Project Report

Group ID : 63
A Project Report on
Hybrid Cooling System for PV Panel
By
Mr. Kurekar Pratham Gopal Mr. Dawkhar Mrunmay Dinkar

(120B1G046) (120B1G057)
Mr. Ghivari Pradynesh

Mahantesh(120B1G165)
Guide
(Prof.) Dr. C L Ladekar
Department of Mechanical Engineering

PIMPRI CHINCHWAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
[An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University]
[2023-24]
Group ID : 63
A Project Report on
Hybrid Cooling System for PV Panel
By
Mrunmay Dawkhar (120B1G057)
Pratham Kurekar (120B1G046)
Pradynesh Ghivari (120B1G165)
Guide: (Prof) Dr. C. L. Ladekar
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering
[An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University]
[2023-24]
Certificate of Completion of Project
This is to certify that,

1. Mrunmay Dawkhar (120B1G057),
2. Pratham Kurekar (120B1G046),
3. Pradynesh Ghivari (120B1G165)
have successfully completed the project entitled "Design and development of
Hybrid Cooling system for Photovoltaic cell Panel" under my supervision, in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Mechanical Engineering at Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, an autonomous
institute affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University.
The project was of high quality and demonstrated the students' knowledge and
skills in Mechanical Engineering. The students worked diligently and independently
on the project, and they overcame all challenges that arose.
I am confident that the students will be successful in their future endeavours. I
wish them all the best.
Date:
Place:
(Prof.) Dr. C L Ladekar

Guide
Dr. P.A.Deshmukh Dr. Govind N. Kulkarni

Head of the Department Director
External Examiner (Name with sign)

Acknowledgment
We express our deep gratitude and honor to our respected guide, Prof. Dr. C. L.
Ladekar, for his inspiring guidance and constant encouragement. His unwavering faith in us
and dedicated devotion were like a guiding light throughout the project work.
Special thanks to project coordinators Mr. Ishan Sathone and Dr. Govind Waghmare
for their guidance and support at various stages of our project completion.
We also express our honor and gratitude to our Head of the Mechanical Department,
Dr. P. A. Deshmukh, for his consistent encouragement and support in helping us complete our
project work.
We are also thankful to our respected Principal, Dr. Govind N. Kulkarni, and the
P.C.E.T.’s (Pimpri Chinchwad Education Trust) for their financial support, which was
instrumental in the successful completion of our project.
We are also grateful to all Teaching and Non-Teaching staff members of the institute
and our classmates who directly or indirectly supported us and helped us to stay enthusiastic
about the project work.
As we conclude, our hard work and positive attitude have paid off, and we are
confident that this project will be a significant stepping stone for our careers and will fulfill
our aspirations in every aspect.
Name of Students PRN. no Sign
Mrunmay Dawkhar 120B1G057
Pratham Kurekar 120B1G046
Pradynesh Ghivari 120B1G165
1
Table of Contents
Sr. Page
TITLE
No. No.
Acknowledgment 1
List of Table 4
List of Figures 4
List of Symbols, Abbreviations & Greek Letters 5
Plagiarism Report 6
Abstract 8
1 Introduction 9
1.1 Background 9
1.2 Need of Project 11
1.3 Scope of Project 11
1.4 Problem statement 12
1.5 Objectives 13
1.6 Methodology 13
1.7 Organization of Report 15
2 Literature Survey 16
2.1 Introduction 16
2.2 Theory 18
2.3 2.3.1 Heat transfer 19
2.3.2 Conduction 19
2.3.3 Convection & Radiation 20
2.4 Literature Referred 21
3 Design of Hybrid cooling System 25
3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 Selection of panel 25
3.3 Selection of Measurement System 26
3.4 Overview of design 27
4 Manufacturing and Testing Details 29
4.1 Manufacturing 29
4.2 Testing 32
5 Costing Breakdown 35
6 Results and Discussion 37
6.1 Introduction
2
7 Conclusion and Future Scope 51
7.1 Conclusion 51
7.2 Future Scope 52
8 References 54
3
List of Tables
Table No. Title of the table Page No.

1 Bill of material 36
2 Without Cooling Vs Top Surface Cooling 39
3 Without Cooling Vs Back Panel Cooling 42
4 Without Cooling Vs Hybrid Cooling 45
5 Top Surface Cooling Vs Back Panel Cooling 48
6 Power O/P Comparison 51
7 Temperature Drop 51
List of Figures
Figure Title of the figure Page No.

No.
1 visual representation of flow chart 14
2 Sun’s position at local noon on a fixed south-facing surface at 18
PCCOE Pune.
3 Coordinates of PCCOE 18
4 CAD model 28
5 Welding operation on stand 29
6 Hydrophilic pads 30
7 Top surface cooling setup 31
8 Display of difference in temperature reading using C113 sensors 33
9 Power output with and without cooling 40
10 Temperature with and without cooling 40
11 Solar Irradiance 41
12 Difference between power output and temperature with back panel 44
cooling
13 Difference between power output and temperature with hybrid 47
cooling
14 Power output and temperature with top and bottom cooling 50
4
List of Symbols & Abbreviations
Symbol Description
h Heat Transfer Coefficient (W/m2K)
Q heat transfer.
A thermal conductivity of the material
T respective surface temperatures.
°C Degree celsius
Greek Symbols
σ Stefan-Boltzman constant.
surface emissivity.
ε
5
Plagiarism Report
6
Project Completion Certificate
This is to Certify that following students of Final Year Mechanical Engineering Department
have successfully completed the project work entitled “The Design and Development of
Hybrid cooling system for Photovoltaic cell”.
Name of Students with university Roll No.:

1) Mrunmay Dawkhar (120B1G057)
2) Pratham kurekar (120B1G046)
3) Pradynesh Ghivari (120B1G165)
Total Amount sponsored by the Pimpri Chinchwad college of Engineering: Rs.

Total Amount Utilized by the students for project work: Rs.
Mr. Dr. C. L. Ladekar Mr. Ishan Sathone/Dr. G. Waghmare

Name and Signature of Guide Project Co-ordinator
Dr. R.B.Patil Dr. P.A.Deshmukh

Department R&I Co-Ordinator Head of the department
7
Abstract
This abstract outlines the development and evaluation of a hybrid cooling system
designed to enhance the performance and longevity of photovoltaic (PV) panels. With the
increasing demand for renewable energy sources, such as solar power, optimizing the
efficiency of PV panels has become crucial. One of the key challenges faced by PV systems
is excessive heat buildup, leading to reduced efficiency and potential long-term damage.
In response to this challenge, this study proposes a hybrid cooling approach that combines
passive and active cooling techniques. The passive component utilizes natural convection and
radiation to dissipate heat, while the active component incorporates a cooling mechanism,
such as water circulation or forced airflow, to further reduce panel temperatures.
The methodology involves a comprehensive literature review to identify effective cooling

strategies and the subsequent design and manufacturing of a hybrid cooling system prototype.
The prototype is then subjected to rigorous experimentation and validation to assess its
performance under varying environmental conditions.
The results of the experimentation demonstrate significant improvements in the thermal

