) or the availability of the
aforementioned four elements. Some margin will also have to be maintained in the planning for
unforeseen events during the test.
HV equipment is expensive and must be taken care of. Depending on the agreement between OEM
and utility, the HV test set of the OEM, a third party or the utility’s will be used. Experience shows that
users order adaptation modules and parts with the original GIS so as not to be dependent on the
supplier. This will be stored and must be transported to the station by the owner.
4.4 Agreement between OEM / user / third party concerning HV test

procedures and acceptance criteria
4.4.1 General
The ‘test procedure’ for the on-site dielectric test is typically related to standard requirements and is
also having sometimes additions from user requirements which user / OEM / third party commonly
agree in advance. Depending on the global region, the country or user, different standards are applied
for on-site testing of GIS with different recommended test procedures.
The ‘test procedure’ is also often named as 'method statement’ or 'test plan', includes all test
parameters to use for testing the GIS and can have moreover a detailed description of what needs to
be considered on site before and during the test. More detailed information concerning ‘test
procedures’ are presented in Chapter 4.5.
Sometimes user requirements regarding the OEM and/or third party testing staff (e.g. certifications,
formations, accreditations, affiliations, laws, codes, and regulations, etc.) may be considered as well.
The roles and involvement of the user might vary worldwide, but generally a more active contribution
of the user could be favourable. Depending on the level of experience of the user, he or his
representative might play an active role during the tests by witnessing it, doing it under the supervision
of the OEM, or doing it jointly with the OEM, or doing it with a third party witnessed by the OEM. Some
users might require also to use and to operate their own test voltage generator for the realisation of
the test [B24].
4.4.2 Historical operational information on the substation
In case of on-site HV testing to be performed on a GIS extension, revision or after repair, some
historical data about the existing substation could be relevant to the definition of the required test
procedure and acceptance criteria. Especially when parts of the existing and new GIS installation are
delivered by different OEMs, it can be helpful when all involved OEMs are aware of the test procedure
and can in an ideal case agree.
In case of an extension the former dielectric test procedures of the existing substation with the applied
test voltage values are important historical data to collect. This can be helpful to set the relevant
dielectric testing values of the test procedure to apply on the interface of the new and existing GIS,
considering that the test voltage values can possibly differ between both sections. According to this it
is necessary to clarify some essential issues regarding the existing GIS between OEM and user (long)
before the construction work starts. A risk assessment of the existing equipment which can result in a
spare part concept, as well as the availability of spare parts (e.g. partitions and support insulators, O-
Rings, etc), and further know-how to perform a repair in case of a failure should be done between all
involved parties [B47].
To elaborate the possible importance of the details in the precise context of the test procedure to be
applied for a GIS extension, it was already evaluated in the past how the return of GIS practices reveal
some details in the execution of on-site HV testing activities on interfaces between existing and new
GIS in [B2].
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Figure 4.20 On-site HV testing experience after GIS extension ([B2] figures 6-16 and 6-17)
The known dielectric condition of the existing substation section involved in the test is another relevant
historical data to collect. This might ensure a better preparation for the dielectric test of the interface
and anticipation of the problems and consequences that might be revealed by the test. When the
dielectric condition of the existing substation is known to have deteriorated significantly (e.g. confirmed
presence of PD activities that could not be eliminated in advance of the planned HV test) the content
of the test procedure might be adapted in order to avoid the presence of those PD sources in the test
circuit. The latter is sometimes not possible due to various reasons (e.g. technical limitations or
operational restrictions).
However, if this is still possible or by retrofit with (temporary) external PD sensors for the dielectric
test, a better discrimination or even isolation and elimination of the PD defect during the dielectric test
between old and new part of the substation can be possible. In general, if an existing PD source in the
old GIS may not be avoided or removed for the dielectric test, the test personnel will have to seek a
solution. This might affect the acceptance criteria of the test itself. When the dielectric condition of the
existing substation is unknown, it can be helpful to consider doing some additional PD measurements
(e.g. as service activity or part of the test procedure itself) in the existing part of the GIS in advance of
the planned on-site HV test of the GIS extension to allow a better assessment of the dielectric
condition of the existing substation [B47].
4.4.3 Applied test method
HV test and/or PD measurements on extension bays were often tested stand alone. So busbars were
not coupled while executing the on-site HV test. Afterwards, the busbars were coupled to the existing
GIS.
However, requirements have changed in recent years and users are much more likely asking to
perform a HV test after coupling the busbars. Nowadays, it is common that users consider that an
extension must be possible and to perform an HV test after coupling. Experiences of an OEM between
2016 and 2019 show that 21 extensions have taken place on installations that are several years old
(1978 - 2016). In 80 % of these cases no HV test or PD measurement was performed after coupling to
existing GIS. In 10 % of the cases, an HV test and PD measurement was performed and in 10 % of
the cases only a PD measurement.
Table 4.2 Return of experience for HV test methods of GIS extensions [B72]
Year of original Year of Grid voltage / Test voltage / Type Duration

installation extension kV kV
1978 2019 500 318 AC HV and 30 min. incl.

PD PD
2003 2017 400 230 AC HV and 1 min. excl. PD

PD
2012 2018 220 127 PD 3h
Unknown 2018 400 230 PD 1h
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Besides the return of experience on the applied test methods after GIS extension, also the situation
after GIS repair or refurbishment displays a wide variation between the applied test methods.
Constraints which lead to the applied test methods in the end might vary greatly [B22].
Table 4.3 Return of experience for HV test methods after GIS repair or refurbishment [B22]
Year of Type of Year of Type of activity Grid Test Type Duration

original installation activity voltage / voltage /
installation kV kV
1975 indoor 2016 refurbishment 132 - AC ‘soak test’ few

hours
1980 outdoor 2008 repair 500 1.2 p.u. AC HV & PD -
1985 indoor 2019 repair 132 - AC ‘soak test’ -
(1980, 1982, indoor 1992 repair & 220 - initially AC HV, but 30 min.
1988, 2004) refurbishment changed to AC ‘soak
test’ with rigid QA
regime
1988 indoor 1992 repair 500 - AC HV -
1998 indoor 2013 refurbishment 110 - none -
2003 indoor 2018 repair 132 - AC HV (reduced test -

level) and PD
2007 outdoor 2018 repair 66 - AC HV (via ‘PowerVT’) -
In general, refurbishment activities are considered as major works on GIS subassemblies to ensure
the original functionality but for an extended period than without refurbishment. These works are
typically planned in the long-term and would be done after GIS mid-life onwards [B84].
Sometimes, the return of experience regarding applications of PD measurements in conjunction with
on-site HV testing activities trigger intensive discussions between OEM and user. For instance, user
specifications can require complementary PD measuring methods (e.g. conventional and non-
conventional). Technically this can be possible depending on sensor availabilities on the GIS under
test as well as on noise situations for that specific substation. However, in this case it should be clear
that one test method is leading, the other test method is for information only. Nevertheless, this can be
helpful for the substation operational maintenance as the PD testing results can act as reference
situation e.g. after GIS installation, repair, or extension [B47].
4.4.4 Specific situations (HV GIS and HV cable)
In general, the discussion towards an agreement between OEM / user / third party on a HV test
procedure can be quite controversial, and some negotiation could be necessary to conclude in a
coordinated and consolidated basis (e.g. in case of HV GIS that needs to be tested on site together
with already connected HV cables).
The following paragraphs describe a user case as an example [B66], [B67]. In this case, several
situations have been described that are mainly related to the age of the cable or GIS, for which
generally 5 years of use are considered to determine whether the GIS or the cable is 'new' or
'existing':
• GIS:
o New GIS equipment shall be tested on site at the routine test voltage values
according to IEC 62271-1,
▪ This is a clear deviation of the recommendations in IEC 62271-203,
o Existing GIS equipment (> 5 years old) shall be tested at 80 % of the routine test
voltage values according to IEC 62271-1,
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▪ This is a small deviation of most recent recommendations in IEC 62271-203,

▪ Furthermore, this may be deviating to OEM recommendations to use 80 % of
80 % of Ud according to IEC 62271-1.
• HV cable:
o New cables (< 5 years old) shall be tested according to NEN HD 682 S3 2017 (part 2)
unless other requirements with 'higher' / 'stronger' test values apply,
▪ This means a test voltage of 2.5xU0 for a duration of 10 minutes (U0 is
defined as Ur/√3, with Ur the rated system voltage),
▪ In this case Ur would typically be 110, 150, 220 or 380 kV and thus it deviates
from the rated equipment voltage according to IEC 62271-1 (which would be
123, 170, 245 and 420 kV, resp.),
o New cables (< 5 years old) for rated system voltages of 220 and 380 kV shall be
tested according to IEC 62067,
▪ This means a test voltage of 2.5xU0 for a duration of 60 minutes,
o Existing cables (> 5 years old) shall be tested with 80 % of the test voltage values
according to NEN HD 682 S3 2017 (part 2),
▪ This means a test voltage of 2.0xU0 for a duration of 10 minutes.
In case a HV GIS with already connected HV cables is planned for on-site HV testing, a possible
scenario may look like:
Table 4.4 User requirements for testing of GIS with attached cables [B66]
old GIS new GIS
old cable • dielectric 'weakest link' determines the • GIS shall be AC HV tested separately
test voltage value prior to connection of cables
• Cables shall be AC HV tested after its
connection to GIS with their prescribed
test voltage values (parts of the GIS may
be subjected to lower test voltage
values though)
new cable • GIS may be AC HV tested up to 80 % of • GIS shall be AC HV tested separately

the ACWV (relevant for cases when prior to connection of cables
2.5xU0 exceeds this test voltage value;
• Cables shall be AC HV tested after its
also taking into account longer test
connection to GIS with their prescribed
duration for cables compared to GIS)
test voltage values (parts of the GIS may
• Cables shall be AC HV tested acc. to be subjected to lower test voltage
stated test voltage values for new values though)
cables
This situation also raises the following issues, to which no clear answer can be given yet [B66]:
1. (Re)connecting the HV cables poses a risk to the cable termination compartment of the GIS
(e.g. this compartment cannot be tested at the prescribed test voltages at this point),
2. If the HV cable disconnector is opened to separate HV cable and HV GIS, the cable side of
the GIS cable compartment may not be subjected to its prescribed test voltage. The GIS cable
termination will only be tested (to earth) with the specified cable test voltage, which could be
as low as 2xU0 (439 kV instead of 515 kV for a 420 kV GIS).
Considering the above issues, design recommendations for the GIS would cover these cases (e.g. a
removable link in the cable termination compartment). The risk that (parts of) the GIS cable
compartment will not be tested after cable installation will have to be evaluated or even minimized.
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However, when an extension of a HV GIS has taken place and one or more HV cables are mounted
on the cable end terminations of the extended bays, it may be necessary to test the cable after laying.
When air-insulated switchgear is used on the other end of the cable, the cable can be tested from this
end. In case the cable is connected on both ends to GIS, an alternative HV injection point needs to be
found onto the GIS. An alternative HV injection point could be an encapsulated connection or a testing
bushing solution, an example is shown in Figure 4.21. This may result in increased heights to attach a
test adapter or similar, but it can be advantageous to take this already into account during the
substation design phase [B8], [B65].
In Switzerland it is reported as common practice to apply parts of the GIS with the cable test voltage to
check the dielectric integrity of the cables including the GIS cable connection in the plugged-in
condition. [B7] Annex C.3.2 gives (non-normative) guidelines for 'practical situations' where a reduced
site test voltage could be considered. This should be agreed between user and manufacturer before
the test. In the situation of numerous cable connections to the GIS, connecting the cables together via
the GIS, and testing them from one HV injection point, can offer time and cost savings. In case a
voltage transformer is in the section under test, it is advisable to disconnect the VT possibly via a built-
in disconnector. If this is not possible the test frequency of the (resonant) test system can be
increased to prevent core saturation of the connected VT. Consequently, the VT can remain in the test
section. As a last measure – e.g. if cable of very long length in combination with high testing voltage
limit the application of a test voltage with sufficient high frequency – the VT must be removed. It is
considered that the test voltage levels for cables are lower compared to those for GIS, and therefore
do not pose any problem for the GIS itself.
Figure 4.21 Examples for test adapter used for HV testing of cables already connected to a GIS [B8], [B65]
4.5 Approval of level of test documentation

