LBLTFKFKE

LBLTF KFKEV
V PTEP
PTEP\LVZE
\LVZEV
V JL KHOLH
KHOLHKLTK
KLTKM
M JL EPLT
EPLTMFKEH
MFKEHLV
LV
MOTEKHJ\VZTKMGLV KKK ZTM
ZTMHV
HVAL
ALTLH
TLHFK
FKMM JL CM
CMVM
VM

=. \hm fmpm
fmpm jl oolgm
lgmtkh
tkhmm lh moum jl
jl <cc jl ls lspls
plser
er qul ffeht
ehtklh
klhll <.=% jl
jl olgmtkh
olgmtkhmm lh
plse m 4;6 I, slpmrm 4 segufkehls,
segufkehls, uhm jl gms suplrakfkls jl gm olgmtkhm ls fehstmhtl
fehstmhtl l
koumg m 4 o jl smfmresm/=00cG jl segufköh y lh gm etrm suplrakfkl ls 0.< o /=00cG.
Fmgfugl lg agube jl smfmresm lh Io jl smfmresm.s-= c4 m trmvës jlg olg m lstmje lstmdgl.

4. \h olg fehtl
fehtlhkje
hkje lh uh ceg
cegjl
jl fu
fuyms
yms ffmrms
mrms ggmtlr
mtlrmgls
mgls y gm dmsl sl lhfulh
lhfulhtrmh
trmh mksgmjm
mksgmjms,
s,
fehtklhlh uh fecpulste texkfe qul sl jlslm lxtrmlr pmrm tmg akh sl gl secltl m uh
cljke pefe fehflhtrmje (=00 oc-6 ) y mg fmde jl cljkm nerm jl slr lxpulstm gm
fehflhtrmfköh lh lg agukje mjymflhtl m gm fmrm suplrker jlg segkje =61.1? oc-6. Lg
agube cegmr ls jl <.<?0?<x=0- < os-= c-4. Fuíg ls gm fehflhtrmfköh khkfkmg lh lg
sögkje rlmgkfl lg lsqulcm jl gm fktm qul sl pgmhtlm.
6. Vl lstí
lstí prlpm
prlpmrmh
rmhje
je arutm
arutm feha
fehaktm
ktmjm
jm m pmrtk
pmrtkrr jl fís
físfm
fmrm
rm jl pmpmym
pmpmym (0.<fc
(0.<fc jl mrkstm)
mrkstm)
fuye perflhtmbl jl mzòfmr ls =0²Drkx nmfkëhjesl lg rlsplftkve vmfkö pmrm qul he
nmym predglcms jl sedl prlsköh. Fumhte tklcpe slrí hlflsmrke pmrm qul gm arutm
mgfmhfl uh fehtlhkje cljke jl 1<²Drkx lh gm suplrakfkl, sk gm jkauskvkjmj jlg mzòfmr
lh gm arutm ls jl 0.=> fc 4 /jãm lg felakfklhtl jl jkstrkdufköh jl lqukgkdrke ls lg
felakfklhtl fehvlftkve y jl <x=0-: c/s, sk lstes trezes sl suclrolh lh bmrmdl fuym
fehflhtrmfköh ls jl ?<²Drkx.
:. \h ormhe
ormhe jl arã
arãbeg
beg jl sseym
eym jjll 4 fc. jl jk
jkícl
ícltre
tre seh
seh slfmj
slfmjms
ms per
per lxpe
lxpeskf
skfköh
köh jl su
su
suplrakfkl lh mkrl slfe, gm nucljmj khkfkmg aul jl =<%. Lg slfmje efurrl per gm
jkausköh khtlrhm jlg moum nmfkm gm suplrakfkl jehjl sl lvmperm. guloe jl < nerms gm
nucljmj cljkm ls koumg m =0% sk gm nucljmj jl lqukgkdrke ls 6% fmgfugl gm
jkauskvkjmj y lg tklcpe hlflsmrke pmrm gglomr m uhm nucljmj jl 1%.

<.

\hm ferrklhtl jl FE4 omslese sl jkauhjl lh lstmje lstmfkehmrke m trmvës jl uh tude jl

0.40 c jl gehoktuj feh uh jkícltre jl 0.0= c qul fehtklhl H4 m 4;> I. Gm prlsköh
tetmg ls fehstmhtl l koumg m =0=.64 ipm. Gm prlsköh pmrfkmg jlg FE4 lh uh lxtrlce ls
 :<1 cc No y ?1 cc No lh lg etre. Gm jkauskvkjmj JMD ls =.1? x =0(-<) c4/s m 4;>
I. Fmgfugl lg agube lsplfãakfe jl FE4 lh uhkjmjls fos y VK pmrm fehtrmjkausköh
lqukcegmr.

