Conjunções – Conjunctions d) though

6) (EEAr 1. 2018) Fill in the blank with the option that best
1) (EPCAR 2017) The expression “further” (line 51)
completes the text.
introduces an idea of
The New Yorker’s Tad Friend claims that many people in Dear Mary,
My younger sister just told us she’s been accepted to her
Silicone Valley are obsessed with the idea that we're all
first choice university. Lee is very intelligent. She will be
living in a Matrix-like simulation, and some are taking that
obsession a stage further: “Two tech billionaires have gone the first person in our family to go to college. I got good
so far as to secretly engage scientists to work on breaking grades in high school, too, but when I graduated I went into
us out of the simulation.” the family business _________ going to college. I enjoy my
a) exemplification. new career, I’m sure that I’ve learned a lot of new things.
With love, Lincon
b) contrast.
a) as soon as
c) conclusion.
b) instead of
d) comparison.
c) still
2) (EPCAR 2021) The word furthermore (l. 6) could be
d) yet
replaced, without changing the meaning, by
7) (EEAr 2. 2019) The missing words in the text above are,
“The short answer is yes, Fortnite is generally fine.
respectly:
Furthermore, parents can breathe easier knowing that
Dear Frank,
research suggests gaming (on its own) does not cause
I am sorry, I missed your party _____ Friday.
disorders like addiction.”
I could not come _______ I had to take my cousin ______
a) nonetheless.
the airport.
b) meanwhile.
I tried to phone you ______ you were out. I hope the party
c) in addition.
went well.
d) though.
Yours, Sammy
3) (EPCAR 2021) In the sentence For most children,
however, parents understanding the deeper truth behind a) in – if – on – but
b) on – but – at – so
what kids are getting out of games empowers them to take
c) on – because – at – but
steps to give their children more of what they need (l. 84 -
88), the underlined word expresses d) at – however – to – because
a) consequence. 8) (EEAr 1. 2020) The words in bold are, respectively,
b) comparison. synonyms for
c) conclusion. In The End
Linkin Park
d) contrast.
One thing, I don’t know why
4) (EEAr 1. 2016)
It doesn’t even matter how hard you try
A pilot from Northwest Airlines flight was less than pleased
Keep that in mind
with the food which was to be served on the flight. He
I designed this rhyme
decided to find some better food, so he left his aeroplane,
To remind myself of a time when
and then left the airport to find food even though he had a
I tried so hard
plane to fly. The passengers were left to wait 90 minutes
In spite of the way you were mocking me
until the pilot came back and when the pilot came back he
Acting like I was part of your property
was fired on the spot for “abandoning his plane”.
Remembering all the times you fought with me
(Adapted from www.flightglobal.com)
The conjunction “so” (line 03), in the text, can be replaced I’m surprised it got so
Things aren’t the way they were before
by
You wouldn’t even recognize me anymore
a) because
Not that you knew me back then
b) however
But it all comes back to me in the end
c) even though
You kept everything inside
d) and therefore
And even though I tried, it all fell apart
5) (EEAr 1. 2017) The Secret life of pets
Taking place in a Manhattan apartment building, Max’s What it meant to me will eventually be a memory of a time
life as a favorite pet is turned upside down, when his owner when
brings home a sloppy mongrel named Duke. They have to I tried so hard
put their quarrels behind when they find out that an And got so far
But in the end
adorable white bunny named Snowball is building an army
It doesn’t even matter
of lost pets determined to take revenge.
I had to fall
Fonte: www.imdb.com/title/tt2709768
To lose it all
GLOSSARY:
But in the end
Mongrel: a dog that is a mixture of different breeds.
It doesn’t even matter
A similar meaning to “as”, in bold type in the passage, is
I’ve put my trust in you
a) like
Pushed as far as I can go
b) when
For all this
c) while
There’s only one thing you should know

305
 I’ve put my trust in you 12) (EEAr BCT 1. 2018) Which words complete the lines in
Pushed as far as I can go the cartoon?
For all this
There’s only one thing you should know
a) despite, although, and in the end.
b) although, in the end, and finally.
c) despite, though, and although.
d) although, finally, and despite.