A complete test documentation typically contains two different sections, which need to be prepared
and issued at two different times within a GIS project schedule.
Test procedure
One part is prepared by the OEM or a third party and provided to the user in advance of the scheduled
HV test (precise moment may vary and depend on boundary conditions and agreements between user
and OEM). As mentioned in Chapter 4.4.1, often this documentation is named as ‘test procedure’.
Some users might demand some additional information about the HV test including a flow diagram for
decision making in case of e.g. ‘a flashover occurs’ or ‘PD is detected’. To reach an agreement
between the different parties about the test procedure, the user will give feedback or approval of the
test plan.
The information incorporated in a ‘test procedure’ could for example be listed as:
• Test-voltage and duration of the test-voltage (HV dielectric test and PD measurement) of each
test section and acceptance criteria,
• Visualization of the different test sections in single line diagrams including earthed / isolated
sections and parts in service:
o The padlocked disconnectors and the power connection removal that allows the
section to be isolated from the network,
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o The padlocked earthing switch in CLOSE position that allows the test circuit to be
protected against induced voltage or accidental refeeding from the network,
o All switching equipment under test in CLOSE position,
o All earthing switch under test in OPEN position,
o The dismantling of the removable link at the interface of power cables and/or power
transformer bushing and the earthing of those equipment, if any,
o The positioning and HV injection point of the HV test voltage generator,
o One earthing switch in CLOSE position used to earth the test section (typically, an
appropriate earthing switch is defined in advance for this task).
• Requirements for secondary wiring of CT, VT or connection of SA or VT (in case of 'test
frequency'-based reasons),
• General information on the HV test set-up (e.g. encapsulated or via bushing etc.) as well as
requirements of the connection power of the HV test set-up,
• Information on clearances for HV injection point (e.g. the HV injection via bushing, so
connected OHL needs to be disconnected and switched off and earthed),
• General information on the PD measurement setup (e.g. conventional or non-conventional
method, and which sensors will be used in each case),
• A check list for the preparational works to do before the HV tests,
• Safety procedure to follow before, during and after the HV tests,
• Final verifications and actions to perform before starting the HV test (e.g. verification of
switching configuration, safety meeting with people involved with HV test, etc),
• Roles and responsibilities before and during the HV tests between OEM / user / third party,
Test report
The other part is prepared by the OEM or a third party and provided to the user after finishing the HV
test. Often this documentation is named as ‘test report’.
The content of the test report documenting in detail the test results of each test section. Typically, the
test parameters to be applied, and the test results are listed. Sometimes, additional short
documentation could be given, such as information regarding certificates of testing equipment or
'cleaning flashovers' within the conditioning phase. In case of irregularities, the test report should refer
or be extended with an annex or attachment, depending on the cause, which may describe the cause
and measures carried out and serve as a historical reference.
4.6 Technical requirement for on-site HV testing equipment and

qualification of testing staff
Testing equipment for HV GIS can be supplied by:
• The OEM (of the GIS),
• The user,
• A third party,
• The responsible party in case of a repair or overhaul.
In case of testing equipment for MV GIS generally OEM / user / third party have their own equipment
available.
When test adapters are needed, they can be supplied by the OEM, but users may also have test
adapters available to connect the testing equipment to the GIS. Also, basic requirements of the test
set-up to perform the tests on the GIS should be clarified, like:
• Capability for the required test voltage level,
• Capability for the required test duration (including time for investigation and localization of the
defect),
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• Selection of a suitable test set type (e.g. if voltage transformers have to be tested with the
GIS).
The voltage measurement shows a valid calibration for its use on site. It can be advisable to verify the
voltage measurement using a voltage transformer installed on the GIS, if available.
4.6.1 Technical requirement for testing equipment
In general, testing equipment may be stored and transported in transport boxes. Equipment must be
properly secured in these boxes and protected by foam or similar protection to avoid damage by
impact and transport by road or air (see Figure 4.22).
Figure 4.22 Example for transport protection of HV test equipment [B87]

HV test equipment needs to be calibrated according to the requirements of the applied standards (e.g.
IEC 60060-2). It is recommended to have a copy of the calibration certificate(s) available on site.
Keeping a log can help keep track of what tests the test set has had to run. This can help with
planning maintenance etc. It may also be necessary to check whether the test equipment is complete.
This can be done on site or in the factory or warehouse. Maintenance can be carried out and
components can be cleaned.
An example for an earthing situation using a frequency-tuned resonant system for AC HV tests can be
found in the following figure, with a power-frequency voltage waveform on the LV feeding side and a
voltage waveform with variable frequency (20 Hz...300 Hz) at the HV test side.
Figure 4.23 Example for earthing of HV test set

The connection of the screening of all involved parts in a row can be advantageous in contrast to their
radial connection. Compared to the high transient current in the loop between the voltage divider and
the test object caused by a disruptive discharge, the transient currents in the other parts of the
grounding system are relatively small. Therefore the (transient) potential rise in this case can be also
minimized within the HV test set-up.
Typically, the use of copper foil for the earthing connections also minimizes the impedance of the
grounding system, as they have a bigger conductor surface compared with its cross-section. However,
a cable has a low impedance in the power-frequency range, but the transient currents of a disruptive
discharge contain frequencies up to some 100 MHz, and for these frequencies the impedance of a
cable can become higher. In case of a disruptive discharge this can result in an unfavourable higher
voltage drop. A disadvantage of the copper foil is the limitation of the relatively small cross-section for
carrying higher test currents of some 10 A. So, an additional cable connection can become necessary.
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In normal operation the higher (low-frequency) test current can be carried by the cable, and in case of
a disruptive discharge the transient (high-frequency) current can be carried by the copper foil.
Using the grounding system of the test object itself as a reference earth can also be advantageous, as
usually the grounding system of the test object (e.g. GIS, cable termination) has the best connection to
on-site earth.
4.6.2 Qualification of test engineers
In addition to technical knowledge, the test engineer should preferably have more skills. This can be
divided in further technical and communication skills. In any case the test engineer must have
attention for his own health and safety during testing and all other personnel involved in testing. In
general the test engineer needs to have knowledge in, or have experience with:
• Language skills,
• Cultural sensitivity,
• Leadership skills (e.g. instruction to troubleshoot / pressure resilient / understanding for
quality).
Before conducting on-site dielectric testing on his own, a new test engineer is traditionally educated by
experienced test engineers by accompanying high voltage tests and leading them under the
supervision of the experienced engineer (e.g. learning on the job).
Users may have requirements in their specifications about codes of conduct or specific regulations
that may have to be followed regarding safety, certification, task definition and agreement related to
labour union demands, etc. This may affect the realization of the on-site dielectric test. Those
requirements may affect the roles and the responsibilities of the user and the OEM at the different
phase of the on-site dielectric test from the preparation, realization, and completion of the test. The
implications for the test engineer of those requirements may extend the duration of the test, impose
formation and certification of their personnel, result in exclusive tasks that may have to be done by or
done jointly by the user employees or their representative, etc.
In general, the test engineer could come from:
• OEM,
• User,
• A third party.
The following list gives an overview about possible relevant tasks for the test engineer:
• (Supervision of) unloading, erection and functional testing of HV testing equipment,
• Managing site preparation (kick-off meeting) (e.g. check of testing area; identification of
obstacles),
• Set-up and disassembly of testing equipment (or instructing site personnel regarding the
(dis-)assembly and (dis-)connection of testing equipment),
• Specific knowledge of the GIS installation to be tested, especially with regard to:
o Operation of switching devices,
o Assembly knowledge of GIS components (e.g. assembly works for connection of tests
adapters),
o Presence of components that may not be subjected to test voltage, like inductive
voltage transformers and surge arresters, and/or the proper way to disconnect them
from the test circuit,
o Terminal treatment for CTs and VTs (short-circuited or open, burdens, fuses of VT
burden, etc).
• Knowledge about the relevant standards or agreements between OEM and user,
• If applicable: installation and set-up of PD measuring equipment; knowledge of basic PD
theory, calibration of coupling capacitor or sensitivity check for UHF, usage of PD monitoring
system,
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• Diagnostics and repair in case of testing equipment malfunction,

• Replanning of test sections in case of irregularities.
Since on-site dielectric testing is often the last step before energisation, all project delays are
‘inherited’ by the test engineer and may lead to less available time for on-site dielectric testing. This
would mean the test engineer his/her rest and/or sleeping hours are often compromised, since the on-
site tests cannot be postponed easily if the test equipment and test engineer are scheduled for the
next test. Which obviously increases the risk of testing errors. The continuous adaption of time
schedules in case of a GIS with quality issues is important and common practice. This should be
accounted for in the project schedule [B66].
User / third party / OEM require extensive safety awareness training nowadays as for all site
personnel. The return of experience shows that on-site test engineers are generally well-trained,
knowledgeable, and communicative enough to perform on-site testing. Paying attention to the above
item prior to testing, could prevent a lot of stress, miscommunication, and risk [B66].
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5. Activities after mobilisation to site

5.1 Final confirmation between OEM / user / third party concerning HV
test procedure and acceptance criteria
A consolidated HV test procedure including acceptance criteria have generally been approved long
before during the phases for ‘tender clarification’, ‘ordering’ and ‘design review / approval’ [B79]. This
is described in detail in Chapter 4, where information for all requirements related to the HV test are
collected and agreed (e.g. test equipment, test procedure, criteria to pass the test, etc.).
Important site aspects for the HV testing phase like space requirements for the test set-up as well as
the entire test equipment should be reconfirmed sufficiently before shipping. Also, early enough the
test procedure and testing time should be reconfirmed between responsible parties to ensure that the
testing activity can be carried out as agreed upon months or even years before. This is particularly
relevant for cases referring to new GIS projects, but for scenarios after GIS repair this scheduling is
very difficult to apply.
Nevertheless, in real GIS projects it can happen while approaching the timeline for the preparation and
installation of the HV test equipment on-site, that situations and circumstances have changed
compared to that of the planning and even the reconfirmation which was mentioned above. When this
happens, a revision and/or adaptation of the current situation is then necessary.
According to the roles and responsibility of all contributors participating in the on-site HV dielectric test,
it is of particular interest that all activities for a HV test procedure adaptation can be made quickly, as
typically delays in this project phase are very unwanted.
5.1.1 Historical operational information of the substation
Information from previous on-site HV tests and/or PD measurements referring to the GIS section
under test can be helpful during the current on-site HV testing activity. Especially, items such as
previous disruptive discharges, discharges at higher voltage levels (but still below the specified test
voltage level), etc are of great interest. It can happen, that this information is missing at that time or
that it is challenging to provide them, since clarification about the holder of that data can be difficult
(e.g. which party performed which work – OEM, user or third party). This is especially of importance
for on-site HV tests after repair or extension.
5.1.2 Applied test method
An approved agreement between OEM and user includes a description of the applied test method and
a definition of the ‘section under test’, which is usually the basis for conducting the on-site HV test.
Having this document on hand, a verification of the test voltage level as well as the acceptance criteria
by OEM and user representatives performing and witnessing the test, is very important (in this context
a consideration of historical operational experience and incidents is also especially useful).
In case of on-site HV testing activities on GIS after repairs and/or extensions, sometimes a risk
assessment is also necessary to find out which GIS section can possibly be negatively affected by a
HV test.
Before starting with the test procedure the relevant and responsible persons for the test on site have
ideally a harmonized understanding about the procedures to be taken in case of anomalies during the
HV test (e.g. a disruptive discharge takes place in that part of the GIS where the HV test voltage is fed
through to be applied to the GIS section under test).
Generally, a preferred approach can be the connection of the HV test set directly to the GIS bay under
repair (encapsulated or testing bushing) from the feeder end. If, for some reason, this is not possible
then feed through of the HV test voltage via other parts of the GIS is an alternative (e.g. via busbar
and/or different bay).
Another approach, providing high flexibility in the arrangement of the HV test set, can be the
connection of a test cable at the cable socket of a cable feeder.
5.2 Verification of position and space requirement for HV testing

equipment
Some verification upon arrival on site can help firstly to identify possible urgent work activities which
have to be clarified as soon as possible.
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These can contain obvious preconditions to start on-site preparations of HV tests:

