Project Plan – Expanding EVs in public transport in Nigeria

Course Work: BSM084

12/7/2023
Project Management Fundamental
Talib Maqbool ID: 2222884
Table of Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................ 02
Importance of EVs in Public Transport .............................................................. 03
Business role of the proposed model .................................................................... 03
Section 01 ................................................................................................................ 03
Section 02 ................................................................................................................ 05
Section 03 ................................................................................................................ 08
Section 04 ................................................................................................................ 09
Section 05 ................................................................................................................ 11
Section 06 ................................................................................................................ 12
References ............................................................................................................... 14
Appendix A ............................................................................................................. 18
Appendix B ............................................................................................................. 19

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 1. Introduction
Energy transition is a pivotal global imperative, driven by a confluence of environmental,
economic, technological factors, and the crucial role of electric vehicles (EVs) in transportation
(Figure 1 illustrates the classification of EVs). Fossil fuel combustion, the linchpin of traditional
energy systems, engenders dire environmental consequences, contributing significantly to
climate change and environmental degradation (IPCC, 2021). The finite nature of fossil fuel
resources exacerbates concerns regarding energy security and resource depletion, necessitating a
shift toward sustainable alternatives (IEA, 2020). Technological advancements in renewable
energy, such as the decreasing costs of solar and wind technologies, have bolstered the economic
viability of clean energy sources, challenging the dominance of fossil fuels (IRENA, 2021). The
rise of electric vehicles plays a crucial role in decarbonizing the transportation sector, a major
contributor to greenhouse gas emissions (IEA, 2021). The economic dimension is further
emphasized as the transition to renewable energy and the adoption of EVs not only mitigates
climate risks but also presents substantial economic opportunities, fostering job creation and
innovation (UNEP, 2020). Moreover, energy transition, coupled with the electrification of
transportation, aligns with broader sustainable development goals, encompassing environmental
stewardship, economic resilience, and social equity (UN, 2015). Thus, a comprehensive
understanding of the multifaceted drivers behind energy transition and the integration of EVs
underscores their critical importance in fostering a resilient, sustainable, and equitable global
energy landscape (Dominković et al., 2018).

Figure 1 Classification of EVs

Source: (Alanazi, 2023)

The integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in public transport systems has emerged as a globally
recognized strategy to address environmental concerns and enhance the sustainability of urban
mobility. This project model focuses on the Nigerian context, where rapid urbanization and
increasing demand for transportation services necessitate innovative solutions. The proposed
business model for expanding EVs in public transport will be elucidated, shedding light on its
potential significance in reshaping the business landscape of the transportation sector in Nigeria.

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 Proposed EV in Public Transport System Project Source: (Agbetiloye, 2023)

2. Importance of Expanding EVs in Public Transport:

The importance of incorporating EVs in public transport in Nigeria lies in its potential to
mitigate environmental degradation, reduce reliance on conventional fossil fuels, and enhance
energy efficiency. Moreover, the proposed business model can contribute to the reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions, aligning with global climate goals and addressing local air quality
concerns. Additionally, the adoption of EVs in public transport can stimulate economic growth
by creating new job opportunities and fostering technological innovation within the domestic
automotive sector (Alanazi, 2023).

3. Business Role of the Proposed Model:

The proposed business model encompasses various elements, including financial considerations,
regulatory frameworks, infrastructure development, and stakeholder engagement strategies. By
elucidating the business role of this model, the report aims to provide insights into how private
and public entities can collaborate to facilitate the transition to electric-powered public
transportation. Moreover, the model's feasibility and potential economic returns will be examined
to highlight the business viability of such an initiative.

Section 01: Business Case

 Expanding Electric Vehicles (EVs) in Public Transport in Nigeria

The development of a comprehensive business case is foundational for the success of the project
to expand the use of EVs in public transport in Nigeria. The tangible and intangible benefits
underscore the enduring value that the project brings to the environment, economy, and the
overarching societal fabric. The business case for expanding Electric Vehicles in public transport

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in Nigeria is a comprehensive assessment of tangible and intangible benefits, coupled with a
meticulous evaluation of costs versus benefits. In line with global climate initiatives, the
economic viability of the project is underscored by the potential for reduced operational costs
and societal benefits, supporting a sustainable and environmentally friendly transportation sector.
Recognizing the importance of a robust business case, this project is committed to transparency,
accountability, and informed decision-making, thereby contributing to the sustainable
development of Nigeria's public transportation sector.