9) (EEAr 1. 2022) The underlined word in the text can be
a) As – as
replaced by:
b) At – as
The best way to boost self-esteem
c) Like – as
Working hard to accomplish great things is a healthy
d) How – like
way to pump your ego? Not necessarily, according to
13) (EEAr BCT 2. 2018) The word “despite” is closest in
researchers at the University of Michigan. In their survey of
meaning to
642 college freshmen, those who measured their self-worth
St Marteen: tourist killed by jet blast at caribean
against objective standards, such as getting good grades,
airport
were actually more stressed - and received no higher marks
A tourist has been killed after being knocked over by jet
- than those who based how they felt themselves of their
blast at an airport famous for its dangerous runway. The
relationships with others. That’s not to say that you
woman was watching a plane take off at Princess Juliana
shouldn’t work hard; just don’t make it all about you.
Airport on the island of St. Marteen when the blast of a
“Instead of focusing on whether you’re succeeding, ask
Boeing 737 knocked her over. The tourist was standing by
yourself, ‘What am I contributing to society? How will
the fence at the end of the runway, watching the plane takes
people benefit from what I’m doing?’” suggests lead
off when she fell and had head injuries. She was taken to
researcher Jennifer Crocker, Ph.D. “This takes the pressure
hospital, where she died. The airport is one of the most
off you and guarantees that your work will always feel
dangerous in the world due to the location of its runway
meaningful.”
with a public beach at one end, and a mountain at the other.
a) on the contrary.
Between the beach and the airport there is a public road.
b) furthermore.
Despite warning signs and requests from the airport to stay
c) however.
away from the runway they don’t obey and stay by the
d) despite.
fence to feel the blast from planes as they take off.
10) (EEAr 2. 2022) The word whereas, underlined in the text,
Adapted from The Independent Online; July 13, 2017.
is closest in meaning to
a) although
Beauty is where you find it.
b) however
There are nearly 8 billion people living on Earth and,
c) because of
naturally, different cultures have different ideals of beauty
d) in spite of
for both men and women. Generally speaking, in most
14) (EEAr BCT 1. 2019) “In order to”, in bold type in the text,
western societies being thin is more acceptable than being
is a _________ clause.
overweight, whereas nations in other parts of the planet
Two F-15 military fighter jets went up into the air in order
may prefer a more full-bodied appearance. So if you wake
to intercept the stolen airliner, and the airport closed for a
up feeling ugly some day, just remember that you may be
short time
the ideal of beauty somewhere. Perhaps you are living in
a) time
the wrong country.
b) result
a) so.
c) manner
b) but.
d) purpose
c) thus.
15) (EEAr BCT 1. 2021) “Life there is simple and good. Ripe
d) therefore.
fruit falls from the trees and you never have to work.”
11) (EEAr BCT 2. 2016)
These sentences could be connected by the word:
Greenpeace has campaigned against environmental
a) however.
degradation since 1971 when a small boat of volunteers and
b) because.
journalists sailed into the U.S. atomic test zone of
c) despite.
Amchitka, Alaska.
d) though.
Our focus has been on the most crucial worldwide
16) (EEAr BCT 1. 2021) In the fragment “At last, however,
threats to our planet’s biodiversity and environment. It’s
the bulls...”, the word however means the same as:
also our responsibility to expose environmental criminals,
a) Nevertheless
and to challenge governments and corporations when they
b) Furthermore
fail to act appropriately in order to protect our environment
c) In addition
and our future.
d) Therefore
‘in order to’, underlined in the text, is used to
a) give orders.
b) express purpose.
c) indicate personal opinion.
d) talk about a sequence of ideas.

306
17) (EEAr BCT 1. 2021) In the sentence “Either mom’s 24) (EsPCEx 2015) In the sentence “Besides what we need to
cooking dinner or somebody got sick at home.”, the know for our own jobs, we must have practical skills.”
expression either...or gives an idea of: (paragraph 4), the word besides can be replaced by
a) Comparison a) However
b) Opposition b) in addition to
c) Exclusion c) to the exclusion of
d) Addition d) though
18) (EEAr BCT 1. 2022) In the following passage from the e) as a result of
text “Nobody does it better”, what is the idea expressed by 25) (EsPCEx 2016) Choose the alternative that correctly
the words in bold? substitutes the expression for instance in the sentence “In
Although the actor playing Bond has changed several London, for instance, more than 300 languages...”
times over the last forty years, and although there are no (paragraph 4).