• Construction work completed,
• Room free of dust (consider dust absorbent coating of floor),
• Doors & windows, wall / ceiling openings dust-proof & closed,
• Overhead crane ready for operation,
• Good housekeeping, including sufficient & suitable lay-down area, working/testing zones
identified, no access to unauthorised persons to testing zones,
• All test equipment to be used is calibrated and has a valid calibration certificate,
• Responsibilities and authorities on site are clear and confirmed,
• Validate EHS risk assessment,
• Responsible test engineer holds a kick-off meeting with all stakeholders,
• Obtain permit to test,
• Check if previously required removal/preparation of e.g. surge arrestors, installations in the
HV injection area, etc. have been removed/prepared.
In particular, the kick-off meeting with all stakeholders has the purpose to review the following points:
• The test procedure that will be conducted including all different realisation steps,
• The verifications and test results to prove that the GIS is in condition to be dielectric tested,
• The role and responsibility of each person involved with tests including who governs the test
and announces the completion of the different procedure steps and the end of the test,
• The control and the restriction of access to the testing zone or room,
• The safety protocol and guidelines to follow during the test,
• The communication means during the test between the personnel.
A period for questions can be allowed to clarify each topic and to ensure their comprehension [B47].
5.2.1 Air-insulated HV injection point
Air-insulated HV test voltage generators, like transformer test sets or mobile series resonant test
voltage generators, may be made of conventional equipment such as transformers, reactors,
capacitive voltage dividers, etc and are widely used (e.g. during the commissioning tests) for the AC
voltage test. The test voltage generator may be connected to the GIS using existing interfaces like
bushings or via a testing bushing that is installed at some planned point in the GIS for the purpose of
the test. To connect the testing bushing to the existing GIS, adaptation flanges and connecting parts
can be required. It can be very challenging to install such test voltage generators for a test to an
indoor GIS due to the free space and air clearance requirements. In some cases, good experience
has been gained by realising a minimum air clearance of 1.5 times the height of the used testing
equipment. Usually, if possible, the test voltage generator can be installed outside of the GIS building,
and the testing bushing is connected to the generator via flexible HV conductors ('PD free') that pass
through an opening in the building.
One disadvantage of this type of test voltage generator is its susceptibility to ambient noise which will
lower the sensitivity of the conventional PD measurements (measuring typically below 1 MHz). Noise
is generated mainly by the corona effect of the aerial conductors and the components of the test
generator and its set-up and by protrusions and/or insufficient earthing of surrounding objects. Care
for the configuration of the test set-up is needed to minimise those undesirable effects which lead to
ambient noise and diminish the sensitivity of the conventional PD measurement. However, the use of
the UHF method for PD measurement instead of the conventional method may overcome this difficulty
to gain a high detection sensitivity. The use of this type of test voltage generator may lead also to
proximity effects which introduce parasitic capacitances that may influence the test voltage and its
stability during the test. One advantage of this type of test voltage generator is the non-invasive
property and its available power. The test voltage generator can be connected directly to a GIS
bushing and usually allows the testing of a large portion of the GIS installation at the same time.
Unfortunately, the use of such test voltage generators may have a significant impact on the service
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continuity of existing substations due to the large outage zones that are generally required with this
technology of testing generator [B47].
The present return of experience covers occasional deviations between the plannings confirmed in the
test procedure and the situation on site in the preparation of installing the testing equipment, as OHL
outages may not be provided and so making some kind of adaption of the test procedure necessary at
short notice.
The following example for on-site HV testing of HV GIS after retrofit (e.g. conversion of OHL feeder to
cable feeder and addition of shunt reactor) describes some manifold challenges for which applicable
solutions must be realized (long-term planning and short-term on-site activity). Often, on-site HV tests
in live substations suffer from several constraints, such as:
• Constraint of obtaining an outage during the scheduled test period,
• Extensive time consumption due to phase-by-phase test procedures in case of single-phase
encapsulated HV GIS,
• Installation restrictions of adjacent live bays for induced voltage (user specification, user
safety regulations),
• Maintaining safety clearances (user specification, user safety regulations),
• Space constraint in gantry area.
In the shown case the main constraint has been a low safety clearance of one phase of the section
under test towards an OHL in the gantry area. So, a special solution and arrangement must be
developed and installed. The main feature is the simultaneous application of the HV test voltage to all
phases of the single-phase encapsulated HV GIS. So, an adapter module to connect one testing
bushing to the section under test was installed (see Figure 5.1).
Figure 5.1 Example for restricted safety clearance to OHL in gantry area [B73]
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Often, the situations on-site facing air-insulated HV injection points are characterised by having to
place the HV test equipment outdoor at reasonable and sometimes challenging locations. The
following examples display some of these extraordinary places for positioning of HV test equipment
outdoors (see Figure 5.2, Figure 5.3).
Figure 5.2 Outdoor positioning of HV test equipment on roof of transport container [B87]
Figure 5.3 Outdoor positioning of HV test equipment with noisy background for PD measurement [B87]
But this connection technique is also applicable indoor when special space requirements or specific
GIS layouts are given. The following examples show some of these situations in Figure 5.4, Figure
5.5.
Figure 5.4 Indoor installation of HV test equipment for air-insulated HV injection point [B87]
For some HV GIS substation layouts with 'cable bay design' only, special 'cable test adapters' can be
designed to incorporate testing bushings offering a connection point to the HV test equipment [B8].
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These adapters are used for HV testing of cable systems after initial laying, repair or diverting and are
typically developed by both the OEM and the user in conjunction.
Figure 5.5 Cable test adapter for HV tests on cable systems [B8]
Sometimes, circumstances related to 'time windows' resulting from network constraints or delays in
the project timeline for performing on-site HV tests can also lead to different variants when installing
the HV test set. Therefore, connecting all three phases in a single-phase encapsulated HV GIS to run
an on-site HV test are realized from time to time. Figure 5.6 displays such a test set-up.
Figure 5.6 Example for installation of HV test set with constraint [B88]
In this case, one should be aware of an unfavourable situation for the dielectric insulation of the non-
affected phases when a flashover occurs (in an affected phase). Also, in [B21] some information is
121
given, that this kind of test set-up can occur. However, a proper installation of HV test sets including
PD measurements is displayed in Figure 5.7 considering some residual construction works.
Figure 5.7 Example for installation of HV test set w/o constraint

A further case study representing some user return of experience related to HV testing activities on
HV cables already connected to HV GIS including reinstalled removable links [B89] with air-insulated
HV injection into a 145 kV GIS is shown in Figure 5.8. In this case the complete substation contains
more than 12 bays, so repositioning of the testing bushing a few times was necessary to test all
related HV cables including moving of the air-insulated HV injection test-set.
Figure 5.8 User case study of specific HV testing situation - tests with air-insulated HV injection (‘outside
to inside’)
A further case study presents some impressions concerning the distances between test voltage
generator and testing bushing which must be bridged by ‘PD-free’ HV connections.
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Figure 5.9 User case study of specific HV testing situation - tests with air-insulated HV injection via long
distances [B94]
5.2.2 Gas-insulated HV injection point

5.2.2.1 Temporary installation of test sets
Gas-insulated HV test generators are made from transformers, reactors, capacitive voltage dividers,
etc. that are gas-insulated, and they connect at one point to the GIS that allows their connection or
that was planned to connect it. To connect the gas-insulated HV test equipment to the existing GIS,
adaptation flanges and connecting parts can be required. Gas service carts are needed to recover and
refill the gas compartments of the test voltage generator, and the GIS gas compartments affected by
the connecting works of the test voltage generator. It is also possible that some temporary supports
will be needed to support the test voltage generator at a suitable position for connecting to the
designed connecting point in the GIS. The possibility to connect the HV test voltage generator usually
at different points in a GIS installation makes it very attractive. The limiting effect on service continuity
in existing substations can be reduced by choosing a connecting point close to the components under
test. This limits the required outage zones.
One disadvantage of this type of HV test voltage generator can be the need for various adaptive
flanges and connecting parts required to connect the test generator to the GIS connecting points.
Furthermore, safety requirements concerning working on gas compartments typically require a
lowering of the gas pressure in neighbouring gas compartments, which in the case of testing parts of a
GIS partly in service reduces the possible HV injection points. Due to the complexity of installation,
users are rarely autonomous and often require collaboration of the OEM for the on-site HV testing with
this technology of HV test voltage generator. This is different for the rare cases when the user owns all
the needed adaptation pieces to connect the HV test voltage generator to the GIS at the required
connecting points [B47].
5.2.2.2 Permanent installation of ‘PowerVT’s
Gas-insulated HV test voltage generators can also be part of the HV GIS itself. In this case a so-called
'Power VT' provides the HV test voltage. A 'Power VT' is considered technically as a conventional
inductive VT with typically additional or reinforced secondary winding covering the additional feeding
load. This introduces more functionality to the HV GIS which can provide the following aspects [B64]:
• HV test preparation within a short time,
• Enable retesting at any time (e.g. over whole HV GIS life cycle, especially after extension or
service activities),
• GIS operation can start directly after completion of the HV test without any further mechanical
work on the main circuit including removal of the HV test set (e.g. risk minimization of defect
locations at the injection point since no opening of gas compartments is necessary after the
on-site HV test),
• No extra space foreseen for temporary installation of big-sized HV testing facilities
(advantageous for mobile and offshore substations),
• Low investment in site-based testing facilities,
• Small and lightweight testing equipment can be transported as carry-on luggage,
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• Standard socket can be used as power supply (e.g. three-phase, 400 V, 20 A),
• No gas handling at site needed for HV test preparation.
Besides having a higher functionality of a HV GIS also some disadvantages need to be considered.
These are seen in higher investment costs for the 'Power VT' (compared to VT) itself, possible
limitations for conventional PD measurement facilities, and restrictions for load cycles to allow
sufficient cooling time, leading to the overall HV testing time being longer. Nevertheless, the
capacitance of the GIS section under test is typically limited to a few nF, and the conditioning
procedure in conjunction with the on-site HV test can be different too. This can result in shorter
durations for the applied HV test voltages on the specified voltage levels compared to e.g. frequency-
tuned or inductance-tuned resonant HV test equipment.
Therefore, the applicability of 'Power VTs' is quite typical for rated voltages up to 145 kV or 170 kV.
They can also be used for rated voltages up to 245 kV equipment, which provide testing capabilities
with test voltage levels up to 380 kV / 50 Hz / 1 min. / approx. 1000 pF.
An example overview is given in Table 5.1 to indicate some possible test loads.
Table 5.1 Example overview of test loads for 'Power VT' [B64]
Furthermore, in Figure 5.10, Figure 5.11 a sketch for a basic circuit diagram and some examples for
'Power VT' positioning in different GIS layouts are displayed.
Figure 5.10 Basic diagram for HV testing with 'Power VT' [B90]
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Figure 5.11 Examples for 'Power VT' positioning in different GIS layouts [B90]
5.2.3 Cable socket HV injection point

Refer to Chapter 4.1.4 to get an impression about some boundary data of basically available HV
injection points for GIS up to 245 kV rated voltage. Commonly, cable bending radii in use depend on
the cable insulation material, the cable cross section, etc.
5.3 Preparatory work to ensure safe working environment

In preparation of the HV testing activity it is important to plan for suitable and sufficient gas handling
and gas storage equipment. Also allowance of sufficient time for gas evacuation and gas filling
procedures is important.
A verification of the following points before starting with the installation work of the HV testing
equipment is advisable too:
• Switching authority and practical procedure to get the GIS switched; this may not be an issue
for new installations, but can lead to delays for tests after repair and extension on a plant that
is part of an operational network,
• (local/regulatory) training requirements when working on a (construction) site for staff involved
in the tests,
• Responsibility for the tests and principal authority on site (this is not usually the test engineer
during the tests),
• Safety requirements (site access, staff qualifications, minimum clearances).
Each contributor to the test should know their role and responsibility. Also, a substitute should be
appointed for the coordination and the issuing of the directives among contributors for the realization
of the different test activity during the dielectric test. This applies for updates and changes to the test
sequence for investigation in case of disruptive or partial discharge activities. A certain/high level of
flexibility is often necessary for those cases, especially when time constraints apply, and
communication lines must be considered appropriately [B24].
It can be beneficial to appoint a person who is responsible to operate equipment upon confirmation by
the person responsible for the test, such as earthing switches after completion of the test and
switching equipment if the test circuit configuration needs to be changed for investigation prior to
resuming the test [B24].
Moreover, defined communication means between all test contributors to receive all the directives
issued by the person responsible for the test can be important, e.g. for cases when relevant persons in
charge are not present during the HV test [B24].
After having confirmed implementation of the communication, in this test preparation phase a
verification of the switching condition as agreed in the test procedure in advance between user and
OEM is often helpful, and to be aware as early as possible of potential deviations to the plannings.
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However, the switching condition for the different test circuits needs to be finally confirmed before HV
tests commence.
In an agreed test procedure typically some of the following information have been listed (see
Chapter 4.5:
• The padlocked disconnector switches and the power connection removal that allow the test
circuit to be isolated from the network (e.g. in case of GIS repair or extension),
• The padlocked earthing switches in CLOSE position that allow the test circuit to be protected
against induced voltage or accidental refeeding from the network,
• All the switching equipment under test in CLOSE position (for special tests of switching
equipment in OPEN position particular consideration within the test procedure should be paid
to),
• All earthing switches under test in OPEN position,
• The operation of removable links of power cables and power transformer bushings including
the earthing of those equipment, if any,
• An assigned earthing switch in CLOSE position used to earth the test circuit when not running
the test sequence.
The access to the GIS in preparation for the HV test, to the test voltage generator and to the partial
discharge measuring instrument is often limited to personnel involved in the tests. For air-insulated
test voltage generators, a zone with restricted access can be erected to protect personnel against high
voltage. It can be beneficial to position dedicated personnel to supervise the access to those zones for
the GIS under test [B24].
Despite having intended a very close and detailed test procedure from one perspective, the return of
experience from another perspective has shown that some level of flexibility for spontaneous
decisions on site at short notice also allow time-optimised processes during the on-site HV test. Also,
some decision-making freedom to adapt to specific testing situations and to enable other (e.g. simpler)
test procedures to be applied in some regions has been found advantageous to conduct on-site HV
testing in a safe and efficient manner.
5.4 Installation of on-site HV testing equipment