1. \h fkgkhjre
fkgkhjre nnòclj
òcljee jl ol
olgg jl mo
momr
mr m 4?
4?>> I y fe
fehh fehflht
fehflhtrmfkö
rmfköhh uhkaercl
uhkaercl jl urlm jl
jl
0.= io ceg/c6, tklhl uh jkícltre jl 60.:> cc y gehoktuj jl 6>.= cc, feh lxtrlces
pgmhes pmrmglges. Gm jkauskvkjmj ls :.?4 x ge-ge c4/s. Fmgfugl gm fehflhtrmfköh lh lg
puhte cljke jlg fkgkhjre jlspuës jl =00 n pmrm ges skouklhtls fmses, sk lg fkgkhjre sl
suclrol rlplhtkhmclhtl lh moum purm turduglhtm.
m) Òhkfmclhtl pmrm jkausköh rmjkmg.
d) Pmrm jkausköh rmjkmg y mxkmg.

?. \hm pgmf
pgmfmm pgmh
pgmhmm jl cmjl
cmjlrm
rm jl pkhe Je
Jeuo
uogms
gms jl <0
<0.>
.> cc jl lsp
lsplse
lserr qul fehtkl
fehtklhl
hl
60% jl nucljmj lh plse sl slfm per mcdes gmjes (jlsprlfkl ges lxtrlces y ges
derjls). Lg fehtlhkje jl nucljmj lh lqukgkdrke lh gm suplrakfkl jl gm cmjlrm, jldkje
mg mkrl jl slfmje qul sl nmfl pmsmr sedrl lggm, sl cmhtklhl mg <% jl nucljmj lh
plse. Puljl supehlrsl qul lg slfmje tklhl uhm jkauskvkjmj jl 6.?4 x =0c1 c4/n.
Fmgfugl lg tklcpe hlflsmrke pmrm qul lg flhtre jl gm cmjlrm tlhom uh =0% jl
nucljmj.
>. \h ormhe
ormhe fuym
fuym aerc
aercmm ole
olecëtrkf
cëtrkfmm ls ffkgãhj
kgãhjrkfm,
rkfm, ttklhl
klhl ==>%
>% jl nuclj
nucljmj
mj khkfkmg
khkfkmg.. Feh lg
edblte jl rljufkr su fehtlhkje jl nucljmj, sl prefljl m slfmrge secltklhje m uhm
ferrklhtl jl mkrl qul tklhl ;% jl nucljmj, felakfklhtl fehvlftkve If3 4*=0X-?c/s.
lg felakfklhtl jl jkstrkdufköh jl lqukgkdrke ls 4. Nmggmr gm nucljmj lh gm suplrakfkl y
lh lg flhtre jlg ormhe jlspuës jl rlmgkzmr lg slfmje jurmhtl 6 nerms m trmvës jl teje
lg fulrpe.
fulrpe. Vupehlr qul gm jjkauskvkjmj
kauskvkjmj jl gm nucljmj lh lg ormhe ormhe ls
ls fehstmhtl
fehstmhtl l
koumg m =.?>1*=0X -=0 c4/s. mjlcís fehskjlrmr pmrm lg ormhe qul gm mgturm ls 0.; fc.
lg jkícltre 0.1 fc. (fkgkhjre).

;.

Lstkcmr gm jkauskvkjmj jlg moum lh lg mkrl fumhje lh lg gmdermterke jl nuckjkakfmfköh sl