management of PV panels, with the hybrid cooling system effectively mitigating heat-related
issues and maintaining optimal operating temperatures. Furthermore, the analysis of
experimental data provides insights into the system's efficiency, energy consumption, and
overall effectiveness.
This abstract concludes with a discussion on the implications of the hybrid cooling system for
the broader solar energy sector, including its potential for enhancing the reliability and
sustainability of PV installations. Future research directions and potential optimizations are
also outlined to further advance the development and implementation of hybrid cooling
solutions for PV panels.
Keywords: Photovoltaic cells, Hybrid cooling system, Passive and active cooling
8
Design and Development of Hybrid cooling system for Photovoltaic cell panel
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Background
These days, fossil fuels generate 80% of the energy used worldwide. The
overuse of these resources is causing them to run out and poses a serious risk to the
ecosystem, as seen by the acidity of the water cycle and global warming. Globally,
fossil fuel resources are distributed in an equally unequal manner. More over half of
the world's known oil reserves are found in the Middle East. This fact causes global
economic instability that impacts the entire geopolitical system. It is not possible to
sustain the current method for longer than two generations. It is undeniable that it
affects both humans and the environment. First, the greenhouse effect exists. The
atmosphere's ability to hold onto heat is this effect. When viewed from orbit, the earth
emits light with wavelengths typical of a body at -18°C [1]. But because of the
presence of gases that are relatively transparent to solar radiation but opaque to
infrared radiation emitted by the earth, the average surface temperature is around
33°C higher. Between the surface and the mid-atmosphere, these gases efficiently trap
heat. In this regard, carbon dioxide (CO2) is very significant. CO2 emissions into the
atmosphere are an inevitable byproduct of burning fossil fuels, coal in particular. It
should be noted that an average temperature increase of 3 to 5°C will result from the
doubling of CO2 concentration, which is predicted to occur by 2035–2055. This is
identical to the climb from the current moment to the coldest time of the previous ice
age, which occurred 18,000 years ago. Humanity will suffer greatly as a result of this
temperature. Significant portions of the polar ice caps will melt, raising the sea level
and affecting large swathes of the planet. Because they will not be able to adjust,
many ecosystems will be devastated. In addition, nitric acid and sulfuric acid are
produced as a result of burning fossil fuel. The phenomenon known as acid rain is
being created by these factors. It damages plant life and adds to pollution worldwide.
Moreover, it is exceedingly challenging to remove once mixed with seawater.
Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, B.Tech. Mechanical
9
Furthermore, there is a risk associated with the Third World countries' increasing
energy use. It is anticipated that these nations would make an effort to raise their
living standards, which have been at the bare minimum for many years. As a result,
there will be a greater reduction in the available stock, exacerbating the ecological
issue. Even now, these nations are unable to bear the expense of environmental
preservation. As such, they will either use nuclear energy instead of burning coal and
oil at a faster rate or hasten the destruction of forests. Variations in global temperature
Alternatives should be used, keeping in mind the aforementioned information as well
as the fact that oil is rapidly running short. One of the most potential solutions to the
aforementioned issues is renewable energy. In instance, photovoltaic panels can be a
good source of clean electricity production. Edmund Becquerel, a physicist, made the
initial discovery of the photovoltaic phenomenon in 1839. That being said, this
technology is regarded as relatively new. 5. In 1941, a 1% efficient cell that may be
regarded as a photovoltaic cell was built. Since 1941, photovoltaic technology has
advanced significantly. The main power source for satellites and space missions is
solar power. The cost of generating power for residential consumption has
significantly decreased, and PV panels are becoming a more and more attractive
business option. PV panels with 20% efficiency rates have been produced in several
situations thanks to the development of new materials and technologies. The hybrid
PV panel is one relatively new kind of PV panel. This kind of panel uses the heat it
produces from the sun to generate power for the system. You can use a fluid coolant
or air to accomplish this. In addition to transferring heat, the cooling medium lowers
the panel's temperature, increasing efficiency. Water is the most commonly utilized
fluid
10
1.2 Need of the project
A cooling system for photovoltaic (PV) panels becomes crucial in regions

with high solar density to uphold peak efficiency and prolong panel lifespan. These
systems play a pivotal role in mitigating losses caused by elevated temperatures,
ensuring consistent energy output and reliable performance. By dissipating surplus
heat, they effectively manage thermal stress, safeguarding the structural integrity of
panel components. This capability is particularly beneficial in diverse climatic
conditions, contributing to the sustainability and feasibility of solar energy
installations. In regions with intense sunlight, PV panels can experience efficiency
drops due to overheating. A cooling system addresses this challenge by actively
regulating panel temperatures, preventing performance degradation and extending the
operational life of the panels. This not only enhances energy production but also
reduces maintenance costs and improves overall system reliability.
Furthermore, these cooling systems contribute to environmental sustainability by

optimizing the energy yield of solar installations. By maintaining panels at optimal
operating temperatures, they ensure that renewable energy resources are utilized
efficiently, reducing reliance on conventional power sources and mitigating
environmental impacts associated with energy production. PV panel cooling systems
are integral to maximizing energy output, extending panel lifespan, and enhancing the
overall sustainability and viability of solar energy systems, making them
indispensable components in regions with high solar intensity.
1.3 Scope of the project
The scope of the project encompasses a comprehensive approach to addressing

the inefficiencies and sustainability challenges in current cooling methods for PV
panels. The initial phase involves in-depth research and analysis of existing cooling
techniques employed in solar power plants worldwide. This includes studying the
performance, limitations, and environmental impacts of methods such as natural
convection and water sprinklers. Based on the findings from the research phase, the
project will proceed to the design and development stage of a new cooling system
11
specifically tailored for PV panels. This system will incorporate innovative

technologies and strategies to maximize power output while ensuring sustainability.
One key aspect of this design is the integration of two different cooling styles, which
will allow for adaptive cooling based on variations in environmental temperature.
Following the design phase, rigorous testing and validation protocols will be
implemented to assess the performance and sustainability of the newly developed
cooling system. This testing will involve simulated environmental conditions to
replicate real-world scenarios and evaluate the system's efficiency in heat dissipation
and energy conservation. The project will also include an evaluation component to
quantify the energy efficiency improvements achieved by the new cooling system.
This evaluation will consider factors such as reduced thermal stress on the panels,
improved operational lifespan, and potential cost savings through decreased
maintenance and energy consumption. Documentation of the project's findings, along
with best practices identified during the development and testing phases, will be
crucial for knowledge dissemination within the solar energy industry. Additionally,
considerations for cost-effectiveness and scalability will be integrated into the
project's scope to ensure that the developed cooling system can be feasibly
implemented in various solar energy installations.
1.4 Problem statement
The problem is the inefficiency and lack of sustainability in current cooling

methods, such as natural convection and water sprinklers, used in many solar power
plants, necessitating the development of a cooling system for PV panels that
maximizes power output while ensuring sustainability, with a focus on integrating two
different cooling styles to adapt cooling strategies based on environmental
temperature.
12
1.5 Objectives
1. Develop a novel cooling system for PV panels to replace inefficient and

unsustainable methods like natural convection and water sprinklers.
2. Maximize power output from solar panels by optimizing cooling strategies

based on environmental temperature variations.
3.Improve the long-term performance and lifespan of PV panels through

effective thermal management, reducing degradation and maintenance costs.
4. Achieve a measurable increase in energy efficiency and overall system

reliability by implementing innovative cooling technologies tailored to
regional climate conditions.
5. Conduct comprehensive testing and validation to ensure the proposed

cooling system meets performance targets and sustainability criteria.
6. Document and disseminate findings and best practices to contribute to the

advancement of sustainable practices in the solar energy industry.
1.6 Methodology
Methodology for Executing the Current Project Work: Enhancing Cooling for PV
Panels
1. Study of Cooling Alternatives for PV Panels: Conducting an in-depth analysis of
various cooling options available for photovoltaic (PV) panels.
2. Literature Review on Cooling Technique
Reviewing existing literature to explore the feasibility and efficacy of different
cooling techniques, including hybrid cooling methods.
3. Designing a Hybrid Cooling System
Developing a comprehensive design for a hybrid cooling system tailored specifically
for solar PV panels.
4. Manufacturing the Hybrid Cooling System Prototype
13
Building a prototype of the hybrid cooling system based on the designed

specifications and requirements.
5. Experimentation and Validation
Conducting rigorous experimentation to validate the effectiveness and performance of
the hybrid cooling system prototype.
6. Analysis of Experimental Results
Analyzing the experimental data and results obtained from testing the hybrid cooling
system, and discussing their implications.
7. Conclusion and Future Scope
Summarizing the key findings, draw conclusions based on the experimental
outcomes, and outline potential areas for future research and development.
Fig 1. visual representation of flow chart
14
1.7 Organization of Report
This thesis is divided into four sections mainly, Literature review, cooling
mechanism, design and develop experimental setup and results conclusions.
Chapter 1: Introduction - Introduces the importance of cooling systems for PV panels
and outline the research objectives and scope of the project.
Chapter 2: Literature Survey - Reviews existing cooling methods for PV panels,
analyze their strengths and limitations, and identifis state of art technology in the
literature.
Chapter 3: Design - Describes the design process for the novel cooling system,
focusing on the integration of two different cooling styles for adaptive cooling.
Chapter 4: Manufacturing - Provide an overview of the manufacturing process for
the cooling system components, including explanation for both cooling systems and
costing background.
Chapter 5: Result and Discussion - Presents data from testing and validation of the
cooling system, analyze results, and discuss findings in relation to project objectives.
Chapter 6: Conclusion - Summarize key findings, reflect on the effectiveness and
provide recommendations for future research and applications.
15
Chapter 2
Literature Survey
2.1 Introduction
The renewable power generation capacity is significantly affected by