Before the installation work of the HV test equipment can take place on site, provisions to clarify roles
and responsibilities should apply. These could already start with parts of the logistic works including
incoming goods availability when the delivery arrives at site or with the organization of an appropriate
temporary goods acceptance at a different site, which is more convenient for the time being.
Nevertheless, after acceptance of the goods arrival, a (mostly temporary) storage place which has
ideally been agreed in advance, must be approached with the shipment. In practice, all these steps
can vary greatly towards such situations, that when the person responsible for the test (OEM / user /
third party) arrives at site, the (container) shipment is completely inaccessible, and further clarifications
needs to commence.
However, when the HV testing activity is part of the (initial) GIS installation, the overall incoming goods
procedure at site could appear smoother as mostly OEM and user representatives are at site in most
of the cases for flexible actions in this regard.
Sometimes, working with check lists could help to structure the next steps or increase efficiency.
Although, with experience the more relevant points will be checked initially. Typically, these are
considered as:
• Delivery without obvious visible damage?
• Activations of shock indicators?
• Transportation equipment and route conditions in favour to place the shipment at the foreseen
location within the substation (this could invalidate in case of unloading the shipment directly
indoor)?
• Transportation equipment or crane in place to unload the HV test voltage generator units from
the (container) shipment towards its exact pre-defined position?
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Transport condition to the final destination of the HV test set can occasionally be challenging
regarding mechanical impacts on the different parts of the test set. Some example situations with
rough conditions are shown in Figure 5.12.
Figure 5.12 Examples for rough transport conditions of HV test sets

Generally, the pre-defined connecting point of the HV test voltage generator to the GIS section under
test is a function of the GIS configuration and section under test itself and chosen carefully to minimize
the impact on the service continuity of the existing substation. For this all needed connecting parts are
identified and assessed in advance. They are in place at site in time for the HV test. Also, in this
regard the logistics could vary greatly from starting with dispatching as one shipment (comprising one
or more items) to arriving in split shipments (one item) at different times.
When in this initial phase of the installation of the HV test voltage generator some requirements from
the advanced planning could not be achieved in the real situation at site, other connecting scenarios
between the GIS section under test and the HV test voltage generator must often be elaborated
spontaneously with collaboration of OEM / user / third party. The latter can result in further challenges
for establishing the location of the HV test voltage generator. A careful planning of this detail far in
advance could be advantageous. However, the connecting points of the HV test voltage generator to
the GIS for the circuit under test is already indicated in the approved test procedure.
Prior to the installation of the HV test equipment until the beginning of the HV test, it is important to
verify the connecting point at the interface of the GIS section under test and the HV test voltage
generator for earthing to ensure the safety of the personnel carrying out the connecting work.
During the installation phase and prior to the connection of the HV test voltage generator to the GIS at
the HV injection point, all needed functional tests should be conducted on the HV test voltage
generator including a kind of no-load voltage generation test to ensure its proper functioning, if
achievable. In case of encapsulated HV testing equipment, a no-load voltage generation could be
difficult.
In case of air-insulated HV test voltage generators, the connecting parts should be ‘PD free’,
especially when testing bushings have been assembled on site.
In case of gas-insulated HV test voltage generators all incorporated gas compartments are verified for
their filling pressure before the HV test commences and any available gas density supervision should
be functional. This will allow the detection of any gas leakage in the preparation phase of the dielectric
HV test. Gas quality control of each test voltage generator gas compartment should be paid attention
to as well.
If the HV test voltage generator is planned to be erected outdoors, the foreseen countermeasures
against dirt and bad weather conditions (e.g. wind, pollution, rain, snow, condensation) are put in
place before the HV testing activities commence. Especially, the current wind situation is of
importance for the connection between HV test voltage generator and air-insulated HV injection point.
Sometimes, next to the installation of the HV testing equipment also an installation of diagnostic
equipment for locating flashovers takes place. In more extended GIS sections under test this work can
take some time for the sensor installation itself and for the cabling with fibre-optic cables towards the
control and display unit. Some examples of acoustic flashover locating systems can be seen in Figure
5.13.
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Figure 5.13 Example for installation of flashover locating systems [B87]

Besides acoustic flashover locating systems also techniques exist which make use of light emissions
when a flashover takes place. Not all GIS designs offer general accessibility for optical sensors to GIS
modules, but typically active component modules have this opportunity. However, damping effects for
light emissions (e.g. partitions pervious to gas) can have an impact on the detection sensitivity. An
example installation of an optical flashover detection system is shown in Figure 5.14 with the right
photo showing the sensor installed.
Figure 5.14 Example for optical flashover locating system [B87]
5.5 Installation of PD measuring equipment

The installation of PD measuring equipment is dependent on the chosen or required test method.
Typically, the installation entails the setting for conventional or non-conventional PD measurements.
The latter comprises also acoustic PD measurement techniques, which have found a positive return of
experience for some testing situations. However, some disadvantages of this measurement technique
need to bear in mind [B91].
Timewise, a bigger difference can be observed between installations for conventional and non-
conventional PD measuring equipment. On the one hand, a coupling capacitor is often part of the
installation of the HV test equipment (can be either air-insulated or gas-insulated (e.g. encapsulated))
itself. So the installation times for conventional PD measurements are quite short. On the other hand,
sensors and devices for non-conventional PD measurements need to be accessible. This can range
from temporary access for connecting and reconnecting measuring cables to UHF sensors or
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repositioning of acoustic sensors for which occasionally suitable lifting platforms (e.g. GIB feeders) or
gantries are necessary to access already installed and commissioned online PD monitoring systems.
However, for non-conventional PD measurements additional time needs to be considered for
performing a sensitivity check on site to demonstrate a sufficient detection sensitivity under the
existing background noise situation. All of these steps are considered to take longer compared to
conventional PD measurements, although the specific cases can vary dependent on the systems
finally used.
A quite common installation setup of various devices for on-site PD measurements on GIS can be
seen in Figure 5.15.
Figure 5.15 Example for installation set-up of various PD measuring equipment on site [B87]
In case of UHF PD measuring equipment typically a verification of the measurement chain is
performed at first. Sometimes user specifications might have technical requirements regarding
positioning of internal UHF sensors in GIS to achieve sufficient PD detection sensitivity for UHF PD
measurements [B47].
A good orientation regarding PD detection sensitivity is given in [B7], [B31]. However, PD detection
sensitivity can also be influenced by the options provided by the UHF PD measuring equipment itself
(e.g. technical data of amplifiers, soft- or hardware-based setting of amplifiers, filter units) [B47].
In some cases when using frequency-tuned resonant systems, the components and circuits in the
feeding part used to provide the HV test voltage at the load-dependent test frequency might generate
some interferences which may disturb sensitive conventional PD measurements. Often, they have
been caused by LV signals with short rise and fall times triggering parasitic resonant circuits in the
feeding part. These interference signals are typically periodical to the sine waveshape (e.g. two or four
times per period) and depend also on the ratio of the used exciter transformer and the earthing
condition Figure 5.16. Some test equipment offers, especially for this effect, gating options to suppress
such unwanted signals for an adjustable time period (e.g. a few micro-seconds), which need to be
adapted for each test situation.
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Figure 5.16 Example for noise signals originating from HV test set
5.6 Verification of switching configuration and final check of safe

working area
5.6.1 General
In this context some aspects and working items should be considered. They do not differ generally
between those applied on new or existing GIS installations.
Ideally, before the HV test commence, the GIS section under test should be completely assembled,
fully mechanically tested and functional with the complete installation of the HV cable boxes including
the ‘cable pot head’ and the HV power transformer boxes. The removable links however must be
dismantled before the HV test. But in practice, HV tests must be quite often performed before the
completion of the GIS final installation works to meet the established schedule and because the
availability period of the test voltage generator may be limited. For instance, the local control cabinet,
HV cables installation or erection of their sealing ends may be not fully completed prior to the HV test.
A key point to have a successful HV test of the GIS installation is that the uncompleted works should
not require further dismantling of already dielectrically tested sections and should be limited to
reinstallations of the removable links or works at the GIS interface not subjected to the dielectric test of
the GIS.
For a three-phase encapsulated GIS, the two phases which are currently not under test need to be
earthed to the enclosure. Sometimes, it might be difficult to connect single phases to earth via earthing
switches of the GIS, as these are in most cases operated by common drives (cannot operate single
phases). Facilities to earth single phases independently are often available in the HV testing
equipment itself or their test adapters.
The earthing circuit of the GIS must be completely installed and connected to the ground grid of the
substation. This is required for safety purposes, such as to allow energy dissipation related to any
potential disruptive discharge during the HV test, and to ensure that every earthing switch of the GIS is
effectively earthed. Nevertheless, the transient ground potential rise involves the entire area of the GIS
including its building and the signal risetime is generally much too steep (approx. 10 ns) to penetrate
the human body (i.e. skin-effect).
All protection circuits of the GIS section under test taking their source signals from the GIS instrument
transformers under test should be inhibited for the dielectric test. The secondary terminals of current
transformer circuits should be short-circuited and earthed, and the secondary of voltage transformer
circuits should be opened and earthed on one side. All GIS sections not under test must be isolated
and earthed.
Ideally, it is possible to operate all switching devices electrically using the local control cabinet or even
a central control room. If those installation works are not completed, all switching devices operation
mechanisms should be at least fully adjusted and operating and the switching device manually
operated.
It is preferable for testing personnel from the utilities to be available on site - or at least remotely - to
safely realize the different testing situations involving works in existing substations. If a bushing is part
of the circuit under test, its access needs to be restricted for safety purposes. A (common) safety
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earthing switch for the earthing of the section under test should be identified and left in the CLOSE
position until the beginning of the dielectric test [B24].
5.6.2 Position of switching devices in the circuit under test
The goal of the dielectric test is to test the GIS insulation phase to earth, so usually the switching
devices (circuit breakers and disconnectors) are HV tested on site in the CLOSE position. However,
switching apparatus that has undergone on-site refurbishment, repair or maintenance can sometimes
be prepared for HV testing on site in the OPEN position according to test procedure agreements
between OEM / user / third party. The latter is occasionally aligned to voltage application procedures
relevant for HV routine testing.
Any switching equipment, especially if equipped with insulator or capacitance across its main contacts,
that undergoes refurbishment or repair of its active parts, or any spare switching equipment used for
repairing an existing GIS with an unknown or questionable insulating condition could be dielectrically
tested on site also in the OPEN position according to agreement between OEM / user / third party
(e.g. as pre-test before the ‘official’ test in the CLOSE position commences).
The condition assessment of switching equipment to be able to undergo an on-site test is another
example of situation where a dielectric test in the OPEN position may have to be performed.
It may also be good practice that prior to the dielectric test every switching device and earthing switch
has undergone a pre-defined number of CO operations. In addition to the verification of the stability of
the operating mechanism, those operations may also reveal some internal problems related to active
parts (i.e. abnormal generation of particles or incorrect fixation of electrode shields), that could
possibly be further detected by the dielectric test [B24].
5.6.3 Temporary isolation or dismantlement of devices for HV testing
Some parts of the GIS contained within the test section may need to be separated from the section
under test, as they are not part of the equipment to be tested (e.g. HV cable, power transformer), or
technically not designed to withstand certain dielectric stresses (e.g. conventional voltage
transformers). To avoid saturation of voltage transformer the dielectric test must be performed at a
frequency higher than the minimum one specified by OEMs. If this minimum frequency cannot be
reached for the dielectric test because of the characteristic of the test circuit or the type of testing
generator used, the voltage transformer must be isolated by an isolating device or dismantled before
the test [B24].
HV cables typically may need to be disconnected before the dielectric HV test (e.g. test voltage levels
of HV GIS test are higher compared to that for HV cables, and HV test voltage generators might not
be able to cover high capacitive loads of HV cables). This is done by retrieving the cable or by
dismantling its removable link within the GIS. Specific corona shields may need to be installed for the
dielectric HV test and the HV cable pothead needs to be earthed for safety issues by appropriate
means to avoid induced potential that may result from a disruptive discharge or stray capacitances.
Refer also to 4.4.4.
Even though surge arresters are very often installed outdoors, any existing GIS surge arrestors that
are part of the test circuit should be disconnected for the dielectric HV test.
All removable links within the GIS transformer boxes under test have to be dismantled. To withstand
the dielectric test voltage, electrodes might be added to the main circuit from either side of the
removed links. The transformer bushing of the transformer box has to be earthed, for safety reasons,
by appropriate means in order to avoid induced potential that may result from a disruptive discharge or
stray capacitances [B24].
5.6.4 Testing a new installation and 'stand alone’ bay in case of extension (GIS not in
service)
In case of HV testing of new GIS installations a less extensive ‘switching plan’ can be helpful to
illustrate which parts of the complete installation belong to the specific section under test considering
that the installation is not connected to the network, which gives more autonomy to OEM and
personnel involved in testing to perform the different actions required to proceed with the dielectric test
[B24].
5.6.5 Testing an existing installation after repair or extension (GIS partly in service)
In case of HV testing at substations with sections remaining in service, some specific safety aspects
need to be considered. They generally require an earthed section between the section under test and
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the section in service. Moreover, all adjacent sections to the section under test, which are not included
in the HV testing procedure need to be earthed too.
A more extensive ‘switching plan’ typically needs to be made including information on any apparatus
to disconnect from the network or the GIS section under test before the dielectric tests begin (e.g.
power transformers, cables, overhead lines, voltage transformers, surge arresters, shunt reactors).
Often, disconnectors used to isolate the section under test from the network are padlocked and, in an
ideal case, should neither be included in any part of a test circuit nor be subjected to dielectric test
voltages. But in practical situations the referred disconnector is often the last disconnector of a section
under test in the bus bar, secured and padlocked in OPEN position. The adjacent section is
subsequently earthed, and the earthing switch secured and padlocked in CLOSE position. The
disconnector positioned between section in service and earthed section is then secured and
padlocked in OPEN position. This can result in HV test voltage application to that specific
disconnector, which is part of the test section. All earthing switches that allow the GIS test circuit to be
protected against induced voltage or accidental refeeding from the network need to be in CLOSE
position and padlocked.
A final verification of the required switching configuration for the GIS test circuit should be done on site
at least by two persons to validate its conformity to the test procedure. Especially, the delimitation of
the section under test and the remaining sections of the substation including a confirmation of the
position of circuit breakers, disconnectors, and earthing switches [B24], [B92].
5.7 Conduction and assessing of on-site HV tests of GIS