fegefm uhm dmhjlbm jl moum arlhtl m uhm ferrklhtl jl mkrl. Lg skstlcm sl lhfulhtrm lh
lqukgkdrke tërckfmclhtl m 6>²F. Gm prlfkse jl vmper lh gm suplrakfkl ls 0.1:<mtc, y m
uhm jkstmhfkm jl 6fc ls jl 0.001> mtc. Gm dmhjlbm tklhl 4<fc jl gmje. Mjlcís,
fmgfugmr fuíhtes ormces jl moum sl lvmperm lh 4 nerms. J mkrl- moum (4?6²I) 3
0.44*=0X-: c4/s.
=0. \h treze jl qulse, feh sus fmrms gmtlrmgls slggmjms, fehtklhl ::% jl nucljmj, ls fegefmjm lh
smgculrm mg 46% lh plse. µFuíhte tklcpe slrí hlflsmrke pmrm qul lg fehtlhkje cljke slm 4.<% (or jl
0.=1fc4/jãm y lg lsplser jlg qulse ls 40fc
smg/=00or jl qulse). Vk gm jkauskvkjmj jlg HmFg lh lg qulse ls 0.=1fc4/jãm
y gm rlskstlhfkm ls khtlrhm òhkfmclhtl
==. Lh gm lgmdermfköh jl arutms lh mgcãdmr, uhm cmhzmhm plgmjm y lsfmgjmjm jl 1fc jl jkícltre feh uhm
fehflhtrmfköh jl 1²Drkx, sl khtrejufl m uh bmrmdl jl :0²Drkx. Vk sl smdl qul gm fehflhtrmfköh lh lg
cljke jlg prejufte mg fmde jl < jãms mgfmhzm 40²Drkx. Fmgfugmr gm jkauskvkjmj jl bmrmdl m cmhzmhm y
tmcdkëh fmgfugmr fuíhte jl mzòfmr sl jldl morlomr m 1 gktres jl moum lh gm prlpmrmfköh jl bmrmdl (:p)
=4.

Vl lstí slfmhje ormhes jl trkoe lh aercm fkgãhjrkfm fuym nucljmj khkfkmg =>% lh dmsls nòcljm jlspuës
jl ? nerms jl slfmje plre òhkfmclhtl feh gms fmrms gmtlrmgls gm nucljmj cljkm aul jl ==% fehskjlrmr
uhm nucljmj
nucljmj jl lqukgkdrke
lqukgkdrke koumg ;%. Lhfehtrmr
Lhfehtrmr gm nucljmj
nucljmj jlspuës jl nmdlr slfmje lg cksce
prejufte jlspuës jl 4 nerms. Msuckr qul lg slfmje sl rlmgkzm per teje lg fulrpe, gms jkclhskehls jlg
ormhe seh 0.;fc gmroe y 0.:fc jl lsplser y gm jkauskvkjmj jl 6.?4x=0 -; c4/s. (:p)
=6. \h qulse pmrkm jl jkícltre jl =<fc y uh lsplser jl =0fc ls fegefmje lh smgculrm jl =6%. Fumhte
tklcpe jldl slr pmrm qul lg fehtlhkje cljke ggloul m ;%. Vk lg fehtlhkje ls jl 6 o jl smg/=00 o jl
qulse y gm jkauskvkjmj jl Hmfg lh lg qulse ls jl =.?fc4/jãm
=:.

\hm oetm jl moum fml m gm vlgefkjmj tlrckhmg m trmvës jl mkrl m 40°F. Gm nucljmj rlgmtkvm jlg mkrl ls jlg
=0% y gm oetm sl lhfulhtrm m gm tlcplrmturm jl dugde nòclje. Gm jkauskvkjmj jlg vmper jl moum lh lg
mkrl ls 0,4 x =0X-: c4/s. Jltlrckhmr lg felakfklhtl jl trmhsalrlhfkm jl cmtlrkm per fehvlffköh pmrm uhm
oetm jl =00 ηc jl jkícltre.
=<. \h prejufte mgkclhtkfke slfe sl lhfulhtrm lhvmsmje lh uhm fmbm jl jkclhskehls = fc x : fc x 6 fc
utkgkzmhje uhm fmpm jl pegãclre pmrm pretlolr gm slhskdkgkjmj jlg prejufte nmfkm lg exãolhe. Lg ormjklhtl

jl fehflhtrmfköh m trmvës jl gm plgãfugm vklhl jltlrckhmje per gm fehflhtrmfköh jl exãolhe lh lg mkrl y

uh =% jlhtre jlg lhvmsl. Gm jkauskvkjmj jlg exãolhe lh gm plgãfugm jl pegãclre ls 6 x =0X-=1. Jltlrckhmr
Jltlrckhmr
lg lsplser jl gm plgãfugm hlflsmrke pmrm mslourmr uhm vkjm òtkg jlg prejufte jl =0 clsls. Gm vkjm òtkg
jlg prejufte sl lstmdglfl fece lg tklcpe qul tmrjmh gms rlmffkehls jl exkjmfköh jlhtre jlg prejufte lh
 utkgkzmr 0,< cegls jl exãolhe.

=1.