Tangible Benefits:
Environmental Impact Reduction
Economic Savings
Job Creation Intangible Benefits:
Health Benefits Enhanced Public Image
Global Competitiveness Innovation and Technology Leadership
Community Satisfaction

1.1 Overview of Benefits:

The business case for expanding Electric Vehicles (EVs) in public transport in Nigeria hinges on
the multifaceted benefits associated with this transition. Tangibly, the reduction of greenhouse
gas emissions from the transportation sector is a crucial environmental benefit, aligning with
global climate goals and initiatives such as the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC, 2015). Intangible
benefits include the improvement of air quality in urban areas, leading to positive health
outcomes and a potential decrease in healthcare costs (Markandya et al., 2018). Moreover, the
adoption of EVs can contribute to sustainable urban development by mitigating traffic
congestion and enhancing overall energy efficiency in the transportation sector (IEA, 2020).

1.2 Costs vs. Benefits Evaluation:

A comprehensive evaluation of costs versus benefits is essential for assessing the economic
viability and long-term sustainability of the project. Initial costs associated with transitioning to

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EVs include investments in charging infrastructure, vehicle acquisition, and training programs
for personnel (Zhao et al., 2020). However, the benefits are manifold and extend over the
project's lifecycle. Lower operational costs, primarily in terms of reduced fuel and maintenance
expenses, contribute to the financial attractiveness of EV adoption in public transport (He et al.,
2021). Additionally, the societal benefits arising from improved air quality, reduced healthcare
expenditures, and job creation in the clean energy sector are instrumental in justifying the
project's costs (Karekezi & Kimani, 2012).

1.3 Importance of a Robust Business Case:

A robust business case is pivotal for the successful execution of the project. Firstly, it provides
stakeholders, including governmental bodies, investors, and the public, with a transparent and
well-founded understanding of the project's objectives, expected outcomes, and associated risks
(Archer et al., 2017). This informed decision-making is crucial for securing support and
resources. Secondly, a robust business case enhances the project's credibility, a critical factor in
attracting investments and partnerships (Harrison & Lock, 2004). Effective project management,
guided by the business case, ensures efficient resource allocation, risk mitigation, and alignment
with sustainability objectives. The transparency and accountability embedded in a robust
business case foster public trust, an indispensable element in the successful implementation of
projects with societal implications (Flyvbjerg, 2006).

Section 02: Scope

The significance of a clear project scope cannot be overstated in the context of successful project
delivery. Firstly, a well-defined scope provides a shared understanding among stakeholders,
aligning expectations and fostering commitment (Kerzner, 2017). Secondly, it serves as a crucial
reference point for decision-making throughout the project lifecycle, enabling effective resource
allocation and risk management (Schwalbe, 2018). Thirdly, a clear scope minimizes the potential
for misunderstandings and conflicts among project participants, contributing to smoother project
execution (Pinto & Kharbanda, 1995). Moreover, it establishes criteria for project success,
allowing for measurable and achievable goals. In the specific context of the EVs in Public
Transport in Nigeria project, a clear scope is foundational for navigating the intricate interplay of
policy dynamics, infrastructure development, and stakeholder collaboration, ensuring the project
remains focused on its overarching objectives.

2.1 Overall Aim of the Project:

The overarching aim of this project is to catalyze the widespread adoption of Electric Vehicles
(EVs) in Nigeria's public transport systems. This initiative is strategically aligned with global
sustainability goals, seeking to address environmental concerns related to the transportation
sector. By introducing EVs into public transport, the project aims to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, enhance air quality, and modernize Nigeria's urban mobility landscape.

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2.2 Objectives:
The objectives of the project encompass a multifaceted approach to the integration of Electric
Vehicles (EVs) in public transport within Nigeria. These objectives collectively form a
comprehensive strategy for the effective implementation of EVs in public transport in Nigeria,
aligning with sustainability goals and contemporary urban mobility paradigms.

 Firstly, the initiative seeks to initiate a pilot program introducing a predetermined number
of electric buses into key urban centers, serving as a foundational step toward widespread
adoption.
 Concurrently, the project aims to develop a robust charging infrastructure network
strategically situated to meet the operational demands of electric buses, ensuring seamless
functionality and accessibility.
 Furthermore, the establishment of training programs for personnel engaged in the
maintenance and operation of electric buses is prioritized, with the objective of
cultivating a skilled workforce proficient in managing EV technology.
 To enhance public acceptance and understanding, the project endeavors to conduct
targeted awareness campaigns, educating the populace about the benefits of electric
public transport.
 Finally, the collaboration with governmental bodies, private stakeholders, and
international partners is a crucial objective aimed at securing necessary funding, support,
and regulatory alignment for the successful execution of the project.