environmental factors such as atmospheric temperature and wind patterns. The
geographical location plays a crucial role in determining the effectiveness of solar
photovoltaic (PV) potential, with tropical regions being recognized for their optimal
efficiency. A major challenge faced by photovoltaic panels is their susceptibility to
operating temperatures, which leads to a notable decrease in efficiency, particularly
during hot seasons. Elevated atmospheric temperatures have a significant impact on
the lifespan of solar panels.
Before setting up an experiment, this study assists in determining the best

cooling system through simulation that produces the greatest advantage. In general,
active and passive cooling techniques can be used for solar photovoltaic systems.
There are several ways in which the active cooling approach can be implemented that
need an electric power input. One popular active cooling technique is forced air or
water cooling. Active cooling systems boost solar photovoltaic performance, but they
have drawbacks as well, like constant power use and regular maintenance.
While passive cooling doesn't need electricity, it still needs extra infrastructure
to function. Although there is no need for further setup, the yield is significantly lower
and it frequently has negative effects when using natural water and air cooling.
The electrical field in typical solar cells is generated at the interface of two
crystalline semiconductor areas with different conductivity types. One of these
sections (the n-type) is doped with phosphorus, which possesses five valence
electrons (one more than silicon) if the semiconductor is silicon. This area (the p-type)
has three valence electrons (one fewer than silicon) due to boron doping. This is
where there are more holes concentrated. A persistent electric field is directed from
the n-type region towards the p-type region due to the significant concentration
16
differences between the two regions. The extra electrons and holes that are created
when light shines on a cell are separated by this field. Fig.1.5 (a) The
point-n-connection Such a p-n junction is present in almost all cells that are now on
the market. The junction in silicon cells, the most prevalent kind of cell, is created by
diffusing a layer of phosphorus into a silicon wafer that has already been doped with
boron. The confluence is usually only 0.2 to 0.5 meters deep, making it extremely
shallow. We refer to this layer as the emitter. Light cannot enter the cell if the
electrical contact with the lit side of the cell—the side where diffusion occurs—does
not leave the majority of its surface uncovered. But the contact's electrical resistance
shouldn't be excessively high. Moreover, the entire surface of the cell is covered by
the electrical contact on its dark side. The ongoing procedures on inside the cell can
be described as follows:
● When photons with energy equal to or higher than the band-gap enter the
interior of the cell, they are absorbed in the semiconductor's bulk, creating
electron-hole pairs that have the potential to carry current.
● The carriers are separated before they can recombine by the electric field, or
potential difference, created by the p-n junction. Potential difference and
current in the external circuit, including the load, are the outcome.
● The processes of electron-hole pair injection and recombination are caused by
the presence of a potential difference. These translate into losses in the solar
cells. This potential difference determines how much is lost.
17
2.2 Theory
The photovoltaic panel's position is critical to its efficient operation. The PV

needs to intercept the highest possible flux in order to generate the most energy. When
the panel is oriented perpendicular to the sun's entering rays, this happens. Sun
position at midday at PCCoE Pune on a permanently south-facing surface.
Fig 2.Sun’s position at local noon on a fixed south-facing surface at

PCCoE Pune.
Fig 3.Coordinates of PCCOE
The sun's position at solar noon as it relates to a photovoltaic panel at PCCoE

Pune that is facing south and slanted at a latitude angle is seen in the above figure. In
this instance, the sun's angle can vary up to a maximum of ± 23.5°. To maximize the
18
annual energy output from the stationary flat plate arrays, several designers choose
the latitude angle. The two equinoxes are when the sun angle is at its average position
with respect to the panel's plane. The ideal tilt angle varies depending on the site,
therefore a computer programmer that predicts sun irradiance is needed to calculate it.
It is generally accepted that the ideal tilt angle for higher latitudes is typically 10 to
15° lower than the latitude angle. Therefore, a good general rule of thumb for PV
panel tilt angles is to select angles that are zero to fifteen degrees lower than the
latitude angle of the site. It came out to be between eighteen and twenty degrees.
2.3 Study of solar radiation
2.3.1 Heat transfer
Energy is absorbed by photovoltaic panels and transformed into electricity.

This energy is not completely transformed into electricity. given that the panels'
efficiency is not 100%. Heat is produced from this energy mostly. There are three
ways that this heat can escape: conduction, convection, and radiation.
2.3.2 Conduction
Conduction in PV panels refers to the transfer of heat through solid materials,

such as from the solar cells to the panel frame. Efficient conduction management is
crucial to prevent overheating, ensuring optimal performance and longevity of the
panels by minimizing thermal stress and maintaining operational efficiency. Fourier’s
law for steady state, one dimensional applications states that :
𝑑𝑡
𝑄 = − 𝐾𝐴 𝑑𝑥
Where:
Q : is the heat transfer.
K : is the thermal conductivity of the material.
A :is the area of the section at right angles.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
: is the change of temperature with respect to the length of the path of the heat
flow.
19
2.3.3 Convection and Radiation
Convection in PV panels involves the transfer of heat through air or fluid

circulation, such as cooling air flowing over the panel's surface or in regards to forced
convection use of top surface cooling system using water with dripping method.
Effective convection management is essential to dissipate heat efficiently, preventing

temperature buildup and maintaining panel performance.
Newton’s Law of cooling is then used in order to calculate the convective heat
transfer :
Q = h a (T𝑠 - T𝑓 )
Radiation refers to the emission of heat energy in the form of infrared

radiation from the panel's surface. Proper radiation management involves minimizing
heat absorption and maximizing heat dissipation, contributing to overall thermal
balance and performance optimization in PV panel systems. The equation below is
used in this case :
where
σ: is the Stefan-Boltzman constant.
A: the area of the surface.
T: the surface temperatures.

ε : is the surface emissivity.
20
2.4 Literature referred

Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan and Mithulananthan Nadarajah, (2024)
They worked on a passive PV cooling approach with the aid of PCM. The outcomes
of the report were, observed per day power output is enhanced by 9.39% and
maximum power improvement is 20.25%. Maximum enhancement in efficiency is
20.13%. Energy saving potential is estimated to be 366.5 MW per year for large scale
PV. The cooled PV panel showed a 9.4% additional CO2 reduction compared to
normal solar PV[1].
Mehmet Ali Yildirim et. al,(2022)An inventive thermal collector for
photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) systems is proposed in this research. The thermal and
electrical conversion efficiencies of the water-based PV/T system are achieved
through the combination of the photovoltaic module's thermal behavior and the
planned cooling box flow. It looks into a recently created cutting-edge cooling
mechanism for photovoltaic modules. With 76.13% thermal efficiency, the PV
module achieves an electrical conversion efficiency of 17.79%. When compared to
existing solutions in the literature, the developed system performs better.[2].
Ilhan Ceylan and Ali Etem Gurel et. al,(2014) developed a prototype PV
system and conducted experimental analysis on the logical automatic control flow
chart of the PV-T system. Their study involved observing changes in module
temperature in response to solar radiation and set temperature. They observed that as
solar radiation increased, module temperature decreased within the system.
Specifically, at 45°C, the experimental results indicated that the module's efficiency
was 3% higher when equipped with cooling compared to when it lacked cooling. This
improvement in efficiency was attributed to the cooling effect of inlet and outlet water
as solar radiation increased, leading to a decrease in module temperature and
subsequent increase in electrical efficiency. Conversely, when solar radiation
decreased, module temperatures also decreased, contributing to a further rise in
efficiency[3].
Aarti Kane et,al, (2016) This paper discussed about active cooling methods
designed and modeled for photovoltaic modules using thermoelectric technology, with
the goal of enhancing PV efficiency and lifespan. They developed a model of the
21
thermoelectric system, taking into account the temperature-dependent material