Lg hòclre jl Vnlrweej pmrm lg trmhspertl jl vmper jlsjl gm suplrakfkl jl uh prejufte feh mgte fehtlhkje
lh moum nmfkm ges mgrljljerls ls 4,?>. Fmgfugmr lg felakfklhtl jl trmhsalrlhfkm jl cmsm fehvlftkve sk
gm jkclhsköh jlg prejufte lh gm jkrlffköh jlg cevkcklhte jlg mkrl ls =< fc, y gm jkauskvkjmj jlg vmper jl
moum lh lg mkrl ls =,> x =0X-< c4/s.
=?.

\hm sustmhfkm smderkzmhtl sl cmhtklhl lh lg khtlrker jl uhm lsalrm jl < cc jl jkícltre, y ëstm m su vlz lh uh
mgkclhte gãqukje, jl aercm qul gm sustmhfkm sl gkdlrm jlspuës jl uh cls jl mgcmflhmcklhte m 40°F. Gm
fehflhtrmfköh jlg smder lh gm lsalrm ls jlg =00% y gm jkauskvkjmj cískfm jlg cksce lh lg mgkclhte gãqukje
ls ?,> x =0X-; c4/s. Lstkcmr lg agube cískfe lh lstmje lstmfkehmrke jlg smder lh lg gãqukje jlsjl gm
suplrakfkl jl gm lsalrm. Lg felakfklhtl jl trmhsalrlhfkm jl cmsm fehvlftkve ls <0 c/s.

=>. Vl usm uh jlslfmhtl pmrm lgkckhmr lg vmper jl moum jl uhm ferrklhtl jl mkrl feh uh ;0% jl nucljmj
rlgmtkvm y m uhm tlcplrmturm jl <0°F. Lg jlslfmhtl fehskstl lh uhm pgmfm pgmhm jl 4< fc jl gehoktuj y =0
fc jl mhfnurm, y cmhtklhl uhm mftkvkjmj jl moum jl 0,0: lh gm suplrakfkl jl gm ckscm lxpulstm m gm
ferrklhtl jl mkrl. Lstm ferrklhtl aguyl m uhm vlgefkjmj jl < c/s sedrl gm suplrakfkl y lh gm jkrlffköh jl
gm gehoktuj jl 4< fc. Gm jkauskvkjmj jlg vmper jl moum lh lg mkrl ls 0,=> x =0X-6 c4/s. Fmgfugmr lg agube
cískfe jl vmper jl moum jlsjl lg mkrl nmfkm gm suplrakfkl jlg jlslfmhtl
=;. Ges plpkhes sl fehslrvmh jurmhtl su mgcmflhmcklhte feh uhm smgculrm feh uhm fehflhtrmfköh jlg
40% jl HmFg. Gm fehflhtrmfköh khkfkmg jl HmFg lh lg plpkhe ls 0,1% y lg fehtlhkje jl moum ls jlg
;1,=% lh plse lh dmsl nòcljm. Lg felakfklhtl
felakfklhtl jl trmhsalrlhfkm jl cmsm per fehvlffköh lh gm suplrakfkl jl
ges plpkhes ls suakfklhtlclhtl mgtm fece pmrm nmflr qul lg hòclre jl Dket jl trmhsalrlhfkm jl cmsm slm
suplrker m =00. Gm jkauskvkjmj jlg HmFg lh lg moum ls =,< x =0-; c4/s. Lstkcmr lg tklcpe rlqulrkje pmrm
qul sl mgfmhfl lg =<% lh lg flhtre jl uh plpkhe jl 4 fc jl jkícltre. Hötlsl qul ges perflhtmbls jl
fehflhtrmfköh sl jmh lh io jl HmFg per io jl plpkhe, cklhtrms qul gm fehflhtrmfköh jl gm smgculrm sl jm
lh io jl HmFg per io jl moum.

40.
Vl

lxpehl uhm rejmbm jl cmhzmhm jl = fc jl lsplser m uh mcdklhtl feh uhm nucljmj rlgmtkvm jlg >0%
jurmhtl uhm slcmhm. Jlspuës jl lstl tklcpe, gm mftkvkjmj jl moum jl gm cmhzmhm nm muclhtmje jlsjl uh
vmger khkfkmg jl 0,= nmstm 0,1. Lg felakfklhtl jl trmhsalrlhfkm jl cmsm fehvlftkve lh gm suplrakfkl jl gm
cmhzmhm ls > x =0-6 c/s. Lstkcmr gm jkauskvkjmj jlg vmper jl moum lh gm cmhzmhm.