During the voltage withstand test, it can be advantageous to have installed breakdown localization
technology in advance of the test. But a general return of experience emphasizes a possible limitation
of e.g. localization technologies based on vibration and/or acoustic measurements to GIB or GIL
having no option to limit test sections by switching operations of switching apparatus. However,
temporary mounted vibration or acoustic sensors on the enclosure of the GIS or using temporary
attached optical sensors to viewports can help locate possible locations of flashovers.
AC on-site HV test
The period right before the on-site HV test is commonly characterized by a conditioning phase (also
'conditioning procedure' or 'electrical conditioning' as wording in [B7]) which is not mandatory
regarding standard requirements. But their conduction is typically part of OEM quality control process,
and more and more of that of the user. Therefore, the details of the test procedure are synchronized
and approved between OEM / user / third party in advance of the start of the on-site HV test.
During the conduction of the conditioning phase OEM / user / third party ideally collaborate in terms of
voltage value and PD level and PD pattern observation, as well as possible locating of disruptive
discharges. Nevertheless, the latter could also be realized by application of corresponding diagnostic
equipment. It can happen, that PD measurements are disturbed by various factors. For both,
conventional and non-conventional PD measurements, measures can be taken to approach the best
possible signal-to-noise ratio which allows the specified PD measurement to be performed.
The conditioning phase is successful, if neither a disruptive discharge nor any phase-related PD level
above a specified value or even above noise is observed. The details of that test procedure may vary
between different OEMs and users.
In conjunction with the voltage increase during the conditioning phase the final voltage rise to the
specified AC HV test voltage level is typically performed without any interruption for a test duration of
generally 1 minute. Within that period OEM / third party and user ideally collaborate in terms of voltage
value observation, as well as possible locating of disruptive discharges. Nevertheless, the latter could
also be realized by application of corresponding diagnosis equipment.
Occasionally, the readings of PD measurement equipment, if connected, could be advantageous to
observe, as this might indicate the start of possible PD activities. Usually, the PD activity at AC HV test
voltage level is not relevant for the assessment of the test result of the AC HV test itself. The AC on-
site HV test is successful if no disruptive discharge occurs within the specified test duration [B23].
LI (OLI) on-site HV test
In addition to the already collected information above, this section considers the application of LI (OLI)
test voltage waveforms for the on-site HV test. At the beginning of these HV testing activities
commonly an 'electrical conditioning' is also necessary. This conditioning phase is often performed
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with AC, so that consequently a second HV test voltage generator is required on site. Nevertheless,
HV testing situations can exist when the conditioning phase is conducted with impulse voltage
waveforms as well. Therefore, the specific test procedures are agreed between OEM / third party and
user long before the start of the HV test too. The challenges involved with LI (OLI) test voltage
waveforms are often considered appropriately within the approved test procedures.
As the connection of the HV test voltage generator for this HV testing scenario is typically realised by
air-insulated HV injection points, a suitable time planning within the project management is absolutely
necessary to confirm a suitable location for the on-site installation of the HV test voltage generator
including its accessories (e.g. separate voltage divider, test circuit inductance, earthing) under
consideration of the required air clearances. Additionally, as the involved assembly works in case of
installation of a testing bushing at the GIS section under test which originally has no bushing installed,
constitutes a potential risk of irregularities (e.g. contamination, insufficient gas quality like pressure,
purity, or moisture), so extra care has to be taken.
In principle, a test run including voltage application to verify the correct functionality of the LI (OLI) test
voltage generator installation can then be performed without its connection to the GIS section under
test. In this case the test load is represented mainly by the voltage divider. When doing so, it has to be
considered afterwards that the interaction of the test voltage generator with the capacitance of the GIS
section under test influences the time parameters and the test voltage level of the applied impulse test
voltage. Therefore, commonly the already mentioned test run for verification of the functionality of the
installed test circuit is often conducted on a completely installed test circuit at a specified (e.g.
beforehand in the approved test procedures) lower test voltage level. This can be done for example at
50 % of the specified test voltage level.
Moreover, it is common to apply some pre-impulses with lower test voltage values before approaching
the specified test voltage level. The details of this method are also part of the approved test
procedures. The LI (OLI) on-site HV test is successful, if for each polarity 3 consecutive impulses are
applied, and no disruptive discharge occurs [B23].
5.8 Procedures in case of irregularities

5.8.1 General
The content of this sub-chapter for testing procedures in case of irregularities has frequently been
discussed in the past with sometimes controversial opinions among the different OEM and user.
Therefore, a comprehensive description of the different activities and measures to be taken in case of
irregularities in the course of the HV test or PD measurement is considered generally necessary. But
as the discussion also pointed out, that nearly every testing situation with irregularities can be
dependent on different reasons or their combinations, a more general grouping or even stepwise
decision list (e.g. flowchart) was found inadequate. A certain level of flexibility for the on-site 'testing
team' which is based on the collaboration of OEM and user to react to the actual different irregularities
which can happen, is considered of higher importance.
Finally, some principal information about how to proceed in testing situations with irregularities are
given in the following sub-sections.
5.8.2 Flashover
AC on-site HV test
Although standard requirements (e.g. IEC, IEEE) prescribe a recommended procedure for the
repetition of a dielectric on-site HV test to be followed after a disruptive discharge has occurred, in
practice it could be very difficult to assess precisely its origin based on whether the flashover
originated from along the surface of a solid insulation or in the gaseous insulation itself.
In the course of the on-site HV testing activity a disruptive discharge can technically occur within the
conditioning phase or during the AC HV test. In practice, the applied repetition procedures do not vary
significantly according to the collected return of experience. When a flashover has occurred in the
conditioning phase, measures are required to document the actual test voltage level and possible
location (e.g. gas compartment). Unless it can be confirmed that the disruptive discharge originates
from along the surface of a solid insulation, a repetition of the conditioning phase typically
commences.
Sometimes, when phase-related PD levels above a specified value or even above noise are observed
already during the conditioning phase, suitable measures could be taken to locate and remove the
origins of the detected PD signals. This procedure can be accompanied by further increase or
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decrease of the current test voltage level, as well as switching operations within the GIS test section
under test or evaluation of other locating diagnosis. The latter procedure happens mostly at test
voltage levels below a voltage level where a disruptive discharge can be avoided.
In the course of a repetition of the conditioning phase after a disruptive discharge, it could be helpful to
adapt the rate of voltage rise to the readings of the applied PD measuring equipment to be aware if
possibly irregularities continue. Regarding localization measures after a disruptive discharge, it could
help to consider especially those gas compartments which have been part of on-site assembly works.
However, if a first disruptive discharge can be located and assessed to originate from along the
surface of a solid insulation (which is technically challenging), or if a second disruptive discharge can
be assessed to the same location (e.g. gas compartment) occurring already at a lower test voltage
level as the previous flashover, the complete test sequence of the GIS section under test needs to be
stopped, and the affected gas compartment must be opened for further clarification and removal of the
origin of the observed flashovers. The latter can already apply to irregularities during the conditioning
phase. If the latter scenario applies to the AC HV test, the test has failed, and a repetition is only
possible after successful elimination of the corresponding root cause. When a second disruptive
discharge can be assessed to the same location (e.g. gas compartment) occurring at a higher test
voltage level than the previous flashover, the complete test sequence of voltage application is typically
repeated again.
Sometimes, it is considered that disruptive discharges along the surface of a solid insulation start to
deteriorate the dielectric performance of the solid. This applies not in general, as the design and
composition of solid insulating materials vary as well as the discharge energy provided by the
capacitance under test and the test voltage generator. But this aspect is occasionally discussed
controversial between OEM / third party and user, so that specific procedures for this scenario are
often agreed and approved within the test agreement in advance of the on-site HV testing activities.
The technical principle behind the above-described procedure is that if a disruptive discharge
originates from a surface defect of a solid insulation, it will deteriorate it even more, decreasing the
dielectric withstand to a lower level than it was for the first test attempt. In contrary, if the disruptive
discharge occurs in the gas, there will be no deterioration of solid insulation and no decrease in the
expected dielectric withstand for a second test attempt. In Chapter 3.4.1 additionally some user return
of experience is presented for scenarios when the withstand voltage test duration is extended in a
slight deviation to IEC.
GIS design dependent accessibility towards solids in assembly units, as well as material composition
of solids itself, can favour or restrain further surface treatment after disruptive discharges by 'polishing'
or 'buffing' with appropriate OEM specific materials.
OEM specific recommendations - which are based on their long-term experience on the GIS design
and material in use - towards this process exist and can vary.
In general this technical detail may also be divided into different cases, such as:
• Flashover on solids including traces with high visibility,
• Flashover in the gaseous insulation in the immediate vicinity of the solid including material
deposits with low visibility,
• Flashover base points on conductor and enclosure.
All this may initiate different possibilities and actions for handling of 'flashover traces'. However, the
return of experience also showed that sometimes extensive discussions between the involved parties
on this have occurred with potential misinformation or non-considerations of relevant details leading
occasionally towards controversial positions [B23]. See also information given in Chapter 2.
LI (OLI) on-site HV test
The conduction of a repetition procedure for this kind of voltage waveform application does not differ
much in detail compared to that for AC test voltages. So, after a first flashover a discrimination is
necessary to establish its possible discharge path. Commonly, it is very challenging to distinguish
between along the surface of a solid insulation or in the gaseous insulation. So, a further application of
several impulses with test voltages at the specified test voltage level or below is typical to further
elaborate the nature of the discharge path.
In case of a further disruptive discharge in the course of this test procedure the complete LI (OLI) test
sequence is considered as failed, and an inspection of the affected gas compartment including
134
opening is required. After removal of the flashover origin, repetition commences including the specified
test procedure for the conditioning phase [B23].
5.8.3 Detection of partial discharge
Typically, immediately after completing the test duration of the specified AC HV test voltage level, the
test voltage is decreased to the specified PD test voltage level. Once this test voltage level is
established, the reading and assessment of possible PD activities commences.
The return of experience shows that concerning the test duration different opinions exist. But when
considering overall various standard requirements the test duration is defined as a minimum of 1
minute. It can be advantageous to observe the current readings a little longer to ensure detection of
PD activities which need some statistical time lag to start. Often the specific test duration for the PD
measurement is agreed in advance within the test procedure by OEM / third party / user.
As the different conventional and non-conventional PD measurement methods offer various
opportunities to come across on-site testing challenges like ambient noise, disturbances, calibration
aspects, measuring sensitivity and locating feasibilities, the specific actions while conducting the PD
test itself can vary significantly.
However, in case a GIS section under test includes a bushing, non-conventional PD measurements
(e.g. UHF method) provide some advantages to locate a possible PD source and discriminate them
from disturbances. This is commonly done by amplitude comparison of phase-related PD activity
along the several internal UHF sensors of the GIS section under test or comprehensive setting of the
frequency-based signal-to-noise ratio. Various returns of experience exist on how to approach a
convenient way to identify, suppress or evaluate this kind of PD activity.
Nevertheless, if the current PD activity is above the specified PD level or exhibits a phase-related
pattern, the main actions are focused on locating the PD source. Common steps to investigate this are
de-sectionalizing the GIS section under test, several test voltage applications with voltage decrease
and voltage increase to record PD inception and extinction voltages and verify their stability. Re-rising
the test voltage level again after de-sectionalizing the GIS section under test need then to be
performed up to the observed PD inception voltage level to re-start PD activity. Additionally, the
evaluation of the recorded phase-related PD pattern (e.g. with the help of software-based expert data
or the level of experience of the 'testing team' itself) can guide towards a possible identification of the
irregularity. Sometimes, different simultaneous applied non-conventional PD measurement techniques
based on electromagnetic and acoustic methods can support the success of the locating activities, as
well as mechanical vibration of a distinct area of interest can reveal presence of metallic particles.
After successful localization of the PD source, commonly a risk assessment is performed by the
'testing team' to find out how to proceed. Mostly relevant factors like PD activity level, PD inception
voltage level, phase-related PD pattern, location of the PD source including GIS parts possibly
affected and OEM and user return of experience help to decide on the next step.
Generally, it should be excluded, that potentially harmful defects for the GIS operation remain within
the GIS.
Investigation of the affected gas compartment including opening, cleaning, repair or possibly
exchange of parts can be an outcome of the risk assessment, as well as in case of assessing a low
risk for a safe operation of the GIS to not open the affected gas compartment and observe this GIS
section afterwards while the GIS is in operation with permanent, temporary permanent or periodic PD
measurements (e.g. UHF method). This allows to recognize any changes of the PD activity over a
longer time, and OEM and user collaborate closely for the final conclusion. The latter procedure is not
so common and only applicable if a PD source is active at service voltage level, but sometimes
external circumstances (e.g. time or network constraints) do not allow for a complete removal of a PD
source with a low risk assessed [B23].
In the end, a well-balanced procedure locating possible PD defects compromising flexibility and
stringency can offer a feasible approach. Therefore, it can sometimes be helpful to have a procedural
orientation on hand. An example for this is presented in Figure 5.17.
135
Figure 5.17 'Flow chart decision tree for irregularities while PD testing' [B93]
This flowchart applies only for conventional PD measurement. In case of UHF PD measurement, no
quantities of pC can be measured. A common practice is the requirement for 'no phase correlated' PD
measured at the PD measurement voltage.
PD findings which occur after applying the test voltage at the PD measurement voltage are
recommended to be localized and eliminated. If the PD source vanishes during the examination phase
or the PD signal can no longer be measured, extended measuring times (typically 3 - 5 minutes)
should be used to check whether the PD does not appear again. In the case of intermittent PD signals,
which frequently occur with floating metallic particles, it is also suitable to check the PD by slightly
shaking the system by switching circuit breakers, earthing switches, or disconnectors and then re-
measuring. If the PD source can no longer be detected, the measurements should be documented in
the test report (for comparison with any measurements later).
The principle applies that no PD findings should remain in the GIS without scientifically founded
certainty regarding the harmlessness for operation. This certainty can rarely be achieved since GIS is
a closed system and the partial discharge signals are of a stochastic nature - i.e. always with slightly
different characteristics. The assessment of the effective operational hazard of a partial discharge
finding is very complex and can often only be adequately described after opening the GIS,
identification of the exact location, nature, and dimension of the defect.
Since the critical length of particles starts at 1...2 mm (CIGRE JWG 33/23.12: Insulation co-ordination
of GIS - return of experience, on-site tests and diagnostic techniques, Electra No. 176, 1998, pp. 67-
97) and the GIS dimension is many times larger, it is possible that nothing definite is found when the
GIS is opened, but the critical particle was removed when the gas compartment was cleaned with
cleaning cloths and vacuum cleaners. In this case, the defect cannot be clearly identified, but the
cause of the PD has been eliminated.
136
5.9 Conduction of work after completing on-site HV tests of GIS