properties of the thermoelectric module (TEM). The performance of the PV-TEC
hybrid system was then assessed for changes in ambient temperature and solar
insolation separately. The study also analyzed the effects of solar insolation and
ambient temperature transitions on PV power generation, with a focus on computing
the optimal PV module temperature. Additionally, the performance of the PV-TEC
hybrid system was evaluated for simultaneous variations in ambient temperature and
solar insolation[4].
Cheng Yang et, (2023) This study investigated the use of dew-point
evaporative cooling in photovoltaic panels to enhance their efficiency. To study the
system's transient performance, a physics-based mathematical model that made use of
the local weather was created. The suggested system's cooling capabilities and the
ensuing increase in PV energy efficiency were contrasted with a conventional
DPEC-based cooling method. They found that in two summertime ambient
conditions, the proposed system can maintain an efficiency of more than 15% with a
maximum of 16.7%, an increase of 16.4% over air cooling. This suggested PV
cooling technique would boost the use of renewable energy sources and enhance the
overall performance of solar PV systems.[5].
Rok Stropnik and Uros Stritih (2015), This paper reviews prior research on
enhancing the efficiency of PV panels through the use of phase change materials
(PCMs) as energy storage mediums. The implementation of PCM aims to improve
performance by storing excess heat and releasing it when needed.
The simulation conducted to analyze the performance enhancement of the PV-PCM
panel under specific climatic conditions revealed promising results. Compared to
conventional PV modules, the generated electrical power output increased by 4.3% to
8.7%, and energy generation efficiency increased by 0.5% to 1%. On an annual basis,
there was a 7.3% increase in the production of electric energy and a 0.8% increase in
energy generation efficiency compared to conventional PV panels[6].
Juan Duan. et,(2021) The study investigated the use of PCM-porous systems
to cool inclined PV panels. Specifically, it focused on analyzing the cooling effects of
PCM-porous systems with different porosities on PV panels with varying inclination
22
angles. Additionally, the research considered the energy storage aspect of the
PCM-porous system during the charging process.
Results indicated that PCM-porous systems with smaller porosities (ε = 85%, 90%)
could influence the inclination angle during the charging process. This mitigation was
attributed to the weaker natural convection of liquid PCM in systems with smaller
porosities. Despite this weaker convection negatively impacting the charging process
of the PCM-porous system, it extended the duration required to cool the PV panel[7].
Teo H.G. et. al.,(2012) The study conducted experimental analysis on an
active cooling system for photovoltaic (PV) modules, evaluating the effectiveness of
using this cooling mechanism. Without cooling, the operating temperature of the PV
module reached a high of 68°C, resulting in a significant drop in electrical efficiency
to 8.6%. However, when a blower was utilized to cool the PV module, the operating
temperature could be maintained at 38°C, with electrical efficiency hovering around
12.5%. The findings suggested that an air flow rate of 0.055 kg/s was sufficient to
absorb the maximum amount of heat from the PV module[8].
Farooq Saeed. et,(2022) The study introduces a novel PV panel racking
structure designed to serve as both mechanical support and a heatsink for passive
cooling of PV panels. To assess its thermal performance, numerical heat transfer
analysis was conducted using the fluid flow and thermal analysis modules of Ansys
Fluent software. The results obtained from these simulations were then validated
using data from real field experiments. In comparison to a baseline scenario where the
purlins have no thermal contact with the PV panel surface, the proposed racking
system was found to enhance heat dissipation from the panel. This enhancement led to
a significant reduction in panel temperature, with a maximum decrease of 6.3 °C
observed, as well as an increase in power output of up to 2.7%. Furthermore, the
study evaluated the economic feasibility of the proposed system by analyzing its
levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) over a 25-year lifespan[9].
Bahaidarah H. et. al.,(2013) The study focused on the numerical and
experimental analysis of a PV water-cooled hybrid system to evaluate its electrical
and thermal performance, particularly under the climate conditions of Dhahran and
Saudi Arabia. The research involved testing the system and comparing results
23
between numerical simulations and real-world experiments. The findings revealed a

strong agreement between numerical predictions and experimental data for various
parameters, including module surface temperatures (front and back), outlet water
temperature, thermal gain, maximum power output, and efficiency. The PV
water-cooled hybrid system incorporates a solar thermal collector (cooling panel)
installed beneath the PV panel to capture waste heat, producing hot water and
boosting electrical power generation. The study highlighted the sensitivity of PV
panel efficiency to temperature, showing a decrease in efficiency as panel temperature
rises. Through active cooling techniques, the operating temperature of the module was
significantly reduced, leading to a 20% increase in efficiency and a notable 9%
improvement in electrical efficiency[10].
Chandel et al.,(2017) conducted a review focusing on cooling techniques
utilizing phase change materials (PCMs) to enhance the efficiency of photovoltaic
(PV) power systems. Despite its potential benefits, PCM cooling is not yet widely
adopted due to several limitations. One of the primary challenges is the low thermal
conductivity of PCMs, which affects their effectiveness in dissipating heat from PV
panels. Additionally, the solidification behavior of PCMs can be unreliable, and their
inflexibility in adapting to changing climate conditions, such as adjusting flow rates in
water systems, limits their year-round performance enhancement. Moreover, the paper
highlights ongoing efforts to address these challenges by investigating and developing
new materials with enhanced conductivity to overcome limitations in PCM-based PV
cooling technology[11].
24
Chapter 3
Design of Hybrid cooling System

3.1 Introduction
Design of hybrid cooling systems is idealised from the literature and state of
art innovations in cooling systems for PV panels. The proposed design for Our Hybrid
cooling system is discussed as follows.
3.2 Selection of the Panel

● Power Requirements: The energy demands of the application determine the
size of the solar panel needed. A 50-watt panel was found out to be sufficient
for powering devices with relatively low energy requirements, such as small
appliances, lighting systems, or charging electronic devices.
● Space Limitations: Limited available space for solar panel installation may
necessitate choosing a smaller panel with a lower power output. A 50-watt
panel could be suitable for installations where there's restricted roof space or
where aesthetic concerns limit the size of the solar array.
● Budget Constraints: Cost considerations played a significant role in panel
selection. Smaller panels typically come with a lower price tag compared to
larger ones. Opting for a 50-watt panel could be a cost-effective choice for
applications with budget constraints.
● Portability: In scenarios where portability is crucial, such as camping, RVs, or
marine applications, a smaller and lighter solar panel like a 50-watt one may
be preferable due to easier transportation and installation.
● Energy Independence: For off-grid or remote power applications, a 50-watt
panel could provide sufficient power to meet basic energy needs without
relying on the grid or other power sources.
● System Scalability: Starting with a smaller panel allows for scalability in the
future. Additional panels can be added to the system as energy requirements
increase, providing flexibility for future expansion.
25
3.3 Selection of Measurement System