Ian Fleming novels on which to base the films, the series a) for example
goes on and on. b) such as
a) Contrast. c) on the other hand
b) Addition. d) however
c) Purporse. e) no exception
d) Cause. 26) (EsPCEx 2016) Choose the alternative that correctly
19) (EEAr BCT 1. 2022) Choose the conjunction that best substitutes the expression rather than in the sentence “...
replaces “whereas” in the text history will remember Desert Storm for its smart weapons,
A lacto-ovo vegetarian consumes milk and other dairy rather than its dumb ones.” (paragraph 2)
products, eggs, grains, fruits, vegetables, beans, nuts and a) as well as
seeds. Whereas a lacto-vegetarian follows a similar eating b) besides
pattern but does not eat eggs. Meanwhile, a vegan avoids c) in addition to
all animal-based products. In addition to meat, this includes d) aside from
eggs, milk and dairy products. Some vegans also do not eat e) instead of
honey. 27) (EsPCEx 2017) Choose the alternative that correctly
a) Albeit substitutes the word yet in the sentence “It is less obvious
b) Because that social diversity should work in the same way – yet the
c) Therefore science shows that it does.” (paragraph 2)
d) In addition to a) however
20) (EEAr BCT 2. 2022) In the excerpt from the text “(...) to b) for
return to their homes to retrieve their belongings because of c) such as
the ‘evolution of the volcanic emergency’”, the underlined d) thus
expression can be replaced by e) because
a) nonetheless. 28) (EsPCEx 2021) Choose the alternative with words that
b) as though. respectively complete gaps (1), (2), (3) and (4) in the
c) therefore. correct way.
d) due to. The 'Queen's Gambit' Effect: Everyone Wants a Chess
21) (EsPCEx 2011) In the sentence “All teenagers have the Set Now
same problems - life, love, school work, and parents”, the _______(1) for the past few years the most popular
conjunction and indicates _______(2) on Netflix was undoubtedly Her Majesty
a) contrast. Queen Elizabeth, as portrayed by Claire Foy and Olivia
b) result. Colman in The Crown, this fall another type of queen
c) reason. _______(3) her mark: Beth Harmon, the captivating
d) consequence. protagonist of The Queen's Gambit, a Netflix original that
e) addition. became an overnight sensation and inspired a slew of
22) (EsPCEx 2012) In the sentence “But when she started discerning viewers to pick up _______(4).
working, she found out that...”, the word but indicates a) Finally, queen, is, chess
a) addition. b) Although, queen, made, chess
b) consequence. c) However, chessboard, makes, queen
c) result. d) The Crown, movie, made, queen
d) reason. e) The Crown, actress, makes, Harmon
e) contrast. 29) (AFA 2012) The connectives however (line 19) and thus
23) (EsPCEx 2013) In the sentence “...an awareness of one’s (line 27) express, respectively, _________ and _________ .
own emotions as well as the ability to control them...”, the The Military Aviation, however, only activated its Military
expression as well as has the same meaning as Aviation School after the Great War, on 10 July 1919.
a) but. Thus, on 20 January 1941, the Air Ministry was created
b) thus. and both the Army and Navy air arms were disbanded, their
c) also. personnel and equipment forming the Brazilian Air Force.
d) unless. a) contrast - result
e) then. b) addition - conclusion

307
 c) contrast - addition
d) conclusion – result
30) (AFA 2012) Mark the option that correctly substitutes the
expression rather than (line 01).
Speaking two languages rather than just one has obvious
practical benefits in an increasingly globalized world.
a) Instead of.
b) As well as.
c) Aside from.
d) In addition to.
31) (AFA 2014) In the sentence “for the last three decades”
(lines 73 and 74), the underlined item was used in the same
way as in
The fact that some industries have been safe from
automation for the last three decades doesn't guarantee that
they'll be safe for the next one.
a) “[...] killing jobs — from tailors to paralegals — for
centuries.” (lines 6 and 7)
b) “[...] people responsible for our safety [...]” (line 25)
c) “[...] caring for other humans.” (lines 66 and 67)
d) “[...] opportunities for human creativity.” (lines 68 and
69)
32) (AFA 2015) “This does not mean that they are not able to
form friendships, however” (lines 80-81). The option that
replaces the highlighted expression is
a) so.
b) though.
c) thus.
d) most likely.