This section presents some information on specific work sequence schedules, which can be of
importance after finishing the involved activities for on-site HV testing.
Uninstalling the test voltage generator
Prior to the uninstallation works, the HV injection point of the test voltage generator needs to be
earthed to ensure the safety of the personnel carrying out the disconnecting works. Care should be
taken to ensure that prescribed OEM quality procedures for this disconnecting work are considered,
as that point (e.g. gas compartment without contamination) will not be HV tested afterwards.
Reinstalling removable links within GIS cable boxes and power transformer boxes
Temporary mounted electrodes that may have been added from either side of the removed links of
GIS cables boxes and power transformer boxes have to be removed. Furthermore, temporary
grounding of cable termination within GIS cable boxes and of transformer bushing within power
transformer boxes which could have been installed for safety reasons need to be removed.
All removable links within GIS cable and power transformer boxes need to be reinstalled. Because
those points will commonly not be HV tested afterwards, thorough on-site quality control should take
place during those works to ensure that the prescribed OEM reinstallation procedures for removable
links and instructions regarding cleanliness inside gas compartments are considered.
Reinstalling surge arresters and voltage transformers
Those surge arresters and voltage transformers that have been dismantled or disconnected for the
dielectric HV test must be reinstalled. Because that equipment will not usually be subjected to a
dielectric test on-site, thorough on-site quality control should take place during those works to ensure
that the prescribed OEM reinstallation procedures for removable links and instructions regarding
cleanliness inside gas compartments are considered.
Final inspection of gas compartments
All gas compartments affected by assembly works performed after the dielectric HV tests should be
filled at the end to their filling pressure, and their gas density supervision should be functional. Gas
quality control of those gas compartments should be realized in order to guarantee that purity,
moisture and by-products are within prescribed tolerances.
Restoring protection circuits
All protection circuits (secondary terminations of current and voltage transformers) that have been
inhibited, short-circuited, opened, earthed, or isolated for the dielectric HV test should be put in their
final configuration required for GIS energisation. The roles and responsibilities for these activities can
differs greatly between the various project conditions (e.g. turnkey, EPC, etc).
Recommendations for network energisation
On the one hand, on-site dielectric HV testing of the GIS after its installation, extension or repair is
intended to validate the absence of insulating defects which could lead to disruptive discharges or
cause presence of partial discharges potentially evolving with time, with one scenario resulting in
dielectric breakdown of a GIS gas compartment. Because almost every component and on-site
assembly has been HV tested, the reliability of the insulation of the GIS has been proven, and the
installation would withstand service voltage stresses, as well as inherent dielectric surges like
switching and lightning overvoltage.
On the other hand, some components have not been subjected to dielectric HV tests after finishing
reassembly works after HV testing activities (e.g. GIS HV injection point of the test voltage generator,
removable links present in GIS cable or power transformer boxes, surge arresters and voltage
transformers if they had to be dismantled for the HV test).
Although care and quality procedures have been considered to reinstall those components, these and
mainly their interface assemblies could potentially have not been subjected to any dielectric HV test
after their reinstallation.
In order to detect preventively some major insulating defects regarding the installation of those
components that were not subjected to dielectric HV tests afterwards, UHF measurements at service
voltage during the network energisation can be helpful. In the unlikely event that such PD signals are
137
detected which may result from a defective installation of a non-tested component, often further defect
locating activities commence.
Additional user recommendations may be implemented following the energisation of the GIS, which
can result in a complete ‘UHF scan’ of the installation at the energisation phase, or within a few weeks
after that period in order to detect preventively new PD signals if any, and to monitor the evolution of
unknown or uncategorized PD signals detected during the dielectric HV tests or to have a footprint of
UHF measurement at service voltage for further references.
OEMs may also support users with some guidance for the after-energisation phase of a new GIS
installation [B24].
5.10 Specific HV testing situations

In this section some WG return of experience is summarised to illustrate a broad variation of different
testing scenarios and some of their possible practical solutions. A perfect solution or a general
approach is often not possible to set up. Therefore. flexible solutions to adapt the HV testing set-up to
varying boundary conditions (in cases very short notice) can significantly help to proceed
appropriately, and too strong constraints resulting from areas outside testing activities itself may
impede optimised testing solutions though.
5.10.1 Post HV testing activities at service voltage
In case the test voltage generator technology used for power-frequency testing allowed the
performance of dielectric tests at network rated frequency, some user specifications may also include
post HV testing on voltage transformers and surge arresters having removable links to disconnect
them from a test section of a HV GIS on-site HV test once the removable links have been reinstalled
or closed after the dielectric on-site test itself. These tests at service voltage level often include non-
conventional PD measurements to validate any absence of PD defects after reinstalling or closing
work of the links, and to provide a kind of footprint pattern related to non-conventional PD
measurements to be later considered for maintenance purposes and for future measurements in
service. However, these tests must be done before dismantling of the test voltage generator [B24],
[B89].
5.10.2 HV testing activities with PD measurements in noisy environments
In case a testing bushing or a bushing is installed onto a HV GIS, especially conventional PD
measurements can be challenging due to possible external noise signals impeding the sensitivity of
the conventional PD measurements. However, non-conventional PD measurements allow for noise
discrimination or even noise filtering in various ways, so that with these methods a discrimination of
the noise signals and even a sensitive PD measurement can be possible.
To optimise external noise rejection from the GIS section under test with the conventional PD
measurement, a positive user return of experience was reported by applying a two-step test
procedure. The first test includes the bushing for ACWV testing and PD measurement, while the
second test mainly focuses on the PD measurement and excludes the bushing from the test circuit by
opening the line disconnector and closing the line earthing switch. In the second test, the ACWV test
value is applied only few seconds to trigger potential PD activities. The conventional PD measurement
set-up during the second test would be completely free of external noise accordingly [B23], [B89].
An alternative approach also may be applicable for HV testing with the bushings not yet assembled,
and ‘blind covers’ and/or screening electrodes depending on GIS designs are installed instead of the
bushings. After HV testing and conventional PD measurement of that section (typically noise-free), the
bushings are then assembled. Subsequent commissioning and on-site HV testing with conventional
PD measurements need to be conducted, and in case of unacceptable noise levels the PD
measurement with precise investigation may be take place.
5.10.3 HV testing activities in GIS extension projects
Some users adopt a double busbar configuration to conduct the on-site HV test in their substations
due to its flexibility and reliability in managing and controlling the power flow inside the substation. This
double busbar configuration concept is used in some user networks for all future extension works
under the following scenarios [B13]:
1. Addition of new bays at the end of existing busbar,
138
2. Extension of partially equipped bays (usually equipped with disconnector switches for both
busbars in double busbar layouts, and/or only one disconnector switch for single busbar into
full bay),
3. Replacement of partially equipped bays by full new bays,
4. Adding of new bays in a space previously assigned in the existing busbar.
5.10.3.1 Tests of new installed GIS bay(s)
The following example for an on-site HV testing procedure according to a user specification is defined
for a replacement of partially equipped bays of a HV GIS with completely new bays. This might
become necessary due to the following constraints [B13]:
• It is not possible (without unreasonable effort) to extend the partially equipped bays with
equipment from a different OEM,
• Additional effort has to be considered for construction and testing of customized adapters,
• In some cases non-production of the existing HV GIS type make it obsolete.
The interface facilitates for installation and on-site HV testing of the extension, and also limits the part
of the existing HV GIS to be re-tested. In this example the connection to the existing HV GIS remains
without further complete on-site HV testing, and restriction is permitted.
Figure 5.18 Replacing partially equipped bays with completely new bays [B73]
5.10.3.2 Tests of GIS extension after coupling to existing GIS

The following example for an on-site HV testing procedure according to a user specification based on
standard requirements is shown. It considers obvious constraints related to the importance of the
busbar configuration in the network. The main points to describe the procedure are as follow [B13]:
• Comparatively easier to implement in comparison to a complete on-site HV test standards
requirement,
• Complete bays are placed in assigned layout position,
139
• On-site HV test is conducted as per new equipment complying with full voltage (80% of FAT
value) and PD measurement,
• New bays are coupled to the existing system by availing busbar (by busbar shutdown and
afterwards subjected to a ‘soak test’ for 2...24 hours),
• Based on the importance of busbar requirement in the network, a relaxation of the ‘soak test’
duration is also applied,
• 2 hours ‘soak test’ associated with links of the two systems can also be performed.
Figure 5.19 Addition of new bay(s) at the end of an existing busbar [B73]
Another example on this specific HV testing situation is described in Figure 4.16.
5.10.3.3 Tests of GIS interfaces with same test voltage values as new installed GIS
In some cases of HV GIS extension projects, the assigned OEM for extension works might face
technical difficulties handling the existing partially equipped bay, especially if the existing HV GIS is
from a different OEM than the newly assigned one. Since the task might be complicated and will
require a special custom-made adapter, or sometimes the type of existing partially equipped bay is
obsolete and out of the regular production line. Hence, the new OEM tends to consider the option of
supplying and manufacturing a completely new bay and replace the already existing partially equipped
bay from another OEM. As per standard requirements the interface incorporates facilities for
installation and HV testing of the extension HV GIS to limit the part of the existing HV GIS to be re-
tested, and to allow the connection to the existing HV GIS without further full dielectric testing without
any restriction [B13].
5.10.3.4 Test of GIS interfaces with reduced test voltage values as new installed GIS
The following example for an on-site HV testing procedure according to a user specification is defined
for extension of partially equipped bays of a GIS with the same OEM GIS. Typically, these are located
at both ends of a busbar system to cover future needs. They consist of both busbar disconnector and
earthing modules. The initial partially equipped bay converts to a completely equipped bay according
to the network needs. For the coupling process of the new parts it can be GIS design dependent if - in
case of a double-busbar system - both or only one busbar needs to be shutdown. In some cases the
reduction of the on-site HV test voltage for the interface between new and old parts of the GIS might
be compensated by a longer test duration (e.g. 120 seconds instead of 60 seconds) [B73].
140
Figure 5.20 Extension of partially equipped bay [B73]
5.10.4 Test after major refurbishment of switching equipment

When performing major repairs or refurbishments of an equipment at site, commonly some critical
internal and insulating parts have to be dismantled. The realisation of dielectric HV tests after
completion of the reassembly works is common practice and shared among user and OEM to ensure
the quality of the on-site works, and to prevent dielectric failures of the equipment in service. When
those major works are carried out at site on switching equipment (circuit breaker and disconnector),
some user and OEM regional practices may extend that requirement to test the switching equipment
in both close and open position (one-sided) in order to gain confidence about the quality of the on-site
works, and to get closer to the production test conditions prevailing for the testing of an equipment
after its complete assembly [B24], [B89].
141
APPENDIX A. Definitions and abbreviations