Specification of PV panel
• Length of collector (L): 0.675 m
• Width of collector (W): 0.630 m
• Efficiency of panel :11.76%
• Temperature of panel range : 0ºC to 70ºC
• Voltage output : 12.0 V
• Current output :2.11 A
• Ambient air temperature : 25ºC
• Total power: 50W
• Voltage temp. coeff. : - 0.2775%/C
• Current temp. coeff. : 0.389%/C
• Number of glass covers: M= 2
• Solar flux incident on collector = 1000W/ m2
26
Fig 4. CAD model
3.4 Overview of design
The hybrid cooling system we 've designed, combining both top and bottom
surface cooling techniques, showcases a sophisticated approach to enhancing the
efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) panels. This system addresses the inherent
challenge of managing the temperature of PV panels, which can significantly
impact their performance and longevity. Firstly, let's delve into the top surface
cooling method utilizing the dripping technique. This method involves a
continuous flow of water regulated over the surface of the PV panels. The primary
objective here is to dissipate heat from the panels efficiently. By constantly
streaming water over the panels, heat absorption is minimized, preventing the
panels from overheating. This not only helps maintain optimal operating
temperatures but also contributes to prolonging the lifespan of the panels by
reducing thermal stress. The dripping method's effectiveness lies in its ability to
provide localized cooling precisely where it's needed most—on the panels' top
27
surfaces exposed to direct sunlight. This targeted cooling approach optimizes

energy output by ensuring the panels operate at their peak performance levels,
even during hot weather conditions. Moving on to the bottom surface cooling
strategy employing evaporative cooling, this technique further enhances the
system's overall efficiency. The use of water-wetted hydrophilic pads beneath the
panels introduces a cooling mechanism that complements the top surface cooling
method. These pads are designed to remain wet through a controlled water flow,
ensuring they don't drip excess water but maintain a consistently damp state.
The key principle behind evaporative cooling is leveraging water's ability to
absorb heat as it evaporates. As water evaporates from the wetted pads, it draws
heat away from the panels, effectively reducing their temperature. The flow rate of
water is meticulously regulated to match the evaporation rate, ensuring optimal
cooling without wastage or water runoff. The synergy between the dripping and
evaporative cooling methods is what makes this hybrid system highly efficient.
While the dripping method tackles direct heat exposure on the top surfaces,
the evaporative cooling method addresses heat dissipation from the bottom
surfaces, creating a balanced cooling effect across the entire panel assembly. One
notable advantage of this hybrid cooling approach is its adaptability to varying
environmental conditions. During periods of intense sunlight and high ambient
temperatures, the cooling system automatically adjusts to meet increased cooling
demands, maintaining consistent panel performance. Conversely, in cool
conditions, the system operates at a reduced capacity, optimizing water usage
without compromising cooling effectiveness.
Moreover, the use of accessible resources and the controlled water flow strategy
aligns with sustainability goals, minimizing water consumption while maximizing
cooling efficiency. This not only benefits the operational costs of the PV system
but also underscores a commitment to environmentally conscious practices.
28
Chapter 4
Manufacturing and Testing Details
4.1 Manufacturing
The manufacturing process for our project's hybrid cooling system involved
several critical steps that were meticulously executed to ensure optimal performance
and durability. Firstly, the stand for the solar panel assembly was crafted from mild
steel using the TIG welding method. This approach was chosen for its ability to create
precise and strong joins, essential for providing a stable foundation for the entire
system. Mild steel was selected due to its strength and weldability, ensuring the
structural integrity necessary for supporting the solar panels and cooling components.
Fig 5.Welding operation on stand
29
Moving on to the bottom surface cooling assembly, we integrated evaporative

hydrophilic pads. These pads play a crucial role in dissipating heat from the panels'
bottom surfaces. To ensure maximum efficiency, the pads were securely attached to a
steel mesh using stitches. This attachment method was chosen to guarantee 100%
surface contact between the pads and the panels, eliminating any gaps that could
reduce cooling effectiveness. Additionally, a border frame was incorporated to
maintain the position of the hydrophilic pads and prevent displacement. This frame
was seamlessly integrated with the solar panel frame, creating a cohesive structure
that optimizes heat transfer and cooling performance. The combination of the
hydrophilic pads, steel mesh, and border frame creates a reliable and efficient bottom
surface cooling system.
Fig 6.Hydrophilic pads
To facilitate the cooling process, a controlled water flow system was

established for the hydrophilic pads. This system ensures that the pads remain
30
consistently wet, enhancing their ability to absorb and dissipate heat through
evaporation. By regulating the water flow, we were able to maintain a damp state on
the pads without excess water dripping, optimizing cooling efficiency without
wastage.On the top surface, a pump-driven cooling mechanism was implemented.
Water was extracted from a reservoir tank and propelled through a network of pipes
equipped with drippers. These drippers controlled the flow of water over the panels'
top surfaces, distributing water evenly and aiding in heat dissipation. This top surface
cooling system works synergistically with the bottom surface cooling, creating a
balanced cooling effect across the entire panel assembly. By integrating these
manufacturing processes and components, we developed a robust hybrid cooling
system that effectively manages both top and bottom surface temperatures of the PV
panels. The attention to detail in design and installation ensures optimal cooling
efficiency, contributing to improved energy output and the longevity of the solar panel
system. Overall, the manufacturing process reflects our commitment to quality,
performance, and sustainability in renewable energy technologies.
Fig 7.Top surface cooling setup
31
4.2 Testing
The testing phase of our project involved the use of a C113 Temperature
sensors to monitor changes in the surface temperature of the solar panel assembly.
This testing was crucial to evaluate the effectiveness of our hybrid cooling system
under different operating conditions. We conducted the tests in four distinct scenarios
to comprehensively assess the impact of cooling on the panels' performance:
1. Without Cooling: This baseline scenario served as a reference point to understand

the natural temperature variations experienced by the solar panels without any active
cooling measures in place. It provided insight into how temperature fluctuations affect
the panels' efficiency and overall operation.
2. With Only Top Surface Cooling: In this scenario, we activated only the top surface
cooling system, which involved the controlled flow of water over the panels' top
surfaces using drippers regulated by a pump. This method aimed to mitigate heat
absorption directly from sunlight exposure, simulating real-world conditions where
top surface cooling alone is implemented.
3. With Only Bottom Surface Cooling: Here, we activated only the bottom surface
cooling system, comprising the hydrophilic pads integrated with a controlled water
flow system. This setup focused on reducing heat buildup on the panels' bottom
surfaces through evaporation, replicating conditions where bottom surface cooling is
the primary cooling mechanism.
4. With Both Cooling Systems Activated: In this scenario, we activated both the top
and bottom surface cooling systems simultaneously. This comprehensive approach
aimed to leverage the synergistic effects of both cooling methods to achieve
maximum heat dissipation and improve overall system efficiency.
32
Fig 8.Display of difference in temperature reading using C113 sensors
During the testing phase, the sensors continuously monitored various parameters such
as surface temperature and energy output of the solar panels. This real-time data
collection allowed us to analyze the performance differences across the four scenarios
and draw meaningful conclusions regarding the effectiveness of our hybrid cooling
system.
33
The results obtained from the testing phase provided valuable insights into the
system's performance under different cooling configurations:
Without Cooling: The baseline data revealed the natural temperature fluctuations
experienced by the panels, highlighting the importance of implementing active
cooling measures to optimize energy production and panel longevity.
Only Top Surface Cooling: This scenario demonstrated the cooling system's ability to
reduce surface temperatures exposed to direct sunlight, resulting in a noticeable
improvement in energy output compared to the baseline scenario.
Only Bottom Surface Cooling: The data from this scenario indicated a significant
reduction in bottom surface temperatures, showcasing the effectiveness of the
evaporative cooling method in dissipating heat from the panels' underside.
Both Cooling Systems Activated: The combined approach of utilizing both top and
bottom surface cooling systems yielded the most significant improvements in surface
temperature reduction and energy output. This integrated cooling strategy
demonstrated superior performance compared to individual cooling methods alone.
By systematically comparing the results from these four scenarios, we were able to
validate the efficacy of our hybrid cooling system in enhancing the performance and
efficiency of the solar panel assembly. The data-driven approach provided quantitative
evidence of the cooling system's impact on temperature regulation and energy
production, validating the effectiveness of our design and implementation choices.
34
Chapter 5
Costing
Sr. no Product Costing Vendor Quantity Price

1 Solar panel 4200 Waaree Sun 2 8400
systems
2 L bar 791 Pooja steel 1 791
3 Welding supplies 300 Krishna 1 300
hardwares
4 1” Silicon pipe 120/m Sandeep 1.5m 180
hardware
5 Wire mesh 125/m Sandeep 1m 125
hardwares
6 Steel inserts 10/piece Sandeep 8 80
hardwares
7 Wooden bars 30/ ft Sandeep 4ft 120
hardwares
9 Jumper wires M-M 2/piece STM 10 20
solutions
10 Jumper wires F-F 2/piece STM 10 20
solutions
11 Wire 18/m STM 3 54
solutions
13 L113C temperature 10 STM 7 70
sensors solutions
15 Hydrophilic pad 35/piece SS 9 315

enterprises
16 ¼” clear silicone pipe 20/ft Sandeep 4 80
hardwares
17 Water Pump 310 Vishva 1 310
coolers
18 Bucket 120 Dmart 1 120
19 Nut bolts 5 Kuldeep 4 20
hardwares
20 Washers 1 Kuldeep 10 10
hardwares
35
21 Wire connectors 30 Sunwind tech 4 120