33) (AFA 2015) “Nonetheless we all have every single type in
our lives” (lines 95-96). The option that contains a
synonym for the underlined expression is
a) nevertheless.
b) due to.
c) therefore.
d) although.
34) (AFA 2017) Mark the option which best shows the
meaning of the highlighted expression in “deforestation of
tropical forest due to human pressure” (line 42).
a) Owed by.
b) Arranged for.
c) Caused by.
d) Deserved by.
35) (AFA 2021) Therefore (line 51) is closest in meaning to
Therefore, rather than knowingly making the wrong choice
just to conform to peer pressure, the influence of others
may actually change what we see as the correct choice in
the moment and remember as the right thing after the fact.
a) nevertheless. (line 2)
b) however. (line 22)
c) thus. (line 41)
d) furthermore. (line 64)
36) (AFA 2021) Mark the option in which the passage
expresses a condition.
a) From a perceptual standpoint […] (line 36)
b) Unless you are in an emergency situation […] (lines 77
and 78)
c) Rather than knowingly making the wrong choice […]
(lines 51 and 52)
d) Furthermore, pro-social and altruistic behaviors can be
influenced […] (lines 64 and 65)
308
37) (EFOMM 2011) Indicate in which of the sentences below
the subordinator “although” can ben used:
a) I don’t like him; _______________, I agree that he’s a
good manager.
b) ___________, the rain, my cousins went to a party last
night.
c) The police, _________, did not believe him.
d) ___________ unhappy, Susan went out with him.
e) It is a bit late, ____________ I’d like to go out.
38) (EFOMM 2012) He says he’s not wealthy, and ______ he
owns a house at the beach and drives a BMW.
a) so
b) so that
c) because
d) unless
e) yet
39) (EFOMM 2014) Which conjunction correctly completes
the sentence?
“_________________ he left school at 16, he still managed
to become prime minister.”
a) Because
b) Even though
c) Provided that
d) So
e) Thus
40) (EFOMM 2017) In lines 53-55: “Locals in Raja Ampat say
that besides the damage to the reef, the accident has also
put a major strain on the local economy (...).”, the word in
bold is closest in meaning to
a) as soon as
b) instead of
c) in spite of
d) as long as
e) as well as
41) (EFOMM 2018) Choose the alternative that correctly
completes the blanks in the text below.
The Signal Box Inn
In the Cleethorpes region of Great Britain, there is a
very unusual signal box that is now used for something
completely different. The Signal Box Inn is a pub;_______
, at only 6m2 , it is in the Guinness Book of Records as the
smallest pub in the world, with room inside for only 6
people! _______it is very small, it serves 5 types of beer
and cider and some food. The best place to enjoy your drink
while you watch steam trains go by is in the pub’s beer
garden.
(Adapted from: Flash on English for Transport and
Logistics)
a) in fact – Although
b) however - Despite
c) therefore - Because
d) thus - As
e) otherwise -Once
42) (EFOMM 2018) Read the extract below and choose the
only sequence that can complete it.
The female voice.
The vast majority of projects in speech synthesis have
used male voices. The early synthesizers of the 1980s were
very limited in the kind of speech they could cope with.
The Haskins Laboratories Pattern Playback, for example,
could only produce a fundamental frequency of 120Hz.
______, very little information was available on the
 acoustics of female speech. ______ several efforts were 46) (Escola Naval 2011) Which of the alternatives below
made to produce female-sounding speech, none of them completes the sentence correctly?
was convincing.______, since the 1980s, the use of more The receptionist allowes Mary into the concert hall _____
sophisticated acoustic analyses and equipment has led to (1) she was late.
the synthesis of several utterances with an acceptable a) however
female quality. b) still
(Adapted from: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language) c) yet
a) Even though / Also / Thus d) in spite of
b) Therefore / Because / But e) although
c) However / Once / In addition 47) (Escola Naval 2012) Which sequence best completes the
d) As much as / As long as / Otherwise sentence below?