Table A.1 Definition of general terms used in this technical brochure
Item Definition / Glossary

Periodic Measurement carried out on demand
Continuous Measurements carried out without interruption (maybe a third definition
describing approaches in between periodic and continuous is useful e.g.
‘temporary continuous’, ‘permanent continuous’)
Diagnostics Process (maybe iterative) to be performed, application of test methods
Diagnosis Result of a process
Off-line Test objects are energised by external voltage sources
On-line Test objects are in service
Monitoring Multiple measurements that allow trend analysis
Failure probability Failure probability is the extent to which a dielectric failure is likely to occur
Risk assessment Risk assessment is the evaluation of identified risks to determine whether
action is required
Condition assessment Condition assessment is the evaluation of identified conditions to
determine whether action is required
PD defect Abnormality in a component that can be detected by PD diagnostics
(‘mobile particles’, ‘floating elements’, ‘protrusions’, ‘particle on
insulation’, and ‘void’)
Level of confidence Reliability of a PD diagnosis result (to detect, classify and locate a PD
defect)
Removable link Part of the conductor which can easily be opened or removed to separate
two parts of the GIS from each other (for additional information refer to
[B7] clause 3.105)
Colour coding The use of specific, well-defined, and distinguishable colours in a scheme or
diagram that indicates the equipment under test to give a clear image of
the desired situation. The number of colours (combinations) shall be kept
to a minimum. Sometimes referred to as ‘coding by colours’ (e.g. IEC
60073-2002)
Major failure repair Any repair of a GIS component that requires the dismantling of its active
part (live part), excluding works on removable links designed for the
purpose of the disconnection of voltage transformers, HV cables and surge
arresters etc. and that warrants HV retesting of the GIS dielectric system
Table A.2 Abbreviations used in this technical brochure
Abbreviation Definition
MTTR Mean Time To Restoration
MTBF Mean Time Between Failures
MaF Major Failure
MRE Maintenance, Repair or Extension
EPC Engineering Procurement Commissioning
EHS Environment, Health, and Safety
OPEX Operational Expenditure
142
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144
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of a 115 kV GIS, 2022
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impulses with different parameters for detecting protrusion defects in GIS, IEEE Trans.
on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 27, no. 4, 2020, pp. 1354-1362
[B55] Wu Z., Zhang Q., Ma J., Li X., Wen T.: Effectiveness of on-site dielectric test of GIS
equipment, IEEE Trans. on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 25, no. 4, 2018,
pp. 1454-1460
[B56] Feser K., Sun R., Eriksson A., Froehlich K.: On-site dielectric testing of GIS -
theoretical and practical considerations, IEEE Trans. of Power Delivery, vol. 6, no. 2,
1991, pp. 615-625
[B57] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 04, Li J.: Impulse test for GIS on-site, 2018
[B58] Schichler U.: Vor-Ort-Prüfung an gasisolierten Schaltanlagen (GIS, HIS) und
Übertragungsleitungen (GIL), HIGHVOLT colloquium 2003, paper 7-3
[B59] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 21, Li J.: Cases of on-site impulse test for GIS in China, 2019
[B60] Wen T., Zhang Q., Ma J., Liu X., Wu Z., Zhang L., Zhao J., Shimomura N.: Research
on the detecting effectiveness of on-site lightning impulse test for GIS equipment with
insulation defects, IEEE Trans. on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 25, no. 2,
2018, pp. 551-558
[B61] CIGRE technical brochure 513: Final report of the 2004 - 2007 international enquiry on
reliability of high voltage equipment part 5 – Gas-insulated switchgear (GIS), 2012
[B62] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 29, Neuhold S.: Agreement of HV test procedures…OEM-
user, 2021
[B63] Neuhold S., Heizmann T., Braeunlich R., Koechli D., Riechert U., Dehne C.:
Experiences with UHF PD detection in GIS using external capacitive sensors on
windows and disk-insulators, ISH Ljubljana, 2007, paper T7-480
[B64] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 46, Koetz H.: Power Voltage Transformer (‘Power VT’) -
conventional inductive GIS VTs with on-site HV test functionality, 2023
[B65] Dorgan D.: GIS factory and site test requirements for HV and EHV cables, CIGRE SC
A3 & B3 joint colloquium, Nagoya, 2015, paper 334
[B66] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 11, Evertz E.: Comments on minutes of meeting hold 9-11
April 2018, 2018
[B67] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 18, Evertz E.: Comments on minutes of meeting hold 29-31
October 2018, 2019
145
[B68] CIGRE technical brochure 605: Feasibility of a common, dry type plug-in interface for
GIS and power cables above 52 KV, 2015
[B69] IEC 62271-209: High voltage switchgear and controlgear – part 209: Cable
connections for gas-insulated metal-enclosed switchgear for rated voltages above
52 kV – Fluid-filled and extruded insulation cables – Fluid-filled and dry-type cable
terminations, 2019
[B70] IEC 62067: Power cables with extruded insulation and their accessories for rated
voltages above 150 kV (Um = 170 kV) up to 500 kV (Um = 550 kV) - Test methods
and requirements, 2022
[B71] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 26, Schenk C.: Experiences with HV tests on GIS extensions,
2019
[B72] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 24, Bensberg D.: HV test after GIS extension, 2019
[B73] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 35, Ahli A. M.: HV testing on GIS equipment, 2021
[B74] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 40, Gao K.: Site testing requirements for MV GIS in Chinese
standards, 2021
[B75] IEEE Std C37.122.6: Recommended practice for the interface of new gas-insulated
equipment in existing gas-insulated substations rated above 52 kV, 2013
[B76] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 36, Neuhold S.: HV testing of GIS extensions, 2021
[B77] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 09, Reuter M.: On-site AC HV test including PD measurement
on a HV GIS extension from different OEM than original HV GIS, 2018
[B78] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 03, Laubi A.: Comments on ToR from Asia Pacific B.3 panel
and general remarks, 2018
[B79] CIGRE technical brochure 125: User guide for the application of gas-insulated
switchgear (GIS) for rated voltages of 72.5 kV and above, 1998
[B80] National Grid - TS 3.02.14 (RES): Technical specification gas-insulated switchgear,
2014
[B81] Braeunlich R., Bruegger T., Storf G., Straumann U., Koetz H.: Safety clearance
between high voltage test systems and parts of air-insulated substations in operation,
VDE Hochspannungstechnik online conference, ISBN 978-3-8007-5353-6, 2020, pp.
608-612
[B82] Neuhold S.: On-site tests of GIS, HIGHVOLT colloquium 2011, paper 2-2
[B83] IEC 60073: Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and
identification - Coding principles for indicators and actuators, 2002
[B84] CIGRE technical brochure 499: Residual life concepts applied to HV GIS, 2012
[B85] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 50, Vosse R.: User cases showing switching configuration for
new GIS and for GIS after repair or retrofit, 2023
[B86] Zhao P., Wang J., Yan X., Wang Q., Shen C., Shen Z., Xiao Q., Long Y.: AC voltage
withstand test method and risk suppression measures of energized GIS based on
phase-frequency control", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 37, no. 3, 2022, pp.
1734-1744
[B87] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 49, Koetz H.: Installation of on-site HV testing equipment and
PD measuring equipment, 2023
[B88] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 45, Bensberg D.: Assembly variant for on-site HV test set
under consideration of constraints, 2021
[B89] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 51, Laberge S.: Case studies of specific HV testing situations
- tests with air-insulated HV injection and post HV testing of VT and SA links with
service voltage, 2023
[B90] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 48, Reuter M.: On-site HV testing of GIS using ‘Power VT’,
2022
146
[B91] Lundgaard L. E., Skyberg B., Schei A., Diessner A.: Method and instrumentation for
acoustic diagnoses of GIS, CIGRE session 2000, paper 15-309
[B92] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 10, Schenk C.: Proposal for HV GIS shut down procedure,
2018
[B93] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 47, Koetz H.: Flow chart decision tree for irregularities while
PD testing, 2023
[B94] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 27, Ginting C.: On-site HV test, 2019
[B95] CIGRE WG B3.50, IWD 43, Reuter M.: Method statement / colour code example for
HV GIS extension including on-site HV test, 2022
[B96] IEC TS 62478: High voltage test techniques – Measurement of partial discharges by
electromagnetic and acoustic methods, 2016
147
APPENDIX C. Example calculation for power supply

consumption of on-site HV testing equipment
C.1. Types of HV test sets
Two main types of on-site HV test sets exist to perform power-frequency withstand tests on site:
• conventional 50 Hz or 60 Hz HV test sets,
• resonant HV test sets.
Conventional 50 Hz or 60 Hz HV test sets are typically used for relatively small loads. They have the
significant disadvantage that often voltage transformers attached on the GIS cannot be tested.
Resonant HV test sets have lower input power requirements, since they need only to cover the losses
in the resonant circuit (and the frequency converter). Conventional 50 Hz or 60 Hz HV test sets do not
have this advantage. Their power supply requirement depends on how well the reactive load of the
test circuit can be compensated.
Further advantages of resonant test systems include:
• A pure sine wave without harmonics is applied across the test sample, since the circuit utilises
a tuned circuit at the power frequency,
• No power up occurs because of test failures; in case of a flashover within the test object the
HV test set will not feed power to the 'short circuit'.
Resonant HV test sets can further be broken down to applications with:
• Variable inductance,
• Fixed inductance (e.g. variable frequency).
Figure C.1 HV test set types

Typically, a fixed inductance test set has a significantly better Q-factor than the variable inductance
type. As a result, the variable inductive test set is hardly used anymore and will therefore not be
discussed or explained by an example calculation in this Appendix.
Further, variable frequency resonant test sets exist with oil-insulated or gas-insulated fixed inductance.
Their main difference lies in the maximal load possible to drive and their respective (thermal) load
limits. Test sets with oil-insulated fixed inductance can drive significantly higher loads for a much
longer time than gas-insulated test sets due to the much better thermal conductivity of oil in relation to
gas.
C.2. Examples for frequency-tuned test sets with fixed inductance

The GIS under test is often modelled as a capacitor:
• GIS size 245 kV - 550 kV: A typical test section is approx. 5 nF...10 nF,
• GIS size < 245 kV: A typical test section is approx. 5 nF…15 nF,
148
• GIL size approx. 420 kV and above: The load can be significantly higher than a relatively
compact GIS (e.g. with typical 60 pF/m and 1 km length this results in a total capacity of
60 nF).
In Europe (EU), typical power supply ratings for three-phase 400 VAC systems are:
• 32 A →400 V/√3 x 32 A x 3 = 22.2 kVA,
• 63 A →400 V/√3 x 63 A x 3 = 43.6 kVA,
• 125 A →400 V/√3 x 125 A x 3 = 86.6 kVA.
Due to the very low losses of series resonant test circuits of often below 1 % of the apparent power, it
is typically possible to test average sized GIS (i.e. load range 5 nF…15 nF) with a 63 A supply rating.
Experience has shown that for a variable frequency resonant test set a 63 A rating for a three-phase
400 V supply is sufficient for most of the HV GIS testing applications.
Additional loads in parallel to the GIS are often applied to control the frequency variation when
reducing the test section length due to fault investigation. The total load in these test circuits (together
with a capacitive divider) adds up to approx. 15 nF…20 nF. A power supply of 32 A is usually sufficient
for tests below a rated voltage level of 245 kV – even with long duration PD measurement (0.5…1
hour) at a test voltage level of 1.2xUr.
Moreover, experience has also shown that in only very rare cases (test voltage levels of 420 kV or 550
kV GIS in combination with very long distances from the test set-up to the HV injection point and
associated dissipation of electrical energy (e.g. thin wires not suitable for PD measurements resulting
in corona losses), a 125 A supply rating is not sufficient.
Example calculation for series resonant HV test sets with variable frequency is shown with the data in
the table below:
Table C.1 Example data for calculation for series resonant HV test sets with variable frequency
Subject Value
GIS load 10 nF
Test voltage 515 kV / 1 Minute
Inductance (fix) 220 H
Additional load 3 nF
Quality factor of test circuit 100
Example 1
Resonant Frequency (100% GIS load) 13 nF with 220 H 94 Hz
HV current (100% GIS load) 515 kV with 13 nF and 94 Hz → 4A
Reactive load 515 kV with 4 A → 2 MVA
Power needed to compensate losses 2 MVA / 100 → 20 kW
Example 2
Resonant frequency (1% GIS load) 3.1 nF with 220 H →192 Hz
HV current (1% GIS load) 515 kV with 3.1 nF and 192 Hz →1.9 A
Reactive load 515 kV with 1.9 A →1 MVA
Power needed to compensate losses 1 MVA / 100 →10 kW
149
These calculations show that a 32 A power supply would be sufficient. However, considering further
factors (e.g. losses in the frequency converter and inrush currents in the insulation transformer) a 63 A
supply may be more prudent.
As an example, a circuit diagram for the power supply of a frequency-tuned resonant test set is shown
below.
Figure C.2 Example circuit diagram for power supply of a frequency-tuned resonant test set
In the United States (US) most utilities have standardised on the following station auxiliary power
voltages for their substations:
• 120 V / 240 V single-phase,
• 208 V / 120 V three-phase.
There are some cases, especially for large transmission substations, where the station auxiliary power
voltage sources are 480 V / 277 V three-phase. These are basically for the larger power transformer
auxiliary power needs. The general station auxiliary power voltages at those large substations would
still also be 120 V / 240 V single-phase or 208 V / 120 V three-phase. For HV testing of GIS when a
specific auxiliary power source is needed at voltages (e.g. 400 V three-phase) most US utilities will
bring in a portable generator for use during HV testing.
C.3. Examples for power-frequency HV test sets