2.3 Deliverables:
The deliverables of the project constitute a comprehensive set of outcomes aimed at realizing the
successful integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in public transport in Nigeria. These
deliverables collectively represent the tangible outcomes that will contribute to the overall
success of the project, aligning with its objectives and broader sustainability goals.

o First and foremost, the project commits to the implementation of a pilot program,
deploying a specified number of operational electric buses within a selected city, serving
as a tangible demonstration of the feasibility and viability of EVs in the public transport
sector.
o Simultaneously, the project aims to establish a network of strategically located charging
stations within targeted urban areas, facilitating the seamless operation and accessibility
of electric buses.
o Furthermore, the execution of training programs is envisioned, ensuring the proficiency
of personnel engaged in the operation and maintenance of electric buses, thereby
contributing to the development of a skilled workforce.

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 o The success of the project will also be gauged by the achievement of effective public
awareness campaigns, measured through increased awareness and acceptance of electric
public transport among the populace.
o Finally, the project seeks to achieve stakeholder engagement by securing partnerships and
funding agreements with relevant entities, indicative of successful collaboration and
sustained support for the initiative.

2.4 Main Considerations and Assumptions

The success of the project to expand Electric Vehicles (EVs) in public transport in Nigeria relies
on several critical considerations and assumptions. These include

 The need for ongoing governmental support and favorable policies to create a conducive
regulatory environment, underlining the importance of policy backing.
 Financial viability and sustainability hinge on the successful acquisition of funding from
governmental bodies, private investors, and international collaborations, emphasizing the
fundamental role of securing financial resources.
 The assumption that existing electricity infrastructure can be efficiently upgraded is vital
for accommodating the increased demand from charging stations, highlighting the
significance of infrastructure upgrades.
 Lastly, the assumption that effective public awareness campaigns and community
engagement will foster public acceptance underscores the importance of social
acceptance for the project's success.

2.5 Critical Success Factors and Criteria

The success of the project to expand Electric Vehicles (EVs) in public transport in Nigeria is
contingent on critical success factors. These factors include:

 The imperative of supportive governmental policies incentivizing EV integration,

emphasizing the role of policy support in creating a favorable regulatory environment.
 Financial viability, identified as a critical factor, underscores the importance of securing
adequate funding and engaging in careful financial planning for the project's
implementation and sustainability.
 Additionally, the establishment of a reliable charging infrastructure network is deemed
crucial for the seamless operation of electric buses, emphasizing the pivotal role of
infrastructure development.
 The degree of public acceptance and ridership of electric buses stands as a measurable
criterion for success, underscoring the importance of effective public awareness
campaigns in shaping public perception.

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  Lastly, collaboration with various stakeholders, including governmental bodies, private
investors, and international partners, is emphasized as crucial for the project's success,
highlighting stakeholder collaboration as a significant factor.

Section 03: Project Planning & Control

Project planning and control are integral components of successful project management,
particularly in complex initiatives such as the expansion of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in public
transport in Nigeria. The application of the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
enhances the planning and control processes by facilitating a comprehensive understanding of
project timelines, dependencies, and critical paths (Kerzner, 2017). Figure 3.1 visually represents
the fundamental components essential for the planning and control of projects. This illustration
serves as a graphical depiction of the key elements integral to the effective management of
project activities. The components highlighted in the figure encompass various facets, including
project initiation, planning, execution, monitoring and control, and project closure. Each
component contributes to the overall success and efficiency of project management (Project
control, 2020).

Figure 3.1 EV Project Management Model

Source: (Project control, 2020)

In the case of the EVs in Public Transport project, the PERT technique involves the identification
of key activities, their expected durations, and the interdependencies between them. The
application of PERT in the planning and control of the EVs in Public Transport project ensures a
systematic approach to project management. It enables a nuanced understanding of the project's

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critical path, facilitates effective resource allocation, and enhances the ability to adapt to
changing circumstances during project execution (Agyei, 2015).

Work •EV for Public Sector

Buses in Nigeria

•Budget
•Risk Analysis
Breakdown •Purchases
•Infrastructure for
EVs Charging
•Staffing & Training
•Planning
•Execution
Structure •Control &
Monitoring
•Continuous
improvement

WBS (Appendix A) Model for EVs Source: Author

Section 04: Risk Management

Risk management is a crucial aspect of project planning and execution, particularly in complex
initiatives such as the expansion of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in public transport in Nigeria. A
comprehensive risk assessment has been conducted, identifying key risks, analyzing their
potential impact, and proposing risk responses to ensure effective project delivery in appendix B
and key risk are enlisted below.