e) Moreover / Although / However The little girl wouldn't go into the sea (1)____ her mother
43) (EFOMM 2019) Choose the correct option to complete the did so, too.
paragraph below. a) except for
Is an autonomous ship a 'ship' in the eyes of the law? b) unless
Different defmitions of 'ship' appear in different statutes c) also
and conventions, and it has often fallen to judges to decide d) if not
if a floating object is, or is not, a 'ship'. ______________ , e) but also
none of the defmitions of'ship' requires that the floating 48) (Escola Naval 2013) What does the word "thus" mean in
object be manned, generally simply requiring that it be used the following extract?
or be capable of being used in navigation. Whether this is "Reduced rainfall from forest cutting could dry up the
by remote control or fully autonomous would not appear to water that powers hydroelectric dams, thus slashing
be a problem in terms of the legal definition of a 'ship'. It Brazilian power - generating capacity by 40 percent by
appears probable,________________ , that autonomous midcentury."
ships are likely to fali within the legal definition of 'ship' a) Therefore.
and so will have to comply with the relevant laws and b) However.
conventions ______________ the laws themselves might c) Despite.
require some modification. d) Because of.
(Abridged from SEAWAYS -The International Journal o f e) In addition.
the Nautical Inslitute. Dec/2017) 49) (Escola Naval 2013) Which of the alternatives completes
a) Also / however / even so the sentence correctly?
b) Because / otherwise / anyhow (1) ____ he cannot afford a car, he rides a bicycle.
c) Moreover / instead / in addition a) Unless
d) Hence / as well / in spite of b) Whereas
e) However / therefore / although c) Though
44) (EFOMM 2020) Choose the option that correctly d) As
completes the sentences below, respectively: e) Although
I - The journey was quite quick _______ the road was clear. 50) (Escola Naval 2013) Which of the alternatives completes
II - The meeting has been canceled _______ the strike. the sentence correctly?
III - I drove at a steady 50 mph ________ save fuel. "Harry went to the office on Monday (1) ____ not feeling
IV- There's no reason _______ we shouldn't be friends. well."
V- _______ all her qualifications, she's useless at the job. a) Although
a) owing to / due to / otherwise / insofar as / to b) until
b) because of / in order that / provide that / unless / owing c) in spite of
to d) however
c) owing to / due to / therefore / for / in e) because
d) as / because / so as to / as of / in spite of 51) (Escola Naval 2014) Considering the text, which word can
e) because / owing to / so as to / why / for replace "despite" in this extract: "[...] despite my four years
45) (EFOMM 2021) “... and microplastics can also enter the of experience [...]"?
food chain as they are indigestible when swallowed.” In the “‘I quickly found out that I was lumped together with
excerpt from the text, the word in bold can be substituted recent college grads for entry-level positions, and that an
by: employee that had two years' experience at a job in a
a) provided similar industry was considered way more qualified than I
b) although was despite my four years as an officer in the army’,
c) unless Dumas said.”
d) since a) Whatever.
e) while b) Moreover.
c) Wherever.
d) In spite of.
e) However.

309
52) (Escola Naval 2014) Which of the alternatives completes
the sentence correctly?
The population must bear in mind that ____________
the UK has moved to a treatment phase for swine flu, it is
important that people all over the world continue to do
everything they can to stop the virus from spreading.
(Adapted from http://nhs.uk)
a) although
b) moreover
c) in spite of
d) however
e) In addition to
53) (Escola Naval 2016) Which of the options completes the
sentence correctly?
Surveys have found that even though 80% of smokers
would like to quit smoking, less than five percent are able
to quit on their own ______ the highly addictive properties
of nicotine.
(http://www.spine-health.com/we11ness/stop-smoking)
a) because
b) due to
c) moreover
d) however
e) instead of
54) (Escola Naval 2017) Which option completes the first
paragraph of the text correctly?
“I’ve known a lot of athletes who qualified for the Olympic
Games ______ injuries. But I know of only one who
qualified because of an injury."
a) as if
b) despite
c) instead of
d) however
e) moreover
55) (Escola Naval 2019) Which is the correct option to
complete the paragraph below?
The power of a thank-you note
Thank-you notes might seem old-fashioned ________
there's plenty of value to be found in the tradition.