22 Battery 400 Amaron 1 400
reseller
23 Charge controller 499 Sunwind tech 1 499
24 12v light 300 Vikas 1 300
ekectricals
25 Overhead Costing 400 ------ ------ 400
Total cost 13465
Table 1. Bill of material
36
Chapter 6
Results and Discussion
6.1 Introduction
Chapter 6 Delves into the results and discussions stemming from the extensive
research and experimentation conducted in this study. It presents a detailed analysis of
the data collected, highlighting key findings, trends, and correlations related to the
performance and sustainability of the novel cooling system developed for PV panels.
Through thorough examination and interpretation of these results, this chapter aims to
provide valuable insights into the efficacy, efficiency improvements, and
environmental impact of the proposed cooling solution.
37
Table. 2.Without Cooling Vs Top Surface Cooling
Without Cooling Vs Top Surface Cooling
Temp Voltage Power Temp Voltage Power

(°C) (V) Current(I) (V*I) (°C) (V) Current(I) (V*I)
51.2 16.76 2.69 45.14 45.75 16.91 2.72 45.99
57.6 16.54 2.55 42.31 43.55 16.98 2.77 47.03
59.2 15.73 0.87 13.74 39.45 16.39 0.93 15.24
55.6 16.76 0.79 13.24 32.9 17.15 0.89 15.26
49.1 16.02 0.74 11.99 31.8 16.69 0.81 13.51
48.8 16.91 2.48 42.03 32.05 17.20 2.64 45.40
50.9 16.76 2.36 39.56 32.36 17.00 2.47 41.99
51.2 16.69 2.34 39.05 31.88 17.42 2.38 41.45
51.7 16.76 2.40 40.26 32.65 17.19 2.56 44.01
48.6 19.69 2.24 44.23 33.4 17.15 2.37 40.64
51.5 16.61 1.38 22.97 34.85 17.13 2.12 36.31
51.26 16.49 1.28 21.26 34.21 17.05 1.85 31.54
51.22 16.51 1.08 17.85 33.91 17.01 1.69 28.74
50.9 16.54 0.73 12.21 33.4 17.20 0.79 13.58
46.5 15.95 0.63 10.11 30.45 16.76 0.67 11.22
47.4 15.80 0.59 9.36 30.75 16.61 0.65 10.79
45.5 14.92 0.53 7.91 29.25 15.07 0.57 8.58
43.7 14.55 0.48 7.11 28.95 15.66 0.54 8.45
43.2 15.95 0.49 7.96 28.35 16.61 0.54 8.96
41.1 16.02 0.55 8.83 28.25 16.69 0.59 9.84
41.5 16.02 0.53 8.49 27.8 16.61 0.57 9.46
41.23 16.02 0.58 9.33 27.91 16.69 0.61 10.18
41.46 16.13 0.49 8.05 27.94 16.61 0.62 10.29
41.5 16.05 0.48 7.84 27.95 16.69 0.57 9.51
41.4 15.95 0.53 8.45 27.55 16.61 0.56 9.30
41.2 16.17 0.59 9.58 28 16.76 0.64 10.72
41 16.10 0.58 9.37 27.6 16.69 0.62 10.34
40.9 16.12 0.58 9.38 27.55 16.61 0.63 10.46
40.9 16.10 0.60 9.71 27.8 16.76 0.64 10.72
40.8 16.17 0.64 10.42 27.85 16.76 0.68 11.39
40.8 16.32 0.67 11.03 27.85 16.83 0.71 11.94
558.77 611.44
558.77/30 = 18.62 611.44/30 = 20.38
38
We took voltage and current output readings for an hour at an equal interval of 2
minutes.
Difference in Power Output = 20.38 - 18.62 = 1.76
Efficiency achieved by Top cooling = 1.76 / 18.62 = 9.45 %
Fig 9.Power output with and without cooling
Fig 10. Temperature with and without cooling
39
Conclusion: Top Surface Cooling has increased the overall power output by
9.45%.Temperature drop of 12-14 °C was observed when Top surface cooling was
used.
E = A x G x PR
where , E= Energy in Watts
A= Area of panel (m^2)
G = Solar radiation coefficient in W/m^2
PR= Performance ratio (Range between 0.5 and 0.9, default value = 0.75)
E= 0.425 * 500 *0.75= 159.375 W
Fig 11. Solar Irradiance
40
therefore,
Efficiency of 1st Panel = 18.62/159.375 = 11.68 %
Efficiency of 2nd Panel = 20.38/159.375 = 12.78%
When Without cooling and with top surface cooling panel’s efficiency is compared,
Top Surface Cooling has increased efficiency by 9.41%.
41
Table. 3.Without Cooling Vs Back Panel Cooling
Without Cooling Vs Back Panel Cooling
Temp (°C) Voltage (V) Current(I) Power (V*I) Temp (°C) Voltage (V) Current(I) Power (V*I)
55.4 16.84 2.36 39.74 61.9 16.39 2.54 41.63
54.4 16.76 2.37 39.72 61.3 16.34 2.54 41.5
55.7 16.69 2.4 40.05 54.3 16.76 2.53 42.4
59.2 16.84 2.47 41.59 51.95 17.05 2.61 44.5
60.2 16.83 2.5 42.07 51.1 17.02 2.62 44.59
57.7 16.76 2.49 41.73 51.5 17.01 2.62 44.56
58.2 16.76 2.48 41.56 52.3 17.06 2.64 45.03
59.6 16.76 2.5 41.9 52 16.97 2.64 44.8
59.4 16.75 2.53 42.37 52.95 17.01 2.65 45.07
61.6 16.69 2.5 41.72 53.1 16.94 2.64 44.72
61.9 16.76 2.53 42.4 53.1 16.98 2.65 44.99
62 16.69 2.51 41.89 52.9 16.95 2.65 44.91
62 16.68 2.49 41.53 53.05 16.98 2.66 45.16
61.9 16.67 2.51 41.84 53.65 16.99 2.64 44.85
62.7 16.69 2.53 42.22 53.9 16.98 2.65 44.99
63.1 16.69 2.54 42.39 53.9 16.99 2.64 44.85
63.1 16.61 2.53 42.02 54.15 16.91 2.64 44.64
63.3 16.69 2.55 42.55 52.5 16.92 2.67 45.17
62.1 16.69 2.55 42.55 53.7 16.89 2.67 45.09
62.3 16.61 2.54 42.18 53.75 16.91 2.67 45.14
62.6 16.69 2.56 42.72 53.95 16.99 2.68 45.53
63.11 16.67 2.55 42.51 53.55 16.98 2.67 45.33
63.4 16.61 2.54 42.12 54.25 16.88 2.7 45.57
62.1 16.61 2.57 42.68 53.95 16.98 2.69 45.67
62.5 16.61 2.56 42.52 54.25 16.99 2.72 46.21
62.8 16.61 2.58 42.85 54.3 17.01 2.71 46.07
62.5 16.59 2.57 42.63 53.94 16.96 2.71 45.96
62.65 16.57 2.61 43.24 53.86 16.92 2.73 46.19
61.5 16.61 2.62 43.52 54.13 16.90 2.72 45.96
63.21 16.62 2.61 43.38 54.46 16.95 2.74 46.44
62.89 16.58 2.61 43.27 53.81 16.87 2.74 46.22
1305.46 1393.74
43.51 46.458
42
minutes.
Difference in Power Output = 46.45-43.51=2.94
Efficiency achieved by Evaporative cooling = 2.94/43.51 = 6.80%
Conclusion:Back Panel Cooling has increased the overall power output by 6.80%.