 Governmental Policy Changes

 Financial Constraints
 Technological Challenges
 Public Resistance
 Charging Infra-structure
 Maintenance Point

4.1 Critical Discussion of Risk Management:

Risk management is not merely a reactive strategy but a proactive and ongoing process integral
to successful project delivery (Kerzner, 2017). It involves systematically identifying potential
risks, assessing their impacts and likelihoods, and formulating effective response plans. The

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iterative nature of risk management recognizes that risks can evolve throughout the project
lifecycle, demanding continuous vigilance and adaptability (Ahmed et al., 2007). Risk
management contributes to project success by fostering a culture of preparedness and resilience.
It encourages the project team to think critically about uncertainties, develop contingency plans,
and allocate resources judiciously (Hopkin, 2018). ISO 31000 standards should be implemented
to assess the risks evaluation, the comprehensive method is shown below.

ISO 31000 Risk management flow diagram

Source: (Melaku, 2023)

The incorporation of risk management into project governance enhances transparency and
accountability. In the context of the EVs in Public Transport project, effective risk management
is not only about minimizing negative impacts but also about leveraging opportunities. For
instance, identifying potential technological challenges early on allows the project team to
explore innovative solutions and stay at the forefront of EV technology advancements.
Furthermore, risk management is closely intertwined with decision-making. The ability to make
informed decisions, considering potential risks and their implications, is a hallmark of effective
project leadership. It ensures that the project team is well-prepared to navigate uncertainties and

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capitalize on opportunities, contributing to the overall success of the EVs in Public Transport
project (Capuder et al., 2020).

Section 05: Stakeholder Management for Electric Vehicles (EVs) in

Public Transport in Nigeria Project
Stakeholder management is a dynamic and strategic process crucial for the success of complex
projects, such as the expansion of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in public transport in Nigeria. PESTLE
and SWOT approach should be implemented for the stakeholder assessment. This involves the
identification, analysis, and active engagement of stakeholders to understand their interests,
expectations, and potential impact on the project. Stakeholder matrix identifies the some of the
important or key stakeholder involved in EVs in public project in Nigeria.

5.1 Critical Discussion of Stakeholder Management:

Effective stakeholder management is critical for project success as it acknowledges the
interconnected relationships between project objectives and stakeholder expectations (Freeman,
2010). Stakeholder engagement is not a one-time activity but an ongoing process that evolves
throughout the project life cycle. The stakeholder matrix serves as a valuable tool to categorize
stakeholders based on their level of interest and influence. High-interest, high-influence
stakeholders demand more attention and tailored communication strategies. The SWOT analysis
provides a holistic view of stakeholder management by systematically evaluating internal

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strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats. The PESTLE analysis provides
a comprehensive evaluation of external factors influencing stakeholder management in the EVs
in Public Transport project. It enables project managers to strategically navigate political,
economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental dimensions. Recognizing that
stakeholder needs and expectations can change over time, the matrix assists in adapting
engagement strategies accordingly. Furthermore, stakeholder management is closely linked to
risk management. By actively identifying and addressing potential stakeholder concerns, project
managers can mitigate risks associated with opposition, delays, or unforeseen challenges.

Section 06: Change Control and Configuration Management for the Electric
Vehicles (EVs) in Public Transport in Nigeria Project:
Change control and configuration management are pivotal elements in project governance,
particularly in the dynamic context of introducing Electric Vehicles (EVs) in public transport.
This section delineates the specific mechanisms to monitor and control changes, the
responsibility for change control decisions, and the integration of change control with
configuration management.

6.1 Change Control Mechanism

Establishing a systematic change control process is integral for effective project management in
the Electric Vehicles (EVs) in Public Transport in Nigeria project. This entails a structured
approach involving key mechanisms: a formalized Change Request Process for meticulously
documenting change requests, providing clear rationales, and analyzing potential impacts on
scope, schedule, and budget; a Change Review Board (CRB) comprised of stakeholders and
experts for a comprehensive review and decision-making on change requests; rigorous Impact
Analysis to assess effects on project elements; and a commitment to Timely Documentation
Updates reflecting approved changes, maintained with a stringent version control system. While
the Project Manager oversees the coordination of change control, the ultimate decision-making
responsibility rests with the Change Review Board, fostering a collaborative and informed
approach aligning with key stakeholders' perspectives for a holistic project impact evaluation.

6.2 Configuration Management

Configuration management is an essential component in the Electric Vehicles (EVs) in Public
Transport in Nigeria project, involving systematic control and tracking of changes to project
deliverables and documentation. This encompasses key aspects such as Configuration
Identification, where a comprehensive configuration management plan will be developed to
specify items subject to control, including project plans, technical specifications, and
infrastructure-related documentation. Emphasis will be placed on the Integration of change
control processes with configuration management, ensuring a seamless recording, assessment,
and implementation of changes, fostering consistency and coherence throughout the project.

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Additionally, Configuration Baselines will be established at pivotal project milestones, creating
stable reference points for project documentation and deliverables, facilitating a structured and
controlled approach to project evolution.

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Appendix A – WBS Work Breakdown Structure

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Appendix B Risk Registry

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