________ a study by Accountemps, just 24% of job
applicants send thank-you notes after interviews -
________ 80% of hiring managers who receive them say
they are useful in evaluating the potential of applicants.
Proponents of thank-you notes say they are an inexpensive
way to strengthen a relationship ________ show the
applicant cares about the job.
(Adapted from https://www.linkedin.com)
a) but / According to / but / and
b) and / Because of / because / but
c) so / According to / so / because
d) so / In addition to/ but / because
e) but / Because of / because / and
56) (ITA 2013) 9. Assinale a opção cuja reescrita não altera o
sentido de: “Though all identities are confidential, it was
recently discovered that John F. Kennedy was a sample
participant.” (linha 5)
a) John F. Kennedy was a sample participant, although
nobody knew that.
b) In spite of being a sample participant, John F.
Kennedy’s identity was never discovered.
c) The study was confidential, thus the participation of
John F. Kennedy was never discovered.
310
d) Besides being a confidential study, John F. Kennedy
said he used to be a participant.
e) In spite of the fact that all identities are kept
confidential, it was recently found out that John F.
Kennedy was a sample participant.
57) (ITA 2014) Marque a opção que pode substituir “due to”
sem alterar o sentido do período.
a) by means of
b) in case of
c) in spite of
d) instead of
e) because of
58) (ITA 2016) Marque a opção que substitui o trecho
sublinhado, mantendo o mesmo sentido.
“Despite their impressive resumes, the five men have just
completed a four-week boot camp covering everything
from term sheets, [...]”
a) Once they have impressive resumes,
b) Besides they have impressive resumes,
c) Since their impressive resumes,
d) Because of their impressive resumes,
e) Although they have impressive resumes,
Texto para as questões 59 e 60
WE RECORDED VCs CONVERSATIONS AND
ANALYZED HOW DIFFERENTLY
THEY TALK ABOUT FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS
When venture capitalists (VCs) evaluate investment
proposals, the language they use to describe the entrepreneurs
who write them plays an important but often hidden role in
shaping who is awarded funding and why.[…] We were given
access to government venture capital decision making meetings
in Sweden and were able to observe the types of language that
VCs used over a two-year period. One major thing stuck out:
The language used to describe male and female entrepreneurs
was radically different. And these differences have very real
consequences for those seeking funding — and for society in
general.
[…] Worldwide, government venture capital is important
for bridging significant financial gaps and supporting
innovation and growth, as VCs can take risks where banks are
not allowed to. When uncertainty is high regarding assessment
of product and market potential, for example, the assessment of
the entrepreneur’s potential becomes highly central in
government VCs’ decision making.
In Sweden, about one-third of businesses are owned and
run by women, although they are not granted a corresponding
proportion of government funding. In fact, women-owned
businesses receive much less — only 13%–18%, the rest going
to male-owned companies.
This brings us back to our research. From 2009 to 2010 we
were invited to silently observe governmental VC decision-
making meetings and, more important, the conversations they
had about entrepreneurs applying for funding. […] We
observed closed-room, face-to-face discussions leading final
funding decisions for 125 venture applications. Of these, 99
(79%) were from male entrepreneurs and 26 (21%) were from
female entrepreneurs. The group of government venture
capitalists observed included seven individuals: two women
and five men. […]
Aside from a few exceptions, the financiers rhetorically
produce stereotypical images of women as having qualities
opposite to those considered important to being an
entrepreneur, with VCs questioning their credibility,
trustworthiness, experience, and knowledge.
Conversely, when assessing male entrepreneurs, financiers
leaned on stereotypical beliefs about men that reinforced their
entrepreneurial potential. Male entrepreneurs were commonly
described as being assertive, innovative, competent,
experienced, knowledgeable, and having established networks.
We developed male and female entrepreneur personas
based on our findings […]. These personas highlight a few key
differences in how the entrepreneurs were perceived depending
on their gender. Men were characterized as having
entrepreneurial potential, while the entrepreneurial potential for
women was diminished. Many of the young men and women
were described as being young, though youth for men was
viewed as promising, while young women were considered
inexperienced. Men were praised for being viewed as
aggressive or arrogant, while women’s experience and
excitement were tempered by discussions of their emotional
shortcomings. Similarly, cautiousness was viewed very
differently depending on the gender of the entrepreneur.