Fig 12. Difference between power output and temperature with back panel cooling
43
Temperature drop of 8-9 °C was observed when Back Panel cooling was used.
E = A x G x PR
E= 0.425 * 900 *0.75= 286.875 W
therefore
Efficiency of 1st Panel = 43.51/286.875 = 15.16%
Efficiency of 2nd Panel = 46.45/286.875=16.19 %
When Without cooling and with back panel cooling panel’s efficiency is compared,
Back panel Cooling has increased efficiency by 6.79 %.
44
Table. 4.Without Cooling Vs Hybrid Cooling
Without Cooling Vs Hybrid Cooling
Power
Temp (°C) Voltage (V) Current(I) Power (V*I) Temp (°C) Voltage (V) Current(I) (V*I)
57.2 15.59 15.53 26.81 56.9 15.97 1.75 27.94
51.3 15.66 15.6 30.53 52.3 16.11 2.01 32.39
53.5 15.61 15.55 39.49 40.6 16.69 2.58 43.06
51.8 15.66 15.6 39.61 34.4 16.97 2.56 43.65
54.8 16.21 16.15 39.71 35.1 16.97 2.51 42.61
55.1 16.20 16.14 40.98 33 17.19 2.56 44.01
54.6 15.46 15.4 38.40 33.2 14.12 2.54 43.50
54 15.55 15.49 38.25 32.4 17.12 2.50 42.80
54.1 15.51 15.45 38.77 33.3 17.12 2.53 43.31
55.6 15.46 15.4 36.94 33.9 17.05 2.47 42.11
55.3 15.54 15.48 39.16 34 17.05 2.60 44.33
54.9 15.61 15.55 44.02 33.7 17.19 2.86 49.17
55 15.59 15.53 43.80 33.8 17.19 2.85 49.00
55.5 15.61 15.55 39.80 34.01 17.19 2.65 45.56
54.2 15.12 15.06 19.95 33.8 16.69 1.39 23.20
51.3 15.59 15.53 42.56 33.3 16.97 2.84 48.21
51.1 15.75 15.69 43.94 31.9 17.19 2.69 46.44
53.3 15.68 15.62 42.02 33.6 17.19 2.75 47.28
54.4 15.53 15.47 37.27 33.8 17.12 2.48 42.46
56.4 15.38 15.32 35.06 31.2 17.19 2.30 39.54
56.7 15.46 15.4 37.10 32.3 17.12 2.37 40.57
57 15.40 15.34 34.03 33.8 17.05 2.26 38.53
57.7 15.27 15.21 33.28 33.2 16.97 2.24 38.03
57.2 15.19 15.13 27.64 34 16.90 1.89 31.95
55.8 15.19 15.13 23.24 33.4 16.90 1.87 31.61
55.2 15.13 15.07 23.14 32.9 16.90 1.54 26.03
52.3 15.48 15.42 24.76 31.2 16.97 1.71 29.03
51 15.40 15.34 23.40 30.8 16.97 1.59 26.99
48 15.54 15.48 22.37 29.6 16.90 1.49 25.19
48.3 15.54 15.48 24.55 29.6 16.97 1.65 28.01
48.9 15.53 15.47 22.82 30.1 16.97 1.51 25.63
1053.4 1182.14
1053.4/30= 35.11 1182.14/30= 39.40
45
minutes.
Difference in Power Output = 39.40-35.11=4.29
Efficiency achieved by Hybrid cooling = 4.29/35.11 = 12.20%
Conclusion:Hybrid Cooling has increased the overall power output by 12.20%.
Fig 13. Difference between power output and temperature with hybrid cooling
46
E = A x G x PR
E= 0.425 * 800 *0.75= 255 W
therefore
Efficiency of 1st Panel = 35.11/255 = 13.76%
Efficiency of 2nd Panel = 39.40/255= 15.5%
When Without cooling and Hybrid cooling panel’s efficiency is compared,
Hybrid Cooling has increased efficiency by 12.86 %.
47
Table. 5.Top Surface Cooling Vs Back Panel Cooling
Top Surface Cooling Vs Back Panel Cooling
Temp (°C) Voltage (V) Current(I) Power (V*I) Temp (°C) Voltage (V) Current(I) Power (V*I)
36.9 17.09 2.86 48.88 39.6 16.29 2.77 45.2
36.3 17.01 2.88 49.02 42.1 16.15 2.75 44.5
37.9 16.94 2.87 48.63 44.1 16.089 2.74 44.15
37.8 17.01 2.88 49.01 45.3 16.22 2.77 45.01
38.3 16.80 2.87 48.21 46.3 16.08 2.75 44.3
39.2 16.65 2.88 47.96 47.4 15.94 2.74 43.76
39.3 16.72 2.89 48.34 48.2 15.87 2.77 44.03
38.2 16.65 2.65 44.13 47.7 15.87 2.51 39.87
38.2 16.84 2.74 46.23 48.9 15.94 2.594 41.44
38.1 16.50 2.69 44.4 48.9 15.59 2.56 39.92
36.9 17.09 1.74 29.73 46.8 16.31 1.61 26.26
35.9 16.80 2.54 42.67 46.1 15.87 2.31 39.79
35.3 17.63 2.68 45.99 46.2 16.22 2.54 41.23
35.7 17.16 2.77 47.54 46.7 16.29 2.58 42.20
35.6 17.16 2.80 48.05 46.8 16.22 2.59 42.17
35.6 17.16 2.76 47.37 47.4 16.15 2.55 41.21
36.9 17.09 2.59 44.26 47.8 16.08 2.40 38.69
35.2 17.09 1.23 21.02 47.7 16.08 2.48 39.94
33.7 17.17 2.60 44.32 46 16.22 2.41 39.18
33.2 17.16 1.19 20.42 46.1 16.15 1.16 18.80
33.4 16.87 1.18 19.09 43.6 15.87 1.13 18.01
32.9 16.58 1.01 16.47 42.9 15.73 0.95 14.95
31.9 16.58 0.98 16.25 41.4 15.66 0.91 14.27
31.8 16.65 1.83 30.47 40.9 15.73 1.60 25.17
31.9 17.16 1.85 31.75 40.3 16.29 1.74 28.45
32.2 16.87 1.25 21.09 41 15.87 1.14 18.16
32.1 16.85 1.31 22.07 41.1 15.94 1.22 19.48
31.9 17.11 1.75 29.94 40.4 16.15 1.63 26.48
31.8 17.08 1.68 28.69 40.5 16.08 1.58 25.43
31.7 16.67 1.59 26.5 40.4 15.80 1.50 23.75
31.6 16.86 1.88 31.69 40.3 16.01 1.77 28.46
1140.19 1044.26
1140.19/30= 38.00 1044.26/30= 34.80
48
minutes. Difference in Power Output = 38.00-34.80=3.2
3.2/34.80=9.2%
Conclusion:Top Surface Cooling has 9.2% more power output than Back Panel
cooling.
Fig 14. Power output and temperature with top and bottom cooling
49
Difference between Top Surface Cooling and Bottom Panel Cooling was observed to
be 9-10 °C.
E = A x G x PR
E= 0.425 * 900 *0.75= 286.875 W
therefore
Efficiency of 1st Panel = 38/286.875 = 13.24%
Efficiency of 2nd Panel = 34.8/286.875= 12.13%
When Top Surface cooling and with back panel cooling panel’s efficiency is
compared,
Top Surface Cooling has increased efficiency by 9.15 %.
50
Chapter 7
Conclusion and Future Scope
7.1 Conclusion
Power O/P
Without Cooling(1) Vs Top Surface Cooling(2) (2) > (1) - 9.45%
Without Cooling(1) Vs Bottom Panel Cooling(2) (2) > (1) - 6.80%
Without Cooling (1) Vs Hybrid Cooling(2) (2) > (1) - 12.20%
Top Surface Cooling(1) Vs Bottom Panel Cooling(2) (1) > (2) - 9.45%
Table. 6.Power O/P Comparison