Experience shows that for power-frequency test voltages up to 350 kV applied to small-sized GIS up
to 5 bays a 32 A power supply is sufficient. This is valid for EU standardized auxiliary voltages. In
other countries (e.g. Canada) the standardized auxiliary voltages are 347 V / 600 V three-phase,
which are typically used for the power supply of all different kinds of HV test sets.
The figure below shows an example of a circuit diagram for the power supply of a power-frequency HV
test transformer including the option to connect inductances for reactive-power compensation.
Figure C.3 Example circuit diagram for power supply of a power-frequency test set
The power supply for 50 Hz / 60 Hz HV test transformers is typically suitable for both short-time
operation and continuous operation. But thermal capabilities of the used insulation system are typically
very limited, so that allowable load cycles are defined by the OEM of the HV test transformer.
150
Inductive power compensation used on the LV side of the feeding unit can be applied to reduce the
impact of those constraints.
The figure below shows an example of how the value of an inductance used for power compensation
is changing dependent on the test capacity and the test frequency.
Figure C.4 Example of inductance for power compensation dependent on test capacity
151
APPENDIX D. Example colour codes for safety

isolation plans
D.1. Case study - proposal for HV GIS ‘shut down’ plan - repair after
failure
Summarising for one example of colour code the application can be as follows:
• Red - energised sections or sections ready to be energised are coloured in red. Insulation gas
on these sections must be at filling pressure. Coloured in RED up to the point of isolation.
Point of isolation usually is a disconnector secured in the OPEN position,
• Yellow - on the opposite side of the point of isolation, on which one part is energised (red
coloured), the other part shall be earthed. The earthed section is coloured yellow. This gas
compartment must also be at filling pressure. Therefore yellow: Earthed and with filling
pressure,
• Green - gas compartments behind a yellow section can be at reduced pressure. These
sections must also be earthed,
• Blue - vented or open gas compartments which are earthed. While removing a component
from the GIS, it must be ensured the earthed section is not interrupted while dismantling a
component. Therefore, while preparing the ‘shut down’ plan additional or optional earthing
must be considered.
Together with a single line diagram hard copy and just 4 highlighters red, yellow, green, blue, a
complex ‘shut down’ plan can be prepared and discussed with all parties involved around the table.
Best practice to start preparing a ‘shut down’ plan, is to start with the point of intervention, or the point
on which an intervention is required. This gas compartment will be vented, and therefore would be a
BLUE section.
Also, the status of adjacent gas compartments needs to be considered. Are they also vented while
disassembling a component? If yes, these gas compartment must also be coloured BLUE.
Then any adjacent gas compartments to a blue marked gas compartment must be GREEN: reduced
gas pressure. This is often a necessary safety requirement, as it is not typically allowed to work behind
full pressurised gas-tight partitions.
Then any adjacent gas compartment of a green section can then be marked YELLOW up to the point
of isolation.
Any section behind the yellow marked section can then be marked RED. In other words, it is safe to
have these section energised. All figures are taken from [B92].
Figure D.1 Explanation of symbols of case study 1
152
Figure D.2 Substation in normal service condition
Figure D.3 Failure on disconnector E04-Q2
Figure D.4 Preparation of shut down plan 1
153
154
155
156
D.2. Case study - method statement/colour code example for HV GIS

extension including on-site HV test
All figures are taken from [B95].
Figure D.17 Explanation of symbols and colours of case study 2
Figure D.18 Single line diagram - existing and future bays
157
Figure D.19 Gas pressure and switching positions during extension works at bay D07-BB1
Figure D.20 De-installation of end-modules BB1
158
Figure D.21 Installation of new modules BB1
Figure D.22 Installation of adapter module BB1
Figure D.23 Installation of new bays connected to BB1
159
Figure D.24 After installation of new bays connected to BB1 prepare gas works for installation works at
BB2
Figure D.25 Overview after installation of new bays connected to BB1 (phase L1)
Figure D.26 Overview after installation of new bays connected to BB1 (phases L2, L3)
160
Figure D.27 Gas pressure and switching positions during extension works at bay D07-BB2 (phase L1)
Figure D.28 Gas pressure and switching positions during extension works at bay D07-BB2 (phases L2,
L3)
Figure D.29 De-installation of end-module BB2 (phase L1)
161
Figure D.30 De-installation of end-modules BB2 (phases L2, L3)
Figure D.31 Installation of new modules BB2
Figure D.32 Installation of adapter modules BB2
162
Figure D.33 Installation of new BB modules connected to BB2
Figure D.34 HV test via BB2 - section 1
163
Figure D.38 Installation BB link at BB1
Figure D.39 Installation BB link at BB2
General information:
Gas compartment =D06 -Q25 has also reduced gas pressure, and =D06 -Q25 is in closed position.
After BB link installation referring gas compartments do not have to be HV tested again as these gas
compartments are small, and all areas have good accessibility for visual inspection of cleanliness.
164
Figure D.40 Single line diagram (energized)
165
APPENDIX E. Example investigation of calibration

procedures for conventional PD measurements
E.1. Case study - proposal for calibration of conventional PD
measurements on single-phase encapsulated HV GIS
In case of a so-called 'extended test section' of a HV GIS, which is basically represented by a certain
capacitance and its geometrical dimension of the test section (e.g. a few bays and some section of a
busbar), some characteristics have been observed in the past during the calibration process before
conducting a conventional PD measurement. These are considering whether the location where the
calibration signal is injected to the conductor of the test section is significant or not. One can perform
this calibration process in the vicinity of the used coupling capacitor which can be represented by a
lumped element in case of a discrete device or distributed in case of using e.g. isolated earthing
switches along the test section. Also, in case of three-phase encapsulated systems the calibration
process is applicable to the two other phases not under test acting as coupling capacitance.
Mainly the outcome of the observed characteristics can be summarised such as that the received
calibration factors show a certain dependence on the injection location. Thus, one may imagine some
different level of detection sensitivity over the different calibration locations along an extended HV GIS
under test.
The following figures and table below show some example information to help to address this
technical detail a bit better.
All information is taken from [B23].
Figure E.1 Photos showing HV test set-up for investigation of 'PD calibration' procedures
166
Figure E.2 Electric circuit diagram for investigation of 'PD calibration' procedures
Table E.1 Result overview of investigation of 'PD calibration' procedures
Calibrator injection Calibration S1 S1G S2 S2G S3 S3G Injection point of the Measured PD level
level in pC done at PD signal in pC
10 S1G C C O O C C S1G 10
10 S3G C C O O C C S1G 6.34
20 S1G C C C C C C S1G 20
20 S1G C C C C C C S2G 17.1
20 S1G C C C C C C S3G 11.1
20 S2G C C C C C C S1G 26.7
20 S2G C C C C C C S3G 13.6
20 S3G C C C C C C S1G 39.5
20 S3G C C C C C C S2G 29.1
Table notes:
Note 1: The calibrator is connected between the isolated earthing switch (S1G, S2G or S3G) in closed position and earth
Note 2: PD have been measured in the frequency range of 40 kHz to 800 kHz
Note 3: Switching device position C=CLOSE O=OPEN
167
APPENDIX F. Example for 'soak test' and

energisation sequence
F.1. Case study - proposal for energisation sequence
Illustration of a staged sequence of energisation of new GIS connected to a user network is given in
the diagram below. Each section of the GIS in this example is subjected to a ‘soak test’ from the
network voltage for a period. During this staged energisation, the GIS is slowly brought into service in
multiple switching operations with each section energised for a period before the next section of the
GIS is connected. Each switching device of the GIS is maintained in the open position initially and
then closed one by one in sequence to energise a small number of additional compartments at each
switching stage.
Users may perform PD measurement at each stage to verify each section when first energised. Such
a sequence may also be applied to extensions with the new sections being energised from the last
'good known' switching point or circuit breaker of the GIS installation not effected by the works. The
total duration of the sequence will be determined by the number of bays and switching devices present
coupled with the required soak time for each compartment, or the GIS as a whole.
An example from a user energisation procedure specified each section of the GIS to be under tension,
or voltage potential (no load connected) from the network for a minimum of 10 minutes before
proceeding to switch the next section in. The principle of such staged energisations is to slowly bring
each section into service via a ‘soak test’ and only energise the next section when the preceding
section has been proven. Should flashover occur the suspected area can be narrowed down quickly,
and investigation methods used to determine the exact compartment more easily than if the entire GIS
was energised as a single section.
Figure F.1 Staged energisation sequence of GIS
168
ISBN : 978-2-85873-625-6
TECHNICAL BROCHURES
©2023 - CIGRE
Reference 920 - December 2023

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B3 Substations

and electrical installations

Concepts for on-site HV

Concepts for on-site HV testing of

M. REUTER, Convenor DE D. DORGAN, Secretary IE

Figures and Illustrations ..................................................................................................... 8

3. Evolution of user specifications ............................................................................. 50

3.8 Witnessing and supervision of HV tests ............................................................................................... 80

4. Activities before mobilisation to site ...................................................................... 88

5. Activities after mobilisation to site ........................................................................117

5.10.4 Test after major refurbishment of switching equipment ................................................................... 141

APPENDIX A. Definitions and abbreviations ..................................................................142

APPENDIX B. References ................................................................................................143

APPENDIX C. Example calculation for power supply consumption of on-site HV testing

APPENDIX D. Example colour codes for safety isolation plans ...................................152

APPENDIX E. Example investigation of calibration procedures for conventional PD

APPENDIX F. Example for 'soak test' and energisation sequence ...............................168

Figures and Illustrations

Figure 3.13 On-site witnessing of user .................................................................................................. 81

Figure C.1 HV test set types................................................................................................................ 148

1.2 Drivers for on-site HV testing of GIS – reliability assurance

Current user practices Reference

1.3 Review of (inter)national standards requirement (IEC, IEEE, GOST,

• IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,

Test parameters Standard

AC Uds 0.45x0.8xUp 1) 0.8xUd 0.45x0.8xUp 5) 0.45x0.8xUp 6) Ur 8)

OSI / SI Uss 0.8xUs 2) N/A 0.8xUs 2) 0.8xUs 2) N/A

OLI / LI Ups 0.8xUp 3) N/A 0.8xUp 3) 0.8xUp 7) N/A

PD Upd-test 1.2xUr/√3 4) N/A 1.1xUr/√3 7)

Rated voltage Ur Recommended power-frequency Standard

3.6 20 (14.4) 21.6 (16) v

7.2 24 (18.4) 27.2 (21.6) v

12 33.6 (24) 38.4 (28.8) v

24 52 (40) 63.2 (51.2) v

40.5 76 (64) 94.4 (82.4) v

Rated voltage Ur Recommended power-frequency Standard

System max. PD quantity (pC) PD pre-stress voltage PD test voltage Reference

solid-insulation present 20 1.3xUr 1.1xUr/√3 >10 s [B15] cl. BB.5

non-rigidly earthed 100 1.3xUr 1.1xUr >10 s [B15] cl. BB.5

generic 20 Ud 1.2xUr >5 min. [B19]

generic 0 (no phase correlated 1.2xUr 1.2xUr/√3 >1 min. [B19]

generic not specified Ud 1.2xUr/√3 >10 s [B20]

1.3.1.3 Graphical comparison of recommended AC, LI (OLI) and PD test voltages

• IEC/TS 63042-301 (122/57/DTS:2018-03) Table 2,

Figure 1.2 Overview of ACWV from standard requirements

Figure 1.3 Overview of LIWV from standard requirements

Figure 1.4 Overview of PD test voltages from standard requirements

Figure 1.5 Overview of ACWV+PD test voltages from standard requirements

1.3.2 Comparison of recommended repetition procedures after disruptive discharge

2. Review of HV testing equipment and on-site

Figure 2.2 Fundamental behaviour of SF6-insulated systems to defects [B26]

left: oil-insulated reactors, 680 kV, 3.0 A

On-site HV testing of vintage 110 kV GIS

SF6-insulated reactor, 750 kV, 2.4 A for 2 minutes

Figure 2.4 1200 kV frequency-tuned resonant system [B38]

Nevertheless, an observation of the 'PD behaviour' in a complete cycle (conditioning phase, HV

Ur in conditioning 1 in conditioning 2 in HV test voltage in PD test voltage in

72.5 65 / 10 n.a. 120 87

123 123 / 10 n.a. 200 148

145 145 / 10 n.a. 235 174

170 170 / 10 n.a. 270 204

245 170 / 10 300 / 10 380 170

Ur in conditioning 1 in conditioning 2 in HV test voltage in PD test voltage in