Unsurprisingly, these stereotypes seem to have played a
role in who got funding and who didn’t. Women entrepreneurs
were only awarded, on average, 25% of the applied-for
amount, whereas men received, on average, 52% of what they
asked for. Women were also denied financing to a greater
extent than men, with close to 53% of women having their
applications dismissed, compared with 38% of men. […]
Such stereotyping will inevitably influence the distribution
of financing, but could also have other major consequences.
Because the purpose of government venture capital is to use tax
money to stimulate growth and value creation for society as a
whole, gender bias presents the risk that the money isn’t being
invested in businesses that have the highest potential. This isn’t
only damaging for women entrepreneurs; it’s potentially
damaging for society as a whole.
59) (ITA 2017) A expressão sublinhada na primeira coluna
pode ser substituída pela expressão na segunda coluna em
todas as opções, EXCETO em
a) Although they are not granted... (linha 19) → even
though
b) Aside from a few exceptions, (linha 34) → apart from
c) Conversely, when assessing male entrepreneurs, (linha
39) → likewise
d) Whereas men received, on average, (linha 60) → while
e) Because the purpose of government venture capital is…
(linha 66) → considering that
60) (ITA 12 2017) Na sentença "Men were characterized as
having entrepreneurial potential, while the entrepreneurial
potential for women was diminished", indique a expressão
que pode substituir while mantendo o significado e a
correção gramatical
a) yet
311
b) so long as
c) despite
d) but that
e) since
61) (ITA 2017) Marque a opção que preenche, correta e
respectivamente, as lacunas I, II, III e IV inseridas no texto.
AUGMENTATION OF BRAIN FUNCTION: FACTS,
FICTION AND CONTROVERSY
Augmentation of brain function is no longer just a
theme of science fiction. __________(I) advances in neural
sciences, it has become a matter of reality that a person may
consider at some point in life, for example as a treatment of
a neurodegenerative disease. Currently, several approaches
offer enhancements for sensory, motor and cognitive brain
functions,__________(II) for mood and emotions. Such
enhancements may be achieved pharmacologically, using
brain implants for recordings, stimulation and drug
delivery,__________(III) employing brain-machine
interfaces, or even by ablation of certain brain areas.
In this Research Topic, we welcome papers critically
evaluating the existing methods of brain augmentation,
introducing new approaches and probing particular parts of
brain circuitry and particular neuronal mechanisms as
candidates for an enhancement. We welcome scientists
from different fields: from neuroscience of microcircuits to
systems neuroscience of large-scale networks and neural
engineering. The work can be experimental or
computational. Reviews and papers on philosophical and
ethical issues are __________(IV) welcome.
While the scope of possible relevant topics is broad, the
authors are encouraged to clearly indicate how their studies
address the announced theme of brain augmentation.
Important Note: All contributions to this Research
Topic must be within the scope of the section and journal to
which they are submitted, as defined in their mission
statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-
scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at
any stage of peer review.
a) Due to, as well as, by, also
b) Because, and, through, too
c) Owing to, including, beyond, moreover
d) In view of, plus, over, additionally
e) Thanks to, together with, by way, likewise
62) (ITA 2018) Assinale a alternativa que pode substituir ‘as’
na sentença “As Jacques Peretti argued in his film The Men
Who Made Us Fat, food companies have invested heavily
in designing products [...]” (linhas 19-20) mantendo o
mesmo sentido do texto e a correção gramatical.
a) In line with what
b) In contempt of
c) During the time
d) Considering that
e) Despite the fact that
63) (ITA 2019) No trecho “but rather, to language itself”, o
termo rather pode ser substituído, sem alteração de sentido,
por
“The victory is attributed not to individual rebels or to The
Brotherhood, an anonymous resistance group, but rather to
language itself.”
a) to some extent.
b) on behalf of.
c) instead of.
 d) in support of.
e) more exactly.
64) (ITA 2019) No trecho: “it’s not just democracy that is at
risk, but also the economy”, a expressão sublinhada
expressa uma ideia de
“Of course, it’s not just democracy that is at risk, but also
the economy, the legal system and even individuals
themselves.”
a) oposição.
b) concessão.
c) concordância.
d) adição.
e) contraste.