Photovoltaic (PV) panels are usually exposed to greater amounts of direct sunlight
and heat sources. For effective heat dispersion, cooling the upper surface is therefore
essential. On the other hand, since the rear panel or underbelly is protected from heat
sources and direct sunlight, cooling it could not result in as big of a temperature drop.
It is true that PV panel efficient cooling systems are best suited for surrounding
temperatures of 36–38°C. PV panels tend to become less efficient at high
temperatures because of the increasing heat, so maintaining optimal performance
requires good cooling. By reducing heat accumulation, cooling systems built for these
kinds of environments guarantee that the panels function as efficiently as possible.
Type of Cooling Temperature drop

Top Surface Cooling 12 - 14 °C
Bottom Panel Cooling 8 - 10 °C
Hybrid Cooling 20 - 22°C
Table. 7.Temperature Drop
51
● Using a water spray over a solar panel is known as "Top Surface Cooling."
This method reduced the temperature by about 12 to 14 degrees Celsius.
● The evaporative form of cooling is employed in bottom surface cooling.One
benefit of this technology is that it uses less water as a coolant. There was an
8–10 °C temperature dip.
● The largest temperature drop that was seen on PV panels with both forms of
cooling turned on was between 18 and 20°C.
7.2 Future Scope
The future scope for hybrid cooling systems for PV panels is promising, with several
avenues for further research, development, and implementation:
1.Advanced Monitoring and Control Systems: Incorporating advanced monitoring and

control systems can optimize the efficiency and performance of hybrid cooling
systems. Real-time data analytics, machine learning algorithms, and automated
control mechanisms can adjust cooling strategies based on environmental conditions,
panel temperatures, and energy output needs.
2.Smart and Adaptive Cooling Techniques: Future hybrid cooling systems can employ
smart and adaptive cooling techniques. This involves dynamically adjusting water
flow rates, fan speeds, or cooling medium properties based on real-time sensor data.
Adaptive algorithms can optimize cooling strategies in response to changing weather
conditions and panel operating temperatures.
3.Integration with Renewable Energy Storage: Combining hybrid cooling systems

with renewable energy storage technologies like batteries or thermal storage can
enhance overall system efficiency and energy management. Energy storage can store
excess energy during optimal conditions and supply it when cooling demands are
higher, ensuring continuous operation and improved energy utilization.
4.Innovative Cooling Materials and Designs: Research into novel cooling materials,
coatings, and designs can lead to more efficient and cost-effective cooling solutions
52
for PV panels. Advanced materials with high thermal conductivity and heat
dissipation properties can improve cooling efficiency while reducing water
consumption or maintenance requirements.
5.Hybrid Cooling for Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV): Extending hybrid

cooling systems to Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) can offer new
opportunities for energy-efficient building designs. Integrating cooling systems into
building facades, roofs, or windows can enhance energy performance, indoor comfort,
and architectural aesthetics.
6.Integration with IoT and Smart Grid Technologies: Leveraging Internet of Things
(IoT) technologies and smart grid integration can enable seamless communication,
remote monitoring, and control of hybrid cooling systems. This integration enhances
system reliability, grid interaction, and facilitates demand-side management for
optimized energy consumption.
7.Collaborative Research and Industry Partnerships: Collaborative efforts between

academia, industry, and government agencies can drive innovation and adoption of
hybrid cooling technologies. Partnerships can accelerate technology development,
standardization, and commercialization, leading to widespread adoption and market
penetration.
Overall, the future of hybrid cooling systems for PV panels lies in advancing
technological capabilities, optimizing energy performance, ensuring environmental
sustainability, and integrating seamlessly with emerging trends in renewable energy
and smart infrastructure.
53
References
[1] Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan , Mithulananthan Nadarajah , Rishi Pugazhendhi,

Sivasankar Gangatharan (2024), An experimental investigation on coalescing the
potentiality of PCM, fins and water to achieve sturdy cooling effect on PV panels.
[2] Mehmet Ali Yildirim, Artur Cebula (2022), A numerical and experimental
analysis of a novel highly-efficient water-based PV/T system.
[3] Ilhan Ceylana, Ali Etem Gürelb, Hüsamettin Demircanc, Bahri Aksu (2014),
Cooling of a photovoltaic module with temperature controlled solar collector.
[4] Aarti Kane, Vishal Verma, Bhim Singh (2016), Optimization of thermoelectric
cooling technology for an active cooling of photovoltaic panel.
[5] Cheng Yang, Jie Lin, Frantisek Miksik, Takahiko Miyazaki, Kyaw Thu (2024)
Dew-point evaporative cooling of PV panels for improved performance.
[6] Rok Stropnik, Uro s Stritih,(2016) Increasing the efficiency of PV panel with the
use of PCM.
[7] Juan Duan (2021), The PCM-porous system used to cool the inclined PV panel.
[8] H.G. Teo, P.S. Lee, M.N.A. Hawlader(2012), An active cooling system for
photovoltaic modules.
[9] Fahad Al-Amri, Farooq Saeed, Muhammad Abdul Mujeebu Novel (2022)
dual-function racking structure for passive cooling of solar PV panels thermal
performance analysis.
[10] H. Bahaidarah, Abdul Subhan, P. Gandhidasan, S. Rehman (2013), Performance
evaluation of a PV (photovoltaic) module by back surface water cooling for hot
climatic conditions.
[11] S.S. Chandel, Tanya Agarwal, (2017) Review of cooling techniques using phase
change materials for enhancing efficiency of photovoltaic power systems.
Websites
1. www.esru.strath.ac.uk
2. ijesrt.com
3. pure.qub.ac.uk
4. ierjournal.org
5. www.researchgate.net
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Group ID : 63

Hybrid Cooling System for PV Panel

Mr. Kurekar Pratham Gopal Mr. Dawkhar Mrunmay Dinkar

Mr. Ghivari Pradynesh

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Hybrid Cooling System for PV Panel

Guide: (Prof) Dr. C. L. Ladekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering

This is to certify that,

(Prof.) Dr. C L Ladekar

Dr. P.A.Deshmukh Dr. Govind N. Kulkarni

External Examiner (Name with sign)

Name of Students PRN. no Sign

Mrunmay Dawkhar 120B1G057

Pratham Kurekar 120B1G046

Pradynesh Ghivari 120B1G165

Table No. Title of the table Page No.

Figure Title of the figure Page No.

Name of Students with university Roll No.:

Total Amount sponsored by the Pimpri Chinchwad college of Engineering: Rs.

Mr. Dr. C. L. Ladekar Mr. Ishan Sathone/Dr. G. Waghmare

Dr. R.B.Patil Dr. P.A.Deshmukh

The methodology involves a comprehensive literature review to identify effective cooling

The results of the experimentation demonstrate significant improvements in the thermal

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, B.Tech. Mechanical

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, B.Tech. Mechanical

1.2 Need of the project

A cooling system for photovoltaic (PV) panels becomes crucial in regions

Furthermore, these cooling systems contribute to environmental sustainability by

1.3 Scope of the project

The scope of the project encompasses a comprehensive approach to addressing

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, B.Tech. Mechanical

specifically tailored for PV panels. This system will incorporate innovative

1.4 Problem statement

The problem is the inefficiency and lack of sustainability in current cooling

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, B.Tech. Mechanical

1. Develop a novel cooling system for PV panels to replace inefficient and

2. Maximize power output from solar panels by optimizing cooling strategies

3.Improve the long-term performance and lifespan of PV panels through

4. Achieve a measurable increase in energy efficiency and overall system

5. Conduct comprehensive testing and validation to ensure the proposed

6. Document and disseminate findings and best practices to contribute to the

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, B.Tech. Mechanical

Building a prototype of the hybrid cooling system based on the designed

Fig 1. visual representation of flow chart

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, B.Tech. Mechanical

1.7 Organization of Report

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, B.Tech. Mechanical

The renewable power generation capacity is significantly affected by

Before setting up an experiment, this study assists in determining the best

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, B.Tech. Mechanical

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, B.Tech. Mechanical

The photovoltaic panel's position is critical to its efficient operation. The PV

Fig 2.Sun’s position at local noon on a fixed south-facing surface at

Fig 3.Coordinates of PCCOE

The sun's position at solar noon as it relates to a photovoltaic panel at PCCoE

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, B.Tech. Mechanical

2.3 Study of solar radiation

2.3.1 Heat transfer