RENAL PHYSIOLOGY

Understanding Concepts

Long Questions;

1. Explain the counter current mechanism in the concentration of urine. Short note on diuresis.

2. Describe the structure of the glomerular filter bed, and the factors affecting GFR. Add a note
on measurement of glomerular filtration rate. Explain why Inulin clearance indicates GFR.

3. Define GFR. Explain briefly about mechanism of factors regulating GFR, Describe the best test
for estimation of GFR. What is the routinely used clinical test to assess renal function?

4. Describe the mechanism of water absorption in the different segments of renal tubule.

5. Short note Juxtaglomerular apparatus. Regulation of renin secretion and pathway of renin
angiotensin system (RAAS).

6. Describe the mechanism of urine formation.

7. Renal clearance and it’s applications. What is Inulin clearance, Urea clearance, PAH and
creatinine clearance?

8. Describe the filling and emptying of the urinary bladder, How is micturition controlled ?

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Short Questions;

1. Inulin clearance.

2. Reabsorptive functions of the renal tubules.

3. Juxta Glomerular apparatus.

4. Glomerular filtration rate.

5. Concept of renal clearance.

6. Autoregulation of GFR.

7. Water reabsorption in the renal tubule.

8. Counter current system in kidney.

9. Regulation of acid base balance by kidney.

10. Acidification of urine.

11. Role of kidney in the maintenance of water balance in body.

12. Explain the renal contribution of pH control.

13. Describe briefly how micturition takes place.

14. Innervation of urinary bladder and the role of nerves in micturition.

15. PAH clearance.

16. Renin angiotensin system.

17. Macula densa.

18. Atonic bladder.

19. Anion gap.

20. Cystometrogram and its significance.

21. Bartter’s syndrome.

22. Loop diuretics.

23. Enumerate heat loss mechanism (Temperature regulations).