65) (ITA 2021) O termo “moreover”, destacado em itálico no
excerto do segundo parágrafo, “Moreover, the failure to
address the unavoidability of stupidity leads political theory
to the failure”, pode ser substituído, sem prejuízo de
significado, por
a) furthermore.
b) although.
c) nevertheless.
d) unlikely.
e) even though.
66) (ITA 2021) O termo “albeit”, destacado em itálico no
excerto do primeiro parágrafo, “both canonized Dutch
literary figures albeit of very divergent genres”, tem sentido
equivalente a
a) meanwhile.
b) despite.
c) whereas.
d) indeed.
e) through.
Texto para as questões 67 e 68
Since the early 1990s, an interesting phenomenon has emerged
in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus – some states that, despite
having their own government and state apparatus, lack
international recognition. Even today, the struggle of these
unrecognised states remains widely unknown. While these
states have been the focus of much academic study, their very
existence is often neglected by both the international
community and societies in the West. In parallel, there exist in
Eastern Europe and the Caucasus distinct peoples who have
neither acquired recognised statehood nor any significant
representation within their own countries – they are the so-
called unrepresented peoples.
Today, the territory of the former Soviet Union in Eastern
Europe and the Caucasus is somewhat unique for its relatively
high concentration of unrecognised states and unrepresented
peoples. Each of them has varying degrees of independence
and autonomy. Some have de facto statehood, whereas others
are distinct peoples with little to no representation or territorial
autonomy. Although different, these peoples seem to have one
common goal – self-determination.
The benefits of recognised statehood are numerous and often
taken for granted – countries have access to various forms of
international funding, for example from the World Bank and
the International Monetary Fund (IMF); their citizens can
travel, assured that their passports will be accepted in another
country; and they have a voice at international forums like the
United Nations (UN), which can be an opportunity to influence
international outcomes in their favour. Unrecognised states, on
the other hand, are isolated internationally and can be forced to
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rely upon a patron state which offers them all kinds of help in
exchange for their allegiance. This dependency on a patron-
client relationship can lead to the client state being used as a
political tool by its patron.
One key issue facing most unrecognised states is the restriction
on movement imposed on their people. Because their de facto
nationality is not recognised internationally, their locally-
issued passports or travel documents are not considered valid
for travel or entry into another country. The only way for them
to travel abroad is to receive a passport from a neighbouring
country, or to travel to the few countries that do recognise
them. It happens that some people living in de facto states are
entitled to other citizenships. In addition to unrecognised states,
there also exists a number of unrepresented peoples – that is,
distinct ethnic and linguistic groups that enjoy little or no
representation both internationally and domestically. These
peoples struggle even more for self-determination since they do
not have their own autonomous territory. They find themselves
even more vulnerable and are often at best ignored, or worse
persecuted.
Fonte: What does it mean to be unrecognised and
unrepresented? https://unpo.org/article/21947. Adaptado. Data
de acesso: 07/08/2022.
67) (ITA 2022) O termo “Although”, destacado em itálico
sublinhado no excerto do segundo parágrafo: “Although
different, these peoples seem to have one common goal”,
expressa ideia de
a) dessemelhança.
b) alternância.
c) similaridade.
d) contraste.
e) decorrência.
68) (ITA 2022) O termo “whereas”, destacado em itálico
sublinhado no excerto do segundo parágrafo: “whereas
others are distinct peoples”, pode ser substituído, sem
prejuízo de sentido, por
a) meanwhile.
b) while.
c) wheresoever.
d) thereby.
e) henceforth.
 Gabarito 62) A
1) D 63) E
2) C 64) D
3) D 65) A
4) D 66) B
5) A 67) D
6) B 68) B
7) C
8) A
9) A
10) B
11) B
12) A
13) D
14) D
15) B
16) A
17) C
18) A
19) A
20) D
21) E
22) E
23) C
24) B
25) A
26) E
27) A
28) B
29) A
30) A
31) A
32) B
33) A
34) C
35) C
36) B
37) D
38) E
39) B
40) E
41) A
42) E
43) E
44) E
45) D
46) E
47) B
48) A
49) D
50) C
51) D
52) A
53) B
54) B
55) A
56) E
57) E
58) E
59) C
60) A
61) A

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